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Patterns and Factors Influencing Traffic Crashes in Ramallah and Al Bireh Governorate
(2026-04-09) Bashar Khader Amro
Abstract Traffic crashes in Ramallah and Al-Bireh Governorate increased due to population growth, urban expansion, and the rising number of vehicles on the roads, placing sustained pressure on the road network between 2019 and 2024. This thesis addresses a local evidence gap by combining official crash records from the General Directorate of the Palestinian Police (GDPP) and the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) to examine where crashes occur, how severe they are, and which factors are most consistently associated with them. The analysis followed three stages. First, data collection and validation were completed using police and PCBS records. Second, spatial analysis was performed using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) and Global and Local Moran's I to identify concentration patterns and spatial outliers. Third, Chi-square tests and descriptive trend analysis were used to assess how crash cause, crash type, and severity varied over time. Results show a persistent concentration of crashes in urban corridors and major intersections, while global spatial autocorrelation was not statistically significant at the governorate scale. Local Moran's I identified a limited number of locally distinct sites, including an outlier segment on Al-Tireh Main Road. Chi-square outputs showed significant year-to-year variation in crash characteristics. The findings were interpreted against prior local, regional, and international studies, with explicit attention to data-quality limits such as underreporting of minor crashes and mobility disruptions during COVID-19 and later political restrictions. This thesis provides an evidence base for targeted enforcement, infrastructure prioritization, and safer mobility planning in Ramallah and Al-Bireh Governorate.
متابعة المنشورات الصادمة والإرهاق التعاطفي وعلاقتهما بالصلابة النفسية لدى طلبة جامعة النجاح الوطنية
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2026-04-07) Shaheen, Hala
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن العلاقة بين متابعة المنشورات الصادمة عبر وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي ومستوى الإرهاق التعاطفي، وعلاقتهما بمستوى الصلابة النفسية لدى طلبة جامعة النجاح الوطنية، حيث تم إجراء الدراسة خلال العام الدراسي 2024–2025، وتكونت العينة من (304) طالبا وطالبة تم اختيارهم بالطريقة المتيسرة، واعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، وقد تم استخدام مقياس Compassion Fatigue Inventory – CFI لقياس الارهاق التعاطفي ومقياس الصلابة النفسية الذي تم تطويره من قبل كونور_ دافيدسون. أظهرت النتائج أن مستوى الإرهاق التعاطفي ومستوى الصلابة النفسية لدى الطلبة كان متوسطًا، كما كشفت النتائج عن وجود علاقة عكسية سالبة بين الإرهاق التعاطفي والصلابة النفسية، في حين لا يوجد علاقة دالة بين مستوى متابعة المنشورات الصادمة والإرهاق التعاطفي وبين مستوى متابعة المنشورات الصادمة والصلابة النفسية، كما أشارت النتائج إلى عدم وجود أثر لمتغيري الجنس والمستوى التعليمي على مستوى الإرهاق التعاطفي لدى طلاب جامعة النجاح، وعدم وجود أثر لمتغير الجنس على الصلابة النفسية، في حين كان هناك أثر للمستوى التعليمي على الصلابة النفسية. وبناء على هذه النتائج توصي الدراسة بعدد من التوصيات التي من شأنها الحد من تأثير متابعة المنشورات الصادمة وتعزيز الصلابة النفسية لدى الطلبة، أبرزها: تطوير برامج دعم نفسي تستهدف توعية الطلبة بأساليب التعامل الفعّال مع الضغوط النفسية والمحتوى العاطفي المؤثر، حتى في حال عدم ملاحظة آثار فورية لما لذلك من أهمية وقائية على المدى البعيد، كما تدعو كذلك إلى تعزيز الحملات التوعوية داخل البيئة الجامعية حول طرق التفاعل السليم مع الأخبار الصادمة.
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN PALESTINIAN WOMEN: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
(An-Najah National University, 2026-05-12) Abu Fadda, Mariam
Abstract Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in women worldwide, with recurrent UTIs (rUTIs) creating major challenges for both clinical and public health. In Palestine, data on rUTIs and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are still scarce. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the pharmacological management of recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI) and determine the prevalence of rUTIs among Palestinian women, identify the factors that are associated with increased risk of recurrent episodes, characterize antimicrobial resistance patterns, and evaluate the impact of culture guided therapy on outcomes. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study was conducted across four hospitals in the urology department in southern West Bank in Palestine (2016–2025). Medical records of 380 women aged ≥18 years with UTI were reviewed. Demographic, clinical, microbiological, and treatment variables were extracted. rUTI was defined as ≥2 symptomatic episodes within six months or ≥3 within twelve months. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including logistic regression, were performed by SPSS. Results: The final analysis included 380 women diagnosed with UTI. The overall prevalence of rUTIs among Palestinian women was 27.4% (104/380). Older age (median 65 vs. 60 years, p = 0.015), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.004), asthma (p = 0.012), and prior UTI history (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with recurrence. Pregnancy was less frequent among rUTI cases (p < 0.001). The most dominant pathogen isolated from urine culture was Gram negative Escherichia coli (40.5%) and Klebsiella spp. (9.7%) as leading isolates. ESBL producing strains were common, diminishing the effectiveness of cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone. Empirical therapy was dominated by ceftriaxone (43.2%), while meropenem (23.9%) became most frequent after culture results. Culture guided therapy was significantly associated with a reduced recurrence rate (p < 0.05). Clinical resolution occurred in 93.4%, but reinfection (14.2%) and MDR history (28.9%) continue to pose significant challenges. Conclusion: rUTIs are prevalent among Palestinian women and represent a significant public health burden. rUTIs strongly associated with underlying comorbidities and resistant Gram negative pathogens. Improved outcomes observed with culture guided therapy, underscoring the need for a strengthened stewardship program and diagnostic infrastructure in resource limited settings to enhance UTI management in Palestinian healthcare practices.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPRESSIVE ART THERAPY ON DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, STRESS, AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG CHILDREN LIVING IN HIGH RISK AREAS IN PALESTINE
(An-Najah National University, 2025-10-23) Deek, Shatha
Current study used quasi-experimental design, to assess the effectiveness of expressive group art therapy in decreasing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, and also in improving quality of life. (79) Students, aged between (7-12) years old were participated in the study. After conducting pre-test and post-test for both experimental and control groups, the results were collected and analyzed. The findings have shown that symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress for children in the experimental group decreased, and also in their quality of life has improved. The findings highlighted the role of expressive group art therapy in decreasing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress for the study sample, and also in improving their quality of life. This therapeutic approach could be a valuable tool for parents, teachers, and mental health workers in supporting children’s mental health in risk areas.
MEDICINE’S SHORTAGE: KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF COMMUNITY PHARMACY STAFF IN PALESTINE
(An-Najah National University, 2026-05-21) Najdi, Mariam
Background: The issue of medicine shortages is severe to health care systems globally, especially in areas where political instability and unstable supply chains are in force. Movement restrictions, pharmaceutical importation control, and continuous economic pressures in Palestine limit healthcare delivery and increase the effects of medicine shortages on community pharmacy practice. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to examine the understanding, behaviors of community pharmacy employees in Palestine about medicine shortages, and to understand their perceptions of the causes, effects, and strategies to deal with it. Moreover, it aimed at finding evidence-based solutions to help regulatory authorities reduce future crises. Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study with one open-ended question was conducted using a structured self-administered questionnaire that was administered to the staff of the community pharmacies within the Palestinian governorates. Statistically, quantitative data were analyzed by the use of SPSS program, whereas thematic analysis was done with qualitative responses given by open-ended question and validated using NVivo software. Results: The study found that there was a high incidence of medicine shortage in community pharmacies (92.49%). The findings addressed the study questions and were consistent with the study objectives, as the participants showed excellent overall knowledge (59.60-73.32%), with the significant gaps concerning the processes of the supply chain and regulatory mechanisms (44.00%). In Palestine, community pharmacy personnel reported that medicine shortages have adverse effects on patient adherence (83.68%), treatment continuity, and quality of life (86.79%), and add workload and ethical problems to the pharmacy staff. The frequent coping mechanisms were to contact more than one supplier, prescribers’ referral (55.18%), and alternative therapeutic options (25.62%). The qualitative results highlighted the necessity of better coordination with authorities, as well as the creation of a national early warning system. Conclusions: There is still an ongoing and multifaceted issue of medicine shortages within the community pharmacy practice in Palestine. The solution to this problem in Palestine must be context-sensitive national strategies to reinforce supply chain management and promote local production. To protect patient safety, it is vital to empower pharmacists by using an explicit protocol of substitution and interprofessional collaboration.