Energy and Environmental Engineering

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Analysis of Thermal Energy systems at Al-Hijaz Company
(2023-06-13) Mohammad Abdelhalim; Monther Qraria
Abstract This report presents two separate studies focused on energy efficiency in the food industry. The first study analyzes the thermal energy systems at Al-Hijaz Chocolate Company in Palestine and proposes strategies for reducing electrical consumption while maintaining efficiency. The study includes a feasibility analysis of proposed strategies and emphasizes the importance of renewable energy sources. The second study outlines strategies for reducing energy consumption in a factory, including replacing filtration fans by heat recovery units, installing a VRF ducted system, and adding a VFD controller to the chiller system. Economic feasibility studies were conducted for each strategy, and the report concludes that implementing these changes could result in a 20% reduction in electricity costs for the company. The document highlights the importance of energy conservation and sustainability in the industrial sector and provides references for further reading. We recommended this study for applying to get fiscal profit by saving energy consumption in the thermal system. Which the total investment is 165000 NIS, it will save about 34000 NIS per year, simple payback period 4.7 years. So it’s economically feasible to apply.
ASHRAE Type 2 Energy Audit for Rafidia Hospital
(2023-07-09) Ziad Tuffaha; Majed Tayyem
Project Description The team members of the project consisted on two students, Ziad Tuffaha and Majed Tayyem, with Dr.Mohammed AlSayed being the supervisor. The project was an energy audit for Rafidia hospital, which is one of the largest hospitals in the West Bank, following the ASHRAE Type 2 audit methodology. Energy audits are a method to decrease energy consumption and increase energy efficiency without disrupting the output or quality of life of the audited establishment. During both semesters, numerous visits to the hospital were taken. During these visits, the team members got familiarized with the site, collected data, and used energy management tools to collect more information and readings. Some of the tools used include a flue gas analyzer, multimeter, and power analyzer. After the visits and the data collection, the data was analyzed to find the best saving opportunities for the hospital. Moreover, each saving opportunity had an economic evaluation conducted, and the most feasible were selected. The identified saving opportunities were heat recovery from the which is achieved by rerouting and utilizing the wasted heat from the oxygen production compressors. This opportunity can save 25,351 NIS, and 11.4 tons of CO2 annually, with a very short payback period of 8 months. The second identified opportunity was applying overall boiler maintenance to the steam boiler, which will result in savings of 95,922 NIS and 41.4 tons of CO2 annually, with a payback period less than 6 months. The third identified opportunity was adjusting and increasing the load factor of the washing machines. Finally, information management and tracking systems have been recommended as there is a scarcity of data in the hospital.
ASHRAE Type 2 Energy Audit for Rafidia Hospital
(2023-07-09) Ziad Tuffaha; Majed Tayyem
ABESTRACT The team members of the project consisted on two students, Ziad Tuffaha and Majed Tayyem, with Dr.Mohammed AlSayed being the supervisor. The project was an energy audit for Rafidia hospital, which is one of the largest hospitals in the West Bank, following the ASHRAE Type 2 audit methodology. Energy audits are a method to decrease energy consumption and increase energy efficiency without disrupting the output or quality of life of the audited establishment. During both semesters, numerous visits to the hospital were taken. During these visits, the team members got familiarized with the site, collected data, and used energy management tools to collect more information and readings. Some of the tools used include a flue gas analyzer, multimeter, and power analyzer. After the visits and the data collection, the data was analyzed to find the best saving opportunities for the hospital. Moreover, each saving opportunity had an economic evaluation conducted, and the most feasible were selected. The identified saving opportunities were heat recovery from the which is achieved by rerouting and utilizing the wasted heat from the oxygen production compressors. This opportunity can save 25,351 NIS, and 11.4 tons of CO2 annually, with a very short payback period of 8 months. The second identified opportunity was applying overall boiler maintenance to the steam boiler, which will result in savings of 95,922 NIS and 41.4 tons of CO2 annually, with a payback period less than 6 months. The third identified opportunity was adjusting and increasing the load factor of the washing machines. Finally, information management and tracking systems have been recommended as there is a scarcity of data in the hospital.
Assessing Palestinian Community Knowledge and Awareness Towards Waste to Energy
(2019-05-22) Walaa Abu Omar, Walaa; Braik, Intissar; Alsayed , Dr. Mohammad
Abstract This project discusses the Palestinians local citizens awareness regarding problems of household waste, wrong ways of disposal and its impact on environment and health, and it helps decision makers in better understanding of how to find solutions to benefit from it in the field of energy production. The project took An-Najah National University students as its targeted population. Where representative sample was designed based on 95% level of significance and 5% margin of error. Under these conditions, sample size was 385. Survey was designed based on Likert scale. In which 21 questions were included, targeting the establishment of waste to energy plant environmental and economic citizens awareness, waste disposal methods (current and proposed) knowledge. The World Bank report says that 70% of the waste collected is disposed of 10% in an environmentally correct manner. For Palestine, it produces 1.387 million tons of waste per year. This rate is increasing by 1% per capita, The waste is associated with the physical situation of the countries. We found a very low percentage of awareness of dealing with the subject of waste and the correct methods to get rid of them. The right solutions need an integrated cooperation between all segments of society. The goal of this project is to assess awareness of the local community and finding out the efficient possible ways to increase awareness of waste management and possibility to build a plant to convert waste and produce electric energy from it. The findings of the survey showed that the percentage of lack of awareness in the community is high.
Assessment and Redesigning of HVAC system for Al-Rawda Complex
(2023-06-22) Abdullah Alshelleh; Dunia Lahham; Mohammed Faour
Abstract Rapid growth of industrial, and huge growth of population have led to tremendous energy demand in Palestine in recent years. Heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) are among the most energy consuming systems in the world, therefore, these systems must be designed and operated effectively. The main idea of the project is to assets an old heating and air-conditioning systems at Al-Rawda Complex. Moreover, a new efficient HVAC system is proposed and evaluated economically and environmentally. The proposed new system is suitable for installation and retrofitting at the studied building taking into consideration the age and function of the building. After reviewing different HVAC systems and analyzing the targeted building, it was found that the variable refrigerant flow (VRF) HVAC systems the best. Among the methodology was calculating the thermal loads of the entire building, including the mosque and the dispensary, in addition to making a design and economic feasibility calculations for three different scenarios. The third scenario was chosen as the most appropriate, realistic and reliable based on several factors.
Assessment and Redesigning of HVAC system for Al-Rawda Complex
(2023-07-03) Abdullah Alshelleh; Dunia Lahham; Mohammed Faour
Abstract Rapid growth of industrial, and huge growth of population have led to tremendous energy demand in Palestine in recent years. Heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) are among the most energy consuming systems in the world, therefore, these systems must be designed and operated effectively. The main idea of the project is to assets an old heating and air-conditioning systems at Al-Rawda Complex. Moreover, a new efficient HVAC system is proposed and evaluated economically and environmentally. The proposed new system is suitable for installation and retrofitting at the studied building taking into consideration the age and function of the building. After reviewing different HVAC systems and analyzing the targeted building, it was found that the variable refrigerant flow (VRF) HVAC systems the best. Among the methodology was calculating the thermal loads of the entire building, including the mosque and the dispensary, in addition to making a design and economic feasibility calculations for three different scenarios. The third scenario was chosen as the most appropriate, realistic and reliable based on several factors.
Assessment of awareness, willingness and attitudes towards residential energy conversation in Palestine
(2018-05-21) Osama, Areej; Nameh, Eman abu; Ardah, Jana; abu Alrub, Majd; Al-sayed, DR Mohammad
Energy in Palestine is considered as one of the main requirements in our life, it’s considered a solution to organize the rapid growth in population, increasing living standards and rapid industrial growth has led to big energy demand in the Palestinian Territories in recent years. The energy sector in the Palestinian territory faces a variety of significant challenges (economic, environmental and political challenges). First, it relies on external sources for the supply of electricity because of the constraints imposed by Israeli policies and actions on the ability of the Palestinian Authority (PA) to operate and develop its energy systems. Second, the costs of importing energy sources are exorbitant. Finally, many environmental risks arise from the use of traditional sources of energy. We will cover in this project household’s behavior of electricity consumption and the awareness and willingness of rationalization of electricity consumptions in residential sector which have the largest percentage of electricity consumption 70.5%. The objectives of this project are to find out the household’s behavior on energy consumption, examine the degree of people’s awareness about the need to rationalize their consumption of electricity, then determine the common misuse of electric power ,finally clarification the attitudes toward the energy conservation in Palestine. Our Project plan is beginning with search for references & pervious theoretical studies which concerned on the energy Consumption and especially electricity consumption , therefore we concerned on the Palestinian references as Palestinian central Bureau of statistics to find the energy data for each sector and especially household’s electricity consumption .Then the survey will be designed in the form of parts, Each part contained a set of specific and interrelated questions ,also insure that the survey is valid .we will determined the sample size and their distribution ,Finally after data collection data and analysis it ,we will present the results in detailed report . In Palestine there is no specialized study to measure the awareness of individuals on the subject of rationalizing electricity in homes, which leads to an increase in electricity bills for all homes, which led us to try to create this awareness of individuals through some guidance and change some habits that may lead to increased consumption of electricity gradually Or in a fixed way.
Benefits of building thermal insulation on HVAC system sizing and PV penetration
(2021-01-25) Swaiseh, Diala; sedah, Tasneem
Summary of Graduation Project The graduation project aimed, by using ecotect software, to determine the optimal thickness of two types of thermal insulation; expanded and extruded polystyrene, and choosing the best of them to be added to the construction layers of the external walls and roof of a villa in Jerusalem with a floor area of 241 m2. The best type of the thermal insulation was extruded polystyrene with an optimal thickness of 9 cm for external walls and roof, and with an initial cost of 15 223 Nis. It also studied the saving in HVAC system capacity cost and its yearly operating cost resulted due to that optimal thickness of extruded polystyrene use instead of not using insulation scenario, where; the initial cost of HVAC system was 35 900 Nis with saving in initial cost due to saving in capacity was 8975 Nis, the cost of double glass was 61 852 Nis and the annual saving in operating cost was 6 411 Nis/year that led to obtain 8 years simple payback period. After that, design of a photovoltaic system was required to determine how much the PV system would feed the need of HVAC load according to the available roof area, 110 m2. However, the installed PV panels only can feed approximately 50% of HVAC load in the optimal thickness of insulation case that has a load of 100 kWh/day, while in without insulation case that has a load of 126.6 kWh/day, the installed PV panels can feed only 39% of HVAC load. Because of the penetration level of 50%, the system was installed on grid not off grid system, because there will be no excess of power to be stored in batteries. The investment of this project included cost of solar panels with installation, inverter, cables as well as annual cleaning and estimated as 27 080 Nis, and with 11 668 Nis/year annual saving in operating cost resulted due to reduction of electricity consumption from 23 625 to 11 957 Nis /year, the simple payback obtained was approximately two years.
Biochar From Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
(2021-01-01) Qanaze’, Malak; Qaffaf, Hadeel
This research presents a model for the production of biochar from municipal solid waste using the slow pyrolysis technique. In this research, biochar production methods and the benefit of using them were investigated. The proposed location for establishing the studied plant is in the Nablus waste transfer station. The waste quantityand contents are the main parameters for the initial design. After preparing the process flow diagram, mass and energy balance equations were applied to calculate the products and energy needed. At the end, feasibility and environmental analysis were performed on the suggested plant. The city of Nablus and some neighboring villages export about 250 tons of waste per day, for pyrolysis process, only organicportion (53%)will be considered as the raw material. The amount of solid waste that is entered in a whole day (24 hours) is equal to (120201 kg/day), but this amount is divided into 6 cycles per day, and the duration of one cycle is 4 hours. Any quantity (20033 kg/4 hours) with a moisture content of 40% is entered. Right down to the drying process, the weight was reduced to (12924 kg / 4 hours) with a moisture content of 7%. The second part of the process, the drying process. To facilitate this process, the dryer is supplied with dry and hot steam. The process continues until the humidity reaches 7% where the reactor moisture should be less than 10% and the raw materials are fed into the shredder which reduces the volume of waste. Small dry pieces arrive at the pyrolysis reactor which starts the heating process from 500°C and the materials settle in the reactor for a period of time until biochar, bio-oil and syngas are produced which enter into the process repeatedly as heat energy for the reactor to continue working.The results indicate that for every 1 kg of material 0.35 biochar, 0.35 syngas, and 0.30 biooil at an energy input of 1.8 MJ/kg. Therefore, the energy required for this quantity (12,924 kg / 4 h) is estimated at 36060 MJ / 4 h. Also, the amount of heat required for the drying process is 26,289 MJ / 4 h. Three scenarios were also developed to determine the economic effectiveness of the project. Considering the initial cost of 16 million, the selling price of biochar and bio-oil was estimated as 0.65 ($/kg), 0.79 ($/kg), respectively. In another scenario, the selling price was 0.65 ($/kg), 0.22 ($/kg), respectively. Ending with the scenario that means selling bio-oil only at 0.79 ($/kg). The expected payback period was 1.5, 2.5, and 7.5, respectively.
Building Energy Management Study and Simulation At Ithar School In Nablus City
(2018-05-21) Barahmeh, Hala; Barahmeh, Manar; Abusaleh, Tasneem; Al Sayed, Dr.Mohammed
The proposed project aims to apply energy management in the existed building in Palestine since buildings represent a large proportion of energy consumption which is almost 70% of the total consumption in the country. Schools would be a considerable graduation project because they are considered to be one of the most popular buildings in the country, and as we aim to increase the awareness of the importance of energy management as a mean of reducing energy consumption, and increasing energy efficiency which leads directly to human comfort. To do so, a suitable software program “Designbuilder” was defined in which all the building components were built and all the parameters that affect the energy system were defined also. The software program was chosen for its reliability and variety of parameters it provides which help in evaluating the energy situation. Second part includes the simulation and the analysis of the current energy situation of the school building, in which heating and cooling design were calculated, and the comfort data were shown. The results showed that lighting consumes the largest proportion of electricity nearly 75% and the peak season is winter which means that the school needs heating improvements. The final part of the first part was few trials of improvements included HVAC system and LED lamps that have been applied into the Designbuilder to estimate their feasibility. And the results showed that the comfort sufficiently increased but the electricity consumption also increased. For the second part of our graduation project, three different algorithms and criteria were used and applied for designing the grid-connected PV system. In addition to the hand sizing and conventional PV sizing calculations, The results shows that school needs 11 kW PV and the SPP is nearly 5 years .PVsyst software and DesginBuilder software were also used.This was done in order to compare the results and come up with the best possible results.
Building Simulation And Energy Management For Institute François – Nablus City
(2018-08-20) Zorba, Hala; Alsaidi, Lujain; Mosle, Saleh; Al sayed, Dr. Mohammad
ABSTRACT The proposed project aims to develop the energy consumption for France Institute in Nablus City taking into consideration monitoring and improving human comfort and archeological value of the building. To do so,different scenarios were developed and investigated, one of them is windows infiltration problem, to solve it, weather stripping methods were suggested to reduce high infiltration inside the building, So HVAC system has been reduced 33% cooling load cost and 20% for heating load cost. Second scenario is about heating inside the building, central diesel boiler was already exist as an alternative choice we suggest a heat pump to use, make comparison between them and finally choose the best scenario of them. For simulation,Design Builder Program was used, which gave us an overall picture for the building with heating and cooling results, beside to several types of schedules. First of all, occupancy schedule that was related to the amount of occupants and percentage in each zone. Moreover,lighting schedule was related to the working period of lighting through all the building. To achieve the objective of the project of improving the human comfort, the PMV (predicted mean vote) was taking in the consideration which give us an indicator of how much the building is comfort for the people inside, the PMV ranges between -3 (very cold ) and 3 (very hot ), the optimal value is between ( -0.5  0.5 ). After doing some changes for the institute the result of PMV calculations was -0.31 which achieve the human comfort. At the end of the comparison between the scenarios, the most suitable scenario was chosen which contains LED lamps,heat pump for heating and cooling and double glass for windows to decrease infiltration beside to weather-stripping for doors. With total site energy consumption 7440 kWh/year. يهدف المشروع الى توفير استهلاك الطاقه فيه المعهد الفرنسي الثقافي في نابلس مع الأخذ بعين الاعتبار تحسين وتحقيق راحه الانسان والحفاظ على القييمه الاثريه للمبنى , تم تحقيق سيناريوهات مختلفه واحد منها هو تحسين النواف بحيث نمنع تهريب الهواء من خلالها وبالتالي تقليل الطاقه المستهلكه , لحلها اقترحنا تركيب جلد وشبر وقد تم تخفيض تكلفه الحمل الخاص بالتبريد الى 33% وتكلفه الحمل الخاصه بالتدفئه الى 20 %. السيناريو الثاني كان حول التدفئه داخل المبنى , بويلر ديزل كان موجود بالفعل لذلك اقترحنا تركيب هيت بمب والمقارنه بينهما لاختيار الخيار الأنسب . من أجل عمل محاكاه للواقع , تم استخدام برنامج ديزاين بلدر والذي اعطانا صوره عامه للمبنى مع نتائج التدفئه والتبريد بالاضافه الى عده أنواع من الجداول مرتبطه لعد الأشخاص فيه كل منطقه من المبنى ونشاطات مختلفه من اناره الى ساعات عمل الخ . لتحقيق أحد أهداف المشروع والمرتبط براحه الانسان , تم العمل على معادله ( بي ام في ) والذي يمنحنا مؤشر يدل على راحه الأشخاص داخل المبنى , يتراوح المؤشر بين -3 والذي يدل على بروده شديده و+3 والذي يدل على حر شديد , القيمه المثاليه تكون بين (+0.5,-0.5 ) , بعد اجراء التغيرات للمعهد كانت النتيجه هي -0.31 وهي تعتبر مثاليه . في النهايه تم المقارنه بين السيناروهات المقترحه واختيار السيناريو الأكثر ملائمه والذي ينص على تركيب لمبات ليد وبالنسمه الى نظام التدفئه والتكييف استخدام هيت بمبل لتدفئه التبريد واستبدال الزجاج الى دبل (مزدوج) للنوافذ مع اجمالي استهلاك الطاقه الى 7440 واط بالساعه .
Commercial green building design and assessment
(2017-12) Sarsour, Laith; Yadak, Moath; Dweikat, Ansar; Awad, Namir; Al-sayed, Mohammad
When constructing a green Shopping Center, visitors will be able to experience a Palestinian energy-efficient green building. Striving for a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design gold rating. A work like this, for sure, will have a great future work with the Palestine Green Building Council to assure that it implements and adheres to green building design guidelines set by LEED. The Shopping Center’s building will be a model for environmental sustainability on the Palestinian level. This building project can be used as an educational case-study to deliver training workshops to engineers, contractors, university students and other professionals. The Shopping Center, followed LEED strategies to be a green efficient building that has a less negative impact on the environment and protect the natural resources. Water and energy consumption in the building will be reduced by using green solutions in design and constructions. The Center building’s orientation is such that it will be able to maintain adequate and comfortable temperatures in both summer and winter months. Green solutions include collecting rainwater from the rooftop of the building in large water containers for reuse. Solar energy will be used to heat water for public use, while wastewater will be refined and reused for irrigating the gardens based on an automatically controlled water system. Moreover, the gardens of the Center will be planted with indigenous plants, which tend not to require large amounts of water. The Center aims to create a healthy environment that is ideal for both visitors and staff by introducing methods and procedures to reduce the rates of toxic substances that exist in various types of paint, carpets and concrete, which vaporize in certain temperatures and affect breathing and therefore health. The site will be surrounded with a special fence that prevents the erosion of soil from the construction area, thereby mitigating the environmental impact of the construction process on the adjacent area (silt controlling fence). A washing station for trucks will be created on site to reduce the transmission of dust and mud to the surrounding streets and neighborhoods.
Comparison Between Chiller and VRF systems “Youth Development Resource Center, Jericho”
(2017-05) Arandy, Doaa; Daraghmeh, Thanaa; Khaswan, Eng. Ibrahim
As concern for the environment has been dramatically raised over the recent decade, Governments have increased their efforts to reduce environmental impact. In construction field development , strategies and technologies was conducted to reduce the effects on the environment and reduce energy costs. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems are obviously one of the key factors of building energy consumption. Now a days selection of the most appropriate HVAC system is very important to get best results in both economic and environmental view points. In our graduation project we will conduct a comparison between the chiller system and the Variable Refrigerant Volume System (VRV System) for a youth center located in Jericho. In the beginning of our Report we illustrated Air Conditioning Types , there are five different types of air condition, we discussed them and mentioned the differences between them. Then we focusedthe study on the chilled water and VRV systems, we discussed types and the principle of work for each systems. Also, Energy Efficient, Energy Saving , Enhanced Indoor Air Quality, Maintainability, Reliability, Flexibility, is illustrated for the systems. We will design both systems and compare between both systems economically and environmentally then write the observations and recommendations.
Comparison between Incineration and Landfill methods – Zahrit Al-Finjan Landfill
(2021-02-24) abu-sharkh, Ahmad; Mansour, Mohammed
Abstract This project aims to study the whole process of Zahrit AL-Finjan landfill. Zahrit AL-Finjan landfill has been chosen in particular because of the large number of the received complaints about its bad conditions. It has a full capacity of wastes therefore; it was necessary to find an effective solution. The suggested solutions are two types of waste disposal methods which can be used in the landfill. The first solution is to apply the incineration process and the second one is to make a well-managed landfill to be a source of energy by burning methane. methane is being released with the emissions from landfills. However, the economic and the environmental aspects are discussed in this study. Moreover, the calculations of incineration (economic calculations) have been done to get the results of the annual electrical energy production. The production is 271.2 GWh / year which costs $33.9 million annually and the value of Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) equals $ 0.13 / KWh. On the other hand, calculations of the landfill were also done to get the results of the annual electrical energy production. The production is 74.5 GWh / year which costs $3.8 million annually and the value of Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) equals $0.05 / KWh. Environmentally, the amount of emissions released from the incineration have been calculated. The emissions of Nitrous oxide, Carbon dioxide and Methane were all calculated to get the total amount of CO2 equivalent which is 856.48 Kg CO2 eq / ton of waste, whereas, the amount of emissions released from the landfill have been calculated for carbon dioxide and methane to get the total amount of CO2 equivalent which is 77.98 Kg CO2 eq / ton of waste.
Continuous Solar Desalination Unit (CSDU)
(2018-05-21) Ashqar, Reem; A’raj, Lama; Shadeed, Mays
Desalination techniques –to remove salts from water – have been used widely around the world, to reduce the water crisis, since there are nearly 1 in 10 people lack access to safe water. Solar desalination is one of the most promising technique among all of other desalination techniques especially in remote areas that suffer from lack of fresh water. Most of the available solar designs are batch which gave commonly low productivity, therefore, this project aims to design and build a continuous solar desalination unit (CSDU), and study the effect of environmental and operational conditions on its productivity where rotating belt, suction fan and compressor were added and classified into five cases. The solar still has been experimentally tested for three months. Promising results were achieved, the productivity was measured along several days during February to April. The maximum and minimum evaporation fluxes achieved were 11.4 and 6.9 (liter/m2.day), respectively, while solar irradiation at those days were (5.03 and 4.11kWh/m2.day), respectively. The average productivity for conventional solar stills was (3-4) liter/ m2.day, which lower than CSDU’s average productivity that reach approximately 9.73 liter/ m2.day, where 64.02% enhancement is obtained. The tested results confirmed that running the apparatus with rotating belt, compressor, and fans at average solar radiation= 5.65kWh/m2 has a high significant effect than running the unit while they are turned off. The improvement was 86%, which mean that integrating of these enhancements will improve the productivity of solar still. In addition, results indicate that the evaporation rate was highly affected by weather conditions. Since the evaporation rate increases with increasing solar radiation and temperature and decreases with increasing the relative humidity. These prove that the constructed apparatus is working in the right way.
Converting Municipal Solid Waste into Energy - Al-Minya Landfill as a Case study
(2021-05-25) Nammoura, Ayoub
I. Abstract The global demand on energy resources is largely increased in the last century, especially fossil fuel products which deliver the world of 85% of its primary energy. This results in significant environmental problems like global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain and so on. The amount of global MSW is predicted to reach 148 billion tons by 2025, which need a significant interest and management. Otherwise, the consequences will be very bad. In the developing countries, usually they treat the MSW by traditional methods (like open burning or throw it in a random dumpsites), which result in a negative environmental and social effects. The search for more sustainable MSW management techniques has high interest by the researchers and engineers. One of these techniques is converting of the MSW into energy sources by incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion or other converting methods. In Palestine Territory (represented by West Bank and Gaza strip), there is a real problem related to the energy and MSW sectors. As it its occupied by Israel, the generation of energy in Palestine is very limited (a generating plant in Gaza strip which cover less than 8% of Palestine demand) due to political and economic challenges, which result in a significant shortage of Palestinian demand, where West Bank demand had reached 1.2 MW in in 2019. The amount of MSW in 2019 in West Bank is 957,030 tons/year, 485,450 tons/year in Gaza, and 110,421 tons/year in refugee camps in West Bank and Gaza strip. There are 4 sanitary landfills in West Bank: Zahrat Al Finjan Landfill in Jenin governorate which serve the northern part of West Bank, Al Minya Landfill in Bethlehem Governorate which serve the southern part of West Bank, Jericho Landfill, and Beit Anan Landfill (which serve N-E&N Jerusalem and 5 local government units (LGUs) in Ramallah-Bireh governorate). Another suggested landfill is Rammun Landfill which supposed to serve all communities in Ramallah-Bireh governorate when it built, and due to the challenges face the construction of Rammun Landfill, many random dumpsites is distributed in Ramallah and Nablus areas. In Gaza strip, there are 4 sanitary landfills: Johr Al-Diek, Al-Fukhary (Sofa new and old landfills) and Deir Al-Balah landfills. This project studies the potential of energy generation from municipal solid waste that are received to Al Minya landfill -which receives near 1,050 tons/day in 2020- after MSW sorting (separation) process has been done. It is worth to mention that Al Minya landfill serves all the southern area of the West Bank and it is a relatively new landfill (2013). In particular, the project considers incineration and landfilling waste-to-energy technologies, and find out the total amount of available energy by adopting each technology. The results show that the incineration plant capacity – which works for 30 years with 22% assumed conversion efficiency for electricity generation- to be 26.8 MW, depending on the daily available electric energy in the MSW in 2023 which is equals 642,427.5 kWh/day-. The results also show that the available energy from the landfilling plant gas values varied through years 2023 to 2093 (1,293,796 kWh in 2024 to 96,065,480 kWh in 2054 and then decrease gradually) with power generation capacity (0.164 MW in 2024 and 12 MW in 2054), therefore, a multi generators will be used, each with 3 MW power capacity and 17 years life time, distributed over the plant life time, in order to obtain the highest possible generation efficiency. الملخص ازداد الطلب العالمي على موارد الطاقة بشكل كبير في القرن الماضي ، وخاصة منتجات الوقود الأحفوري التي توفر للعالم 85٪ من مصادر الطاقة الرئيسية. ونتج عن هذه الزيادة في الطلب على الطاقة مشاكل بيئية كبيرة مثل الاحتباس الحراري، نضوب طبقة الأوزون، الأمطار الحمضية، وغير ذلك من المشاكل البيئية. من المتوقع أن تصل كمية الانتاج العالمي للنفايات الصلبة المحلية إلى 148 مليار طن بحلول عام 2025 ، والتي تحتاج إلى اهتمام وإدارة كبيرين. خلاف ذلك ، ستكون العواقب وخيمة للغاية. في البلدان النامية ، عادة ما يعالجون النفايات الصلبة المحلية بالطرق التقليدية (مثل الحرق في الهواء في أماكن مفتوحة أو رميها في مكبات عشوائية)، مما يؤدي إلى آثار بيئية واجتماعية سلبية. يحظى البحث عن تقنيات إدارة أكثر استدامة للنفايات الصلبة باهتمام كبير من قبل الباحثين والمهندسين. تتمثل إحدى هذه التقنيات في تحويل النفايات الصلبة البلدية إلى مصادر طاقة عن طريق الحرق المغلق (incineration) ، أو التغويز (gasification) ،أو الانحلال الحراري، أو الهضم اللاهوائي، أو غير ذلك من طرق التحويل الأخرى. في الأراضي الفلسطينية (ممثلة بالضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة)، هناك مشكلة حقيقية تتعلق بقطاعي الطاقة والنفايات الصلبة. نظرًا لاحتلالها من قبل إسرائيل، فإن توليد الطاقة في فلسطين محدود جدًا (محطة توليد في قطاع غزة تغطي أقل من 8٪ من الاحتياج الفلسطيني للطاقة) بسبب التحديات السياسية والاقتصادية ، مما نتج عنه نقص كبير في الطلب الفلسطيني للطاقة (energy demand)، حيث بلغ الطلب للطاقة في الضفة الغربية 1.2 ميجاوات في عام 2019. بلغت كمية النفايات الصلبة البلدية في عام 2019 في الضفة الغربية 957،030 طنًا / سنويًا ، و 485،450 طنًا / سنويًا في غزة ، و 110،421 طنًا / سنويًا في مخيمات اللاجئين في الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة. يوجد 4 مكبات صحية في الضفة الغربية: مكب زهرة الفنجان في محافظة جنين الذي يخدم الجزء الشمالي من الضفة الغربية، مكب المنيا في محافظة بيت لحم الذي يخدم الجزء الجنوبي من الضفة الغربية، مكب أريحا، مكب بيت عنان (الذي يخدم شمال وشرق القدس و 5 مجالس محلية في محافظة رام الله – البيرة). مكب نفايات آخر مقترح هو مكب رمون الذي من المفترض أن يخدم جميع التجمعات السكانية في محافظة رام الله - البيرة عند بنائه. وبسبب التحديات التي تواجه إنشاء مكب رمون ، ينتشر العديد من المكبات العشوائية في منطقتي رام الله ونابلس. يوجد في قطاع غزة 4 مكبات صحية هي: جحر الديك ، الفخاري (مكب صوفا القديم والجديد) ومكب دير البلح. يدرس هذا المشروع إمكانية توليد الطاقة من النفايات الصلبة البلدية التي تصل إلى مكب المنيا - الذي يستقبل ما يقرب من 1050 طن / يوم في عام 2020 - بعد الانتهاء من عملية فرز (فصل) النفايات الصلبة البلدية. الجدير بالذكر أن مكب المنيا يخدم جميع المناطق الجنوبية من الضفة الغربية وهو مكب جديد نسبيًا (تم تشغيله عام 2013). على وجه الخصوص ، يأخذ المشروع بعين الاعتبار تقنيات الحرق (incineration) وطمر النفايات (landfilling) لتحويل النفايات إلى طاقة ، ومعرفة الكمية الإجمالية للطاقة المتاحة من خلال دراسة كل تقنية. أظهرت النتائج أن سعة محطة الحرق (incineration plant) -التي تعمل لمدة 30 عامًا بنسبة 22٪ من كفاءة التحويل المفترضة لتوليد الكهرباء- تبلغ 26.8 ميجاوات، اعتمادًا على الطاقة الكهربائية المتاحة يوميًا في MSW في عام 2023 والتي تساوي 642.427.5 كيلو واط ساعة / يوم. أظهرت النتائج أيضًا أن الطاقة المتاحة من الغاز الناتج في محطة دفن النفايات (landfilling plant) تتغير خلال السنوات 2023 إلى 2093 (1،293،796 كيلوواط ساعة في عام 2024 وتستمر بالزدياد إلى أن تصل 96،065،480 كيلوواط ساعة في عام 2054 ثم تنخفض تدريجيًا بعد عام 2054) مع قدرة توليد الطاقة –السعة- (0.164 ميجاوات في عام 2024 و 12 ميجاوات في عام 2054). لذلك، سيتم استخدام مولدات متعددة، كل منها بقدرة 3 ميجاوات و 17 عامًا من العمر الافتراضي ، موزعة على عمر المحطة، من أجل الحصول على أعلى كفاءة توليد ممكنة.
Cooling Technologies in Data center
Data Center’s Cooling
(2024-09-10) Esraa Barahmeh; Hala Kalbouneh; Masa Shaheen; Tala Saffarini
Project’s Abstract: This study addresses the substantial energy consumption challenge posed by data centers, essential infrastructure dealing with extensive data and electronic devices. Cooling these devices for proper functionality demands significant energy usage. Therefore, elevated energy consumption resulting from mixing hot and cold air is intended to be mitigated. This will be achieved through research on more efficient cooling technologies and the design of a system aligned with these objectives. Specifically, the study compares data center cooling methods, focusing on a case study of the Palestinian cellular communications company "Jawwal". The company seeks to transition from its current rack-level cooling system to a more efficient and sustainable one. Based on the literature review, cold aisle containment cooling emerged as the most suitable method, requiring a total cooling load about 150 kW. The research analyzes cooling load requirements and device specifications to guarantee that electronic devices are kept in the best possible environment. Notably, the comparison shows a reduction in cooling loads between the old and new systems: the sensible cooling required for the old system is 262.7 kW, whereas the new system is reduced to 133.3 kW, which saves 129.4 kW. The study compares various CRAC (Computer Room Air Conditioning) methods used in data centers to determine the most efficient and cost-effective option for Jawwal Company's data center. A key comparison between DX and chiller systems was conducted, showing that DX systems provide simplicity, lower initial costs, and easier maintenance, while chiller systems require higher initial investment but offer scalability for larger data centers. Based on this analysis, DX air-cooled was chosen as the most suitable option. Additionally, Vertiv Double Circuit models P1094 were selected, featuring a maximum net sensible cooling capacity of 105.1 kW and a minimum net sensible capacity of 15.1 kW.The study also addresses safety measures in the data center, specifically focusing on fire suppression systems. A comparison was made between FM200, Novec 1230 and other suppression systems. The analysis considered various factors, including effectiveness, environmental impact, and cost. However, Novec 1230 was chosen as the preferred protection solution due to its balance of effectiveness, safety for people and equipment, and environmental friendliness, ensuring enhanced protection for Jawwal Company's data center infrastructure. Finally, the project calculates the break-even point based on sensible cooling load to determine the cooling system's financial feasibility. The break-even point is crucial because it determines the minimal return required for the project to be viable, guaranteeing that the initial costs are covered by the present worth (PW) of future cash flows. The savings used to calculate the PW were 419,411 ILS per year, and the project lifespan is considered to 20 years. At a 10% MARR, the PW is 3,570,685 ILS, which is the highest determined value. At a MARR of 25%, the PW is 1,658,303 ILS. These values demonstrate that MARR has a significant impact on the project's financial assessment.
"Design a PV grid connected Car Parking system for Eastern Car Complex of Nablus Municipality"
(2021-05-30) Melhem, Khaled; Kmail, Mohammad
Cities in Palestine in general and Nablus in particular suffer from a shortage of electric power due to several reasons, the most important of which is the occupation, as the occupation prevents us from exploiting resources and disconnecting from it and places strict restrictions to keep the occupation not only limited to the land, but includes all aspects of life, including energy. This project was designated to help meet part of the needs of the Nablus city for electric power by exploiting the Eastern car Complex to design solar energy systems and exploit all available places within it. As three design cases were assumed to take into account all options and capabilities available to us, where the best and latest global programs Specialized in this field were used, such as HelioScope, sketch up and AutoCAD to get the most accurate results that are: 35.4 kilowatts were obtained, which is equivalent to the consumption of 11 Palestinian homes in the first case, 44.8 kilowatts were obtained, which is equivalent to the consumption of 15 Palestinian homes in the second case and 108 kilowatts which is equivalent to the consumption of 36 Palestinian homes in the third case were obtained
Design an off-grid photovoltaic power system for a remote rural area called Khirbet Tana
(2017-05-21) Amer, Israa; Saleh, Moath; Kharousheh, Dr. Jammal
The aim of this working paper is to propose a design of an off-grid photovoltaic power system for a remote rural area called Khirbet Tana, east of BeitFurik, Nablus, Palestine. This work includes a literature review about the energy situation in Palestine, over view of PV systems and the solar power in Palestine. Khirbet Tana is a remote area, and as has been seen it doesn’t have a high population. Therefore, the proposed system covers the need for 14 families which it is about 100 person. The avg. solar radiation in Khirbet Tana will be considered as 5.60 kWh/m2/d and with peak sun hours of 5.40. They consume a load of about 23.2 kWh, the system has 42 PV modules. This proposed 8 KW PV system will cover the need of 14 families in Khirbet Tana. On an area of 72 m2. The system will cost about 16000 $.

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