Telecommunication Engineering

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11888/10120

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Optimized Pixel Throughput in Image Using Neural Network in LTE System
(2013) Awni Natshi; Jehad Mahmoud; Nader Menawi; Falah Mohammed; Allam Mousa (OnLeave)
In this project, we are aiming to study one of the most advanced mobile cellular telecommunication technology, which are going to be widely spread among users in the coming years, focusing on self-organizing network in Long Term Evolution (LTE) by using neural network technique. LTE is designed to have wider channels up to 20MHz, with low latency less than 10 ms and packet optimized OFDMA radio access technology. The peak data rate for LTE is 100Mbps in downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink without using MIMO technology. This project is related to studying the scheduler types and its throughput, that is provided by LTE system and studying the neural network properties and its models. All these previous technologies are going to be tested by written MATLAB code.This valuable jewel of this project is that, we were able to write a research paper that shows how to intelligently train base station (E-NodeB) to choose the most appropriate and optimized scheduler in LTE system for each pixel inside an image using Neural Network technique leading to save, utilize bandwidth & increase capacity, that is because neural network changes scheduler assigning process from fixed to dynamic in time based upon the importance of data that is being sent. Keywords: LTE; NN; Scheduler; image pixel, E-NodeB
Mobile Forecast Weather station
(2013) Ameen Saleh; Rami Abid; Mohammad Khanfer; Falah Mohammed
A wireless weather station is a standalone system that keeps the status of the outdoor temperature, humidity, daily amount of rainfall, barometric pressure, and wind speed; which is an outdoor weather monitoring system that gives easy way to keep the status of the outside weather. It has helped to travel safer without getting caught in bad weather condition like rain, snow, and fog. Wireless weather stations keeps us equipped with the weather report whenever and wherever. They are meant to give moment by moment information about changing of weather conditions. The main idea of this project is collecting information for weather conditions. Wireless weather substation being useful and portable. Weather forecasts is the most important services, which are used by government to protect life and property and to improve the efficiency of operations, and by individuals to plan a wide range of daily activities, today weather forecast is a highly developed that is based in scientific principle and method. The name of this project is Mobile Weather Forecast station, that means a mobile will be a meteorological station, so that mobile will receive measurements for some weather parameters as temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed and the daily amount of rainfall, mobile will receive all measurements by using GSM modem (the Global System for Mobile Communication) that will send data to it, so that it is very important idea that is grounded on the GSM modem which is very important in weather forecasts. Block diagram for overall system This block diagram represents all measurements which will be taken from the weather by station. The core of this design is a microcontroller (Arduino Uno) which collects all data and sends it by using GSM modem to interface circuit that will be a mobile device. The microcontroller will receive five measurements; one from these measurements is taken from rain gauge to measure the amount of rainfall, the rain gauge contains two parallel plate capacitors impacted along it, then the equivalent capacitance varies due to rainfall amount, the other measurements will be taken from four sensors; first sensor will read the temperature, second one read the humidity, and the last two sensors read speed of wind and barometric pressure.
Greenhouse Monitoring Using GSM
(2014) Asma Ghannam and Maram Azzam; Jamal Khrousheh
AbstractThe system proposed in this project is Green House which is a smart technology to provide plants and trees the required nourishment from the sunlight and to prevent the same from the harmful effects. System components used are Humidity & temperature sensor, soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, light sensor, Transistor switches, relay nodes for automatic control, and arduino to control greenhouse information. The system is implemented using low power wireless components, and easy to install . To make this more efficient a GSM has been linked with the system. A model of greenhouse is achieved .It was possible to do control plant growth through closely studying relationship between indoor environmental information and monitored information on crop itself. It is made possible to collect information and control effectively and automatically greenhouse in the site or from a remote place through GSM modem. As we said, the arduino is the heart of the system in greenhouse environment. It constantly monitor the analogue or digitalized parameters of the various sensors, verifies them and checks if any corrective action is to be taken for the condition at that instant of time. In case such situation arises, It will send an alarm messages to the authorized user and activates the device such as motors,coolers , pumps , sprayers , lights etc.Water pump can be controlled by arduino unit with the soil moisture sensor attached to it. It will turn on the water pump when the soil moisture sensor detects the dry conditions in soil.Humidity sensor is used for sensing the vapor in the air. The change in RH(relative humidity) of the surroundings would trigger the arduino to activate the sprayers.Temperature sensor can be used with the arduino to measure the temperature in the greenhouse. If the temperature may rises, It would triggers the cooling devices.Growing lights enable cultivators to extend daylight hours useful for winter and spring growing when levels of natural lights are low, and therefore can improve plants growth. The arduino trigger the artificial lights automatically when the surrounding natural light are low. To conclude , This project offers a design of fully automated greenhouse management system. From the experiment it could be seen that it is fulfilling all requirements related greenhouse monitoring. The automatic greenhouse sensor design could help in increasing the productivity of plants. As it has been mentioned earlier, we are not only providing automatic control over the devices like light, motor pump but also we have a mechanism to alert farmers regarding the parameter changes in the greenhouse so that early precaution steps can be taken. Thus this construction, productivity of cropping can be continuously increased so it can handle famine problem around the world. Thus we can say that the greenhouse monitoring system using GSM is far better than the same system using the different technologies. Finally, The system could be developed by different ways such as sending emails when an alarm happens , or using different devices such as PLCs , in addition to measure the conditions that have been mentioned , other conditions may be included like shade and fire detection .
Internet over TV Band
(2014) Ahmad Ali; Ma'en Mallah; Rami Haj Mohammad; Orwa Odeh; Aladdin Masri
Abstract The rapidly increasing demand on the usage of internet in Palestine necessitates novel solutions to mainly overcome the frequency allocation restrictions on the Palestinian's telecommunication field and surely to provide high speed and quality broadband internet services over long coverage range. Where in Palestine the main sources for wide coverage internet services (i.e. 3G, 4G LTE and WiMax) are prohibited to be used by Palestinian telecommunication companies. The use of the typical wireless (WiFi) as a replacement solution to cover large and/or rural areas is not feasible and costly. Accordingly, our research project contribution will be through proposing, investigating and implementing a novel solution to the problem under study. Our solution comes through: i) the utilization of un/poorly used low frequency (mainly, TV bands) for providing high speed and long range internet services and ii) applying Cognitive Radio techniques to utilize high frequency (mainly, Mobile bands) which are underutilized in rural areas .
Indoor Propagation Modeling
(2014) Ashraf Zetawe; Derar Mualla; Osama Dragmeh; Yousef Daama
Project summary The last generation mobile access network system design needs more precise characterization of the radio channel and needs sophisticated propagation models, because of the decreasing cell sizes and of higher data rates. In particular, the planning of the coverage in tunnels and indoor spaces causes design problems without these models. Indoor propagation problems for wideband radio systems are widely investigated and one of the today applied approach of modeling is the ray-tracing, ray launching method.The high quality and reliability of the new indoor WLAN devices is possible thanks to the combination between MIMO technology and recently developed standard 802.11n that allows users to achieve up to 300 Mbps in a single transmission. This project intends to elucidate the comparison of these perspectives by evaluating an 802.11n MIMO band (2.4G) system which will focus on the operational performance of physical measurements and the filed strength distribution over an indoor environment.A 3D Shoot and Bounce Ray (SBR) method is applied to the radio propagation calculation. This project allows concluding that the reliability of an indoor WLAN environment using MIMO Technology is possible to achieve by both real world scenario and through realistic Simulation with a high accuracy comparison. This is important when measuring the reliability of an indoor environment with MIMO Technology in WLAN devices since the physical measurements usually result expensive and time consuming and therefore the simulation provides an accurate, affordable and time efficient tool to use as alternative.The 3D-SBR simulation model gives us a good estimation of how will signal propagate either in the indoor environment. The simulated results we had have high correlation with the measured values we estimated (up to 90% correlation in some regions). Thus we can consider the simulation as an accurate alternative for measurement which is time consuming and a frustrating process. Then investigate the path loss model called Multi-Wall-and-floor (MWF) model .It considers the penetration loss of walls and floor in indoor environment especially in our site. Several values for penetration loss for one and two transverse walls and floor are measured physically and by simulation. The proposed model is appropriate for realistic system simulation since it is easy to use. Because of simple application of the model to complex scenarios, which only needs the number of walls and floors traversed by the obstructed line of sight? The results motivate to develop a further model that takes into account the inter-action of penetrated walls and floors .tit is expected that the penetration loss of a wall increase as the number of wall increases and the model give us a MSE about 2 which means it give us excellent prediction of the signal strength .We found that the transmitter height can affect the propagation of the signal and in most cases the higher the transmitter the better performance the radio channel has. Excessive path loss within the home can prevent units from communicating with one another. Thus, it is useful to attempt to predict path loss, angel of arrival, and phase as a function of location within the home, also it could be very useful in terms of localization.Also we performed clustering to the results of the simulation for effective modeling of the channel and then we found the channel matrix for a certain receivers in order to find the capacity then we applied formula (2) to end up with a capacity of 52.4041 bits/sec/Hz.
Reconfigurable Antenna for BER Improvement and Frequency Tuning
(2014) Ahmed Alawneh; Mohammed Mansour; Alaa Rawajbeh; Allam Mousa (OnLeave)
AbstractReconfigurable antennas have ability to modify their geometry and behavior to adapt to changes in environmental conditions or system requirements (such as enhanced bandwidth, change in operating frequency, polarization, radiation pattern etc.). Reconfigurable antennas can deliver the same throughput as a multi-antenna system using dynamically variable and adaptable single-antenna geometry without increasing the real estate required to accommodate these antennas. We study the channel models to know how to represent the channel characteristics, the indoor channel model discussed such as small scale fading channel models (Nakagami, Rayleigh ).In this project we deal with Wi-Fi technology and we use Wireless InSite to generate three different channel states in indoor environment by using dipole reconfigurable antenna in the transmitter, in each state of the transmitter it generate its own channel state the system will compute the BER performance by each state separately. But if we make the transmitter reconfigurable three channel state can occur on the receiver, so the receiver will work on the best of the three states in term of the received power, after the receiver move the received power maybe become small, therefore the receiver give feedback that the received power had reduced and since of the re-configurability in the transmitter, the receiver will scan for another state that is better in power. As a result the BER performance of the system by using the re-configurability term will be better than using only fixed antenna. The power needed to reach 10^-3 in reconfigurable antenna is less than the best antenna state by 15db. However in this project we apply anther reconfigurable methods that is to frequency reconfigurable antenna to make the system work in two frequency 2.4 and 3.5 Wi-Fi and WIMAX technologies, we make the design by using patch array antenna with PIN switch, and the design done by HFSS.
Mobile Wi-Max Network In cooperation with Jawwal
(2014) Abed EL-Rahman Sholi; Mohammad Baddad; Saed Tarapiah
Our project was about WiMAX technology.it is a standard based on wireless technology that provides high throughput broadband connections over long distance. This technology can be used for a number of applications, including last mile broadband connections, hotspots and high-speed connectivity for business customers. This project with cooperation with Palestinians Cellular Communication Co (Jawwal).The objective of this project is to propose an approach to design a network on the latest standard of WiMAX namely (IEEE 802.16e) and to use it dimensioning and planning such network in Nablus city. In this project a review of WiMAX technology was given, followed by its standard with focusing on 802.16e standard. A design approach was developed to help network planner in their work, this approach was summarized in a simple flow chart. As a case study, a network based on this technology was designed for Nablus city. The number of subscriber was calculated for each district area and plotted in a clutter map. The Building Penetration Losses for each type of area were modeled using several measurements conducted as a part of this work. The design outcome (number of base station and there distribution) also calculated.
Target Tracking using Doppler radar
(2014) Mohammad Alawneh; Hasan Khalid; Bara Sous; Falah Mohammed; Jamal Khrousheh
Abstract Radar stands for radio detection and ranging. It operates by radiating electromagnetic waves and detecting the echo returned from the targets. The nature of an echo signal provides information about the target range, direction, and velocity. Although radar cannot reorganize the collar of the object and resolve the detailed features of the target like the human eye, it can see through darkness, fog and rain, and over a much longer range. It can also measure the range, direction, and velocity of the target. Basic radar consists of a transmitter, a receiver, and a transmitting and receiving antenna. A very small portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted and reflected by the target. A part of the reflection is reradiated back to the radar (this is called back-reradiating). The back-reradiating is received by the radar, amplified, and processed. The range to the target is found from the time it takes for the transmitted signal to travel to the target and back. The direction or angular position of the target is determined by the arrival angle of the returned signal. A directive antenna with a narrow beamwidth is generally used to find the direction. The relative motion of the target can be determined from the Doppler shift in the carrier frequency of the returned signal. Although the basic concept is fairly simple, the actual implementation of radar could be complicated in order to obtain the information in a complex environment.This project use pulse Doppler radar to track target (determine the target velocity and distance), the main technology of this project is Doppler Effect (A change in the observed frequency of a wave, as electromagnetics, occurring when the source and observer are in motion relative to each other, with the frequency increasing when the source and observer approach each other and decreasing when they move apart. The motion of the source causes a real shift in frequency of the wave, while the motion of the observer produces only an apparent shift in frequency). The second technology is power receive, the value of power determine the target distance (power receive proportional to distance) The radar equation provides the received power level as function of the characteristics of the system, the target and the environment. Where Pr is the received power, Pt is the transmitted power, Aer and Aet are the effective area of the receive and transmit antennas, respectively,R is the distance to the target, is the radar cross-section (RCS), defined as the ratio of the scattered power in a given direction to the incident power density and Lsys is the system loss due to misalignment, antenna pattern loss, polarization mismatch, atmospheric loss . Taking into consideration that the effective area of the receive and transmit antenna is related to the wavelength and to the antenna gain Gr and Gt, as Aer=Gr2/4 and Aet=Gt2/4. Based on the system characteristics and the noise floor of the receiver a certain minimal signal power level Pr, min is required in order to detect the target.Furthermore, in most practical designs a minimal signal to noise ratio (SNR) at the output of the receiver SNRo,minis considered in order to ensure high probability of detection and low false-alarm rate. Typically, SNR values of higher than 12 dB are required. Where Si and So are the input and output signal levels, respectively, Noise the noise level at the receiver output and Ni is the input noise leveWhere B is the system band width, k B is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin. Taking into consideration that there is an additional processing gain due to the integration over several pulse.Another limiting case, referred to as the blocker case, is the scenario of a large target with maximum RCS being present very close to a radar at a minimal distance of operation. This sets the requirement on the front-end linearity in terms of input-referred 1dB compression point (IP1dB), which should be typically above 15 dBm. Combination of both mentioned limiting cases results in a requirement on the receivers dynamic range (DR), which usually should be above 70 dB HB Series of microwave motion sensor module are X-Band Mono-static DRO Doppler transceiver front-end module. These modules are designed for movement detection, like intruder alarms, occupancy modules and other innovative ideas. The module consists of Dielectric Resonator Oscillator (DRO), microwave mixer and patch antenna. His Application Note highlights some important points when designing-in HB100 module. Most of the points are also applicable to other models in this series. Header Pins can be used to connected the terminals (+5V, IF, GND) to the amplifier circuit as well as mounting support. Other mounting methods may be used. Wave-solder the module onto PCBA is possible but processes has to be evaluated to prevent deterioration. No-cleaning process is recommended. Caution must be taken to avoid applying pressure or stresses to the chassis of the module. As it may cause performance deterioration.Connect the power supply, Ground and amplifier circuitry at the designed terminals. Designation of the connection terminals are printed on the PCB.
New Approach of Implementing STBC Technique for MIMO system and MIMO-OFDM Channel Estimation
(2014) Duaa Waleed; Rawya Deriah; Walaa Hammoudeh; Yousef Daama
Abstract The fundamental detection problem in fading channels involves the correct estimation of transmitted symbols at the receiver in the presence of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). This project adopts a different view to estimator performance, by evaluating the accuracy of CSI. The superior performance promised by the MIMO-OFDM and OFDM technologies rely on the availability of accurate Channel State Information (CSI) at the receiver by transmitting pilots along with data symbols.Pilot symbol assisted channel estimation is especially attractive for wireless links, where the channel is time-varying.In this project we investigate and compare various efficient pilot based channel estimation schemes; Least Square Error (LSE) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) channel estimators has been employed for OFDM system. Then conclude that LS algorithm gives less complexity but MMSE algorithm provides comparatively better results. Also in this project, performance analysis of channel estimation for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communication system combined with the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) through different algorithms for estimating channel using different modulation scheme are investigated. The estimation implemented here of channel at pilot frequencies is based on Least Square, Weiner Filter Estimator and Orthogonal Training Sequence Estimator algorithms. We have compared the performances of channel estimation algorithm by measuring bit error rate vs. SNR. Weiner Filter Estimator has been shown to perform much better than LS but is more complex than other channel estimation algorithm. Also compared the actual and the estimated channel in Orthogonal Training Sequence channel estimation and notice that errors in the CSI estimation are as a result of AWGN in the received symbols.Finally, new methods for implementing QO-STBC and DHSTBC over OFDM for four, eight and sixteen transmitter antennas are presented. The QO-STBC and DHSTBC over OFDM scheme eliminates the interference from the detection matrix and improved the performance by increasing the diversity order in the transmitter side. The proposed code promote the diversity gain when compared with the real STBC scheme and DHSTBC gives the best performance; both techniques reduce the effect of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) due to the existence of OFDM.
Target Tracking using Pulse Doppler Radar
(2014) Bara Sous; Mohammed Alawneh; Hasan Khaled; Jamal Khrousheh; Yousef Daama
AbstractThis project use pulse Doppler radar to track target (determine the target velocity and distance), the main technology of this project is Doppler Effect (A change in the observed frequency of a wave, as electromagnetics, occurring when the source and observer are in motion relative to each other, with the frequency increasing when the source and observer approach each other and decreasing when they move apart. The motion of the source causes a real shift in frequency of the wave, while the motion of the observer produces only an apparent shift in frequency). The second technology is power receive, the value of power determine the target distance (power receive proportional to distance)
Smart Parking System Using RFID Technology
(2014) Aya Sulaiman AL-Fouqha; Mais AL-Masri; Saed Tarapiah
Abstract The project consists of seven chapters:Chapter one introduction of parking system is presented along with project objectives and scope in order to achieve the desired goal, background, literature review.Chapter two provides a system design and how project work.Chapter three a review on the research of the components that are used in the project and the standard.Chapter four shows system flow chart.Chapter five is represents the SWOT analysis and realistic constraints of the project.Chapter six is represents the results of the project and discussion.Chapter seven is conclusions, difficulties and recommendations.
Simulation Of A Cooperative Protocol For Common Control Channel Implementation
(2014) Aishah Thaher; Shymaa Khalaf; Ahmad Masri
Abstract Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is a group of opportunistic users communicating with each other using the spectrum holes, a spectrum hole is a part of the licensed spectrum not used by the owner for a period of time, the concept of cognitive radio networks was introduced to increase the spectrum usage of such underutilized bands, the opportunistic users are called secondary users (Cognitive Users) and the licensed owners of bands of spectrum are called primary users. In a CRN, the Cognitive Users (CUs) communicate only in those frequencies in which the primary users (PUs) are inactive. So, the CUs should scan for the unused bands (channels) from time to time, this process is called spectrum sensing, after this stage, every CU has a list of free channels, the list of free channels may differ from one CU to another, two CUs can communicate if there is at-least one common channel in their free channel lists, since the unused spectrum is shared among a group of independent users, there should be a way to control and coordinate access to the spectrum, this can be achieved using a centralized control or by a cooperative distributed approach. In a centralized architecture, a single entity, called the Cognitive Base Station (CBS), controls the usage of the spectrum by CUs , the Cognitive Base Station (CBS) gathers the information like the list of free channels of each node either by sensing its entire domain or by integrating the individual CUs sensed data, it maintains a database of all the collected information, when two CUs want to start a session, they request the CBS for channel allocation, the CBS looks into the list of free channels of each CU in its database and assigns a channel which is common to both of them[1], the database has to be updated regularly since the list of free channels will change with PUs traffic, the negotiations between the CBS and CUs are usually assumed to be carried on a dedicated control channel . Intuitively, a separate dedicated channel for control signals would seem a simple solution. But a dedicated CCC has several drawbacks. Firstly, a dedicated channel for control signals is wasteful of channel resources. Secondly, a control channel would get saturated as the number of users increases similar to a multi-hop network.Thirdly, an adversary can cripple the dedicated control channel by intentionally flooding the control channel. So it was suggested to choose one of the free channels as the control channel, when PU of the chosen channel returns, a new control channel is picked, But nothing was mentioned about how the first node contacts the CBS and how would it be informed about the chosen control channel for the first time. In the second type of network architecture which is a distributed (multi-hop) scenario, the CUs have to cooperatively coordinate to coexist and access the free channels, the information sensed by a CU should be shared with other users in the network to enable certain essential tasks like route discovery in a CRN. Since, each CU has multiple channels to choose from, a distributed CRN is a multi-hop multi-channel network with dynamic channel set for each user. In a multi-channel network, the control information like the choice of the communicating channel is negotiated on a pre-defined common control channel. Again, dedicating a control channel for the entire network is not a good idea for the above mentioned reasons and choosing a free channel as the control channel might not work because the chosen channel might not be free with all the users. Addressing and solving the Network setup problem is the motive of this Project, the proposed mechanism is extended to a multi-hop scenario in which a CU searches for another CU.
Real Time Vehicles Tracking And Broadcasting Publicity
(2014) Doaa Haydariah; Nada Joma; Saed Tarapiah
Abstract The world is witnessing at this time a dramatic evolution in various fields of technology. Engineers work everywhere on implementing real life technologies to increase human well-being and solve real daily problems to serve and protect the humans from threats and risks. The world suffers from major problems. And one of these problems are the problems that faced the public transportation companies, such as many buses does not follow the custom way for it, also the passengers do not know what the bus stops stations and names. So our goals are to locate each bus in service and sent its position directly to the main office of the buses, and to put an liquid-crystal display (LCD) screen to display the current position of the bus on its route and next bus stop name, in addition the LCD will be used to display different information; it can be general publicity or news. The goal of ''Real Time Vehicle Tracking and Broadcasting Publicity'' project is to reduce the problems facing the transportation system in Palestine, particularly the public bus Transportation Companies. One of the most important problems is the inability to locate the bus and find out if the bus in the custom way or not at a specific time, also our system will add more features to the transportation system. The objective of the project is to determine the bus geographical current locations (longitude, and Latitude); using GPS module to capture the current location of the bus, then periodically the bus location will be sent to a central office using either SMS or GPRS, where such information will be collected and used to plot the buses current locations and their distributions on the map i.e. by using Google maps, these information will be used to manage the bus network to have better clients services. Moreover, the vehicle will have an LCD screen to display the current position of the bus on its route and next bus stop name. in addition, the LCD will be used to display different information; it can be general publicity or news, the publicity and news will be displayed based on the information sent to the vehicles via SMS/GPRS technology. In Our project we use some electronic devices to work together alternately, in order to help us to obtain the desired results. Because the needed of such microcontroller in our project; the Arduino UNO will be our main devise, moreover, the result will not obtain without using of Global System for Mobile/General Packet Radio Service (GSM/GPRS) module, so the module that we will use is (SM5100B). Also, GPS is one of the most important pillars underpinning our project, so the (GPS-11058) module will used in our project.. all the devices that we mention about need to an LCD to show it's result, which it will be the final device in our project.
Novel Time Hopping M-ary Pulse Position Modulation technique (TH-M-ary PPM)
(2014) Aya Hamarsheh; Safaa Hamdan; Ahmad Masri
AbstractThe symbol error probability (SEP) and signal to noise ratio (SNR) performance of time-hopping (TH) M-ary Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) systems in the presence of multiuser interference (MUI) is deeply studied in this project. Contrary to previous studies restricted to binary modulation formats, we analyze and evaluate the performance of such multiuser TH systems employing M-ary pulse position modulation (PPM).Saving communication resources and improving quality of service are the major aims of this project, as we propose a novel TH M-ary PPM technique that increases the transmission data rate with enhanced Symbol Error Rate (SER). Its worth mentioning that we were unable to continue the work of graduation project 1 Digital Terrestrial Television, the reason is that we were expecting the arrival of Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) platform to build the digital terrestrial television system using GNU radio, unfortunately, the ministry of communication could not bring it on time, so the recommendation was to move on to this project. Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology is the primary candidate for the physical layer of the upcoming standards for wireless personal area networks, since it provides reliable high-speed data transmission at short ranges over severe multipath conditions. It also exhibits robust Multiple Access (MA) performance with little interference to other communication systems sharing the same bandwidth due to its very low Power Spectral Density (PSD). It also offers a promising solution to the RF spectrum drought by allowing new services to coexist with current radio systems with minimal or no interference. This coexistence brings the advantage of avoiding the expensive spectrum licensing fees that providers of all other radio services must pay.The fundamental characteristic of UWB is the extremely large bandwidth, which is required since very narrow pulses of appropriate shape and sub nanosecond duration, are being used by the transmitted signal.One of the most widely studied schemes for UWB communications employs Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) combined with Time Hopping (TH) as its multiple access technique. The UWB pulses are time hopped within a fixed time window (frame) and each transmitted symbol is spread over several pulses in order to facilitate multiple users. In PPM the position of each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent reference pulse, is varied by each instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave, it used exclusively for transferring digital signals and cannot be used with analog systems. Also it used for transferring simple data and is not effective at transferring files. Due to the important role of the TH-M-ary PPM modulation technique, we will focus our study on its performance and propose a novel improvement for such a technique with main target of improving the overall system performance under interference dominated system. Pulse position modulation has many purposes, especially in RF (Radio Frequency) communications. For example, pulse position modulation is used in remote controlled aircraft, cars and boats. Also its often used in optical communication, such as fiber optics, in which there is little or no multipath interference, in the next figure (figure 1.1) we can see how PPM is used in optical fibers, i.e. sending a laser pulse in a random location after dividing the frame into number of frames.
Smart Home Automation
(2014) Kifah Harb; Besan Jamous; Ammera Fattouh; Allam Mousa (OnLeave)
Smart Home Automation Smart home automation project is using new approach to achieve control via voice by an open hardware called Arduino. Smart home is a residence with highly advanced automatic systems such as for lighting, HVAC, security, doors, windows and many other devices. Most of the systems are equipped with special structured zigbee network to allow occupants to remotely program a range of automated home electrical and mechanical machines by voice commands. In this project the system is stands alone without computer also limited number of users who were trained their commands can access the system. However, special hardware has been used to achieve the control of devices like DC motors, relays and many other ICs.
Greenhouse Monitoring Using GSM
(2014) Maram Hassan; Asma Ghannam; Jamal Khrousheh
Abstract The system proposed in this project is Green House which is a smart technology to provide plants and trees the required nourishment from the sunlight and to prevent the same from the harmful effects. System components used are Humidity & temperature sensor, soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, light sensor, Transistor switches, relay nodes for automatic control, and arduino to control greenhouse information. The system is implemented using low power wireless components, and easy to install . To make this more efficient a GSM has been linked with the system. A model of greenhouse is achieved .It was possible to do control plant growth through closely studying relationship between indoor environmental information and monitored information on crop itself. It is made possible to collect information and control effectively and automatically greenhouse in the site or from a remote place through GSM modem. As we said, the arduino is the heart of the system in greenhouse environment. It constantly monitor the analogue or digitalized parameters of the various sensors, verifies them and checks if any corrective action is to be taken for the condition at that instant of time. In case such situation arises, It will send an alarm messages to the authorized user and activates the device such as motors,coolers , pumps , sprayers , lights etc. Water pump can be controlled by arduino unit with the soil moisture sensor attached to it. It will turn on the water pump when the soil moisture sensor detects the dry conditions in soil. Humidity sensor is used for sensing the vapor in the air. The change in RH(relative humidity) of the surroundings would trigger the arduino to activate the sprayers.Temperature sensor can be used with the arduino to measure the temperature in the greenhouse. If the temperature may rises, It would triggers the cooling devices.Growing lights enable cultivators to extend daylight hours useful for winter and spring growing when levels of natural lights are low, and therefore can improve plants growth. The arduino trigger the artificial lights automatically when the surrounding natural light are low. To conclude , This project offers a design of fully automated greenhouse management system. From the experiment it could be seen that it is fulfilling all requirements related greenhouse monitoring. The automatic greenhouse sensor design could help in increasing the productivity of plants. As it has been mentioned earlier, we are not only providing automatic control over the devices like light, motor pump but also we have a mechanism to alert farmers regarding the parameter changes in the greenhouse so that early precaution steps can be taken. Thus this construction, productivity of cropping can be continuously increased so it can handle famine problem around the world. Thus we can say that the greenhouse monitoring system using GSM is far better than the same system using the different technologies. Finally, The system could be developed by different ways such as sending emails when an alarm happens , or using different devices such as PLCs , in addition to measure the conditions that have been mentioned , other conditions may be included like shade and fire detection .
Real Time Health Monitoring and Tracking System using GPS/GSM Technologies
(2014) Orjuwan Damaj; Manar Zaid; Riham Ghazawi; Saed Tarapiah
Abstract Death rates from hypertensive heart disease provide an incomplete measure of the burden diseases. Since high blood pressure is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease, preventive measures should be taken against high blood pressure. The ability to track, trace and save patients life at appropriate time has been mankind desire. The usefulness of GSM and GPS has made them popular in their own context; integrating these technologies can prove to be a flamboyant solution for many unsolved problems. The idea here is to provide an effective application for Real Time Health Monitoring and Tracking. The system will track, trace, monitor patients and take care of their health; so efficient medical services could be provided at appropriate time. By Using specific sensors , i.e. pulse sensor ,the heart Rate will be captured and compared with a given threshold defined by a specified doctor who follows the patient via microcontroller i.e.Arduino; short message service (SMS)will be sent to the Doctors' mobile number along with measured values through GSM module, if there is any emergency state . The GPS further provides the position information of the monitored person whos under surveillance all the time.
GPS Data Collection, Transmission, Analysis, And Decision Making On OSM For Applications Of Practical Interest
(2014) Abdalaziz Khalaf; Naeem Daraghmeh; Hekmat Ashqar; Mohammad Alshaikh; Saed Tarapiah
The aim of our work is to find the vehicle accident location by means of sending a message using a system which is placed inside of vehicle system.The purpose of this work is to find the vehicle where it is.Most of the times we may not able to find accidents because we dont know where accident will happen, in order to give treatment for injured people first we need to know that where that happenedthrough location tracking and sending to your related one Indeed, the number of vehicles GPS-enabled On-board Unit has sharply increased due to their vital and beneficial rules for both the vehicles and the drivers, this project aims to build an open frameworkthat focuses on traffic and vehicular data for enhancing Transportation System (TS) efficiency in terms of analysis and planning. The proposed framework consists of four main phases namely; userdata collection, transmission, data analysis and decision making.The main objective of the system is to provide security for the vehicle user and also detects the accident if occurred and informs the respective authority through wireless technologies such as GSM and GPS. Accident detection system is used to recognize the location of the accident and easily to reach the location.Statistics show that most of accidents occur due to violation of speed limit, so we are interested of reducing this phenomena by implementing a system based on GPS/GSM with wireless controlling system that track the vehicles by plotting the vehicle current location in termsof longitude and latitude coordinates which based on open street maps (OSM) that have flexibilityin dealing with road limitation and are not digitized contrary of Google maps which don'thave theauthority todo so. According to Ministryof Transportation,the seriousness oftraffic accidentsevery dayin the West Bank, as the number ofinjured anddeadin our countryas a resultof traffic accidentshave becometimesof what is happeningin some developedcountry. The first halfof this year showsa lot oftraffic accidentsin the West Bankthat killeddozens of victimsand hundredswounded.Thestatisticsrecordedabout27 deathscaused by theviolation of the lawandnon-compliance withthe rules ofpublic safetyon the roads. Trafficpolicealso recordedapproximately46569traffic violation, inallthe provinces ofthe West, wasthe largest shareof the province ofRamallah and Al Birehin terms ofthe number ofviolations, which reached12654violation, followed by Nabluslogged9000violation, thenHebronwon the7177traffic violation. Thereportattributesfor communication and transportin the Westoverthe causes oftraffic accidentstothe deviation from thebehavior oftrafficas the main reasonforthe occurrence ofaccidentsbetween vehicles, which is confirmed byvideoclipsisspreadacross social networkingsitesdemonstrate how toincreasethe occurrence oftraffic accidents. The absence ofcaution andlack of duedistancesand the rightpriorityandfollow the trafficsignsandtraffic lights, as well as the wrongovertakingandspeedingtrafficandreverse therouteaccounted for morereasons forthe accident, and the highnumber of victimsthere.Thething thatmakes usnotsurprising, if we return one year ago, the number ofroad traffic accidents ineach province in West Bank in 2013 was totally 7,827 traffic accidents, thefigure below shows thedistribution ofroad traffic accidents. Since road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road users, and the way they interact . As a result, we chose this issue to provide frameworks that can be used to identify and analyze risk factors to minimize it as possible as it can, since it wasnoted that"rollovers" recorded thehighestpercentage ofaccidents during2013, reaching about49.6% of the total accidents, we take into account this type of accident in consideration in our
Controlling Robot Car via Smartphone
(2014) Hareth Hanani; Esmat Hedariya; Hamza Qaddara; Jamal Khrousheh
Abstract Robot Car is a System designed for robot controlling implemented with many features, and is a robot that can be controlled via Smartphone. This system uses microcontroller interfaced with different modules such as Wifly module and Bluetooth module and DC motors and different sensors to detect obstacles and the movement of objects. When anyone wants to use this robot all he can do is to have smart phone (Android device) that connect to Bluetooth then Bluetooth module will send the data serially to the microcontroller and the controller will send the command to motor to rotate and control the robot, this enable users to control their robot from distance up to 100 meter and user can read the status of the robot on their app when they send the command to the robot car.
PAPR Reduction using SLM & PTS
(2014) \Rana Jawabry; Ghada Adnan; Sawsan Qasem; Yousef Daama
AbstractOFDM is an upcoming technique for high rate data transmission in both wire line and wireless communications. It provides great benefits in combating the multipath fading and Inter-Symbol-Interference (ISI). One of the major drawbacks of OFDM has been the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that is characteristic of signals with multiple sub-carriers. The high PAPR requires additional back off to achieve linear amplification at the transmitter end which results in inefficient power consumption. This inefficient power consumption is the major impediment in implementing OFDM in portable device. Previous efforts to address this problem have been principally directed at two areas, the reduction of signal PAPR and various methods of achieving linear and efficient power amplification (PA). However, all approaches suffer due to various deficiencies such as complexity, computational time, memory requirements, data rate loss and high distortion. Therefore, this report aimed at finding the solution of power control problem by reducing the PAPR of the signal. Two novel techniques are proposed in this report. One of the techniques is based on Selected Mapping (SLM) technique from probabilistic. Result obtained using second technique which is Partial transmit sequence (PTS). The performance of these reduction schemes are evaluated by using simulation software, we analyze the computational complexity and extensive simulations on the PAPR and show that our scheme considerably reduces the computational complexity while achieving similar PAPR reduction as SLM and better PAPR reduction than PTS. Its found that PTS reduce PAPR more effectively. When Space Time Block Coding (STBC) is added to the system it improves the PAPR reduction in OFDM system.Background of the Problem High PAPR is one of the most serious problems in MIMO-OFDM system. To transmit signals with high PAPR, it requires power amplifiers with very high power scope. These kinds of amplifiers are very expensive and have low efficiency-cost. If the peak power is too high, it could be out of the scope of the linear power amplifier. This gives rise to non-linear distortion which changes the superposition of the signal spectrum resulting in performance degradation. If there are no measures to reduce the high PAPR, MIMO-OFDM system could face serious restriction for practical applications. To combat high PAPR, one intuitive solution is to adopt amplifiers to have larger trade-off range. However, these types of amplifiers are generally expensive and have low efficiency-cost, and therefore are of no practical use. On the other side, certain algorithms were introduced and been proved have a good performance of high PAPR reduction. Hence, in this project, some currently promising PAPR reduction methods are studied and compared.There has been momentous progress in the field of wireless communication during last twenty years. The internet and digital communication evolution has resulted in enormous increase in methods of personal communication as well as commercial applications. The new paradigm of information access to everybody everywhere all the time is in making. To achieve the ever increasing demands of higher data transfer rates for new multimedia applications, the physical wireless link of wireless communication networks is constantly under trial. The phenomenon of multipath fading, mobility and the limited availability of bandwidth are major precincts. Lately, there have been many breakthroughs to triumph over these limitations. Many modulation techniques compete for new solutions and future applications. Modulation schemes can be broadly categorized in to single carrier and multi carrier. Wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) is single carrier modulation scheme. While OFDM, Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) and multi carrier (MC-IDMA) are multi carrier schemes. W-CDMA which has been adopted by UMTS and it supports up to 2 [Mbit/s] at high mobility and large range. OFDM which is one of the multi-carrier techniques and digital broadcast systems like digital audio/video broadcasting (DAB/DVB) are already using this technique. It is also being used in wireless local area network (WLAN).OFDM is popular for high data rate (broadband) communications because it is immune to multipath delay spread, it results in low complexity equalizer, and it has high spectral efficiency. It is also immune to channel behavior and uses efficient modulation/demodulation. Amongst several disadvantages, high PAPR makes OFDM very sensitive to nonlinear components like HPA in the transmission path. The HPA causes additional in-band distortion and adjacent channel interference leading to low power efficiency which is the main impediment to execution of OFDM especially in low-cost applications. Although these algorithms that have been shown in this report add some enhancement in PAPR reduction in OFDM system, there are some constraints appear when these algorithms applied. the first one is complexity, SLM and PTS become not easy when data is divided to large number of sub-blocks, though when that done the reduction will increase more and more, and STBC also play rule in complexity but also when it is added the performance increase so it is important thing to make trade-off between complexity and the number of sub blocks.The Second problem was run-time of the system, when SLM & PTS a logarithm applied the simulation time increase which is directly increase delay in the system which represents a problem in real time application in telecommunication system. All the simulation results are acquired under ideal conditions, but in reality, OFDM system has lots of practical problems, such as synchronization, channel estimation. Hence, for establishing a more complete and credible simulation system, synchronization and channel estimation techniques can be added to OFDM system simulation platform. Besides, all these PAPR reduction methods can be applied to MIMO-OFDM system. But when these problems added to the system simulation it will be complex.

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