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نوع المادة:المادة, EVALUATING ENGINEERING OFFICE DESIGNS IN THE WEST BANK FOR COMPLIANCE WITH ENERGY-SAVING GUIDELINES.(An-Najah National University, 2026-07-02) Salah, Mohammed taysirThis study evaluates the level of compliance of engineering offices in the West Bank with energy conservation guidelines, given that Palestine and the West Bank suffer from a shortage of energy resources and high prices, which makes energy conservation a top priority. The study measures the level of awareness of energy conservation and its practice during engineering design work. It also examines the obstacles preventing these offices from adhering to energy conservation guidelines. For this purpose, an electronic cross-sectional descriptive quantitative questionnaire was developed and sent to all engineering offices in the West Bank working in the field of engineering design and supervision, and certified by the Engineers' Association(1062 offices). The results of the survey(287 responses) showed that awareness of energy conservation is significantly high, while practice levels are moderate. A significantly weak level of practice is in residential building design, while it is moderate in commercial buildings. Participants emphasized the existence of obstacles to adopting energy-efficient designs, the most significant being a lack of awareness among stakeholders and the high initial costs. These obstacles are followed by a lack of experience in energy-efficient designs and the absence of laws that encourage the adoption of such practices. Hypothesis testing showed agreement with the results across different axes, with the exception of the office category level. It was observed that the classification of engineering offices was not positively correlated with increased awareness or energy-efficient engineering practices. In contrast, the personal experience of engineers was strongly correlated with increased awareness and improved energy-efficient strategy practices.نوع المادة:المادة, GALACTAGOGUE USE, EXPERIENCES, AND INFORMATION SOURCES AMONG LACTATING MOTHERS IN PALESTINE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY(An-Najah National University, 2026-07-13) Al-Jallad, Alaa YousefBackground: The importance of breastfeeding for infant and mother well-being has been established, but a large percentage of mothers utilize galactagogues (substances to improve milk supply) based on their feeling of inadequate supply or other reasons. In Palestine, traditional postpartum care is very important, but little is known about how galactagogues are used in this society. This study aims to assess Palestinian mothers' use of galactagogues, their understanding of these substances, the availability of support services, their perceptions of efficacy and safety, and their experiences when using these substances. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 394 mothers (average age 28.2 ± 4.9 years) were questioned about their breastfeeding habits, sociodemographic characteristics, and, in particular, their usage and awareness of specific dietary, pharmaceutical, and herbal galactagogues. These data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with frequencies and percentages, and analytical statistics using chi-square test with respect to a p-value < 0.05. Results: Although 66.2% of mothers were familiar with the word "galactagogues," a great majority (97.2%) said they had used at least one substance to increase their milk production. Mothers who lived in cities (p = 0.004), those with higher levels of education (p < 0.001), and those receiving breastfeeding support (p < 0.001) had statistically significant associations with knowledge about galactagogues. Anise (72.6%), Tahini (66.0%), Black Seed (65.2%), and Caraway (64.2%) were the most often used traditional substances, while pharmaceutical choices such as Domperidone and Metoclopramide were not used, and awareness of them was infrequent (less than 5.5%). Traditional galactagogues were primarily recommended by family members, who also comprised the predominant source of nursing support (94.6%). On the other hand, 69.8% of respondents said that doctors were the best sources of factual information. The majority of traditional substances were started within the first three days postpartum and were judged to be moderately to very effective, and they had few side effects, less than 10.0%. Tahini was most frequently reported to cause weight gain (36.9%). Traditional herbs were thought to be quite safe (>90%), but pharmaceutical choices' perceived safety was still mostly uncertain (89.6%) for domperidone and (89.8%) for metoclopramide. Conclusion: Galactagogues, especially traditional herbal galactagogues, are used by many Palestinian mothers mainly due to the heavy influence of traditions, customs, cultural beliefs, and trust in herbal substances. Family advice plays a significant role in influencing and shaping galactagogue use among mothers. So, in this community, some of these substances may also be used as part of traditional postpartum care without a specific clinical or therapeutic case. The findings revealed a widespread use of galactagogues among mothers with different sociodemographic backgrounds and varying breastfeeding experiences, which emphasizes the need for medical providers to educate patients on the benefits and possible side effects of these substances based on evidence-based medicine.نوع المادة:المادة, ASSESSMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT FOR CONSTRUCTED URBAN ROADS- CASE STUDY: MUNICIPALITIES OF SOUTH NABLUS(An-Najah National University, 2026-05-25) Odeh, Odai jamal MustafaBackground: Road construction projects carry a significant amount of risk due to their spread over a wide geographical area and their exposure to underground conditions. Risk can be defined as an event characterized by uncertainty, and this uncertainty is measured in terms of its probability of occurrence. Understanding risks in early project stages enables project managers to mitigate impacts and enhance efficiency through effective risk management. This involves identifying, analyzing, and implementing methods to minimize risks while appropriately allocating them to contracting parties, including owners, consultants, and contractors. , Aims: The main objectives of the research are to identify and analyze risk factors, their severity, and their allocation from the perspectives of public general road users and stakeholders.; to propose risk prevention and mitigation measures; and to strengthen the resilience of roads in the targeted municipalities. Methodology: The research methodology includes five municipalities in southern Nablus, utilizing data from ten streets in each area based on relevant factors. Structured interviews with a questionnaire gathered detailed information, which was analyzed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Average Weighted methods (AWE) to create a comprehensive risk index. Main results: The main results include evaluating the current situation in risk management, identifying the most common risks after the implementation period, and examining major models used in risk assessment and Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA). Conclusions of the study: The findings suggest several recommendations for evaluating the status of road projects post-implementation, based on a survey of drivers and road users. Risk factors for municipalities were assessed on a 5-point scale, revealing Aqraba as the least risky (1.94), followed by Qablan (1.96), Huwara (2.53), Beita (2.70), and Jammaein (2.97).نوع المادة:المادة, Recycling Stone-Cutting Waste for Eco-Friendly Kerbstone Production in Hebron, Palestine(An-Najah National University, 2026-07-01) Amer Mutlak ZalloumThe stone industry in Palestine is a major contributor to the Palestinian national economy, with 153 stone cutting factories in the Hebron region alone. The primary problem lies in the massive environmental challenges caused by this industry along the Hebron valley. Approximately 500 m^3of liquid stone cutting waste (liquid slurry), are disposed of through the sewage system, ultimately ending up in the valley and causing widespread environmental and economic challenges along the Hebron valley. This research investigated the sustainable recycling of liquid slurry as a partial replacement for mixing water in eco-friendly Kerbstones production, reducing the need for costly pre-treatment of liquid slurry. This methodology includes three different levels of liquid slurry/water volumetric replacement ratios, namely 0%, 10%, and 20%, with or without the addition of plasticizer. This yield six concrete matrices were evaluated for mechanical and abrasion resistance at 28 days after 28 days. The observed results showed that 10% LS was the best-performing incorporation level among the three tested levels. The C-10-SP mixture recorded the highest observed combined performance, with a mean compressive strength of 45.3 MPa, flexural strength of 5.72 MPa, and abrasion depth of 2.01 mm. Plasticized mixtures showed higher observed performance for several comparisons, but the limited replication did not permit a statistically conclusive general observed plasticizer response. Using the best-performing tested incorporation level of 10% as the calculation basis, this methodology contributes to a more sustainable environmental and economic approach. On a daily production scale expected to reach a maximum capacity of 1000 m^3 of kerbstones, this approach can incorporate up to 18 m^3 of liquid slurry, yields direct environmental benefits, including a reduction in the annual carbon dioxide emissions of 55.1 tons Economically, switching from traditional disposal to direct recycling reduces annual operating costs by approximately 284000 shekels. Therefore, the recycling system described in this thesis offers acceptable feasibility and may contribute to the adoption of more sustainable environmental solutions related to stone cutting waste.نوع المادة:المادة, Biochar Production and Characterization from Sesame Husk Waste for Environmental Application: Methylene Blue Adsorption(dr.majd Eshtaya, 2026-08-09) Khalid Owies; Sarah Al-Heeh; Shayma’ SulaimanAbstract The rising amount of agricultural waste and the rise in demand for sustainable wastewater treatments have led to the production of low-cost adsorbents that are produced using biomass resources. This experiment involves using sesame husk waste resulting from tahini production as the biomass source material used to produce biochar. The preparation of the biochar involved washing, drying, and grinding of the sesame husks, followed by conversion to biochar via pyrolysis at 400°C for 30 minutes in a nitrogen environment. The obtained biochar was then activated using KOH to improve the properties of the product. The characterization process included yield calculation, pH determination, water-holding capacity (WHC) measurement, analysis of ash content, a wettability test, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and iodine value determination. Adsorption of methylene blue was carried out tong capacity test the ability of raw and activated biochar as an adsorbent. The results of this study demonstrated that sesame husk is a suitable biomass feedstock for biochar production, yielding 61.29% biochar. Furthermore, the produced biochar exhibited a moderately alkaline pH of 8.28, a high water-holding capacity (WHC) of 268%, and a hydrophilic surface character, indicating its potential suitability for soil amendment and agricultural applications.. The chemical activation had been found to increase the porosity of the studied biochar as evidenced by an increase in the iodine number to 1085 mg/g. The improved physicochemical properties of the activated biochar resulted in a significant increase in dye removal efficiency, from 38.8% to 94.0%. Isotherm analysis showed that the Freundlich model provided the best fit to the experimental data, suggesting that adsorption occurred on a heterogeneous surface with sites of varying adsorption energies. Kinetic analysis indicated that the pseudo-second-order model described the experimental data better than the other models tested. Furthermore, intraparticle diffusion analysis revealed that the adsorption process proceeded through multiple mass-transfer stages. In summary, the results demonstrate that sesame husks can be effectively converted into biochar-adsorption performance of the biochar, indicating that sesame husk-derived biochar is a promising and sustainable material for wastewater treatment.