Engineering

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Electrical Energy Planning for The West Bank Under Uncertainties
(1999) Nidal Lafi Said; Dr. Mutasim Baba
At present Israel supplies approximately 97% of total electrical energy consumption in the West Bank of Palestine and approximately 13% of total population are completely or partially non-electrified. Electrical energy prices per kWh to consumers are very high. Electricity system is not reliable with many occasions of electricity service interruptions. Electrical energy consumption per capita is very low and technical losses are high. This study aims to put a technical strategic plan for the electricity sector in the West Bank of Palestine, in order to ensure supplying reliable least- cost and clean electricity service to all people. This study addresses this technical strategic plan in three stages. The first stage involves the formulation of four different scenarios of maximum power demand and energy consumption in the West Bank for the period 1999-2020, based upon aggregate analysis of population dynamics and general domestic product (GDP) per capita. The second stage involves the formulation of four different scenarios of generation planning in the West Bank for the period 2001-2020, based upon the integration between the four power demand scenarios, different fuel types and different generation units. Also each of the four generation scenarios was examined and analyzed based on financial and Cost Benefit analysis. The final stage examines the effect of implementing the demand side management programs (DSM) on the electricity sector, in terms of cost, benefit, reliability and pollution.
دراسة إمكانيات تنمية إقليم الأغوار الفلسطينية وإقامة قطب نمو موازي لأريحا
(2000) هاني محمود محمد النجوم;
The Jordan Valley Region is considered one of the most suffering regions in Palestine. The most visible and serious problem is related to the existing political situation, as more than 90% of the region is still under the Israeli control. In addition , the region suffers from the unplanned development as a result of the absence of planning schemes both at regional and local levels . Moreover, most of the settlements in the region , particularly the AL-Jiffilic area , lack qualified infrastructural facilities , because of the Israeli control and the obstacles that are imposed on these settlements. All these factors and problems constituted a basic incentive behind this study , aiming at finding certain solutions for such problems through a strategic development plan for the Jordan Valley Region based on suggesting a growth pole parallel to the city of Jericho ( the major city in the region ) in the northern and middle areas of the region . Such plan will contribute to the assurance and confirming of the Palestinian identity of the region as well as the development and upgrading of the settlements economically and physically. The thesis included a detailed and comprehensive study of the Jordan Valley Region in terms of its features, potentials and the problems it faces . Also , the thesis studied the existing land uses in the region as a whole and in AL-Jifftlic area in particular. Finally, the thesis resulted in suggesting that AL-Jifftlic area is the optimum location for establishing an administrative and urban center in the region. This center, as indicated by the economic evaluation study explained in the thesis, will lead to several benefits for AL-Jifftlic area as well as for the Jordan Valley Region.
إعادة تطوير وتخطيط وتأهيل مركز مدينة جنين التجاري
(2000) رواء علي محمد صوالحة;
Insofar as the central business district is regarded as the organizing center about which the rest of the city is structure, so regenerating, replaning & developing for deteriorating cities is very important, it must begin from the center, because it form the heart of the city, so the CBD must be more than a collection of buildings or a network of activities, it must be a unique spiritual characteristic. This study attempts to understand & interpret the importance of Regeneration Replanting and Developing the Central Business District Of Genin. The main aim of the study is to develop the CBD in order to achieve economical & management development and in order to stop the physical urban development inside Marge Bin Ammer ( plain) which consists the most investment for the city, and the last to find out the items that make the operation of marketing more attractive. The research approach has been both qualitative & quantitative ranges from the general to the specific & from macro-level to micro level. The methods used to collect information include personal observations, semi-structured interviews, searching literature & using maps, camera & photos. In addition, this research uses the survey for the built environment of the CBD, including: built up area, legislation, land mark, land use of the building, height of the buildings, distribution of utilities, transportation, this survey help to delimitate the problems & difficulties which facing the CBD of Jenin, after this plans and strategies putting in order for regeneration and replaning & developing this CBD. The study concludes contains recommendation about how we can implement the solution & strategies, which also put out in order to regenerate , replan& develop the CBD of Jenin.
The Use of Traffic assignment Modeling Technique in Evaluating & Testing Transportation Policies and Projects Nablus City : Case Study
(2000) Rania Mustafa Darwish Douleh; Dr. Sameer A. Abu-Eisheh
Transportation is a key sector in industrialized as well as developing countries. Although the level of technology in transportation varies and the needs and demands are expressed differently, the movement of people and goods is essential for human activities and production. Therefore, transportation has to be treated as an integral and basic component of any comprehensive development plan. The existing underdeveloped transportation infrastructure and poor transportation services provided in Palestine are inadequate to satisfy both the current and increasing demand for transportation and to facilitate the socio-economic development. Lack of proper transportation infrastructure facilities and services can be an obstacle to the development of the various economic sectors and may hinder the entire development efforts. However, the provision of proper transportation system is also an essential pre-requisite condition for development.
نحو سياسة وطنية للإسكان في فلسطين
(2000) غسان غالب إسماعيل;
The Palestinian people, after decades of continuous struggle, must now, by accepting their austere chances and disabling current condition, commence their efforts to Fulfill the dream of establishing an independent Palestinian state upon a fraction of their historical territory, i.e. the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The hardships facing the Palestinian people can be traced back to the thirty year Israeli occupation of the above mentioned territory, whose effects, reaching all aspects of the human conditions, still hinder the development and evolution of social, economic, political, and psychological institutions. The Zionist ideology, inherently associated with the replacements of uprooted Palestinian communities with immigrant Jewish settlers, while affecting other facets of daily life, had a distinctively negative consequence upon the Palestinian housing sector. The signing of the 1994 "Oslo" agreement between the Palestinian Liberation Organization (P.L.O) and the state of Israel lead to the emergence of the Palestinian National Authority (P.N.A) as the Palestinian governing body, with the ultimate goal of establishing the first independent Palestinian entity within the territories outlined in the agreement. With the return or the Palestinian people, who had previously been driven from their homes, efforts began to be taken towards fulfilling the vision of an independent Palestinian state as a home for all Palestinian nationals. As one of the fore-mentioned Palestinians returning from forced exile, my initial joy was overwhelmed by the poor, if not pathetic, condition of the Palestinian infrastructure. This poor condition, a direct consequence of years of an occupation that neglected what the United Nations recognized to be an inalienable human right, led to a situation where most families were without a safe and/or suitable home. This, coupled with my education as a civil engineer and my job with the Ministry of Housing, led me to attempt a true comprehension of the housing sector as a concrete step towards solving the crisis. As a graduate study researcher in the field of housing I sought to gain a scientific understanding of the Palestinian housing crisis and all its aspects. I sought to develop a plan by which to solve the housing crisis by, firstly, grasping the concept of a home and of housing. This research studied past experiences of people in a parallel and/or similar situation to the Palestinian people, and explored the housing situation in Palestine between the years of 1976 and 1994, prior to the emergence on the P.N.A. Additionally, this research researched the effects of the factors of production upon the housing sector. Within the framework of this research also studied the World Bank and United Nation indicators of human settlements (habitats). Both the housing experiences of different countries and the specialized studies conducted in the field of housing pointed towards the enabling method as the best and most feasible solution to the Palestinian housing crisis given the limited capabilities of the housing authority in terms of financial resources, technical aptitude, and managerial expertise. After recognizing the enabling method as the most well suited method for the re-construction of the Palestinian housing, this research delved into the realms of its stages, tools, and methods of application. Finally, this research examined the need to implement, evaluate, strengthen, and modify this policy in order to enable it to respond to the changing factors and constant challenges of the housing sector. I hope and pray that my paper will contribute in a positive manner to the intellectual discourse surrounding the solution to the Palestinian housing crisis. My primary concern throughout the paper was to shed light upon the most feasible path to solving this dilemma in our long awaited Palestinian State.
Rainfall-Runoff Process and Modeling for Soreq Stream Sub-Basin Near Jerusalem
(2000) Mazin Husni Barakat; Dr. Hafez Shaheen; Dr. Anan Jayyousi
The Unit hydrograph and SCS methods were used here to simulate the runoff coefficient and the lag time from the mountainous sub-catchment of the Soreq stream near Jerusalem using the data obtained during the period 195-1994 for frequency analysis and IDF curves. Data obtained during the period 1994-1996 were used for the rainfall-runoff analysis. The investigated area is situated near Jerusalem in the watershed of the Soreq and Rantim streams that flow toward the Mediterranean. The drainage area studied is 167 km2 after excluding the urban area from the stream origin until the Beit Zayit (dam) reservoir. Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves were developed for this area by analyzing the historical data of the two rainfall stations using the Gumbel distribution. These curves can be used as a reference for the determination of rainfall intensity for different return periods to be used for drainage systems design. Some of the problems related to the study area are that the two western outlets of the raw sewage system of Jerusalem discharge towards Soreq stream. This sewage flow which is the flow measured at Hartov station during the dry periods along the Soreq stream is considered as a base flow all along the study. According to these measurements, considerable amounts of sewage water infiltrate along the Soreq stream. Representative events were analyzed during the study period in order to have an indication of the real amount of excess rainfall that causes the runoff.For each event the area under the direct runoff hydrograph (Vd) was calculated for the derivation of the excess rainfall. For the infiltration rate, the ¢ and W index methods were used. The average value of the Ø index was l6.77mm/hr. While the average value of the W index was 3.27mm/hr. The run off measured was about 0.3 % of the measured rainfall due to the high percolation rate into the karstic layers of the area. On the other hand, for each event the recession constant Kr, was evaluated .The average value of this constant for the above events was 0.9925. Unit hydrographs for these events were obtained. Each unit hydrograph of the above events have a different duration. The lag time measured for these events has an average of 609.25min, while using the equations of the SCS method the average was 334.11 min. This situation arises the problem of the sewage flow along the stream, which makes the runoff including the sewage deposits flow slowly towards the outlet. These results may be approximated by assuming that the lag time of this watershed equals the time of concentration, instead of 0.6 of the time of concentration as the SCS method suggests.
Management of The Cultural Heritage Resources of Sabastia
(2000) Zahra' Ali Zawawi; Dr. Ziad Senan; Dr. Ali Abed El- Hameed
The cultural heritage resources should be a source of pride for the living generation as it was for their ancestors and it will be for the coming generations. It reflects the identity of a nation and make it special among other nations. Taking care of this legacy must be the responsibility of each member of the nation. Sabastia has been taken as a case study for the management of the cultural heritage resources well, because of the special cultural heritage resources and history the town has. The study explains how the planning model for managing the cultural heritage resources can be implemented, and how from this can we know the threats on the cultural heritage. Moreover the opportunities of the site/resource, the strength and weakness points of the site. From this we can get the reasons for the degradation of the cultural heritage resources and how this affected the town badly through ages. The three strategies were chosen to develop the town depending on the previous analysis. It can be seen that all these cannot be done at the same time, but they will be implemented up to money, time, and technical priorities. So there will be a short term plan, action, emergency plan, and long term plan.
التخطيط الزراعي في إقليم نابلس كأساس للتخطيط الإقليمي
(2000) شاكر سليمان جوده;
The main purpose of this study is to discover the capability of regional planning (The planning that depends on the participation of all concerned parties and local communities and that requires different surveys in soil characteristics, environment, socio-economic and beneficiaries needs and their priorities) as a planning tool for achieving integrated development with clear results than what the traditional planning methods achieves which focuses only on economical aspects and ignore social and geographical dimensions. Through this fact with all interrogations, this study came into being an inquiry of the efficiency of regional planning as one of the planning methods used in improving the development process. Whatever was the nature of the regions that will be adopted in the Palestinian Territories, the agricultural activity will remain the main productive sector in most of the regions and the development process will constitute the basis for sustainable rural development and comprehensive regional development. The planning for agricultural development process requires various studies and surveys which in turn, constitutes the basis for the regional planer used in determining the needs, opportunities, possibilities and priorities within the region and between the activities and the various sectors within this region. This will promote the relationship between the agricultural sector and other development sectors. THE RESEARCHER INVESTIGATES AND ANALYZES THE THESIS SUBJECT IN FIVE CHAPTERS: CHAPTER 1 The first chapter brings to the light the introduction of the thesis mainly the importance and different tools of planning and the methodology framework adopted for dealing with this study at regional or at village level. Data resources are gathered from two sides. The first are gathered from formal resources from ministries and related institutions and the second from questionnaires prepared by the researcher. The end of this chapter covers the previous studies and researches that deal with the same study. CHAPTER 2 In this chapter the researcher discusses the theoretical framework through regional planning in view of concepts and contents, the relationship between geography and the location theory (the location that achieves the optimum income with the minimum cost) then reviewing justifications, objectives, methodology, assumptions in addition to agriculture planning and its objectives. CHAPTER 3 Includes the natural, social and economic background for Nablus district from location, climate, administrative and economical structure and the mutual relationship between Nablus district and rural communities within the region mainly concerning the educational levels and health activities. CHAPTER 4 The researcher in this chapter shows the historical view of regional planning in the Palestinian Authority. Also, he addresses the historical development of regional planning in the area and in Nablus district Moreover, he discusses the activities of sect oral planning in the region; such as water, roads, electricity, higher education, tourism, antiquities, communication, youth, social and cultural sectors. Finally, he clarifies the criteria used for selection sub region in Nablus district considering the location, agriculture systems and a principle indicator that characterizes these sect oral regions. CHAPTER 5 Discusses agricultural planning and its relationship with regional planning in addition to the importance of the agricultural sector in the Palestinian Authority and the importance of agricultural planning and its development in the area and mainly in Nablus district. Finally, the researcher emphasizes on the procedure that should be used in preparing the plan, such as designing the questionnaire that includes all projects included in the plan and which are adaptable to the environment of Nablus district and are highly prioritized according to the formally adapted norms by the specialized working groups who reexamined and reclassified them according to a set of standards: 1. The effect of the project on natural resources. 2. The total numbers of people benefiting from the project. 3. Total expected cost for the project. 4. The project implementing period. 5. The ability to adopt the results. 6. The extent the results are suitable to the implementation. 7. When to start the project. The researcher was eager to fill out these questionnaires by means of personal interviews in order to explain the meaning of each question and get specific answers. Then the researcher analyzed the questionnaires statistically after prioritizing the suggested projects (by using the Mean (x)). The statistically analysis showed that there was significant difference of projects arrangement. Then the researcher deeply discusses the results: Do these results reflect the needs of the local community or not? And were these projects evaluated according to the economical dimension or do they take into consideration the location and human aspects? Furthermore, these results and priorities projects were explained. A statistical analysis was made for these results to know if the results of classifying the projects were abstractly differentiated. This analysis shows that there is a clear abstract difference. The researcher then concluded a group of suggestions and a mechanism for distributing the suggested projects on sub-districts and defining them on the basis of location and justification that led to this choice. The group of suggestions and the mechanism of classifying the projects are as follows: 1. The quantity of production. 2. The ability to market the products. 3. The existence of a transportation network which facilitates the agricultural process in addition to machinery usage. 4. Enough water capacity. The prioritized projects have been proposed according to the results reached on regional level. Then, a number of general recommendations were set adding to them the recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture. At the end of the study, a budget for the five years plan was set for Nablus district. In addition, a log frame for the projects of the plan was set according to the main objective of each project in addition to the outputs and activities of these projects. According to the data obtained in this study, nine projects were chosen to form the five years plan for Nablus district: 1. Introduction and dissemination of high yield varieties of wheat, barley, lentil, and chickpea... 2. Improvement of olive productivity. 3. Land reclamation. 4. Crop/livestock commodity and market analyses. 5. Dissemination of small ruminant dairy production and processing practices. 6. Extension and applied research on bee production. 7. Selection and improvement for :small ruminant breeds and management practices (Awasi, Shami). 8. Testing and dissemination of high value fruit trees. 9. Enhancement of post-harvest processing and quality of (1) olive oil and (2) other by-products. Furthermore, the expertise of the agricultural researcher confirms that this test was factual due to the project importance and priority according to the environmental and climatic conditions. But it is worth noting that there was a difference in classifying the priorities between educated farmers (engineers, agricultural engineers...etc.) and traditional farmers in the sub districts in two specific projects: • Sewage and saline water usage in agriculture • Agricultural database bank Where some results gave these projects a high consideration by educated farmers in contrary to the traditional farmers whom results were negative which influenced the classification of these projects in the list of projects included in the five years plan. This forced the researcher to revert to the recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture in order to increase the efficiency of agricultural extension system so as to increase the awareness of the farmers in general because of the importance of adding new water resources for the agricultural sector by reusing sewage and saline water in agriculture and getting rid of health problems caused by such water and its bad influence on environment. And it is so important to consider and concentrate on the agricultural database bank especially for its high importance in planning, for without the existence of an accurate and consistence agricultural data, good planning would never exist. But in general, the results were drawn nearer to the facts and to the needs of the local society in the district. At the end of this thesis the researcher estimated the needed budget for the 5 years plan for Nablus District and an abstract for the above projects was done including the objectives, outputs and activities. The estimated budget was US$ 8,037,000. The researcher benefited from previous studies, abstracted and used them in his thesis: . The French Monitoring Project. . The Agricultural Research and Extension Medium Term Plan in Palestine. . The Tripartite Agricultural Development Plan of the Ministry of Agriculture. . Sect oral Planning Activities in Nablus district . Agricultural data and methods dominant in the sectors of Nablus district
Internal Immigration To TuIkarm City
(2000) فاروق عيسى ذياب عياط;
This study discussed the effect of the internal immigration on the growth of the cities. Since Tulkarm is one of the main cities in the West Bank it was chosen as a study case, This study consists of six chapters; the first chapter dealt with the research strategy and included the study problem, definitions of immigrations_ the main theories and studies dealt with the subject of internal immigration, the goals of the study, the study hypothesis, limits, sources, the questionnaire of the study, the statistical processing, previous studies and defining the study region. The second chapter dealt with the development of building and the population growths in the city during different periods, structural plans show that the city suffered front ignorance in applying the structural plans due to external factors like the Israeli occupation which aimed to reduce the city area and restricted its growth and development, the structural plans were used as a tool to control the growth and development of the city. Despite this, the city extended as the citizens increased during several years in addition to the internal immigration to the city resulted from the Israeli occupation. The types of immigration and its privileges were studied. The results indicate a surpass in the immigration averages since the year 1948 to reach its top at the end of the 90s. Also the results of this study show that most of the immigrants came from villages (44.3%), the dwelling appeared as the main factor for immigration, the immigrants are of middle- ages (15- 65 years) with a percent of (76.2%) most of them works in servicing establishments (47.8%). The study indicated the continuous relation between the immigrants and their original residences which is represented in visits (79.9%). in addition, the study show that most of the immigrants lived in the suburbs (55.7%) while (7o.5%) of the immigrants lived in places where they have relations with the citizens. it was obvious that the main factors for driving away were; bad dwelling, being far from the city, bad transportation, lack of services like water and electricity while the main attracting factors to Tulkarm city were; the presence of relatives & friends, being nearer to the place of work, and available transportation The study showed differences in the availability of services in the dwellings of the immigrants in behalf of the non-immigrants dwellings, in addition to differences in services-distributing between the city and the suburbs in behalf of the suburbs. In the forth chapter the privileges of the citizens were discussed, it was show that the immigrants are concentrated in the middle-age classes (15-64 years) while the non immigrants citizens concentrated in the lower- age classes (0~l4 years) in the youth stage of the trans-demography stages. Also it was shown that the medium age among the immigrants citizens was (27 years) and (16 years) to the non- immigrants citizens, the supporting ratio was decreased among the immigrants (31.3%) while for the non- immigrants it was (81.7%), the sex ratio was 80 males for each 100 females among the immigrants which is lesser than among the non-immigrants where it was 104 males. The social and economical structure of the citizens was studied, the illiteracy ratio was low among the immigrants (7.4%) compared with the non—immigrants (11.2%), the ratio of the university graduates increased among the immigrants (10.8%) and it reached (9%) for the non- immigrants, the higher ratio for the university graduates among the immigrants was for those from villages (18.2%) compared with the immigrants from the cities (2.6%) and (7.1%) for the immigrants from camps. When the marital statics was studied it was shown that (71.3%) of the immigrants were married and (43.5%) of the non- immigrants were married while the singles were (27.1%) of the immigrants and (52.8%) 0f the non-immigrants, the higher ratio of the married among the immigrants was for those from villages (40.8%) and the ratio of the married females reached (25.6%) and (15.2%) for the males. The immigrants working in services reached (47.8%) then in trading it was (15.8%). In the fifth chapter the privileges of the residences were studied, the ratio of the owned- residences was (46,1%) for the immigrants and (68.0%) for the non- immigrants, the ratio of the hired—residences was (53.9%) for the immigrants which is a higher compared with the previous residences before immigration where the ratio of the hired-residences reached (17.4%). The higher ratio of the owned residences was at villages (88.2%) while the hired-residences was (32.7%) in the cities, (8.7%) in the villages, and (12.4%) in the camps. There was a change in the ratio of residences (an apartment in a building) between the previous—dwelling and the present one for the immigrants, it reached (31.3%) in the previous-dwelling and (46.1%) at Tulkarm city. The higher ratio of residences (a separated apartment) according to the dwelling type was in the villages (70.6%), and it was shown that the crowding degree in the residences of the immigrants was (1.70 persons/room) while it was (2.28 persons/room) for the non- immigrants. The sixth chapter the results were analyzed and recommendations were formed.
Degree of Green Line Influence on Population and Housing Characteristics in Qalqilya Villages
(2000) بشار محمد عبد الرحمن أحمد شتيوي;
Qalqilya has been a governorate since the advent of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994. 1 low ever, Qalqilya has always received the interest of all political governments that had governed Palestine. This importance of the city has remained until it became a governorate. The Qalqilya Governorate was chosen as the target population of this study because it is the most targeted Palestinian area by the Israeli colonization policy. It's a matter of fact that Qalqilya, like Tulkarm and Jenin, is one of the important border cities separating between the lands of 1948 and the lands of 1967. Further, in the researcher's opinion, the city has not been studied before. This study focused on the rural areas belonging to Qalqilya Governorate. The areas have been chosen on the basis of the geographical distance from the Green Line. The researcher selected Habla Village, bordering the Green Line, Jayyous Village, 10 Kin from the Green Line and Kufr Qaddoum, 20 Km away from the Green Line. The three villages were chosen to measure the extent of their closeness and remoteness from the Green Line also called Truce Line. In this research, the researcher used a variety of research methods. The statistical descriptive method was used to make data processing. Chi-Square was used to test the study hypotheses. The researcher also conducted a field study. He designed and distributed a questionnaire tocollect data from subjects of the study in addition to personal interviews and reviews of literature. The researcher used the SPSS statistical method. The reliability of the study hypotheses were proved. It was proved that the Green Line had an influence on traits of family members in terms of A- Age, number of family members, years of schooling, monthly income, age at first marriage. This is attributed to the variable of closeness or remoteness from Green Line. B- Marital status is attributed to closeness and remoteness variable from the Green Line. It was also proved that the Green Line had an influence on characteristics of housing and home conveniences. The differences between Green Line houses and those in the West Bank may be attributed to closeness and remoteness of these from the Green Line. The study found there was an influence of the Green Line on building materials used, size and shape of windows, red roof tiles used, landscape (green areas), guest room entrance, kitchen, number of floors, different levels of the residence ground, window protection bars, special bathroom for major bedroom, and the house electricity supply. The closer the houses were to the Green Lines, the more they were influenced by what was inside the Green Line. However, no influence of closeness and remoteness of Green Line was found on the guest room. Another proved hypothesis was that the Green Line had an influence on nature of family breadwinner's work, place of his work, reason for joblessness of the unemployed, the family financial difficulties and percentage of income spending. Pertaining to the nature of the family breadwinner's work, it was found that work in the public sector would increase as the area got far from the Green Line. Work in construction increased as the area got closer to the Green Line. Concerning place of work, it was found that the work, in the West Bank, would increase as the area got far from the Green Line. Work in Israel would increase as the area got closer to the Green Line. Another proved hypothesis was that the Green Line had an influence on social characteristics: lifestyle in the first year of marriage, presence of relatives inside the Green Line, social relations among the 1948 Arabs, and standard of living among these Arabs. This means that closeness to the Green Line had an influence on social ties. Finally, this study also proved the validity of another hypothesis which maintained that the Green Line had an influence on demographic characteristics such as family fertility in the year past and using Hebrew in daily communication. Concerning fertility in the year past, it was found that the more the Green Line was far, the higher the fertility was. And concerning speaking Hebrew, it was found that the percentage would increased as the area got closer to the Green Line. This means that influence of cultural aspects existing in Israel would increase as the area got closer to the Green Line.
Rainfall - Runoff Process and Rainfall Analysis for Nablus Basin
(2000) Naim Ibrahim Al-Nubani; Dr. Hafez Shaheen; Dr. Anan Jayyousi
The analysis of precipitation is essential for the hydrological studies and design. For the West Bank, there is no enough precipitation data available especially for short duration, hourly and daily precipitation. Therefore it is essential to develop the required plots and relations and made their available for use. This should be achieved depending on the available rainfall data of specific durations such as producing the IDF curves. In order to contribute to this need, the rainfall data used for the Nablus district were collected from the Nablus Meteorological station and were used for the rainfall-runoff relationship as one other important issue was also discussed for one catchment area in Nablus district basing on the available rainfall data. The annual, monthly and daily precipitation data for Nablus Meteorological station were used in the analysis. Gumble distribution shows the best fit for annual rainfall. The analysis also included the development of the Intensity Duration Frequency curves for Nablus district. The most rainy month of January and the monthly rainfall distribution have the same style for the period of 1954-1998. Using the developed rainfall-runoff relation, Synthetic Unit Hydrograph was developed for Rujeep catchment near Nablus. It was found that the runoff occurs when the rainfall exceeds 48.5 mm for a period of 15-hr. It is proposed that efforts must be further invested into data gathering especially for stream flow data, intensity and duration of rainfall. These data should be used in the development of rainfall- runoff relationship for the different catchment areas.
Developing A Safety Management Tool Using A Geographic information System (GIS)
(2000) Fawz Khader Mouhammed Kobari; Dr. Sameer A. Abu-Eisheh
Road safety is an important issue as it involves large numbers of people, vehicles and road sections, and as such is a complex issue to understand and to manage. The collection and analysis of data accidents are fundamental to the design of safe roads and proper traffic control measurement programs. Using such data helps in understanding why accidents occur, identifying accident prone-location, and aiding in the choice of proper safety programs or countermeasures. ln this study, a geographic information system (GIS)-oriented database using TransCAD software was developed as a tool in improving quantitative accidents data analysis. The database was applied for a two-year study period (1997-1998) for Nablus City. This database is of great use in road safety improvements and management. This study included a number of phases: establishment of detailed database with information on accidents, traffic characteristics and physical road data; integration of these databases into a GIS; and definition and development of GIS-based applications to road safety and management. The results of this study clearly showed the applicability and potential of using GIS as a tool in road safety management and improvement.
By-Pass Roads Effects On The Physical Environment In The West Bank
(2000) Adeeb Ibrahim Suleiman; Dr. Aziz Dweik
During the Israeli Occupation of the West Bank, many physical actions were done on the land. Constructing By-pass roads by Israel in the West Bank is one of these actions. By-pass roads and Settlements are jointly going on in the West Bank, so as to create new facts on the Palestinian ground in the West Bank. This research studies the effects of the By-pass roads on the main fields of the Palestinians life especially on the physical environment of the West Bank. Data about By-pass roads lengths, areas and location were collected and analyzed. Questionnaire, statistics, maps and field visits were used for analyzing the By-pas roads effects. In general it was found that there is a relationship between By-pass roads and Settlements. These two actions succeeded in creating Israeli facts on the West Bank land. So the future of this land is not clear, many fields were affected by the construction of the By-pass roads, such as physical planning, urban development, land use, agricultural lands, economic and environment even the social life of the Palestinians was affected.
Analysis of Major Benefits and Costs for Pedestrian-Overpass Case Study : Nablus City
(2000) Banan "Mohamed Rima'a" Saleem Jadallah; Dr. Osama A. Abaza
Pedestrian-overpasses are appropriate when there is high speed and/or high traffic flow, where there is considerable pedestrian delay or a high pedestrian accident problem. Proper evaluation of these parameters resulted in identifying the most appropriate locations for installing pedestrian—overpasses. An economic analysis was proposed in this study for the purpose of reasonable evaluation of the required parameters that justified the installation of such costly structures. The economic analysis was interpreted in terms of benefit-cost ratio. The later considered the savings of pedestrian accidents and pedestrian delay as the benefits that will be achieved after the installation of overpasses, on the other hand, construction and maintenance costs were considered. Based on this analysis three different guidelines were developed. Accident guideline, pedestrian delay guideline, and combination of guidelines. Cases with different assumptions can be applied, based on the proposed modification process. The developed guidelines are applied for unsignalized urban areas. The comparison with currently used warrants implied that the developed guidelines are more specific and flexible.
استراتيجيات تطوير وإعادة تخطيط وسط مدينة نابلس التجاري
(2001) سامي صلاح محمد قدومي;
English Abstract Not Available
Developing A Pavement Performance Function for Palestinian Roadway Network : Case Study : Nablus Province
(2001) Lana Khaleel Naseh Shahein; Dr. Osama Akram Abaza
Successful implementation of a pavement management system requires the necessary simulation tools, among which pavement performance prediction models form an important part. The measurement and prediction of pavement performance condition is an essential component of any pavement management system. The pavement performance life provides information on how long a particular pavement type will typically last before it needs maintenance or rehabilitation that is important for overall planning and budgeting activities. In this study, a performance evaluation method for Palestinian roadways was developed. Estimating the flexible pavement performance life for maintenance and rehabilitation was also presented. Data for model development was collected based on pavement evaluation methods that were offered by World Bank for developing countries. Performance model development in this study was based on evaluating various deterministic and probabilistic models using surveyed data for arterial and village-access roadways in Nablus Province. In this study, various mathematical models for predicting pavement performance were used including deterministic regression polynomial model of second degree, deterministic logistic growth model, and probabilistic Markov model. The pavement performance models were developed based on calibrating surveyed pavement condition rating data. The results of the analysis showed tl1at polynomial model of the second degree performed well in fitting the calibrated data using logistic growth model. The major-maintained arterial roadway system had longer average performance life than the resurfacing arterial and village-access roadway system. This study shows the importance of establishing pavement performance curves for applying maintenance and repair in the slow rate of deterioration phase so as to reduce the life cycle cost of pavement.
محددات الفقر وأثرها على التنمية العمرانية في محافظة نابلس
(2001) علا "محمد جواد" النوري أبو بكر;
The poverty phenomenon is considered one of the most important phenomena that impeded the progress of the human civilization throughout the ages, and, such, it constituted a blatant challenge to the ethical and humane values, and also to the progress and enhancement in civilization. This allowed the poverty phenomenon to capture a wide range of rules and conventions in heavenly scriptures and laws, and become a focus of interest of philosophers , sages , and reformists throughout history, for the sake of treating this phenomenon and limiting its destructive repercussion . This study was effected as a result of what the spread if the poverty phenomenon in the Palestinian community caused , as effects and risks , when this community started its struggle for construction , liberty , and freedom from the Zionist occupation , though the phenomenon itself is too old , and it had hit hard against our people's march for progress and civilization . The phenomenon gains wide interest , now a days , both regionally and internationally , in fact , in 1993, there were about 1063 studies about the poverty phenomenon in English ,French , and Spanish of which 201 studies were about North America and South America , in contrast to only 10 studies in Arabic , this was one of the factors that prompted the researcher to choose this study in a limited geographical unit, with the title " Poverty determiners and their Effect on Construction Development in the Governorate of Nablus . The area , covered by the study , consists of lands attached to the city of Nablus , which lie in the northern part of the West Bank and administratively defined in 1994 , soon after the departure of the Israeli occupation forces from Nablus city and the coming of the Palestinian National Authority ; the area includes, in addition to the city of Nablus , 72 villages and three Palestinian refugees camps . The material of the study is distributed in six chapters , which displayed a whole organic unity with concentration on poverty determiners and their effect on the construction development in political , social , and econmic domains . The first chapter introduced the general framework of the study , the second chapter was devoted to the theoretical frame of study , the third chapter had the title " Demographic Structure " , the fourth chapter focused on economic structure and education level , the fifth chapter was about the " construction structure " , and the sixth chapter was devoted to conclusions and recommendation . The study contains , also , a group of tables , indexes , and graphs to illustrate the aims and objectives of the study , a set of sources and references was appended. One of the most important determiners, that played an important role in the spread of the poverty phenomenon in the Governorate is the Israeli occupation factor which exercised a regular impoverishment policy , this fact was clearly displayed in the occupation "poverty line " through its direct and indirect relationships with the determiners of unemployment ,population growth , education...
Assessment of Intercity Public Transportation Demand and Elasticity in The West Bank
(2001) Abdel Majid Mohammed Hamuda Sadeq; Dr. Khaled Al-Sahili
The ability to predict and evaluate the intercity public transportation demand has become increasingly important in recent years. In the Palestine Territories, as the country is developing, it needs such a project to determine the relations between travel demand and factors affecting it. This study concerned with transportation planning in Palestine. It was undertaken to find the relationship between the public transportation demand and both operating and socioeconomic variables that influence demand. Therefore, the results obtained can be used to assess the intercity public transportation as well as for a basis to predict its future ridership demand. There are two main objectives of this study. The first is to develop the intercity bus ridership demand model. Socioeconomic and operating data in the Northem and Central Governorates were used in developing the model. in total six govemorates were studied including Nablus, Ramallah, Jenin, Tulkarm, Qalqilia, and Salfit. A madiematical equation for intercity bus ridership demand was developed using five independent variables. These independent variables were; origin city population, destination city population, bus fare, and the percent of employees and students in both origin and destination cities. The correlation coefficient of the suggested aggregation model, R2, was 0,84. The second objective was to collect information about the public transportation ridership behavior using two different questionnaires for bus riders and shared taxi riders. The sampling size was 410 for the intercity bus riders, while the sampling size for the shared taxi riders was 158, which accomplished for five percent of the population of riders. Both questionnaires contain questions about personal characteristics of the riders, about the trip itself; and about changing mode preference for a change in bus fare or waiting time. These questionnaires were analyzed and the ridership demand elasticity toward the change in bus fare was estimated. As a result of bus ridership questionnaire, the elasticity of the bus ridership toward the bus fare change was estimated to be -1.83. This means that for every l percent increase in bus fare, there is an expected decrease in bus ridership by l.83 percent. The shared taxi questionnaire showed that the elasticity of riders towards the bus fare change was estimated to be 1.34. Cross—tabulations were conducted to examine the relationship between ridcrs characteristics and mode change based on changing bus fare, bus waiting time, or express bus service. The examined riders' characteristics were riders` job, monthly income, trip purpose, and the number of weekly trips. It was found that employees and students were the most sensitive to mode change based on fare change, reducing the waiting time, and availability of express bus services. They almost make daily trips and they try to save money and time. It was concluded that the study results could be used in evaluating the existing public transportation, and forecast future demand as a function of the suggested variables. It is recommended for future research to extend such efforts for the rest of the West Bank governorates and Gaza Strip.
استراتيجيات التخطيط الإقليمي في محافظة سلفيت
(2001) نصرة عبد الرحيم أسعد عزريل;
This thesis is concerned with a comprehensive study of Salfit Region (Governorate) in terms of its geographic and socio-economic characteristics as well as the stages and main features of physical planning, using the available data and information collected from different sources. The major aim of the thesis is to determine the most suitable regional planning strategies in the region, which facilitate the development of its settlements and supporting the role of Safit City as the center of this region. To achieve this aim, the author depended on certain theories and models concerning regional planning and the interrelationships between the city and its region. In addition, the study is based mainly on the descriptive and analytical method through the field and building survey of the settlements in the region. The thesis emphasized the necessity of undertaking the urban development strategy on the short-run to deal with some of the problems and requirements of the Salfit region. Comparatively, it emphasized undertaking the strategy of developing the sector of agricultural manufacturing as well as improving the service sector on the long-run. Moreover, the results of the thesis indicated the significant need to re-structuring the region in terms of the rank-size of both market services and administration. This in turn would ensure the need for developing the city of Salfit as the region center and supporting its role both at the local and regional levels, parallel with the development of the other settlements in region. Finally, the thesis has emphasized the significant and special importance of Salfit region and its urgent need for development due to its sensitive location as being the most region in Palestine which is threatened by the Israeli occupation in terms of land confiscation for building of settlements.
Parameters of People's Satisfaction Towards Streets in Nablus City, The Case of Rafidia Street
(2001) Sahera R. Bleibleh; Dr. Ziad Senan; Dr. Sameer Abu-Eisheh
Each environment contains distinctive physical objects that characterize its unique personality. The same prevails for the street built environment; it has different parameters that contribute its physical character and quality characteristics, which determine its significance. This study attempts to understand and interpret the contents of the built environment of the street in one of the streets of Nablus City, which has been attractive for handling various activities as well as containing various elements. The main aim of this study is to define the different parameters that represent the built environment of the street that may affect and influence people's satisfaction towards their street. In order to understand the complexity of the subject, the study examines parameters featuring the built environment of the street, the technical parameters and the quality parameters. The research approach has been both qualitative and quantitative, and from discussing the technical parameters and how it influence the quality parameters of the street environment. The methods used to collect information include: personal observations, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and computer analysis using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). For on in-depth investigation, a case study street was chosen namely Rafidia Street in Nablus City. The study starts by analyzing the existing contents of the physical built environment of this street. Then it examines the potentials, problems and expectations of the case study. People add to the study their expectations as a way of measuring the level of satisfaction of the built environment of Rafidia Street. The study reveals that people's behaviors, in addition to the elements and/or activities are much related to the quality of the street built environment. In addition, the study concludes the importance of having a distinguished street environment in design and planning process and most of all on people's lives. It also provides feedback about the existing conditions of the streets of the city in order to translate the insights gained into practical solutions.

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