# Energy and Environmental Engineering

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Feasibility Analysis for Establishing WtE Plant in Zahrat Al-Finjan landfill - Jenin.
(2020-12-20) Hassiba, Dana
The utilization of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) for energy production has been implemented globally for many decades. Palestine, however, is still dependent on landfills for only disposing of the generated MSW. Furthermore, the growing threat of energy insecurity and the inability to control the disposing of generated MSW properly can be reduced through the renewable and continuous provision of energy, where generated electrical energy from MSW will strongly achieve this purpose. Among the different alternatives for securing national energy sources, energy waste seems to be beneficial in providing energy and helps in reducing generated MSW quantities and their corresponding negative environmental consequences at the same time. In this research, the feasibility analysis was conducted for establishing WtE incineration and landfilling plant as a supposed MSW treatment method in the West Bank-Jenin government. Changes in waste generation quantities and waste composition as a result of the recycling process were also considered. Each method looked at the potential of producing electricity from a specific MSW capacity and consequently the related calculation of profitability factors. The first scenario involves treating 1200 daily tons of MSW, whereas the second and third scenarios involve treating 974 and 1148 daily tons of MSW, respectively, as a result of including the sorting process for extracting valuable waste composition such as plastic, metals, and glass in the second scenario and extracting valuable metals and glass only in the third scenario, before being incinerated. The results revealed that there is a distinction between the two suggested technologies in terms of initial investment cost, the potential of produced electrical energy, and resulting profitability factors. However, the amount of total produced electrical energy that could be obtained from the two WtE technologies is as follows: 1 GWh from the LFGtE plant, 10 GWh from the first scenario of incineration, and 6, and 10 GWh from the second and third scenarios of incineration, respectively. Furthermore, economic profitability factors NPV, LCOE, and IRR are 26 million dollars, 0.1065 USD/kWh, and 54%, respectively, for the LFGtE plant. That is 95 million dollars, 0.0883 USD/kWh, and 35% for the first incineration scenario. Whereas 40 million dollars, 0.1044 USD/kWh, and 25% and 132 million dollars, 0.0723 USD/kWh, and 51%, respectively, for the second and third incineration scenarios.
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Biochar From Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
This research presents a model for the production of biochar from municipal solid waste using the slow pyrolysis technique. In this research, biochar production methods and the benefit of using them were investigated. The proposed location for establishing the studied plant is in the Nablus waste transfer station. The waste quantityand contents are the main parameters for the initial design. After preparing the process flow diagram, mass and energy balance equations were applied to calculate the products and energy needed. At the end, feasibility and environmental analysis were performed on the suggested plant. The city of Nablus and some neighboring villages export about 250 tons of waste per day, for pyrolysis process, only organicportion (53%)will be considered as the raw material. The amount of solid waste that is entered in a whole day (24 hours) is equal to (120201 kg/day), but this amount is divided into 6 cycles per day, and the duration of one cycle is 4 hours. Any quantity (20033 kg/4 hours) with a moisture content of 40% is entered. Right down to the drying process, the weight was reduced to (12924 kg / 4 hours) with a moisture content of 7%. The second part of the process, the drying process. To facilitate this process, the dryer is supplied with dry and hot steam. The process continues until the humidity reaches 7% where the reactor moisture should be less than 10% and the raw materials are fed into the shredder which reduces the volume of waste. Small dry pieces arrive at the pyrolysis reactor which starts the heating process from 500°C and the materials settle in the reactor for a period of time until biochar, bio-oil and syngas are produced which enter into the process repeatedly as heat energy for the reactor to continue working.The results indicate that for every 1 kg of material 0.35 biochar, 0.35 syngas, and 0.30 biooil at an energy input of 1.8 MJ/kg. Therefore, the energy required for this quantity (12,924 kg / 4 h) is estimated at 36060 MJ / 4 h. Also, the amount of heat required for the drying process is 26,289 MJ / 4 h. Three scenarios were also developed to determine the economic effectiveness of the project. Considering the initial cost of 16 million, the selling price of biochar and bio-oil was estimated as 0.65 ($/kg), 0.79 ($/kg), respectively. In another scenario, the selling price was 0.65 ($/kg), 0.22 ($/kg), respectively. Ending with the scenario that means selling bio-oil only at 0.79 (\$/kg). The expected payback period was 1.5, 2.5, and 7.5, respectively.