Energy and Environmental Engineering

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Oxygen Enriched Combustion Incinerator for Drugs and Solid fuel
(2016-05-21) Saadeh, Alkhansaa; Al-Mur, Doha; Sawalha, Fatima; Jayousi, Rama; Al-sayed, Mohammad
Palestine is facing enormous problem of pharmaceutical solid waste for several reasons, the most important one is increasing the amount of solid waste without technical treatment such as dumping, open burning and depending on Israeli companies. A problem that deserves our attention to look for proper solution. The main objective of this project is to treat expired medicine by one stage incineration with charcoal, OEC technology were applied to raise the temperature and ensure complete combustion, to convert the waste to stable compound, applying this project has importance such as attractive method for waste disposal instead of the current methods. Completing to our graduation project, the data collection was the first step, which was a necessity to recognize the current condition and data related to the project. In addition, many modifications were done to the burner in order to fit our experimental needs to ensure applying the oxygen enriched combustion (OEC) technology by adding a pipeline of oxygen into a mixing point with the air and in the methodology section all of these modifications have been mentioned. The fuel is charcoal besides to charcoal that mixed with the expired medicine; O2 at different concentrations were applied which mixed with air (20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, and > 24%). The main variable in this experiment was O2 concentration in the intake air and the experiment included two stages the first one was burning of charcoal alone, the second was burning charcoal with expired drugs. In addition, the combustion analyzer was used to measure the burner
Measuring the Level of Awareness about Renewable Energy for Fourth Graders in Palestine
(2016-12-12) Albada, Abeer; Abu Mwais, Fuad; Khatib, Dr. Tamer
This project studies the behavior of school children in Palestine towards renewable energy, and their knowledge of renewable energy sources and the difference between different school types and teaching systems on that. A questionnaire of 26 questions was designed after studying the curriculums being taught to those children, and it was given out to 300 children (150 boys and 150 girls) in 3 different types of schools (Private, Public and UNRWA) schools. The objective is to raise the awareness of those children towards the importance of renewable energy, and to check if the curriculums being taught to them satisfy this side. The results, which were obtained using the SPSS program, show a difference in the level of knowledge between children in different schools, and between children with different performances.
Preparing Specialized Arab Hospital –Nablus for ISO 50001:2011
(2016-12-12) Shanabli, Waseem; Sayeh, Zaid; Othman, Omar; Amer, Nidal; Ghannam, Lana; Al-sayed, Mohammad
Project Name: Developing an Energy Management System (ISO 50001) at Specialized Arab Hospital –Nablus. Academic Year: 2015/2016 Department Names: Energy Engineering and Environment Problem Statement: The high energy bills and fuel requirements have always been a major concern for the Specialized Arab Hospital. Demand on energy is continuously increasing. In order to overcome this problem, the Energy Consumptions Systems at the hospital were subjected to the terms of the ISO 50001:2011 standard in Energy Management which is issued by the International Organization for Standardization ISO. Energy Management considers reducing the release of CO2 and Greenhouse gases by limiting and reducing the needed energy in the hospital. These gases are known to be the main reason of global warming. Since ISO 50001:2011 is related to energy management, implementing its standards can greatly affect the global warming in a positive way. ISO 50001:2011 specifies requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and improving an energy management system, that aims to enable organizations to follow a systematic approach in achieving continual improvement of energy performance, including energy efficiency, energy use and consumption. Many parameters are involved in the conduction of standardization process. These parameters include measurements, documentation, reporting, designing, procurement practices for equipment and systems, processes and personnel and others. All of these contribute to develop energy performance. The parameters can vary, change or be influenced by the hospital policy and management. Project Description In this project, the Specialized Arab Hospital -Nablus was prepared to comply with the requirements of the ISO 50001:2011. Energy Management approaches were implemented and improved in all of considerable energy consumption systems. The main studied systems were lighting, boilers, the chiller, air conditioners, Oxygen station, elevators and laundry. The characteristics, electricity and gas consumption of these systems were analyzed. Documentation methodology was improved. And finally recommendations were set.
Optimum Insulation Thickness of External Walls for Energy Saving
(2017) Dababt, Aman; Awad, Haneen; khalilia, Nusaiba; Al-sayed, Mohammad
Most of energy is used up to space heating in the cold regions and cooling in the hot regions in Palestine . Insulation in external walls of buildings has been gaining much more interest in recent years not only for the environmental eﬀect of the consumed energy but also the high cost of the energy. Therefore, the optimum insulation thickness was investigated in this study for Nablus andTulkarm city. The optimization is based on the life cycle cost analysis. As a result considerable energy saving is obtained when the optimum insulation thickness is applied. And it was show for the two main types of insulations which is Styrofoam (Expanded polystyrene) type and Astrofoil type. For Styrofoam type in Nablus city for winter and summer it was shown that the optimum insulation thickness that should be used is 15 cm in winter and 9cm in summer, and the annual saving equal 14 $/m2/yr in winter and 5.32$/m2/yr in summer .Also the saving of co2 emission equal 0.0324 kg/m2yr in winter by using LBG and 24.856 kg/m2yr in summer by using electricity . For Styrofoam type in Tulkarmcity for winter and summer it was shown that the optimum insulation thickness that should be used is 8cm in winter and 12cm in summer, and the annual saving equal 4.23$/m2/yr in winter and 7.4$/m2/yr in summer. Also the saving of co2 emission equal 0.0098kg/m2yr in winter by using LBG and 34.893kg/m2yrin summer by using electricity. For Astrofoil type in Nablus city for winter and summer it was shown that the optimum insulation thickness that should be used is 54mm in winter and 32mm in summer, and the annual saving equal 12.2$/m2/yr in winter and 4.3$/m2/yr in summer. Also the saving of co2 emission equal0.028kg/m2yr in winter by using LBG and 20.017kg/m2yr in summer by using electricity. For Astrofoil type in Tulkarm city for winter and summer it was shown that the optimum insulation thickness that should be used is 28mm in winter and 38mm in summer, and the annual saving equal 3.3$/m2/yr in winter and 6.12$/m2/yr in summer. Also the saving of co2 emission equal 0.0077kg/m2yr in winter by using LBG and 28.58kg/m2yr in summer by using electricity. Degree day for Nablus equal 1512 in summer and 1584 in winter, for Tulkarm equal 2060.576 in summer and 509.376 in winter. Also we studied the effect of the change orientation of wall by HAPprogram . As a result for heating in Nablus the highest saving equal 16.4 $/season when the wall oriented in the North . And for cooling in Tulkarm the highest saving equal 3.3 $/season when the wall oriented in the East
Modeling of standalone solar charger using Mat lab
(2017) Atalla, Medhat; Nassar, Moath; Ghraba, Mohamad; Khatib , Tamir
In this research, we modeling of standalone solar charger using Mat lab for remote site to supply night lighting load (840wh/day)with 1% loss of load probability for an entrance or gardenhouse. Hourly solar data are for Palestine are used and mathematical models for the PV cell and the storage battery in the proposed system are developed using MATLAB. Solving a problem intuitively means that you can solve it mentally. You don't have to do any algebraic math to solve it. However the results show that the rated power intuitive 452.9723 watt, also we found that the capacity of the battery equal 157.5 Ah and loss of load probability 78% this mean the load off for long time so our research are failed.
Optimal Sizing Of PV Stand-alone System by Numerical method using MATLAB
(2017) Braik, Amer; Makhalfih, Asaad; Barakat, Danah; Al-Khatib , Tamer
By the trend of utilizing PV-systems, especially stand-alone systems, in Palestine, the design of such systems was performed mostly by an intuitive method. Putting the intuitive method under investigation reveals a lot of its weaknesses regarding the over or under design results. However, many methods and algorithms were proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the intuitive method. Throughout this paper we will introduce an algorithm to find the optimal design in terms of size of PV panels and battery block. The new method is mainly based on numerical basis and deals with hourly data of global radiation, demand load and ambient temperature. The proposed method has proved, as demonstrated next, its effectiveness to have results much better than the intuitive one. Such results enable the system to be either less cost system or more suitable and stable one in terms of deficit power. It has proved also the accurate prediction of the system’s performance that is hourly performance of system attitude. To utilize the proposed method for stand-alone systems sizing, the method was fostered by Graphical User Interface. Which enables others to use it in order to get more effective results than intuitive method.
An iterative method for calculating the optimum size of inverter in grid connected PV Systems
(2017) Taweel, Abdulrahman; Bader, Adnan; Milhim, Maysam
The purpose of this project is to increase the conversion efficiency to achieve the maximum of inverter in grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system in Palestine, then automatically the total cost of the system will decrease by using an iterative method to calculate the optimum size of inverter and which it is for the first time done in Palestine. The output power from PV array relies on some common parameters which is the solar radiation (G) and ambient temperature records, where (G) was taken as the frequency of global solar radiation in hours, this parameters was using it to develop a Matlab model for a PV array and inverter sizes and we made it matched with each other. The efficiency in the efficiency curve for a commercial inverters depends on the input power from PV array and inverter rated power and some coefficient called it (C1,C2, and C3) can be calculated by Matlab fitting tool, this curve divided into many parts this is due to the relation between the efficiency and the input power and inverter rated power which is a- linear or non linear, then sample of values taken from it and was used this to make curve fitting for it by Matlab fitting tool. The PV-to-inverter sizing ratio is known as the sizing ratio (Rs) which is the ratio between PV rated power to inverters rated power, it was optimized at specific load level as we used 5KW commercial inverter model. The substance of this project optimization was maximizing the annual average inverter efficiency which is depends on the daily averages of solar radiation (G) which it is depends already on hourly average solar radiation and the annual depends also on ambient temperature (T) and inverter rated power (P). In Matlab code after getting a specifications of the PV system in iterative method to know the inverter size, an iterative loop was used by a group of Rs values after defining it, then the inverter rated capacity calculated and then the output power of PV array calculated, then the hourly efficiency estimated by inverter model development to calculate the annual efficiency which is stored in certain array. This iterative still working and continue until reaching the peak (maximum) value of Rs, then find the maximum efficiency value with optimum Rs index of it, by this we was achieved the goal and the purpose of this project which is to estimate the maximum inverter’s efficiency from side of PV array output power and inverter rated power (optimum sizing ratio, Rs) for the first time in Palestine. The results displayed the values of the optimum sizing ratio of 5KW, 50KW and 100KW inverter are 1.510, 1.660 and 1.430, respectively, and the maximum conversion efficiency of the inverter are 94.9147%, 95.1561% and 95.7944%, respectively.
Energy Efficiency Measures For Arab Women's Union Hospital (Al-Ittihad)
(2017) Qasrawi, Fatima; Helan, Safaa; Yasin, Aysar
The energy sector in Palestine suffers from severe shortage and ambiguous future. Our industries and institutions are suffering from bad energy management and low efficiency as well; from this background this research starts. This work aims to investigate the potential of energy conservation opportunities Palestinian institutions. To verify this objective Al-Itihad hospital was considered as a case study. The input data are collected by the project group and simulated by various software programs to get more efficient results. The collected data were compared with another data from previous studies to find out the gap and difference between the results. The results are studied and analyzed to determine the suitable and applicable recommendations which can be applied on the hospital. From the field study to hospital it is found that thermal load is very significant, hence calculations are very important parameter which approximate to 40% from energy consumption bill. In fact, some locations in the hospital have acceptable heating and cooling and while some locations suffer from bad cooling and heating. Lighting at Al-Ittihad hospital according to the results from the simulation using Ecotect software and comparing them with the standards are very slight in many areas. Solar water heating system (SWH) is proposed for hospital which reduces the energy consumption cost and saves about 87692.4 NIS with 3.4 years’ payback period.
Modeling of solar radiation using cascade-forward back-propagation neural network
(2017) Athamni, Abdelkader; Yaseen, ‎‏ Ahmad; Alawni, Ghaith; Odeh, Moataz; Khatib , Tamer
The use of solar energy in the electricity generation and solar water heating becomes larger and larger with the passage of time as a result the need of a good solar system design is a key issue. The first requirement of any energy system design is the determination of the energy source amount. While in our case the solar radiation data represents this amount we need measuring devices to satisfy this goal. At the same time the obstacles of high cost and the intermittent solar data due to technical problems are limiting the ability of these devices, so new method is required to deal with these problems. This project introduce a high accuracy model called Cascade-Forward Backpropagation neural network(CFNN) that can predicts both the global and diffuse solar radiation also it can be used to make a restoration process for missed solar data. This model which built with special Matlab codes simply consists of three main parts: inputs, hidden layers and the output. Inputs include the hourly data of temperature, sunshine ratio and the humidity for the targeted location. Hidden layers are the processors of the previous inputs, while the output is the hourly diffuse and global solar radiation data. The evaluation process includes using MABE, RMSE, MBE statistical errors and this process proved the high accuracy of this model and the ability to use it in the solar systems design.
Energy Auditing for the Medical Sciences Collage at An-Najah National University
(2017) Najjar, Ibaa; Alqadri, Mona; Abu Ghazal, Noor; Saydeh, Sujood; Khaswan, Ibrahim
Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever-increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them. For reducing cost and increasing efficiency, then use energy conservation, management and audit. The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilization, throughout the organization as to minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production and quality. To minimize environmental effects. Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility. Energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows in building, process or system with the objective of understanding the energy dynamics of the system under study in this thesis we concentrate to an-Najah University Especially Medicine and Health Sciences Collage because it is considered as one of the largest consumer of energy in this sector. When we studied the building: we connecting the energy analyzer we found that in balanced in phases during (10am-2pm), and 0.75 is the efficiency of the boilers by combustion analyzer, some error in insulation and installation we discus briefly on this audit. In our research we suggested to replace lighting lamps with other which is more efficient and to replace diesel boiler by heat chiller pump and give some advices to reduce energy combustion. We do some theoretical calculation Which confirm the success of the study to make energy conservation and reduced lighting bill about 172224 NIS per year and heating water 802224NIS per year. Knowing that the price of kWh in Nablus is 0.7NIS with payback period less than one year.
Energy Efficiency Improvement for Al-Arz Factor
(2017) Tayeh, Rawan; Al Assi, Diala; Alsayed , Mohammad
Al-Arz factory is considered one of the biggest ice-cream producers in Palestine. It has a capacity of 8 million liters of ice-cream monthly, aiming to remain the leading ice cream producer in Palestine with a strong focus on expanding its market internationally. The factory has seven different production lines with huge electrical consumption. This audit was made to focus on the most important opportunities for energy saving. After measuring the factory consumption distributed on the compressors, boilers and refrigeration system, four main energy saving opportunities were found and suggested, which are changing electrical motors with energy efficient ones, improving LPG boiler efficiency by modifying excess air levels and improving boiler shell insulation, installing heat pumps for water heating applications instead of the 72 kW electric boiler, and modifying the refrigerators insulation. The total amount of estimated saving from each opportunity is 45,660 NIS, 10,005 NIS, 5,973 NIS, 15,272 NIS, 93,273 NIS per year respectively The energy audit was made using different equipment, starting with the energy analyzer to measure energy consumption of main electrical boards and production lines, to the infrared thermometer which finds out the temperature for any surface with a range of -50 ̊ C to 300 ̊ C. and finally, the combustion analyzer which was used to determine the boilers combustion efficiency, excess air and exhaust gases rates. It is expected to have a total savings of 170,183 NIS annually if the actions proposed in this audit were made
Energy Conservation for Engineering faculty at An-najah National University
(2017) Jawad Hawari, Abeer; Husam Shahrouri, Hadiye; Ahmad Yacoub, Lujain; Bassam Hammad, Samaher; Al-sayed, Mohammad
The energy problem in the world in both sides, first in the lake of resources side and second in the negative side effect in the environment, is increasing rapidly; Energy engineers have to look for alternatives for energy sources to slow down the problem. This can’t be done with only by renewable energy; because of low density of power. a new trend was found which is to conserve energy, using energy management program and increase energy using efficiency with renewable energy use . The case study taken here is engineering faculty at ANU where; as it’s the largest college in terms of the number of students and energy consumption; its power consumption reaches 1.5 MW per month. The main objective was to reduce energy consumption and fossil fuels dependency through energy conservation methods and utilize renewable energy. Energy audit has been made to find out the system with most energy reduction chance. The results show that lighting system represents 45% of the total college consumption. Improvement for lighting system through many procedures was suggested, 60% energy reduction and energy saving with52872 kWh/year has been estimated in 1.34 years simple payback period. Building envelop performance was examined through HAP software simulation program, and the results was 5982W of heat is transferred through walls, an insulating painting was the only solution to reduce the heat transfer by 30% .and double glass can be used with a saving of 13% in Q transmitted by windows. Finally, a PV system is designed in roof area of 642m2and100kWp to compensate the college load. Energy saving with 193,820 kWh/year and Benefits of 116,292 NIS/year will be gained after 4 years of the project installation. In the environmental side, the above total energy reduction yields emissions reduction with 309kg/year in SO2, 639 kg/year in NOx and 239,284 kg/year in CO2.
Comparison Between Chiller and VRF systems “Youth Development Resource Center, Jericho”
(2017-05) Arandy, Doaa; Daraghmeh, Thanaa; Khaswan, Eng. Ibrahim
As concern for the environment has been dramatically raised over the recent decade, Governments have increased their efforts to reduce environmental impact. In construction field development , strategies and technologies was conducted to reduce the effects on the environment and reduce energy costs. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems are obviously one of the key factors of building energy consumption. Now a days selection of the most appropriate HVAC system is very important to get best results in both economic and environmental view points. In our graduation project we will conduct a comparison between the chiller system and the Variable Refrigerant Volume System (VRV System) for a youth center located in Jericho. In the beginning of our Report we illustrated Air Conditioning Types , there are five different types of air condition, we discussed them and mentioned the differences between them. Then we focusedthe study on the chilled water and VRV systems, we discussed types and the principle of work for each systems. Also, Energy Efficient, Energy Saving , Enhanced Indoor Air Quality, Maintainability, Reliability, Flexibility, is illustrated for the systems. We will design both systems and compare between both systems economically and environmentally then write the observations and recommendations.
Implementation of Pinch Technology in Local Industry as an Energy Management Tool
(2017-05) Hanoun, Arwa; Antari, Lena; Batta, Manar; Abusafa, Dr. Abdelrahim
Energy efficiency has become an important feature in the design of process plants especially with the rising cost of energy and the more stringent environmental regulations being implemented worldwide. The energy sector in Palestine suffers from severe shortage and ambiguous future. Our industries and institutions suffers from bad energy management and bad efficiency as well. From this background, this research has started. This study assesses the possibility of implementing the pinch principle to retrofit the energy recovery possibilities in food sector. Two factories located in Nablus city were selected for this study. The first one is Al-Arz ice cream factory and the other is Al-Safa dairy factory. Pinch concept was used to enhance the heat recovery between hot and cold streams with a heat exchanger network (HEN) as needed. Al-Arz factory is one of the biggest ice cream producers in westbank, it has a capacity of 8 million liter of ice cream monthly. This study was made to focus on the milk pasteurization process as a big opportunity for energy saving. Seven major scenarios were identified to reduce utility cost demand of heating and cooling process. These scenarios were designed based on changing the ∆Tmin starting with ∆Tmin=5℃ and ending with ∆Tmin=15℃. After comparing results obtained from the different scenarios, it was observed that the maximum HX capital cost was 2753 NIS/year, while the minimum total energy cost was 152057 NIS/year. Also the minimum HX capital cost was 1019NIS/year, while the maximum total energy cost was 73658 NIS/year. A reference case called "Zero case" was used to benchmark with other scenarios to obtain the optimum heat recovery and savings. It was observed that the maximum total energy saving was 391991 NIS/year and minimum total energy savings of 310816 NIS/year. In Al-Safa factory, about 1700 L/year of cheese is produced per year, about 80% of this amount is whey and disposed through sewage network. Whey in Al-Safa factory was taken as a case study for recovery of whey. Evaporation process was the main concern, it was studied to concentrate feed whey from 6.5% to 26% to be used in other food industry. Six main energy saving scenarios were suggested to study the optimization of the evaporation process. Two of the scenarios were studied with single evaporator, while the other four were suggested to be applied with multiple effect evaporator. After comparing results obtained from the different scenarios, it was observed that the maximum evaporator capital cost was 17417 NIS/year, in the 3-stage evaporation system with the minimum total energy cost was 6947 NIS/year while the minimum evaporator capital cost was 8850NIS/year, with the maximum total energy cost was 19536 NIS/year in the single evaporation system. The final results indicated that the 3 stage evaporation system is more effective and feasible to be adopted.
Solar concentrator with thermochemical cycle for energy storage
(2017-05) Hilal, Adnan; Isleem, Hanan; Bearat, Professor Hamdallah
Around the world there are many solar energy systems like photovoltaic systems, solar concentrating systems and many more systems, but the low efficiency, storage and low amount of solar density are still of the main challenges faced in these systems. The idea of our project is about how to improve the use of solar energy in solar thermal systems. We made a solar thermal concentrator using lenses. The system consists of a flat plate glass that has a number of fitted lenses in term of increasing the surface area, this glass was placed on a wooden box with a black plate of aluminum in the inner side, where the temperature measurements took place. A comparative experiment was done to compare between our flat plate with lenses and the conventional glass plate, the glass with lenses reached 90ºC while the normal glass reached 57ºC only. The produced plate gave us temperatures in a shorter time than the conventional normal one. To apply this system in an practical way, we dried 50 g of Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate to extract water from it and we succeeded by 52% water extraction.
Energy Efficiency Opportunities at Al-Amour steel tubes and profiles industry
(2017-05) Sakhel, Ghassan; Mohsen, Hamza; Ishtewe, Yousef; Yasin, Aysar
The high-energy bills and fuel requirements have always been a major concern for every organization. Demand on energy is continuously increasing while resources are limited. In order to overcome this problem energy management has to be applied. This report is an energy audit at Al-Amour steel tubes and profiles factory, Bedya, Palestine, which has a good potential for energy efficiency practices. The report aims to obtain an overview of the existing energy consumption and analyze energy efficiency opportunities to minimize energy bill by reducing consumption and maximize efficiency of the production lines. The factory has two main production lines, which mainly consist of electric motor, compressed air system high frequency welding and lighting system, the audit was conducted through various steps. First of all is visiting the factory to find out the used equipment and takes an overview of the production lines, through meeting the manager, engineers and employees, after that the main reading of the electric motor and lighting system were taken and tabulated, to analyze the energy performance and energy conservation opportunities. It was found that the annual energy consumption was 353,162 kWh/year. Where electric motors consume 48%, HF welding 45%, compressor 6.5% and the lighting less than 0.5% of the total consumption. The main energy conservation opportunities were to replace some of the existing motors with high efficient motors and to fix the leakage on the pipeline of the compressed air system. The total estimated saving was about 7.85% of the total consumption.
Experimental Validation Of Solar Radiation Models On Tilt Surfac
(2017-05) Hammad, Fairouz; Nour, Mais; Khatib, Dr. Tamer
Solar energy is a sustainable and abundant energy resource. Estimating solar irradiation incident on inclined surfaces of various orientations is necessary to calculate the electric power generated by photovoltaic (PV) , to design solar systems and to evaluate their performance. Despite the fact that many meteorological/radiometric stations measure global and diffuse irradiation received on horizontal surfaces, the data on inclined surfaces are not available and are thus estimated with different models from those measured on horizontal surfaces. The lack of the data on inclined surfaces and due to the importance of this data in many different fields , also the importance of the optimum tilt angle which plays an important role in enhancing the energy collection of solar collectors , these reasons seek us to make our proposed work . This study is applied in Palestine (Nablus city), which lies on the Latitude and Longitude 32.225 and 35.261 respectively. The goal can be achieved by Work on the modeling of solar radiation on tilt surfaces, in order to develop a database for the global solar radiation on horizontal and tilt surfaces together (we calculate the solar radiation on horizontal and tilt surfaces at the same time). By doing so, we obtained the data which is the amount of solar radiation on horizontal and tilt surfaces with different angles which lead to the optimum tilt angle. Also based on these findings (database and the mathematical equation), it provides information about the amount of solar radiation on a specific angle , more over a correlation between the global solar radiations on horizontal surface to the global solar radiation on tilt surface were obtained. Also it shows that, from global solar radiation measurements, we can quantify the various components solar radiation at the place considered. Then, it is possible to compute global irradiance or the effect of each irradiance component on a photovoltaic field of arbitrary orientation and inclination. Through the results we obtained, the highest values for global solar radiation on tilt surfaces is at the angle of 30º , which is expected because the design is usually done at the latitude angle of the city , Optimum often to set module tilt = latitude as we know the latitude angle for Nablus Is 32.225˚ which is approximately equal the optimum tilt angle we obtained . Finally , our project is the base for any other studies in the future in estimating the global solar radiation on tilt surfaces , it allows the researchers to do many studies using this data.
Thermal Energy Storage Using PCM in Domestic Solar Water Heaters
(2017-05) Balalta, Deema; Habayeb, Lama; Assaf, Nida; Abusafa, Dr. Abdelrahim
We would first like to thank our project advisor Dr. Abdelrahim Abusafa of the Faculty of Engineering at An-Najah National University. The door to Dr. Abusafa office was always open whenever we ran into a trouble spot or had a question about the research or writing. He steered us in the right the direction whenever he thought we needed it. We would also like to acknowledge Dr. Aysar Yassin and Dr. Mohammed Alsayed as the second readers of this project, and we are gratefully indebted to them for their very valuable comments on this project.
Life Cycle Assessment of Street lighting Technologies (HPS vs LED)
(2017-05-03) Sawalha, Noor; Obediat, Randa; Qawasmi, Tala; Al-sayed, Mohammad
The purpose of our` research is to study the street lighting in Nablus city. Street lighting is considered to be an essential public service that provides a safer environment for commuters as well as pedestrians. Proper use of street lighting is a protective method which provides economic and social benefits to the people. This study focuses on how communities that pay an external utility for street lighting services such as Nablus can benefit from LED installation . It may be found that a significant portion of its lighting tariff rate goes to cover the utility’s materials and maintenance costs. By implementing LED technology and owning the fixtures, communities have the opportunity to transition to tariff rates that only charge for electricity, resulting in significant savings over time. Additionally, the research conducts a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of two major technologies high pressure sodium (HPS) & light- emitting diode (LED) in Nablus city. Most of the electricity used for lighting is generated from non-renewable resources. As a result, street lighting has many environmental impacts which vary during the manufacturing, operation and disposal stages. This study presents an overview of life cycle assessment (LCA) of lighting systems and answers the following questions: • What are the environmental impacts of HPS & LED products over their whole life cycle? • What are the strongest contributors to the environmental impacts of HPS & LED products ? • How do LED products compare with conventional HPS technology in different life stages? • How much savings will we get by replacing HPS system with LED ? In this work, two street lighting technologies are evaluated and compared based on their contribution to the green house gas emissions, ozone depletion and human toxicity. In addition, the study includes an economic analysis. Results show that the accumulated savings over the projects' life (20 years) obtained from replacing HPS lamps with LED lamps during the use phase are 60,374,975 in KWH & 3,810,527 in NIS. Subsequent to this, a remarkable reduction in GHG emissions is noticed: 46,790 ton CO2, 1,147 ton SO2 and 120.75 ton NOx Also, we found out while measuring the light quality of currently installed LED lamps that 62.5% of the LED lamps are not with standards. Finally, we expect the use stage to dominate in terms of environmental impacts which are sensitive to the life of the light source & the used energy source. The average impacts of the transport stage are neglected.
Life Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel Produced from Waste Cooking Oil
(2017-05-11) Shurafa’a, Lama; Shattawi, Marah; Sawaftah, Sajedah; Al-sayed, Mohammad
Biodiesel has attracted considerable attention as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel and can contribute to solving the energy problems, significantly reducing the emission of gases which cause global warming. In this project the process of producing biodiesel was analyzed in addition to the use process. The raw material used was waste cooking oil in order to produce 1 kg of the biodiesel by transesterification, including a life cycle analysis for this type of biodiesel followed by an impact assessment analysis using Openlca program with ecoinvent database. The results show the main effect of producing 1 kg of biodiesel and it was the methanol with 0.149 kg of CO2 eq. in contrary with vegetable oil which had a good impact on environment and absorbed approximately 2.66kg of CO2 eq. in the plant’s lifetime not differing much in using electricity generated from natural gas power plant , in addition to that comparing these results with the production phase of petro-diesel at refinery as it produced 0.5 kg of CO2eq. , another environmental indicator was affected was the depletion of resources as it was found approximately 11 MJ for biodiesel and 51 MJ for petro-diesel. In the use phase it was clearly the biodiesel is more friendly on the environment from emissions aspect as the it has lower kg of CO2 and SO2 eq. per year of using the fuel for 5 hours a day . These results demonstrate how biodiesel is superior and friendlier to environment comparing it with petro-diesel. As it’s recommended to have more accurate and strict results to include the disposal phase of biodiesel in order to get new data inventory to analyze how it does affect the environment, along with an economic analysis for both fuels.

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