Translation and Applied Linguistics

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Abu- Dib 's Translation of Orientalism: A Critical Study
(2006) Nadia Ali Khalil Hamad; Dr. Nabil A'lawi; Dr. Abdelkarim Daragmah
Despite the flourishing movement of translation in the Arab world throughout the 20th century, few studies, if any, were produced, as hoc, on criticism and evaluation of such translations. Among these translations, the translation of Edward W. Said's Orientalism deserves special attention: it was translated into 36 languages including Arabic. The Arabic translation by the famous poet, critic and translator, Kamal Abu-Dib, was reprinted many times after its first edition in 1981. yet, concern was shown regarding some problems in the translation of this excellent work by some readers and translators. Drawing on the progress, achieved in the last few decades, in linguistics studies, especially in text-linguistics and related studies in translation, this study aims to ascertain salient problems in the Arabic translation of Orientalism, on the graphical, lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels, and to suggest solutions where possible. The study will also investigate the consistency of the methodology adopted by the translator, evaluated the translation, and give recommendations that may benefit new Arabic editions of the book and Arabic translation, in general.
Analysis of Political Language and Translation: A Case Study of Obama's Two Political Speeches (in Cairo 2009 and in Jerusalem 2013)
(2015) Omar Sudqi Mahmoud Abdel-Hadi; Dr. Ayman Nazzal
This thesis aims at investigating difficulties, that encounter second year MA students enroled in Applied Linguistics and Translation program at An-Najah National University for the second semester of the academic year 2013/2014, in translating political language and mainly political speeches . It also sheds light on the characteristics of political discourse, which complicate the translation task. To achieve these two goals, the researcher raises the following six questions: 1- In what way the discourse of politics is different from any other discourse types? 2- To what extent does translating political expressions loaded with political rhetoric vary from one translator to another? 3- Why and how translating political texts is not a straightforward process? 4- Which translation strategies and methods are used in translating political text type, and why? 5- How should the source text be read by the translator and the target text by the Reader? 6- What is the level of language, which stands as an outstanding dilemma in translation? The findings of the study show that translating political texts poses real translation problems for second year MA translator students. These difficulties are due to political rhetoric, unfamiliarity with the political language and foreign culture as well as not paying attention to achieve pragmatically an identical target text as the source text. Hence, students show many translation mistakes because of using improper target language equivalents and resorting to improper translation strategies such as the literal translation strategy or manipulating the ST, which twist the real intended meaning. The findings of the thesis also indicate that only 27% of the students' translations is adequate, which means that these translation problems are serious and worth a lot of investigations. The translation failure that the students have, distort the intended meaning and certainly leads to miscommunication. Consequently, the thesis recommends more studies to be executed about political rhetoric and pragmatics to reach more satisfactory conclusions in the translation of political discourse.
Analysis of the Translation Strategies of Barghouti’s Autobiography I Saw Ramallah
(2016) Khulood Mutlaq Shmasneh; Dr. Ayman Nazzal; Dr. Fayez Aqel
This study investigates the translation of Barghouti’s autobiography I Saw Ramallah, with specific reference to figurative language (metaphors and metonymy) and cultural bound expressions. It highlights the strategies used in translating Barghouti’s autobiography and investigates factors that play an important role in translating such texts. In exploring these points, the researcher focuses on the types of equivalence and the translation strategies used while translating this autobiography. The findings reveal that such text type is a very important genre which reveals the author’s culture. This reality makes the process of translating such texts problematic for translators. In one hand, the researcher finds that the translator used semantic translation strategy in translating most of the figurative expressions. On the other hand, since there is a lack of equivalence for cultural bound expressions, the translator used communicative and pragmatic translation in order to translate such expressions.
An Analytical Study of Kids' songs translation: A Case Study of Baby TV Channel
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2019-05-20) Tayyem, Hayat Hassan
The present study explores the role of five translation approaches in producing popular children's songs based on Low’s and Franzon's requirements (singability, sense, naturalness and performability). The study also illustrates the musical devices (rhyme, onomatopoeia and meter) employed in the English and Arabic songs. In addition, it describes the approaches the translator used in translating the song which preserves the balance between the three types of data (verbal, musical and visuals). The study data includes different songs from "Baby TV channel". After analyzing the data, the study founds that direct translation is the most frequent approach used in translating children's songs, while Franzon's approach is the most suitable one depending on the songs collection. At first, Franzon's approach gathers two extremes, not to translate or to change the whole song. In addition, between these two extremes this approach has other choices which a translator can use to reach the best Arabic version. When it comes to musical devices, meter is the most problematic device to achieve. While rhyme comes the second as a result of being faithful to the original Arabic children song. It is hoped that this study brings other researchers closer to the subjects.
Audience Types in Translating Humor in TV Shows from English into Arabic
(2013) Siham Hassan Masoud Abu Ya'qoub; Dr. Abdel Karim Daragmeh; Dr. Nabil Alawi
This study undertakes the issue of translating humor TV shows in relation to audience types and the translation strategies by examining a corpus of seven English-Arabic humor TV shows. Specifically the study identifies the translation strategies adopted in translating children and family humorous TV shows. It also highlights the problematic issues that face any translator when translating such shows. In analyzing the corpus of the humorous TV shows, the researcher adopted a descriptive and analytic approach in which examples were collected, categorized and explained and, in some cases, more appropriate translations were suggested. The analysis demonstrates that using the formal translation strategies does not always give the intended humorous effect and sometimes causes loss in the intended humor. Consequently, the findings showed that translators tend to add, omit, change, or euphemize the source text terms and references to get the intended humorous effect in the target audience in relation to their ages, cognition and culture.
Code Switching as a Linguistic Phenomenon among Palestinian English Arabic Bilinguals with Reference to Translation
(2016) Iyad Ahmad Hamdan Mkahal; Dr. Sameer Al-Issa; Dr. Ruqayyah Herzallah
Code-switching is a phenomenon by which speakers use more than one language in the same utterance or conversation and it is common in ESL contexts. Researchers have identified many communicative functions and motives which explain why speakers code-switch. In Palestine, and though English is a foreign language, the researcher noticed that some Palestinian students code-switch in their daily interactions and found it worthy of investigation. Therefore, in the current study, the functions and motives of Palestinian student’s code-switching in their conversations were investigated, and the relation between their code-switching and translation was examined. The research had both qualitative and quantitative dimensions. The qualitative research was conducted on 15 instructors from different faculties at AN-Najah National University. Those instructors were asked about their code-switching practices. Their answers were qualitatively analyzed. The quantitative research was conducted on 100 university students. They filled a questionnaire that inquired about the functions and motives of their code-switching. Moreover, the students were asked to answer the translation section of the questionnaire. student’s responses to code-switching motives and their translations were analyzed and represented by using statistical pack for science (SPSS). The results showed that Palestinian students do have functions and motives behind there code- switching. The three major ones were:- compensating for the lack of vocabulary, expressing feelings and habitual use. Other important ones were:- discussing western societies, responding to an English utterance and showing Knowledge of technology. Regarding the translation, the researcher noticed that such code - switching motives pose themselves as challenges to translator. Moreover, students translation results indicated that transliteration is the student’s common method of translation. The study also reveled that students lack the necessary skills to translate English words in to Arabic, and that indicates weakness in their competence.
Code-Switching and Diasporic Identity: Abed Ismael’s Translation of Fadia Faqir’s My Name Is Salma
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2021-02-25) زكريا قرارية, سلسبيل
من الطبيعي أن يتأثر السلوك اللغوي للمتحدثين أو الكاتبين بناء على المعرفة اللغوية التي يمتلكونها، خصوصا في حالة ثنائية اللغة، فعندما يتقن المتحدث أو الكاتب لغتين مختلفتين، بلا شك سينعكس ذلك على سلوكهم اللغوي، فقد يلجأ الأشخاص إلى استخدام أسلوب يطلق عليه في علم اللغة الاجتماعي "التناوب اللغوي" لعدة أسباب منها: التغلب على معوقات الاتصال والتضامن مع الاخرين والتركيز على متلقين دون غيرهم، لذلك فإن الهدف الرئيسي من هذه الدراسة هو التركيز على هذا الأسلوب اللغوي "التناوب اللغوي" والتعريف بأهمية استخدامه في النصوص عامة، وفي النصوص الأدبية خاصة، لذا لجأت الباحثة إلى اختيار نص أدبي للكاتبة الأردنية-البريطانية فادية فقير، وهي رواية بعنوان اسمي سلمى وكذلك اختيار ترجمة لهذا النص قام بها الشاعر السوري عابد اسماعيل، كما وتهدف هذه الدراسة الى تسليط الضوء على أهمية هذا الاسلوب في تكوين وتشكيل الهوية في الشتات، ولكن توظيف هذا الأسلوب يشكل تحديات للقراء. إن المنهجية التي اتبعتها الباحثة قامت على قراءة كاملة لكلا النصين، ثم استخراج جميع الأمثلة التي استخدمت هذا الأسلوب، ثم تصنيف هذه الأمثلة وتجميعها في قوائم، وبعد ذلك قامت الباحثة بإيجاد الروابط المشتركة التي تقبع خلف استخدام كلا الكاتبين لهذا الأسلوب وهي: تغريب ما يجب أن يظل غريبا و قيام الكاتبين من خلال هذا الأسلوب بخدمة نفس الوظيفة في كلا النصين وهي "الغرابة" وتأثير جنون الشك للبطلة على الترجمة وأثر التغيير على حياة "سلمى" وعلى النصين.
Constraints on Translating Taboo Language in English Movies into Arabic
(2016) Yahia Aqel Abdullah Aqel; Dr. Fayez Aqel; Dr. Ayman Nazal
Movies translation became an international field where translators and subtitlers play a major role in translating and transferring culture from one language into another. This study sheds light on the constraints on translating taboo language in English movies into Arabic. It precisely discusses four main constraints which are: culture, religion, ideology and channel. The study also discusses what terms should or should not be considered as taboo in the Arab World by the Arab translator according to a fair argument drawn by the researcher; explained through many examples from movies. It also sheds light on the impact of certain unsuccessful translations of taboo terms on the Arab target audience. This thesis is a qualitative study depending on descriptive approaches. The researcher follows the techniques of a qualitative study in collecting and analyzing data depending on a variety of authenticated resources such as, books, journals, interviews, a questionnaire, magazines, articles and movies to draw a fair argument and reach reasonable findings and conclusions. The researcher concludes that Arab translators should take into consideration the four main constraints when translating taboo language in English movies into Arabic. Moreover, unsuccessful translations of taboo language or using unpreferable translation methods to translate taboo language can mislead the Arab audience and conceal reality. The researcher also provides a number of recommendations to help Arab translators avoid any misleading translations of taboo language and to respect the Arab target language culture at the same time.
Cultural and Audience Considerations in the Translation of Children and Family Shows into Arabic
(2013) Masa Muhammed Helmi Rishah; Dr. Abdel Karim Daragmeh; Dr. Ruqayya Herzallah
This thesis depicts the issue of translating children and family animated cartoons from English into Arabic in relation to cultural and audience factors. It points out the translation strategies used in this process by examining a number of animated cartoons. It also focuses on the barriers and problems that face Arab translators when translating such shows. A descriptive and analytic approach is followed to examine the corpus of the study. Examples from English animated cartoons and their translated versions in Arabic are collected, classified and analyzed depending on factors like institutional policy, cultural factor and audience age. In some cases, more suitable translations are suggested. The analysis shows that literal translation, for example, is the main translation strategy which is employed while dubbing Disney animated cartoons whereas; adaptation is mainly adopted by Venus (Al-Zuhra). Furthermore, translators tend to utilize two compensation strategies in translating family animated cartoons: adaptation and substitution to bridge the gap between the source text (ST) and the target audience. The findings show that translators always paraphrase, add or even omit specific source text terms and references from the original family cartoon to achieve the intended meaning in a way that does not hurt the cultural and religious background of the target audience and their feelings.
Cultural and Linguistic Challenges in Translating Folk Songs
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2019-05-16) Salama, Rima’a
This thesis investigates the translators’ tendency towards domesticating or foreignizing folk songs, and it discusses the problem of the translation of culture-specific terms through analyzing the translated folk songs: “From ʕakka Prison,” “Ẓariif Aṭ-ṭuul,” and “Layya w Layya.” Moreover, the linguistic aspects of the folkloric genre in general, and folk songs, in particular, are analyzed. The study also sheds light on the translation of the poetic features, sound devices, and figurative language in the selected folk songs. First of all, all culture-specific terms are identified and classified based on Baker’s (1992) classification of cultural categories. Secondly, cultural terms are examined to identify which one of Newmark’s (1988) strategies is applied in the translation of each term. Thirdly, the number of occurrences for each strategy is calculated and grouped under Venuti’s (1995) model of domestication and foreignization. Finally, the percentage of domestication strategies, compared to those of foreignization, is calculated. The results of this study revealed that translators tend to foreignize more than to domesticate culture-specific items in the translation of the three folk songs under study. Furthermore, translators translate culturally more than linguistically, so they sacrifice the form for the benefit of the content, and this causes a second genre shift. The translation of the three folk songs transmit a cultural idea, not a folklore of a nation
Cultural Consistency in the Literary Translation of the Novel Awlaadu Haaratena
(2016) Salam Hussam Muhammad Daraghmeh; Dr. Fayez Aqel; Dr. Ayman Nazzal
This thesis investigates translators’ practice in translating culture-specific items (CSIs) in literary translation through analyzing, as a case study, the first English translation of Naguib Mahfouz’s most controversial novel Awlaadu Haaratena as Children of Gebelawi by Philip Stewart and its retranslation entitled Children of the Alley by Peter Theroux . The translators’ practice in translating CSIs was examined to determine whether they tend to use domestication or foreignization strategies of translation over time. This was done in order to investigate the validity of the Retranslation Hypothesis (RH) – the claim that “first translations of the literary text are more domesticating than the later retranslations of the same text” (Bensimon, 1990: ix). For this purpose, CSIs were first identified and classified based on Larson’s (1984: 431) and Baker’s (1992: 21) classification of cultural categories: clothes, food, terms of address (honorific titles which precede names; they are words that convey esteem or respect and are used when addressing or referring to a person), religious expressions, common expressions, activities, habits ,and others. Secondly, each item is examined to identify which one of Ivir’s (1987) strategies was applied in its translation. Thirdly, the number of occurrences for each strategy is calculated and then grouped under Venuti’s (1995) model of foreignization versus domestication. After that, the percentage of foreignization strategies, compared to those of domestication, is calculated for each translation. The findings of this study support the RH; they show that Philip Stewart (1981) applied domestication more than Peter Thoroux (1999) whose translation is more culturally consistent and closer to the original novel. The findings also demonstrate that retranslation responds to and is shaped by the socio-cultural forces of the literary field.
Differences in Word Choice between Male and Female Translators: in Historical, Hostile and Romantic Texts
(2014) Jihan Mahmoud Sherbini; Dr. Odeh Odeh; Dr. Ruqaya Hirzallah
Differences between females and males exist on various levels including translation. This is a pioneer study in the field of gender and translation which is hoped to be the beginning of further research in translation. It aims at answering the question of whether there are unintentional differences between genders in the translation of non-emotive historical texts, and emotive texts: hostile and romantic, from English to Arabic. The researcher has conducted two studies to answer the question: in the first one, she has compared translated chosen quotations of two versions of already published translations of George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty Four by professional female and male translators, in addition to quotations of translations by MA students from two different universities of Without Remorse by Clancy, and The Witch of Portobello by Coelho; the second study compared translations of romantic, hostile and historical excerpts provided by students majoring in Applied Linguistics and Translation Prorgam from An-Najah University and professional translators. The researcher has opted for descriptive analysis for the non-emotive texts for both samples; however, for the emotive texts, the researcher opted for a quantitative analysis to guarantee objectivity and consistency in the process. For the latter, Fuzzy Logic (FL) rules have been created and applied based on equivalence theory. The emotive translations were scored according to the FL rules while FL calculations were processed. The researcher has come to the conclusion that female translators were more expressive when translating romantic texts in comparison to male translators who seemed more comfortable dealing with violence. In historical/ non-emotive texts, both genders provided almost identical translations. This applies to samples of translators and texts tested in the study. Further research is needed.
The Effect of Applying Task-Based Approach on Learning English in Elementary Schools from the Teachers' Perspectives in Tubas Governorate
(2013) Noor Abdullah Fattash; د. احمد عوض
This study aimed at investigating the effect of applying Task-Based Approach on learning English amongst elementary learners from the EFL teachers' perspectives in Tubas governorate. The study examined the role of the following variables: gender, qualification, type of school, and years of experience. To achieve the purposes of the study, the researcher developed a 38- item questionnaire which was distributed amongst the whole population of the study. Moreover the researcher conducted interviews with (14) of elementary EFL school teachers. A descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze the collected data, where the questionnaire validity was approved by consulting a jury in the same area from different universities and schools in the West Bank. The results of the study showed that there is positive effect of Task-Based Approach on elementary EFL learners. Teachers have positive attitudes towards implementing Task-Based Approach in English classes. They believe that students may learn more effectively when their minds are focused on the task, rather than on the language they are using. Furthermore the claim, which indicates that gender, type of school, qualification of the teachers and years of experience have an influence of EFL teachers' perspectives towards applying TBA are not valid according to the findings of the study.
The Effect of Code-Switching in Children's Dubbed Animations on Learning Modern Standard Arabic from the Perspective of Skopos Theory: The Amazing World of Gumball as a Case Study
(An-Najah National University, 2018-01-25)
Previous studies concerning code-switching can be generally classified into two groups. The first one is studies that address code-switching as a tool of communication and speech continuity (e.g. Mayers-Scotton, 1997; Muysken, 2000; Yohena, 2003; Riehl, 2005; Nilep, 2006; Elbwart, 2014; Koostra, 2015, etc). These studies are concerned with code-switching in situations where conveying the intended meaning is more important than the language used which, in such cases, is just a channel for conveying the message. The second group includes studies that consider code-switching a form of language interference that have to be surrounded by constraints, and is considered, most of the time, undesired. Studies within this group (e.g. Skiba, 1997; Llurda, 2006; Glavo, 2009; Mokgwathi & Webb, 2013; etc) are concerned with code-switching in situations where the language used is not less important than the content being conveyed. Hence, most of the second group studies discuss language in bilingual and monolingual societies and language choice in the classroom environment (pedagogical studies). This study addresses the phenomenon of inter-linguistic and intra-linguistic code-switching in English-Standard Arabic dubbed children's animation. The study is based on the claim that code-switching from Modern Standard Arabic into English (inter-linguistic code-switching) or into non-Standard Arabic Varieties (intra-linguistic code-switching) in dubbed animations passively affects Arab children's learning of Modern Standard Arabic. Accordingly, it is argued in this study that code-switching in English- Arabic dubbed animations is a form of undesired language interference between Standard Arabic and dialectal Arabic on the one hand, and Standard Arabic and English on the other hand. The fact that the study addresses code-switching from a pedagogical view within a context of audiovisual translation (dubbing from English into Arabic) makes it contribute to both linguistics studies and translation studies. The study argues that due to a set of surrounding factors, including the targeted audience's insufficient language experience, the diglossic nature of the Arab society and the spread of dialectal Arabic into new domains, the language used in animations targeted to Arab children have to be carefully chosen even if the animation is not meant to be educational. Hence, the study claims that considering code-switching a form of interference is not limited to educational contexts or classroom environment. Discussing code-switching as a linguistic interference in English-Arabic dubbed animations in particular makes the study significant since there has not been any similar previous studies in the field of English-Arabic translation. As a case study, the popular animation, 'The Amazing World of Gumball'', was chosen; and the sample was determined with three groups of female school students, ages 10-15. The adopted methodology is based on Skopos theory which argues that intra-textual coherence is more important than inter-textual coherence, and that assessing the quality of translation depends on the targeted audience reaction. Taken these principles into consideration, the researcher adopted a methodology of two steps: test1and test2. Test1aimed at verifying the main claim by proving that the targeted audience (females, 10-15 years old) confuse the different occurrences of inter and intra-linguistic code-switching in the chosen animation with Modern Standard Arabic. This test also resulted in other important findings: it revealed the most and least problematic levels of code-switching and showed that children's recognition of code-switching occurrences is influenced by their age and academic achievement. Test2, on the other hand, aimed at replacing the occurrences of code-switching with alternative translations from Modern Standard Arabic, and assessing the appropriateness of these alternatives based on the targeted audience reaction. The study concluded that code-switching in Standard Arabic dubbed animations is, generally speaking, problematic and passively affects children's learning of Modern Standard Arabic. The findings also showed that the different types of code-switching fall into two categories: seriously problematic types that do not become more recognizable with age advancing and/or academic achievement development; and less problematic types that are directly proportional to both age and academic achievement. The study also proved that using pure Modern Standard Arabic can, in most cases, convey the intended meaning, and that many detected code-switching occurrences were unnecessary. The study also pointed out that the technique of dubbing gives the translator a lot of freedom. It allows him/her to do the necessary changes on both source language and content in order to avoid code-switching.
An Emic-Etic Perspective to Translating Culture-Specific Expressions and Emotiveness in Ghassan Kanafani’s Novella "All That’s Left to You"
(An-Najah National University, 2021-01-18) هيلان, ديما ناصر عبد اللطيف
This study examines the problems manifested in translating culture-specific expressions and emotiveness from Arabic into English in Ghassan Kanafani’s novella All That’s Left to You. In this concern, an Emic-etic approach is adopted as a theoretical framework by which the researcher detects the pitfalls and problems that arise in translating these expressions. This would be achieved through examining the translator’s role as a “cultural insider” in both the Source Language Culture (SLC) and the Target Language Culture (TLC) where the translator is supposed to be an insider first in the source text (ST) to capture the “emics” and any other associations that belong to the provided cultural expression. The same is applied to the emotive expressions and the connections linked to them. After the translator captures the required knowledge of cultural elements in the ST, s/he is supposed to transfer this knowledge to the target text (TT) in a way that is faithful to the ST and is comprehended by the readers of the TT. In addition, the translation is also expected to have the closest effect that the ST expression has on its readers and at the same time stirs up the emotions it does for the ST readers. Therefore, the mission of the researcher is to test the validity of the Emic-etic approach by examining the translation strategies adopted in each selected excerpt and accordingly examining the resulting problems. The results show that there were various cultural losses within the translated culture–specific expressions such as; explicit, implicit, modified and complete losses. Those losses were due to the adoption of a number of translation strategies; literal translation, amplification, adaptation, and omission respectively. Other problems were detected in the translation of emotive expressions that are due to the cultural context they belong to in the ST and the difference of religious, social and political backgrounds they are generated in. No doubts that the adopted translation strategies also led to a number of cultural losses and the emotions linked to these cultural elements. Such problems and cultural losses show that the translator must adopt the role of a cultural insider in both STC and TTC in order to capture the ‘emics’ and thus come up with a fine translation with the least possible cultural losses in the TT.
ENANI’S AND MUTRAN'S TRANSLATIONS OF RELIGIOUS NAMES AND TERMS OF ADDRESS IN SHAKESPEARE'S THE MERCHANT OF VENICE
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-07-20) Ayash, Sara
Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice deepens the religious conflict of the self and the other by the extensive use of religious proper names to reveal the identity of Shakespeare’s characters and the use of religious terms of address to show their recognition within the Venetian society. However, when these proper names are translated into the other (Arabic language and culture, in this case), they become the other of the other. These proper names and terms of address have the identification and recognition of the self. By moving them, in the act of translation, to the other’s environment, they become alien both to the other and to the self in the translated text. This thesis has shed light on the translation of religious proper names and terms of address from self (ST) to the other (TT), and has reported how the translators’ choices of translating proper names and terms of address affected the original text of The Merchant of Venice as the self and the Arab audience as the other. Data were collected from The Merchant of Venice and two of translations of the play: Khalil Mutran’s and Mohammad Enani’s translations. Religious proper names were analyzed based on Herman’s translation model of proper names translation. In contrast, religious terms of address were analyzed based on Vinay and Darbelnet’s model. Strategies adopted/used in translating religious proper names and terms of address mainly followed the overall method used in translation of the whole text: Venuti's domestication or foreignization. Key words: Translations; religious; names terms of address; Shakespeare’s the Merchant of Venice.
An Evaluation Study of the Translation Curricula and the Translator Training Practices in Light of the Market Demand in Palestine
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2021-08-17) يوسف حامد أبو مطاوع, هناء
صممت الدراسة الحالية لتقييم مناهج برنامج الماجستير في الترجمة وبرنامج تدريب المترجمين في جامعة النجاح الوطنية وجامعة القدس في ضوء متطلبات سوق العمل. هدفت الباحثة إلى الكشف عن نقاط الضعف والقوة في البرامج التدريبية، وهي خطوة ضرورية لتقييم الممارسات الحالية ولتوفير البيانات التكوينية لبرامج التدريب على الترجمة. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف تمت دراسة طبيعة المادة التعليمية المتضمنة في الدورات وطرق التدريس والتقييم والتحديات التي تواجه تنفيذ وتطوير المناهج في ضوء متطلبات سوق العمل. تم استخدام ثلاثة استبيانات منفصلة لجمع البيانات. الأولى تناولت الطلب الفعلي على أنواع معينة من النصوص ومستوى أداء المترجمين المعينين حديثًا من وجهة نظر المترجمين الممارسين الذين يعملون في مكاتب الترجمة المرخصة محليا. أظهرت نتائج هذا الاستبيان أنواع النصوص الأكثر طلبا في سوق العمل والتي تتضمن: الوثائق القانونية والأحكام القضائية والإعلانات الحكومية وبيانات البورصة ومقاطع الفيديو والأفلام ونشرات الأخبار والعقود التجارية ونماذج طلبات العمل ومواد التسجيل بالجامعة بالإضافة إلى الإعلانات والإعلانات التجارية. كما كشفت عن مستويات أداء المترجمين المعينين حديثًا في التعامل مع هذه النصوص. كان الأداء غير احترافي في ترجمة الوثائق القانونية والأحكام القضائية والنصوص السياسية والتقارير الإخبارية ومقاطع الفيديو من الإنجليزية إلى العربية بالإضافة إلى بيانات البورصة والتقارير الاقتصادية. تشير هذه النتائج إلى وجود فجوة كبيرة بين البرامج وطلب السوق. أما الاستبيان الثاني فقد تناول طبيعة التحديات التي تواجه تطوير وتنفيذ المناهج وتم الإجابة عليها من وجهة نظر عينة عشوائية من الأساتذة الذين يقومون بتدريس مقررات الترجمة في الجامعات المستهدفة. أظهرت النتائج أنه على الرغم من أن الأساتذة يثمنون بشدة محتوى المناهج إلا أنهم أشاروا إلى بعض أوجه القصور مثل التأكيد على الجانب النظري بالإضافة إلى عدم استشارة مكاتب الترجمة المعتمدة المحلية ووكالات الترجمة الدولية عند تصميم المواد التعليمية. أظهرت النتائج أن البرنامج وتخصص الأساتذة ونقص الدراسات المتعلقة بالاحتياجات الفعلية ومتطلبات سوق الترجمة المحلي وعدم التعاون مع وكالات الترجمة المحلية والدولية هي أكثر العوامل صعوبة في تنفيذ وتطوير الترجمة. وتناول الاستبيان الثالث طبيعة المادة التعليمية وطرق التدريس والتقويم من وجهة نظر الطلاب. أظهرت النتائج أنه بغض النظر عن الاتجاهات الإيجابية العامة ألقى الطلاب اللوم على المناهج في التركيز على البعد النظري ونقص التدريب على أنواع معينة من مجالات الترجمة مثل الترجمة السمعية والبصري. فيما يتعلق بمنهجيات التدريس أظهرت النتائج أنه نادرًا ما يتم استخدام بعض الممارسات الأساسية مثل إرسال الطلاب إلى مكاتب الترجمة المحلية لاكتساب الخبرة وتشجيع الطلاب على الوصول إلى الترجمة الرقمية وتزويد الطلاب بعينات من أعمال مكاتب الترجمة المعتمدة. فيما يتعلق بالتقييم فقد أظهرت النتائج أن الطلاب يعتقدون أن الاختبارات تركز بشكل أكبر على المعرفة أكثر من المهارات. من جهة أخرى أعرب الطلاب عن تقديرهم لحلقات البحث والتغذية الراجعة التي يقدمها لهم مدرسيهم. تدعو النتائج إلى تعزيز العلاقات والتعاون مع مكاتب ووكالات الترجمة المحلية والدولية والتشاور معها عند تصميم أو تطوير المناهج والتعاون معها في تدريب وتقييم الطلاب علاوة على ذلك يوصى بتعديل محتوى البرنامج التدريبي ليشمل التدريب على أنواع النصوص المطلوبة في سوق العمل.
Harmonization and Intertextuality in Translating Shakespeare’s Sonnets into Metrical Arabic Poetry
(2012) Niveen Aziz Muhammed Tinah; Dr. Nabil Alawi; Dr. Abdul Kareem Daragemeh
For centuries, sonnet translation has become the interest of many scholars and researchers, and they have brought many strategies and methods to theorize the process of sonnet translation. However, the existing translations of sonnets do not have the aesthetic value of the source texts, and that by using certain techniques; the translator can render a better translation. This thesis demonstrates the importance of harmonization and intertextuality as by-techniques in rendering metrical translations of Shakespeare’s sonnets by examining Bader Tawfieq’s translations of sonnets 18, 91 and 141. The analysis of Tawfieq’s translation is based on Harmonization and Intertextuality of prosodic features, lexical choice and word order, as well as figurative language including metaphor and personification. The dissertation combines Hatim and Mason’s (1990) approach of intertextuality, Abu Dieb’s (2012) idea of harmonization, and Newmark’s (1988) seven strategies in translating metaphors. And the researcher coins four patterns to harmonize the intertextual references of Shakespeare; literal production, simiproduction, alter-production and deproduction. At the end of the dissertation, the researcher concludes that it is very important for poetry translators to have enough knowledge about the intertextual places in the two languages, and that this knowledge contributes to solve the problem of sonnet translation, and helps the translator to choose better or more appropriate words and structures in his/her translation. And that such knowledge serves to translate Shakespeare's prosodic features, his dedicative lexical choice and word order, as well as Shakespeare’s figurative language by harmonizing the intertextual signs into Arabic. So the translator produces a target text (TT) of aesthetic value that is not less than the aesthetic values of the source text (ST).
Implicature in Simultaneous Interpretation
(An-Najah National University, 2018-09-18) غرابه, ظاهر محمد ظاهر
This research looks into implicatures interpreting in simultaneous interpreting. Implicated meanings constitute part of the message that interpreters should convey in order to communicate the original message adequately. The simultaneous interpreting process is challenging due to its oral immediate nature; moreover, implicated message poses extra challenge for the process due to the fact that implicatures are meant rather than said. This thesis aims to identify the challenges that simultaneous interpreters face during interpreting implicature. In addition, the research seeks to identify the misinterpretations of implicatures and its impact on message conveyance. Also, the study aims to look into the elements that can aid interpreters in implicature interpreting. The research follows the descriptive and the analytical approaches. The descriptive approach is used in the identification of the factors that affect interpreting implicature in simultaneous interpreting. The analytical part of the research includes the analysis of practical examples that encounter implicature in simultaneous interpreting by applying Levinson's Heuristics of meaning (Q, I and M).The most crucial challenge by the interpreter was found to be in grasping the implicated message itself. Interpreters can overcome such a challenge in two different ways; firstly the interpreter should expand his/her linguistic knowledge and the knowledge on pragmatic function of the implied meanings. Considering Q-heuristic, interpreters should reflect the level of strength used in the source text. Such reflection will be located in the choice of the appropriate equivalence for the source language form. In the I-heuristic, which is the most challenging heuristic due to the fact that it is not related to certain expressions or forms, interpreters need to provide the exact amount of the original linguistic forms provided by the original speaker. This enables the audience to find a base to amplify the original message and reach the implicated message. The challenge in M-heuristic is located in the interpreters’ identification of the marked form and the situation it indicates. Secondly, the interpreter should hold sufficient background on the extralinguistic elements of the simultaneous interpreting process. That is, the encyclopedic knowledge of interpreters, their cultural background and their sociocultural background constitute part of the basic knowledge that interpreters should hold. The study recommends that the training of interpreters should focus on the linguistic frame; that is, the interpreter need to have training on implicatures’ pragmatic function, as one of the fundamental conditions of SI success.
Inaccuracy in the Translation of DentistryTerms from English into Arabic
(2016) Mohammad Fawaz Mahmoud Khmous; Dr. Ayma Nazzal
This study has investigated the inaccurate areas in the translation of dental terms from English into Arabic. The problem has been discussed regarding the different technical inaccurate areas committed in pilot study. In fact, dentistry terms translation is a branch of technical translation which has directed the researcher to define and analyze the different technical translation strategies in general which are also used in dentistry translation as well. The researcher has also focused on some technical translation views and directions which have been discussed by different famous scholars in the field. The study identified the causes of inaccuracy in the translation of dental terms and to find out the convenient and satisfying solution for the problem. The findings of the study can be an authentic source and assistance to the dentists to overcome the mentioned translation problems. Moreover, the thesis has discussed the shortcomings of using different dental translation strategies simultaneously for the same term which undoubtedly can cause a serious ambiguity and confusion translation results. Using pilot study is the main data collection with a number of personal interviews with a number of dentists which has provided a deep knowledge and a clear vision about the nature of the current dental translation process. The region of the study covered two main areas, namely Nablus city and the Arab American University in Jenin and the questionnaire has included a sample of 100 dentists, carefully investigated, studied and analyzed. The study has not revealed an important regional factor about the range of dental translation accuracy, but the experience and the institutional background of the dentists have much greater significant factor. The study has clarified the difference between technical and conventional translation rules and has shown that there is a large degree of absence in technical translation rules in dental translation through the pilot study analyses. The study has discussed the main technical translation equivalences, namely Arabicisation, transliteration, and descriptive translation equivalences and has shown that Arabicisation is highly neglected and rarely used among dentists whereas transliteration is the most common especially among specialists and descriptive is mainly used with non-specialists. The study has concluded that the main dependent and recommended dentistry translation sources are the Unified Dictionary of Dentistry (UDD) and the Unified Medial Dictionary (UMD) accredited by the World Health Organization in addition to Oxford Dictionary.

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