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Activated carbon from Cyclamen Persicum Tubers for Diclofenac removal from aqueous solution
(2013) Fatima Mohammed Abdelwahab Hussen; Dr. Shehdeh Jodeh; Dr. Nidal Jaradat
The aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the crude methanolic extract obtaining from cyclamen persicum tubers and to re-use the remaining tissues after extraction process to prepare activated carbon by different methods then to set up a thermodynamic and kinetic study of diclofenac sodium (DCF) pharmaceutical adsorption from aqueous solution onto this activated carbon from cyclamen persicum tubers. The prepared activated carbon samples were compared using Surface area determined by iodine number method, scanning electron microphages (SEM) and FTIR analysis. DCF adsorption onto activated carbon was studied by batch experiments. The adsorptive properties of cyclamen tubers activated carbon (CTAC) was investigated and compared with Eucarbon® ; the available charcoal in the market, DCF concentration, pH, temperature and contact time parameters were studied . To investigate the nature of the surface and adsorption capacity of CTAC, Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to study adsorption isotherm at equilibrium. In order to determine whether the adsorption process is chemical or physical, three kinetics models were used. Thermodynamic study was carried out to determine if adsorption of DCF onto CTAC was exothermic or endothermic reaction. Results indicated antibacterial activity of the crude methanolic extract against staphylococcus. aureis gram positive bacterial strain; using (MHA) plate that showed zone of inhibition after overnight incubation at 37 °C, the yield of this extract was 9%(w/w). Results also showed that the activated carbon produced from cyclamen tubers gives highest percentage yield which reaches up to 51.8%, using phosphoric acid as activating agent, while largest Surface area determined by iodine number was 606.78 mg/g using zinc chloride as activating agent, SEM analysis showed that KOH produced the most porous structure in CTAC. Optimum percent of DCF removal was 72% when CTAC dosage was 0.25g and DCF concentration 50mg/L. Percentage removal of DCF increases when the concentration of DCF increases as the maximum percentage removal reached 81% when DCF concentration was 70mg/L and 0.7g CTAC and pH ranging from 6 to 2. The effect of temperature on adsorption by CTAC and Eucarbon® has also been investigated in the range of 15-45 °C. The results indicated that the temperature significantly affected DCF adsorption on both adsorbents. The equilibrium time for DCF adsorption was 120 min for CTAC and 150 min for Eucarbon®, but most of the adsorption attained within the first 15 min using CTAC while 30 min was needed for Eucarbon®. Frenundlich model describe adsorption isotherm of DCF more efficiently onto CTAC with n equal to 1.398 that indicated favorable adsorption. This finding validated the assumption of multilayer physical adsorption process of DCF. Pseudo-second order reaction model is the best for describing adsorption of DCF with correlation coefficient closes to unity, this validated that the adsorption process was physical one, adsorption process was exothermic as ΔS° had negative charge, and also as ΔH° was less than 40 Kj/ mol lthis suggesting a physisorption process. Concerning the change in free energy, the adsorption process of the DCF onto CTAC was spontaneous, depending on temperature.
Adiabatic Coupling Constant g of the Binary Liquid Mixture Methanol – Cyclohexane
(2014) Saja Ghazi Omar; Prof. Issam Rashid Abdelraziq
The dynamic shear viscosity of the binary liquid mixture methanol - cyclohexane for different temperatures and concentrations is measured using digital viscometer with UL adapter. Shear viscosity anomaly is clearly observed near the critical temperature Tc = 45.2 ℃ and the critical concentration Xc = 30% by weight of methanol. The specific heat at constant pressure of the critical mixture methanol – cyclohexane was calculated using two scale factor universality. The dynamic scaling theory of Ferrell and Bhattacharjee is applied to the data of the ultrasonic absorption coefficients αc at different frequencies. The linear relation of α_c/ƒ^2 versus ƒ^(-1.06) was obtained. The adiabatic coupling constant g, isobaric thermal expansion coefficient αp and diffusion coefficient D were calculated. The experimental values of (α(X_(c ,) T))/(α(X_c,T_c)) were plotted as a function of the reduced frequency ω* and it showed a good agreement with the theoretical scaling function F(ω*) presented by Ferrell and Bhattacharjee.
Adsorption and Desorption Characteristics of Endosulfan Pesticide in Three Soils in Palestine
(2009) Karbola' Mohammed Aref Jaradat; Dr.Shehdeh Jodeh; Dr.Nidal Za'tar
In this thesis adsorption and desorption features were studied in details in three samples from the soil of Palestine. Soil samples were red soil, chalk soil, and sandy soil according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) scale for the classification of the soil. Adsorption and desorption rates on soil samples were calculated from kinetic studies. The values varied based on the type of soil. Maximum specific adsorption capacities (qmax) for soil samples using Langmuir model, were as follows: 0,387 (red soil), and 0,281(chalk soil), and (0.075) sandy soil mg / g of endosulfan. Maximum adsorption was measured in red soil followed by chalk soil, but it was the least for the sandy soil. Also, the proportion of organic matter play a major role in both processes adsorption and desorptio on soil samples. here was a significant reduction in the process of Adsorption in soil samples compared with the decline in pH. Desorption was higher at both acidic and alkaline pH ranges compared to neutral pH. Both the increase in temperature and concentration increase the adsorption and desorption in all soil samples. Finally, the results showed that the mobility of endosulfan, is more possible in the sandy soil followed by red, followed by chalk soil This may be attributed to the crystal lattice of red soil that play an important role in both processes adsorption and desorption, as it could be a major role for chemical and biological processes that play a role in the other soil samples.
Adsorption of some Fluoroquinolones on Selected Adsorbents
(2010) Areej 'Muhammad Ghazi' Abed Ar-Rahman Hattab; Dr.Shokri Khalaf; Dr. Ibrahim Abu Shqair
The adsorption of some fluoroquinolones (antibiotics) such as: Gemifloxacin Mesylate and Levofloxacin Hemihydrate using selected adsorbents such as charcoal, kaolin, silica gel and alumina was carried out in terms of initial pH, residence time, initial concentration of drug (adsorbate), weight of adsorbent, temperature and affinity of the solute to the adsorbent. The adsorption was determined by measuring concentration of the drug both before and after the attainment of equilibrium, with the aid of UV-visible spectrophotometer. Gemifloxacin absorbs at 343nm and at 340nm, where Levofloxacin absorbs at 294nm and at 288nm, in acidic and basic pH respectively. For equilibrium studies, two adsorption isotherms were used, Freundlich and Langmuir,the later fitted most data very well. Maximum adsorption capacity for Gemifloxacin into charcoal was 137mg/g compared to 0.04 mg/g with kaolin. For Levofloxacin with charcoal was 87mg/g more than that with kaolin which was 0.26mg/g. The amount adsorbed at equilibrium decreases as adsorbate's concentration increases and as the weight of adsorbent increases the amount of drug adsorbed increases. pH played a significant role in the adsorption especially with silica and alumina. Maximum amount of Gemifloxacin adsorbed onto silica occurred at pH=7 and with alumina at pH=6 respectively. With charcoal adsorption of GEMX was more in the acidic medium than in basic and the maximum adsorption was at pH=6 and at neutral pH for kaolin. LEVX adsorption with charcoal and kaolin was at about pH=7 and was in acidic pH more than basic pH. Thermodynamics parameters showed that adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous as ΔGo and ΔHo had negative values, ΔSo was positive.
Amine Modif ied Silica for Water Purification from Ibuprofen and Naproxen
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2021-02-01) إياد محمد سباعنة, غدير
يهدف هذا البحث إلى تنقية المياه من بعض العقاقير الطبية مثل الايبوبروفين والنابروكسين حيث تم استخدام السيليكا المعدل بالأمين كمادة مازة للتخلص منهما بالاعتماد على خاصية الادمصاص من خلال تحضير محاليل معيارية معروفة التركيز من الايبوبروفينو النابروكسين ومن ثم معاملتها مع السيليكا المعدل بالأمين وقياس تركيز الدواء قبل وبعد المعاملة باستخدام جهاز مطياف الأشعة المرئية وفوق البنفسجية على طول موجة 220 للايبوبروفين و230 للنابروكسين. تمت دراسة اثر بعض العوامل على عملية الادمصاص، وهي كمية المادة المازة، وتركيز الدواء، ودرجة الحموضة، ودرجة الحرارة، وكذلك زمن اتصال العقار الطبي مع السيليكا المعدل بالامين. أظهرت النتائج ان الوقت الأمثل لادمصاص الايبوبروفين هو 15 دقيقة، بينما هو 5 دقائق للنابروكسين. كما تبين ايضا ان عملية الادمصاص لكلا العقارين تتأثر بكمية المادة المازة، وتركيز الدواء، ودرجة الحموضة، ودرجة الحرارة، حيث ان نسبة الادمصاص تزداد مع ازدياد الكمية المستخدمة من السيليكا المعدل بالامين, بينما تقل بازدياد تركيز العقار ودرجة الحرارة, وتبين ان افضل نسبة ادمصاص تكون عند درجة حموضة = 3. تم وصف منحنيات الادمصاص من خلال تطبيق معادلتي لانجميروفرندلش، كما وتم دراسة وحساب بعض المتغيرات الثيرموديناميكية.
Analysis of Leachate Production and other Organic Outcomes in Pickling Cucumbers in Plastic Bottles.
(2015) Amira Nathmi ZainEdden; prof. Shehdeh Jodeh
This study investigated the potential migration of plastic components or additives from plastic bottles during keeping cucumber as pickle for a long time. The compounds studied were bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (4-NP), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) adiapate (DEHA). In addition, the plastic bottles were tested with four different contents and three different days of storage. In all cases, samples were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Four target compounds appeared in all samples with variety concentrations. Indicating that migration from plastic bottles can occur at the experimental cases tested. Result showed the effect of increasing the day of storage and increasing the amount of compound release, and so the effect of changing the contents of plastic bottles in the variety of concentration of each compound at the same number day of storage. The highest concentration of compounds migrated was for 4-NP and the lowest for BPA. 4-nonylphenol was found in plastic bottle which contain tap water with range from 23 to 47 ng/L, in plastic bottle which contain the additives from 112 to 170 ng/L, in plastic bottle contain cucumber from 120 to 179 ng/L and in plastic bottle contain cucumber with pesticide residue from 320 to 420 ng/L. bisphenol A was found in plastic bottle which contain tap water with range from 17 to 27 ng/L, in plastic bottle which contain the additives from 101 to 145 ng/L, in plastic bottle contain cucumber from 113 to 152 ng/L and in plastic bottle contain cucumber with pesticide residue from 290 to 370 ng/L. Although the compounds migrate levels measured in these samples pose no risk for human health because of very little concentration, the presence of more source of exposure to our body to such compounds pose a health risk.
Analysis of Palestinian Olive Oil of Different Storage Ages by Fluorescence Spectroscopy Technique
(2016) Jihan Marouf Turkey Abu Snouber; Prof. Issam Rashid Abdelraziq; Dr. Mohammed Abu-Jafar
This work focuses on the effect of storage age of Palestinian olive oil on the emission and absorption wavelengths using the fluorescence spectroscopy technique. In addition, the effect of storage age of olive oil on the physical properties: viscosity, refractive index, acidity, and mass density are studied. The results of the emission and absorption spectra of olive oil samples at different storage ages give indication about how the amounts of the fluorescent components of olive oil affected by storage age. It was noticed that all vitamin E components, chlorophylls and phenolic compounds decrease as the storage age increases. The viscosity, refractive index, acidity (FFA%) and mass density for the sample collected from Saida (S2) of 5 years storage age at 25oC are found to be 58.9 cP, 1.4672, 2.98% and 0.90922 g/cm3, respectively. The viscosity, refractive index and mass density of olive oil samples at different storage ages decrease as the storage age increases, whereas the acidity increases as the storage age increases. The measured viscosity, refractive index, acidity and mass density of olive oil samples at 5 years storage ages agree with the standard values. The olive oil of storage age less than 5 years is considered as an edible olive oil. The Palestinian standard values of olive oil for viscosity, refractive index, acidity and mass density are regarded as; 84.0 cP – 63.6 cP, 1.4677 – 1.4705, 0.8 % - 3.3 % and 0.910 g/cm3 – 0.916 g/cm3, respectively (PS188, 1997).
Analysis of The Logistic Distribution Use in The Suppression Technique for Scalability in Multicast Routing
(2007) Hadi Ali Khalil Hamad; Dr. Mohammad Najib Ass'ad
The immense growth of the computer-supported communication systems, especially the internet, made it imperative to design protocols that have to be efficient and scalable to support the work of the networks infrastructure. By scalable is meant the ability of the protocol to cope with the requirements of groups of the communicating processes when they grow very large in size. The ever increasing demand on communication and the high capability of modern networks call continuously for efficient solutions to problems of communication. Among these solutions was the introduction of multicast routing and also the use of periodic unacknowledged messaging. Related to these two solutions of the problem of scalability, certain techniques were used to overcome this problem, including the suppression technique. This study deals with utilizing probabilistic distribution functions (pdfs) in the suppression technique with the aim of improvement of scalability of multicast routing in communication networks. The two most employed distributions in the suppression techniques are the uniform and the exponential distributions, the first outperforms the second in the performance time metric, while the exponential excels in the performance metric of extra messages. This study introduces a modified form of the logistic distribution as a candidate for use in the suppression technique and compares it with the two other above mentioned distributions. The MATLAB software was used in calculating the values of the performance metrics and in drawing the corresponding figures for comparing the results. The logistic distribution was proved to excel or compete with the other two pdfs in time performance metrics and to have a comparable performance in the overhead metrics.
An Analytic and Dynamic Programming Treatment for Solow and Ramsey Models
(2014) Ahmad Yasir Amer Thabaineh; Dr. Mohammad Assa`d
In this thesis, we studied two of the most important exogenous economic growth models; Solow and Ramsey models and their effects in microeconomics by using dynamic programming techniques. Dynamic programming (DP) is a general approach to solve economic growth problems. The main differences between Solow and Ramsey models are discussed in details. Bellman value function for the growth models is applied to the two models and an analytic formula are derived. Concerning the models under study, we then discussed the steady states for the model and derived a closed formula for the capital. This formula was checked by computer using Python codes where a new concave assumed value function is given; , to be compared with a value function given by other . These two initial functions have the same properties of being monotone and concave up. The comparison shows the excellence and advantages of our assumption. We reached the true value function faster.
Analytical and Numerical Aspects of Wavelets
(2015) Noora Hazem Janem; Prof. Naji Qatanani
Almost every physical phenomenon can be described via a waveform –a function of time, space or some other variables, in particular, sound waves. The Fourier transform gives us a unique and powerful way of viewing these waveforms. Nowadays, wavelet transformation is one of the most popular candidates of the time-frequency-transformations. There are three types of wavelet transforms, namely: continuous, discrete and fast wavelet transforms. In this work we will study Fourier transform together with its properties and present the connections between Fourier transform and wavelet transform. Moreover, we will show how the Wavelet-Galerkin method can be used to solve ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. For the applications of wavelet transform we will consider two applications; first signal decomposition and reconstruction: in this section we use two filters to decompose a signal using the wavelet decomposition algorithm and then we use similar process to rebuild the original signal using the wavelet reconstruction algorithm. A second application is the audio fingerprint. Assume we have an audio. We read this audio and then convert it into signals. These signals are then divided into a number of frames. Next, we decompose each frame of this audio signal into five layer wavelets. Finally we use the wavelet coefficients to compute the variance, zero crossing, energy and centroid.
Analytical and Numerical Methods for Solving Linear Fuzzy Volterra Integral Equation of the Second Kind
(2016) Jihan Tahsin Abdal-Rahim Hamaydi; prof. Naji Qatanani
Integral equations, in general, play a very important role in Engineering and technology due to their wide range of applications. Fuzzy Volterra integral equations in particular have many applications such as fuzzy control, fuzzy finance and economic systems. After introducing some definitions in fuzzy mathematics, we focus our attention on the analytical and numerical methods for solving the fuzzy Volterra integral equation of the second kind. For the analytical solution of the fuzzy Volterra integral equation we have presented the following methods: The Fuzzy Laplace Transformation Method(FLTM), Fuzzy Homotopy Analysis Method(FHAM), Fuzzy Adomian Decomposition Method (FADM), Fuzzy Differential Transformation Method (FDTM), and the Fuzzy Successive Approximation Method (FSAM). For the numerical handling of the fuzzy Volterra Integral equation we have implemented various techniques, namely: Taylor expansion method, Trapezoidal method, and the variation iteration method. To investigate the efficiency of these numerical techniques we have solved some numerical examples. Numerical results have shown to be in a close agreement with the analytical ones. Moreover, the variation iteration method is one of the most powerful numerical techniques for solving Fuzzy Volterra integral equation of the second kind in comparison with other numerical techniques.
Analytical and Numerical Solutions of Magnetohydrodynamic Flow Problems
(2013) Abdel Latif Khaleel Sa’ad Aldin; rof. Naji Qatanani
The MagnetoHydreoDynamic flow ( MHD ) is one of the most important topics in mathematical physics due to its wide range of applications . In this work we present some analytical and numerical solutions for some MHD problems . The MHD flow past an impulsively started infinite horizontal plate in a rotating system and unsteady MHD flow through two parallel porous flat plates are considered. In this work an exact analytical solution for these problems based on Laplace transform method has been constructed and analyzed. This involves transforming the coupled partial differential equations into a single equation. For the numerical treatment of these problems we use the finite difference scheme and then implementing a computer software “ MAPLE 15“ to obtain some numerical results.
Analytical and Numerical Solutions of Volterra Integral Equation of the Second Kind
(2014) Feda’ Abdel Aziz Mustafa Salameh; Prof. Naji Qatanani
In this thesis we focus on the analytical and numerical aspects of the Volterra integral equation of the second kind. This equation has wide range of applications in physics and engineering such as potential theory, Dirichlet problems, electrostatics, the particle transport problems of astrophysics, reactor theory, contact problems, diffusion problems and heat transfer problems. After introducing the types of integral equations, we will investigate some analytical and numerical methods for solving the Volterra integral equation of the second kind. These analytical methods include: the Adomian decomposition method, the modified decomposition method, the method of successive approximations, the series solution method and the conversion to initial value problem. For the numerical treatment of the Volterra integral equation we will implement the following numerical methods: Quadrature methods (Trapezoidal rule, Runge-Kutta method of order two, the fourth order Runge-Kutta method), Projection methods including collocation method and Galerkin method and the Block method. The mathematical framework of these numerical methods together with their convergence properties will be presented. These numerical methods will be illustrated by some numerical examples. Comparisons between these methods will be drawn. Numerical results show that the Trapezoidal rule has proved to be the most efficient method in comparison to the other numerical methods.
Analytical and Numerical Treatment of Maxwell's Equations
(2012) Mai "Muhammad Ribhe" Asad Musmar; Prof. Naji Qatanani
Maxwell's equations are one of the most important models in different fields. It describes electromagnetic phenomena such as micro, radios and radar waves. The modeling of systems involving electromagnetic waves is widely spread and has attracted the attention of many authors and researchers. In this work, we will present some important analytical and numerical aspects of Maxwell's equations. We will review some basic properties of electromagnetic theory, namely: electromagnetic fields, magneto-static fields, and time varying fields. Moreover, we will use these physical properties to derive Maxwell's equations in various forms. Though, it is well known that Maxwell's equations are hard to solve analytically, however, we will attempt to use some well known analytical methods to solve these equations in some particular domains such as a sphere and a circular cylinder. Such analytical methods include: separation of variables, series expansion method, conformal mapping and integral methods such as Laplace transforms and cosine and sine Fourier transforms. Numerical methods for solving Maxwell's equations are extensively used nowadays and are usually referred to as Computational Electro-magnetic (CEM). Here the Finite Difference and Finite Difference Time Domain Method (FDTDM) known for its simplicity and efficiency will be proposed to solve Maxwell's equations. And the Yee Algorithm will also be illustrated. Moreover, the convergence, stability and error analysis for these numerical methods will also be investigated.
Anionic Microcrystalline Cellulose For Removal of Pb+2 From Waste Water Purification
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2020-10-08) غسان شقدان, ابتهال
تتعرض مصادر المياه الصالحة لشرب على هذا الكوكب للتلوث بالمعادن السامة والمواد العضوية. ويرجع السبب إلى انتشار الصناعات المختلفة وتتطور الحياة. هذه المواد السامة الموجودة في الماء خطيرة يمكن أن تسبب ضررًا دائمًا للحياة على الأرض. تركز الأبحاث الحالية على تطوير طرق لإزالة هذه المعادن السامة من الماء، حيث تم تطوير العديد من الطرق الكيميائية لتنقية المياه، وطرق التنقية البسيطة والصديقة للبيئة أكثر فعالية. السليولوز هو واحد من أكثر البوليمرات الطبيعية وفرة، ولديه العديد من المزايا التي تجعله مرشحًا فعال لاستخدامه في عمليات التنقية هذه ،كرخص ثمنه، توافره، امن على البيئة، والقابلة للتحلل البيولوجي مما يجعل البوليمر صديقًا للبيئة. في هذه الدراسة تم استخدام السليولوز كمادة أساسية في تشكيل بوليمر ليتم استخدامه في تنقية المياه من المعادن السامة وبشكل اساسي الرصاص , اولا تم تحويل السليولوز إلى كاربوكسل ميثل سليولوز عن طريق تفاعل السليولوز مع كلور أسيتات ومحلول هيدروكسيد الصوديوم في كحول الأيزوبروبيل. تم ربط CMC الناتج مع البيتاسايكلوديكسترين بوضعها بالفرن على حوالي 160 درجة مئوية. تم تحضير ثلاثة بوليمرات من تلك المواد (co- β -CMC-CD) A, B and C باستخدام نسب مختلفة. تم تحليل تراكيب البوليمرات بواسطة FT-IR ودُرس شكل وبناء البوليمر بواسطة المسح الضوئي الإلكتروني. تم التحقق من كفاءة الامتصاص لثلاث بوليمرات لعنصر الرصاص Pb(II في محلول مائي، مع دراسة اثر العديد من العوامل على فعالية إزالة عنصر الرصاص من المياه، وهذه العوامل هي: كمية البوليمر، والوقت الذي تعرضت له المياه الملوثة بالرصاص للبوليمر، ودرجة الحرارة، وتركيز محلول الرصاص ودرجة الحموضة، وذلك للتوصل للظروف المثالية التي تؤدي الى أقصى فعالية في إزالة عنصر الرصاص من المياه. البوليمر اظهر كفاءة عالية في ازالة عنصر الرصاص من المياه عند ظروف (درجة الحموضة 7.5، درجة حراة الغرفة، التحريك لمدة 30 دقيقة، وتركيز 5.0 جزء لكل مليون. يمكن أن تعزى كفاءة الامتصاص العالية لبوليمرات السليولوز إلى وجود العديد من المجموعات الوظيفية الموجودة في كل بوليمر بما في ذلك الهيدروكسيل , الكربوكسيل و بيتا سايكلوديكسترين. أظهر البوليمر B الذي يحتوي على كميات متساوية من β-cyclodextrin and CMC كفاءة أعلى قليلاً تجاه الرصاص (II) من البوليمران الآخران. يمكن أن يكون هذا بسبب توافر كل من المجموعات الوظيفية كربوكسيل وبيتا سايكلوديكسترين. تشير هذه النتائج إلى أن عملية الدمج والتعقيد هي بنفس القدر من الأهمية في عملية الامتصاص. تشير النتائج إلى أن هذا العمل يقدم طريقة سهلة لصنع مادة ممتصة بكفاءة عالية.
Antibacterial Effect of Some Wild Allium Species in Palestine Compared with Cultivars Allium cepa and Allium sativum
(2016) Duha Yasser Fayeq Abu Safieh; Dr. Ghadeer Omar; Dr. Ghaleb Adwan
Fourteen wild Allium species are collected, classified and extracted by three extraction methods (ethanol, water and fresh) and tested for their antimicrobial activity on five strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aurues. This is besides the cultivated one Allium sativum and Allium cepa by broth microdilution method. Allium qasyunense showed the highest antibacterial activity against MRSA strains by recording the lowest MIC and MBC values. Water leaf extract of A. qasyunense showed the highest antibacterial activity against MRSA strain 5 at 1.56 mg/ml. Ethanolic leaf extract of the same species showed highest antibacterial activity against the same MRSA strain at 0.049 mg/ml. While, its fresh bulb extract showed the highest antibacterial activity at MIC= 0.49 mg/ml against MRSA strain 1. From this work, it was conclude that the part of plant and the extract type affected the antibacterial activity. For example leaf part when extracted by ethanol give higher antibacterial activity than water since ethanol helps in saving the stability of organosulfur compounds such as allicin. In case of plant part, Bulb part possessed higher antibacterial activity than the leaf part. The study revealed that wild Allium species have higher antibacterial activity than the cultivated one A. cepa and A. sativum.
Antimicrobial Activity of Fifty-Four Plants Used in Folkloric Medicine in Palestine
(2000) Rabee Ali Ghalib Zayed; Prof. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh; Dr. Suleiman Al-Khalil
Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of fifty four plant species used in folk medicine in Palestine for treatment of several infections and diseases were investigated for their antimicrobial activities against thirteen microbial isolates belonging to one yeast, Candida albicans; four gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and one gram positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, and two isolates of dermatophytes, Microsporum canis and M gypseum, and five isolates of plant pathogenic mycelial fungi, Fusarium tricinicturn, Pythiurn ultimum, P. aphanidermatum, P. middletonii, and Phytophthora citrophthora. Two susceptibility tests were used in this work, the disk diffusion method for measuring the antibacterial and anticandidal activity and the poisoned—food technique for measuring the antifungal activity. The results demonstrated that the plans studied differ significantly in their activity against test microorganisms. The most active plants against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria include Alcea setosa, Coridothymus capitatus and Saturqa thymbra. For C. albicans, the most active plants include Coridothymus capitatus, Scztureja thymbra, and Quercus calliprinos. For dermatophytes, the most active plants include the ethanolic extracts of Coridothymus capitatus, Micromeria nervosa, and Satureja thymbra, and the aqueous extracts of Anthemis tunictoria and Verbascum sinuatum. For phytopathogenic Pythium sp., the most active plants the ethanolic extracts of Mcromeria nervosa, Pinus halepensis and Satureja thymbra and the aqueous extracts of Rubia tenugfolia, Anthemis tunictoria and Coridothymus capitatus. For phytopathogenic Phytophthora citrophthora the most active plants include the ethanolic extracts of Pinus halepensis and Satureja thymbra. For phytopathogenic F usarium tricinictum, the most active plants include the ethanolic extracts of Salviafruticoso and Satureja ihymbra and the aqueous extracts of Anthemis tunictoria and Juglans regia. Ethanolic extracts were more active than aqueous extracts for antimicrobial activity. Test bacterial strains differed significantly in relation to their susceptibility to different plant extracts used. The most susceptible test strain was S. aureus (gram positive bacteria), whereas the least susceptible strain was K. pneumonia (grana negative bacteria). For rnycelial fungi, the most susceptible phytopathogenic fungi was P. aphanidermatum, whereas the most susceptible dermatophyte was M gypseum to both aqueous and ethanolic extracts.
Antimicrobial Activity of Palestinian Medicinal Plants Against Propionibacterium Acnes, A Causative Agent of Acne
(2002) Anhar Ahmad Mohammed Al-Assali; Prof. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh
Ethanolic extracts of fifty four plant species used in folk medicine in Palestine for treatment of several infections and diseases were investigated for their antimicrobial activities against 10 strains of Propionibacterium acnes, and five strains of aerobic bacteria, Echerichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonic', Protects vulgaris, Pseuclomonas eruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureate. Two susceptibility tests were used in this work: the disk diffusion method for measuring the antimicrobial activity, and broth method for the determination of MIC, and MBC for the active plant extracts. The results demonstrated that the studied plants differ significantly in their activity against the studied microorganisms. The IX most active plants against bacterial strains were Rhus coriaria, Ricinus communes, and Sarcopoterium spinosuin. Test microorganisms differed significantly in relation to their susceptibility to different plant extracts used. The most susceptible test microorganism was Propionibacterium acnes (anaerobic bacteria), whereas the least susceptible microorganism was Klebsiella pneumonia. Generally, anaerobic bacteria were more susceptible to plant extract than aerobic bacteria. This was attributed to differences in modes of actions of plant extracts against both groups.
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF PALESTINIAN HONEY FROM DIFFERENT BOTANICAL ORIGIN AGAINST HUMAN PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL
(2022-11-06) Haneen Mohammed Kamel Qalalweh
Antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials of essential oils of selected aromatic plants under secondary treated effluent irrigation
(An-Najah National University, 2018-08-16)
Background: The shortage of water throughout the world dictates application of marginal water for irrigation. Secondary treated municipal effluent (TE) is a common alternative water source for irrigation in arid and semiarid areas. Aromatic herbs are cultivated as industrial crops for herb essential oil (EO) production. The EOs can play a role as natural antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors targeting human diseases, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Such agents can prevent oxidative deterioration of foods, minimize oxidative injury of living cells, treat AD and enhance memory. Replacement of potable water (PW) with (TE) for irrigation of aromatic plants could encourage the expansion of large-scale agro-industrial systems for aromatic crops, and EOs in Palestine. This study was aimed at (1) evaluating the applicability of TE for agricultural crops, (2) assessing the effects of continuous use of treated water on soil and crops, and analyzing the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of these plants and their essential oils under irrigation with TE. Materials and Methods: To compare responses of selected aromatic plants to irrigation with PW and TE an experimental field has been established, each treatment consisted of 4 replicated plots. The plants were exposed to the water treatments for two consecutive seasons. EO from fresh plant areal parts of both treatments was obtained during the two seasons (summer and fall 2016) by hydrodistillation. The extracted EOs and methanolic leaf extracts were tested for their antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging of free radicals and reductive potential (RP), and for acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitory activity (AChEI and BuChEI) using the NA-FB method. Results: Regardless of the differences in the quality of water, the TE did not affect fresh and dry biomass production, spices output and yield of EO quantity in the crops except for Salvia fruticosa which was statistically significant and increased for all previous yield parameters. Also, water quality did not affect the cholinesterase inhibitory activity of the plants (EOs or extracts). Mentha spicata plant extract showed the highest AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities with selectivity index (SI) of 2.93 and 3.85 in PW and STE, respectively. Whereas it’s EO showed the lowest inhibitory activity against both enzymes. Overall, the tested methanolic extracts were found to be more selective inhibitors of AChE than BuChE, while their EOs were more selective inhibitor on BuChE. The antioxidant activity of the extracts also was not affected by effluent- irrigation, M. spicata, and R. officinalis exhibited the best RP and DPPH-scavenger, whereas the only EOs from O. syriacum and R. officinalis exhibited strong to weak activity as antioxidants. Conclusion: The data demonstrate that TE can be effectively utilized for irrigation of industrial crops for EO, natural antioxidants, and anticholinestrase agents production because the yield and bioactivity were not affected.

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