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POLYMER WITH A DUAL ADSORPTION SITES: DESIGN, SYNTHESIS AND PURIFICATION OF POLLUTED WTAER FROM HEAVY METALS AND TOXIC ANIONS
(0202-04-03) Raneem Ahmad Abu Aysheh
Demand for clean is increasing due to the increase in population. Recycling of contaminated wastewater could be an answer for this issue. Wastewater is contaminated with a variety of toxic materials depending on the contamination source. The pollutants mainly include metal ions and organic matters that are released from various sources such as medical, plumbing, agricultural, body care products, household chemicals, and industries. Among the toxic heavy metals that raise a serious concern are Cr²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, and others that are harmful to creatures. To remove hazardous heavy metals' pollutants and enhance water quality, researchers used various adsorbent that are polymer based. Modifying existing polymers could be the simplest and most effective way to generate a low-cost adsorbent with high efficiency against metals and hazardous organic compounds. Among all developed techniques, the adsorption removing approach has attracted the most attention. It has been particularly interesting to develop a superior adsorbent demonstrating a high adsorption capacity and low cost for removing various pollutants from contaminated waters. This study aims to develop cellulose with multi coordination site and zwitterionic functionality. This study was planned to generate cellulose with multi coordination site and zwitterionic functionality. These criteria make it superior adsorbent for application in purification of polluted wastewater. The target cellulose was designed to have coordination sites for toxic heavy metals and toxic anions such as nitrate. The method of making the polymer comprises three steps: the first step involves adding an aldehyde functionality to cellulose powder by oxidation (Cell-Ald). In the second step Cell-Ald was crosslinked with a polyamine such 1,4-pheneylendiamine (PPD) to produce a 3D structure with multi coordination site, which then will be reacted with 1,4-butane sultone to form the target polymer cellulose with zwitterionic functionality (Cell-3D-ZWI). The polymer structure was confirmed by FT-IR. The polymer was evaluated for their ability to adsorb Pb²⁺ ions. The percentage of metal adsorption was investigated as a function of Temperature, pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial concentration of metal ions. The high efficiency in adsorbing heavy metals from wastewater, with the maximum adsorption result for Pb²⁺ being 97.43% at pH ≈7.21, adsorbent dosage =20 mg, initial concertation of metal ion =10 ppm, contact time =20 min and temperature =20°C. In addition, the adsorption isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamics were measured. The thermodynamic parameters of Pb²⁺ adsorption is spontaneous (ΔG°<0), exothermic process (ΔH°<0) and the reaction occurs spontaneously at low temperatures (ΔS°<0). All adsorption processes follow the pseudo- second order adsorption kinetics model (R²= 0.99), which was established by the adsorption parameters, and these adsorptions were matched with the Freundlich isotherm of adsorption (R²=0.89). The target compound was prepared and identified by IR spectroscopy, it has good thermal stability, it adsorbed metals from wastewater at high efficiency. Keywords: Cellulose, Water pollution, Wastewater treatment, Heavy metal, Lead, p-Phenylenediamine, 1,4-butane sultone, Zwitterions.
Electrochemical properties of Sol-gel WO3 films Co-doped with Ti and Zn
(216) Madleen Ahmad Mohammad Albalshi; Dr. Iyad Saadeddin; Dr. Mohammed Suleiman
WO3 nanoparticles doped with Ti (W1-xTixO3) and co-doped with Ti and Zn (W1-xTix-YZnyO3) have been prepared on FTO/glass substrate, using wet chemical method (dipping in a sol-gel). The Ti molar concentration into W1-xTixO3 ranges 0-30 % in steps of 5%. Best electrochromic properties were observed for composition that has Ti nominal concentration of 5% (W0.95Ti0.05O3). This was evidenced from cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and transparency during CA measurements. The composition that gives best electrochromic properties (W0.95Ti0.05O3) was chosen to prepare WO3 nanocrystallite films co-doped with Zn for the first time (W0.95Ti0.05-yZn yO3). The Zn molar concentration in these films varied 1-5%. From CV and CA measurements, Co- doped WO3 films showed better electrochromic performance than Ti single doped films. From co-doped films, the best electrochromic properties were observed for films that contains 3% of Zn (W0.95Ti0.02Zn0.03O3). The transparency spectrum of W0.95Ti0.02Zn0.03O3 electrode shows a high improvement in coloration efficiency compared to the coloration efficiency of W0.95Ti0.05O3 electrode. The stability of the prepared materials is also tested in H2SO4 electrolyte, though cycling electrodes for at least 6000 cycles.
Spectrophotometric and Electroanalytical Determination of Prilocaine
(2000) Ismail Mohammed Badran; Prof. Ali Z. Abu Zuhri; Dr. Raqi Shubietah
Sensitive and selective spectrophotometric and voltammetric methods for the determination of Prilocaine have been developed. The spectrophotometric method was based on the formation of colored ion-pair complexes between Prilocaine and each of Bromothymol Blue (BTB) and Bromocresol. Green (BCG), the complexes formed have been extracted with chloroform and exhibit maximum absorbance at 416 and 420 nm for BTB and BCG, respectively. Beer’s law was obeyed over a wide range (2.0 - 24.5 ppm) for BTB, and (2.0 - 26.5) ppm using BCG, with molar absorptivities (s) equals 1.68 >< 104 L mol" cm" and 1.83 x 104 L mol" cm" using BTB and BCG respectively. RSD were found to be 0.61% and 0.53% for BTB and BCG respectively. All factors affecting the color formation, extraction, sensitivity and reproducibility of the method were studied, among which are; effect of pH, type of solvent, shaking time, amount of buffer, concentration of dye, temperature, stability of complex formed, and stoichiometry. The voltammetric method was based on direct determination of Prilocaine using differential-pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (DP-AdCSV) in basic medium using Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer. The factors affecting the sensitivity of the method has been investigated to optimize the determination method, among these factors are: pH, accumulation potential, accumulation time, scan rate, drop size, and pulse amplitude. Calibration graph was found to be linear over the range (0.16-21.6 ppm) (6.2 >< 10⁷-8.4 x 10⁵ M) with detection limit equals 0.16 ppm, and RSD of 0.68%. The suggested methods were compared with other existing spectrophotometric, chromatographic and electroanalytical methods. It was found that, the suggested methods were relatively sensitive, accurate, precise, and could be applied successfully for the determination of Prilocaine without any interference from the drug ingredients.
The S-Property and Best Approximation
(2000) Sawsan Azmi Sabri Al-Dwaik; Dr. Abdallah A. Hakawati; Dr. Waleed Deeb
The problem of best approximation is the problem of finding , for a given point x and a given set G in a normed space (X,||.||) , a point go in G which should be nearest to x among all points of the set G . However , in our study , we shall mainly take as X not an arbitrary normed space but Orlicz space , we shall denote by P(x,G) , the set of all elements of best approximants of x in G. i.e P(x,G)= { gₒ є G llx- g= inf{||x-g||: g є G } The problem of best approximation began , in 1853 , with P. L. Chebyshev who considered the problem in the space of all real valued continuous function defined on [a,b] , a closed real interval in R . My theses consist of four chapters. Each chapter is divided into sections. A number like 2.1.3 indicates item (definition, theorem, corollary or lemma) number 3 in section 1 of chapter 2. Each chapter begins with a clear statement of the pertinent definitions and theorems together with illustrative and descriptive material. At the end of this thesis we present a collection of references. In chapter (1) we introduce the basic results and definitions which shall be needed in the following chapters. The topics include projection, normed space, compactness , Hilbert space and measure theory . This chapter is absolutely fundamental. The results have been stated without proofs, for theory may be looked up in any standard text book in Functional Analysis. A reader who is familiar with these topics may skip this chapter and refer to it only when necessary. Chapter (2) will be devoted to give an introduction to fundamental ideas of Best Approximation in Normed Space. We will start by introducing the definition of best approximants of x є X in a closed subspace G of X . We denote the set of all best approximation of x in G by P(x,G) . In section (2) we study the properties of P(x,G) . In section (3) we define proximinal set and Chebyshev subspace , and we mention some conditions that can assure that G is proximinal in X . Finally , we define Lᵖ- summand and give a simpler proof for the fact that “every a closed subspace of a Hilbert space is proximinal ". Chapter (3) has two purposes .First, we review the properties of Orlicz spaces. Second, we introduce some ofthe basic theory ofproximinality in Orlicz space . This material was designed to meet the needs of chapter (4). W. Deeb and R. Khalil proved the following results. (1) If G is 1-complemented in X, then G is proximinal in X. [1, p.529] . (2) If Lᶲ(μ,G) is proximinal in Lᶲ(μ,X) ,then G is proximinal in X. [3 , p.8] , [2 ,p.297] , [4 , p.37] (3) If L¹(μ,G) is proximinal in L¹(μ,X), then L∞(μ,G) is proximinal in L∞(μ,X) . [1 , p.528] Some questions about proximinality in Lᶲ (μ,G now suggest themselves. (1) Let X be a Banach space and let G be proximinal in X. Under what conditions can it be asserted that G is l-complemented in X? (2)If G is proximinal in X, Under what conditions can it be concluded that Lᶲ (μ,G) is proximinal in Lᶲ(μ,X)? In particular, is the proximinatily of G in X a sufficient condition? (3)If L∞(μ,G) is proximinal in L∞(μ,X). Under what condition can be asserted that L¹(μ,G) is proximinal in L¹(μ,X). These questions are addressed in the section (1) of chapter (4). The answer depends on the S-property. Some interesting results have been achieved. Among of which it is shown that if G has the S-property then L∞ (μ,G) has the S-property . lt is also proved that if G has the S-property then Lᶲ (μ P⁻¹ɢ (0))= P⁻¹Lᶲ (μ,G) (0) I ask our God to be our assistant to continue our efforts so as to achieve the hopes and desires of all scholars in mathematics.
Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) Profile in Nablus District, Palestine
(2000) Kamal A. Dumaidi; Dr. Suleiman Al-Khalil; Dr. Riad Amin; Dr. Sami Yaish
The profile of non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)in Nablus district was investigated. NIDDM patients n=323 were selected from three diabetic clinics. Although the study included 49 non- diabetic people. but it’s not considered as control case study. Both NIDDM and non- diabetic populations were obese as reflected by body mass index > 30 kg/m². Total cholesterol and triglycridesin NlDDM were higher than normal range, while HDL — cholesterol was significantly lower than normal. Women with NlDDlvl showed a higher BMI and HDL- cholesterol than diabetic men. Systolic blood pressure increased with increasing age. NIDDM people living in the refugee camp showed higher BMI and systolic blood pressure and lower levels of total cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol than NlDDM people living in the city or village. Non-diabetic people living in the refugee camp showed higher LDL— cholesterol and lower LDL—cholesterol levels than non-diabetic individuals living in the city. 81 % of NIDDM population have parental history of diabetes. This ratio decreased with increased aging to reach 62% at 60 years old group.
Interaction Between The Biocontrol Agents; Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Serratia Marcescens, and Beauveria Bassiana Isolated From Palestine
(2000) Omar Mosa Mohamad Dar-Issa; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Kamel Adwan; Dr. Naim Iraki
Biological control agents, such as nematodes, bacteria, and tungi have been successfully used as alternatives of chemical pesticides. Their use involves in some cases a combination of two or more agents. The combined agents may interact with one another during their application either outside or inside the target insect leading to either increased or decreased efficiency of the biological control process. The nature of such interactions and their effect on the efficacy of each biocontrol agent has not been given an adequate attention yet. In this work. we isolated, identified, and characterized a new isolate of entomopathogenic bacterium S. marcescens. We studied the effect of the new isolate and another entomopathogenic fungal isolate Beauveria bassiana on the invasion and recovery of the insect-pathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis, strain Bethlehem 11. Both of the fungal isolates and nematode strain were isolated at the UNESCO Biotechnology Center at Bethlehem University. The insect used in this study was last instar larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Experiments aiming at studying in-vitro interactions showed that the survival of the nematode Infective juveniles (IJs) stage is not affected by incubation in S. marcescens or B.bassiana cultures for 48 hours at continuous shaking. However, the survival of the Juvenile 4stage (J4) was substantially reduce by both pathogens. Infection of G. mellonella larvave for 24 hours with S. marcescens larvae or B.bassiana before nematode infection slightly decreased insect mortality, and dramatically reduced the invasion of ncinatode l.ls into the insect. That is; when the insect larvae were infected with nematode l.ls alone (control), the penetration reached 7.37% . However, when the Galleria larvae were preinfected with S.marcescens or B.bassiana for 24 hours the penetration was restricted to 1.16% and l.72% respectively. Similar effect of preinfecting the insect was obtained on the recovery of nematode infective Juveniles into adults. The recovery of IJs in larvae preinfected with either S. marcescens or B.bassiana was 0.61% and 1.2% respectively, compared to 7.0% recovery in the control. Also, the total production of nematodes was suppressed by preinfection for 24 hours with S. marcescens or B. bassiana. While preinfection with the first pathogen totally hindered nematode production, preinfection with the second pathogen restricted nematode production to 2.l x 10³ individuals/larvae, compared to 106x10³ individuals/larvae in control. Moreover, preinfecting larvae with the fungal pathogen tor periods of 48, 72, and 96 hours totally inhibited nematode production. These findings should be taken in consideration when we evaluate the efficacy and sustainability of EPNs biocontrol agent when applied simultaneously with S. marcescens or B. bassiana or in fields previously treated with these agents.
Isolation and RAPD-PCR Characterization of New Entomopathogenic Nematode Strains From Palestine
(2000) Michael Awad Michael Sansour; Dr. Kamel Adwan; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Naim Iraki
Isolation and RAPD-PCR Characterization of New Entomopathogenic Nematode Strains from Palestine Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are being applied as biocontrol agents against soil-borne pests. Since they exhibit host specificity, and because of the need for improving their infectivity and tolerance to environmental conditions it is necessary to enlarge the number of available species and strains. As the number of isolated species and strains increases, there will be a great need for convenient and reliable .methods of identification, genotyping and classification. Two EPN strains (Bethlehem I 1 and Bethlehem22) were isolated by trapping with larvae of Galleria mellonella from the fields of Bethlehem district, Palestine. The novel strains were identified as Heierorhabditis indica based on the successful crossings with another H. indica strain (LN2). There were 66% successful crosses between each of the Bethlehem strains and LN2 strain, while the percentage of successful crosses between Bethlehem strains was 83%. The Bethlehem strains were more heat tolerance when compared with H. hacieriophora from temperate climatic region. The survival of the 1.1s of the local strains was about 80%, while that of the H. bacteriophora strain approached Zero, when incubated at 40°C for 4 hours. The infectivity of the local strains was higher than that of the H. hacteriophora strain tested. The LD50 values after 26 hours exposure to G. VIII mellonella larvae were 25 for Bethlehem 11, 55 for Bethlehem22, and 160 IJs for H. bacteriophora. The novel strains are the first EPN strains that are isolated from Palestine. Studies on these strains are useful for the purpose to control local pests such as Maladera matrida. The two local strains were examined for their genetic relatedness to one another and to other EPN strains by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD). Results obtained by using seven primers showed that DNA banding patterns from Bethlehem strains are at 96.42% similarity, which indicate that they are different strains. Also, results showed that these strains are different from another H. indica strain, isolated from India, where an average similarity of 58.66% was observed. Moreover, the results revealed low similarity between the H. indica strains on one hand, and another strain belonging to the steinernema genus. This difference is expected since they belong to different genera. The RAPD-PCR technique cannot identify newly isolated strain at the species level. This is mainly because of the fact that this technique may show sometimes that the level of similarity between two species may be the same between two strains of the same species. On the other hand, this technique could be used to differentiate between two unknown strains.
A Microbiological Study On Poultry Feed With Special Emphasis On Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Flavus
(2000) Rana Radi Kamel Al-Barq; Prof. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh; Dr. Y. R. Faydi; Dr. J. Abu Omer
The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of altitude variation On blood biochemistry of soccer players. To achieve this aim, the study was conducted on a sample of 40 players belonging to three different teams in different geographical areas. These teams were; AL-Al ILI (Qalqelia) at sea level , Al Ithad (Nablus) above sea level, and Al - Hilal (Jerieo) below sea level . Measurements of Heamoglobin, Glucose, Total Iron Binding capacity, Cholesterol, Lactate dehydrogenase , Triglyceride ,Hematocrete and Insulin prior and post exercise were conducted. Result for the differences on the pre exercise blood biochemistry measures according to area variable show that computed (F) values on the pre exercise of (TIBC,alid Cholesterol) are respectively (0.47 and 1.54),such two values are lower than critical (F) value (3.26) this mean that there are no significant differences at(α =0.05)on these two variables due to the area variable. While computed (F) values for (Hb, glu. LDH, Trig. Insulin and Hematocrits)are respectively (6.66, 9.11,7.52, 3.68, 14.17, and 4.15 )all of these values are greater than critical (F) value (3.20),this means that there are significant differences at (α =0.05) on these variables due to the area variable.xii While the result for post exercise showed that computed (F) value for (Gin, TIBC, LDH, and Hematocrate)variables are respectively (1.22, 0.83, 0.97,and 2.19) all of these values are lower than critical (F) value (3.26),this means that there are no significant- differences at (α =0.05) on these variables due to the area variable.While computed (F) values for (I-lb,Cholesterol, Trig and Insulinare respectively ( 4.12, 6.004, 3.81, and 3.98) all of these values are greater than critical (F) value. This means that there are significant differences at (α =0.005) on these variables due to area variable.
Extractional Spectrophotometric Determination of New Substituted Tricyclic Pyridopyrimidines
(2000) Ghassan Mahmoud Ismail; Prof. Ali Z. Abu Zuhri
A simple and sensitive method was developed for the extractional spectrophotometric determination of new substituted tricyclic pyridopyrimidine compounds (I) (7-chloro-2,3-trimcthylene-pyrido [1.2-a] pyrimidine-4-one), (II) (7-bromo-2,3-tetramethylene-pyrido [1,2-a] pyrimidine-4-one) and (III) (7- methyl-2,3-tetramethylene-pyrido [1,2-a] pyrimidine-4-one). The method was based on the formation of ion-pair complexes between compounds I, II and III with bromothymol blue (BTB). The absorbance of the produced ion-pair complexes were measured at 414, 418, and 418 nm for I-BTB, II-BTB and III- BTB respectively. Beer’s law was obeyed over the concentration ranges 0.04 -5.10, 0.12- 5.58 and 0.76-6.82 ug/ml for compounds I, II and III, respectively. Molar absorptivities for compounds I, II and III, were found to be 8.0 x 10ᶟ, 8.0 x 10ᶟ and 1.2 x 10⁴ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, respectively. All factors affecting the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method were studied such as pH, shaking time, concentrations of BTB, amount of buffer, type of solvcnt, number of extraction times and stoichiometry. The method was applied for spectrophotometric determination for compounds I, II and III.
Distribution, Occurrence and Characterization of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Agricultural Soil in The Palestinian Area
(2000) Abdel-Basit Basim Moh'd Mara'i; Prof. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh
The occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi was investigated in 100 irrigated vegetable fields and 40 citrus orchards soils in four geographical locations in the West Bank, using the Galleria bait method (GBM). Entomopathogenic fungi were found to occur in 33.57 % (47 of 140) of the soil samples studied, with positive samples yielding 70 fungal isolates, belonging to 20 species in 13 genera. Conidiobolus coronatus was the most frequent and abundant entomopathogenic species recovered comprising 31.43 % of the total isolates. Soil pH, soil moisture content and the geographical location had minor or no effect on the isolation of entomopathogenic fungi in the studied fields. On the other hand, organic matter content of soil, and vegetation type were found to significantly (P<0.05) affect the isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from soil, with orchard fields yielding larger numbers of isolates than in the vegetable fields. Using Koch's postulates the pathogenicity of fungal isolates recovered to Galleria larvae was found to range from 16% to 100% (mortality rate). Isolates of C. coronatus, proved to be the most pathogenic isolates recovered (87-100% mortality in about 5-8 days after infection). The effect of media and temperature on mycelial growth rate, conidial production and conidial germination of six entomopathogenic fungal species (one isolate/species) was studied (C. coronatus, Entomophaga grylli, Erynia castrans, Hirsutella jonesii, Paecilomyces farinosus and Sporodinielle umbellata). Mycelial growth was significantly affected by media and isolates with maximum growth rate obtained with CMA and PDA. Optimum temperature for radial mycelial growth, spore production and spore germination ranged from 20-30°C. Mycelial growth rate, spore production and spore germination were significantly affected by temperature and isolate.
Antimicrobial Activity of Fifty-Four Plants Used in Folkloric Medicine in Palestine
(2000) Rabee Ali Ghalib Zayed; Prof. Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh; Dr. Suleiman Al-Khalil
Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of fifty four plant species used in folk medicine in Palestine for treatment of several infections and diseases were investigated for their antimicrobial activities against thirteen microbial isolates belonging to one yeast, Candida albicans; four gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and one gram positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, and two isolates of dermatophytes, Microsporum canis and M gypseum, and five isolates of plant pathogenic mycelial fungi, Fusarium tricinicturn, Pythiurn ultimum, P. aphanidermatum, P. middletonii, and Phytophthora citrophthora. Two susceptibility tests were used in this work, the disk diffusion method for measuring the antibacterial and anticandidal activity and the poisoned—food technique for measuring the antifungal activity. The results demonstrated that the plans studied differ significantly in their activity against test microorganisms. The most active plants against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria include Alcea setosa, Coridothymus capitatus and Saturqa thymbra. For C. albicans, the most active plants include Coridothymus capitatus, Scztureja thymbra, and Quercus calliprinos. For dermatophytes, the most active plants include the ethanolic extracts of Coridothymus capitatus, Micromeria nervosa, and Satureja thymbra, and the aqueous extracts of Anthemis tunictoria and Verbascum sinuatum. For phytopathogenic Pythium sp., the most active plants the ethanolic extracts of Mcromeria nervosa, Pinus halepensis and Satureja thymbra and the aqueous extracts of Rubia tenugfolia, Anthemis tunictoria and Coridothymus capitatus. For phytopathogenic Phytophthora citrophthora the most active plants include the ethanolic extracts of Pinus halepensis and Satureja thymbra. For phytopathogenic F usarium tricinictum, the most active plants include the ethanolic extracts of Salviafruticoso and Satureja ihymbra and the aqueous extracts of Anthemis tunictoria and Juglans regia. Ethanolic extracts were more active than aqueous extracts for antimicrobial activity. Test bacterial strains differed significantly in relation to their susceptibility to different plant extracts used. The most susceptible test strain was S. aureus (gram positive bacteria), whereas the least susceptible strain was K. pneumonia (grana negative bacteria). For rnycelial fungi, the most susceptible phytopathogenic fungi was P. aphanidermatum, whereas the most susceptible dermatophyte was M gypseum to both aqueous and ethanolic extracts.
Kinetics, Mechanism and Analytical Application of Cyanide Abstraction From Hexacy Anoferrate [II] by Mercury [II] in The Presence of Ferenes
(2000) Imad Abdel Mun'em Mahmoud Harb; Prof. Bassem F. Shraydeh
The kinetics of cyanide abstraction from potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) by mercuric chloride in the presence of the ligand Ferene S in aqueous solutions have been investigated spectrophotometrically by measuring the change in the absorbance of the blue Ferene-ferrous complex at 593 nm. The reaction rate between potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) and Ferene is dramatically a slow process, while in presence of a trace amount of mercury (II) the reaction tends to completion within few minutes. Effect of pH, temperature, hexacyanoferrate (ll), Ferene S, and mercury(II) concentrations on the rate of the reaction have been investigated. The order ofthe reaction has been found to- be first order with respect to potassium hexacyanoferrate (ll), Ferene S, and mercury (II) chloride. Activation parameters for both the catalysed and the uncatalysed reactions have been calculated. A proposed mechanism that could explain the results has been suggested. A kinetic method for mercury determination in medicinal samples has been proposed.
Human Echinococcosis in Palestine- The West Bank
(2000) Mahmoud Younis Daragmeh; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Kamel Adwan
Based on hospital records 390 cases of human CE were recorded during the period of January 1990 to January 1998 with a mean annual surgical incidence of 3.1 /100,000. Such findings indicate that CE is an endemic and widespread disease in the West Bank of Palestine. The incidence varied widely between governorates and was higher in rural areas. Mosticases were among the age group 11-21 years. The highest MAS1 was observed in Hebron (5.1/ 100,000) and the hottest spot was Yata town (16.8/ 100,000). Up to age 20, the surgical incidence was similar between boys and girls, however, in adults the incidence increased markedly in women and peaks at age group 21-30. Differences in incidence rates between males and females were significant (147 v. 243, P < 0.005). The liver was the most common affected organ (69.9%), followed by the lung (25.9%). In age group less than ten, the lung was the most affected site (59.6%). Recurrent cases constituted (16.7%). Seroprevalence rate of CE 1gG antibodies among children in highly endemic area (Yata town) was 2.75%. Such high rate was also confirmed using IHA and ELISA test in a reference immuno-parasitology laboratory at Yarmouk University.
On Cyclic Zpm-Codes
(2000) Ali Saleh Hussein Shaqlaih; Dr. Ali Abdel-Mohsen; Dr. Mohammad A. Saleh
In this thesis, cyclic codes, their generators, their idempotent, and their dual have been studied. Also, coding and decoding of cyclic codes and Algorithm for decoding linear cyclic codes were under focus. Moreover, cyclic Z,. codes, their generators, their dual and their idempotent have been deeply discussed.
A Study On Projective Modules and Some Weak forms of Projectivity
(2000) Iyad Khalil Yousef Al-Hrabat; Dr. Ali Abdel-Mohsen
In this thesis we consider projective modules and some weak forms of projectivity and we try to study the most important known results concerning these modules. In chapter one we summarize some of the essential and basic concepts in and n. This chapter consists of three sections; section l presents definitions and basic properties of modules. In section 2, we study the radical of modules and rings which plays an important role in our study. In section 3 we study simple and semi simple modules and rings. In chapter Two, which is the main body of our thesis, we study the main characterizations and properties of projective modules. Moreover we study radicals and endomorphism rings of projective modules. Finally, "projective covers" was studied in this chapter. In chapter three we study semi-perfect and perfect rings as an a applications to projective modules, those over which all finitely generated modules and, respectively, all modules have projective covers. 5 2 9 51 9 In chapter four, we study some weak forms of projective modules such as, weakly projective modules, ideal projectivity , Jacobson radical projectivity, and simple projectivity.
Typing of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli Isolates in Palestine by Multiplex and Arbitrarily Primed PCR
(2001) Marwan Mohammad Said Budair; Dr. Kamel Adwan; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Tamer Essawi
Ship! toxinigenic Escherichia colt (STEC) comprise a diverse group of organisms capable of causing severe gastrointestinal and systemic diseases in humans. Within the STEC family, certain strains appear to be of greater virulence for humans, for example. Those belonging to serogroup O157 and those with particular combinations of other putative virulence factors. One hundred seventy six Shiga toxigeme Escherichd coli (STEC) isolated from patients with either severe diarrhea or non-severe diarrhea in the northern Palestine in 1999 were characterized for virulence genes by multiplex PCR assay. Of the 176 STEC isolates, 124 (70.5%) belonged to the 0157: 117 serotype. All of the STEC isolates were .six/', 140 (79.5%) were stx2. The eac locus was detected in 16 (9.1%) and the hyA-encoding gene was detected in 18 (10.2%) of these isolates. Sixty-six of the 79 (83.5%) isolates obtained from individual with severe diarrhea, carried both the six/ and six2 toxin genes and 14 (17.7%) were eae, while 74 (76.3 %) of 97 isolates from individuals with non-severe diarrhea were six/1 six2 and 2 (2.1%) carried eaeA encoding genes. The locus encoding the production of hemolysin was detected in 16 of 79 and 2 of 97 from severe diarrhea cases and non-severe diarrhea, respectively. Our results show a strong association between stx.1, stx2, eaA and hylA genes combined together and disease severity. The combination of ERIC PCR and multiplex PCR analysis of 80 STEC isolates allowed as to define 9 clones among the isolates. Three major clones were found among 81.2% of all STEC isolates. The remaining clones were considered as sporadic since they were found only in a small number of isolates. An Observation of primary concern is the widespread of the major clones throughout northern Palestine. Thus STEC infection was most probably due to the consequence of clonal transmission
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Aquation Reactions of Tris (Ferene) Iron (II) Complex : Analytical Applications in Kinetic Determinations
(2001) Daoud Mahfouz Daoud; Prof. Bassem F. Shraydeh
In the present work the tris (Ferene) iror (II) complex has been applied for kinetic determinations of N-acetylcystcine ,phenol, 1,4-phenylendiamine , 2,4-diaminotoluene and 8-aminochinolin . Kinetic determinations of NAC , phenol and these amines were undertaken using fixed time method whereby absorbance of the his (Ferene) iron(II) complex was measured after 5 minutes of addition of Fe(III). The stability of the tris (Ferene) iron(II) complex in mixed aqueous organic cosolvent was studied and the kinetics determined. The order with respect to the complex is found to be unity and zero order with respect to acid. A suitable mechanism was postulated for the aquation of the above complex. The activation parameters were also determined.
Noise Pollution in Factories in Nablus City
(2001) Mahmoud Mohammad Abdel-Ali; Dr. Issam R. Abdel-Raziq; Dr. Zaid N. Qamhieh
Noise pollution is getting more and more important issue, especially in the industrialized and developed countries. Industrial noise is a serious environmental problem, which annoys us and disrupts our daily activities. In West Bank, however, there are so far no regulatory laws to limit high industrial noise level. Due to general unawareness about the ill effects of high noise levels, the owners of factories pay negligible attention to provide safety measures to their workers. Accordingly, this study is concerned in measuring the equivalent noise levels Le., in 38 factories in Nablus City, then comparing them with the international standards of noise. The obtained mean-value of these levels is 85.5 dB (A). It has been found that the Lcq values for 40% of the selected factories are higher than the adopted international standards. These factories are considered noisy sources to the workers. The continuous exposure of the workers to such high noise levels can cause hearing damage, speech masking and annoyance. High-level noise not only hinders communication between workers, but, depending upon the level, quality, and exposure duration of the noise, it may also result in different type of physical, physiological and psychological effects on the workers. This study suggests some recommendations and advice -for the workers in the factories, owners of the factories and for the Palestinian authorities to relieve the noise pollution problem in factories in Nablus City.
On A Mathematical Design System: Maximum Reliability, Minimum Cost
(2001) Saleh Sadeq Afaneh; Dr. Mohammad Najib Assa'd
In this thesis, reliability concepts, measures of reliability and static models have been studied. Also, comparisons between exponential and logistic distributions have been discussed. We used two methods; dynamic programming and heuristic approach to maximize the reliability of an electronic device systems, where the optimum structure of components and units of the assumed system have been determined. Examples are given to show the optimum structure ofthe system with the maximum reliability and minimum cost. Comparison between dynamic programming and heuristic approach shows that the dynamic programming results are better than the results obtained by the heuristic approach. Finally, our objective is to characterize marginal cost and minimize cost capacity plans for a typical service delivery system. Results indicate that marginal costs are convex with respect to reliability of service, while changes in the demand distribution’s variability may impact optimal capacity by either increasing or decreasing required capacity. Two demand distributions are assumed; uniform and logistic distributions. The results show that the logistic demand distribution gives an optimum criterion which are more realistic. Also, the optimum capacity using logistic is greater under the condition b/B> 0.5.
Virological Features of Hepatitis C Virus in Hemodialysis Patients : Northern Districts of Palestine
(2001) Fekri Helmi Samarah; Dr. Nael Abu-Hasan; Dr. Kamel Adwan
A total of 71 HD patients were followed up with respect to HCV markers for 18 months. Initial findings showed that 37 (52.11%) were HCV positive and 12 (16.9%) were HBV positive. By the end of the first period (6 months), the prevalence of HCV increased to 65.15 % as 6 new cases became HCV positive. With respect to HBV the prevalence dropped to 10.61 %. ALT levels were monitored on a weekly basis as an indicator for episodes of HCV infection. This marker strongly correlates with HCV infection as all seroconverted HCV new cases showed clear ALT elevation in the acute phase of infection. Fluctuation in ALT levels among HBV positive cases were not as clear as for those with HCV infection, however, HBV positive cases seem to exhibit constantly high levels. Such fluctuations were also observed among some of the initially HCV positive cases, indicating possible HCV re-infection among such cases. Preliminary evidence suggests that a nosocomial infection was behind the observed increase in the prevalence rate of HCV. By the end of this period 5 HCV negative and 1 HCV positive subject died due to various complications. During the second phase of the study, non-of the HCV negative cases (41) were seroconverted to HCV positive and only 1 case was seroconverted to HBV positive. ALT elevation was observed among 2 HCV negative cases, however, non-of these 2 cases entered the acute phase of infection to either HCV or HBV infections. Strict hygienic conditions based on the recommendations of this study is more likely behind the limited number of newly infected cases. By the end of this phase 2 of the HCV positive cases and 7 of the HCV negative died. During the third phase HCV seroconversion was observed in 1 case out of initially 40 HCV negative cases involved. None of the 80 cases involved at the beginning of this phase was seroconverted to HBV positive. Out of the 40 HCV negative cases, 5 died, 1 of which was HBV positive. Out of HCV positive cases involved in this phase (40), 5 patients died and 2 of them were with dual infection (HC V/HB V). All HCV seroconverted cases (7 cases) clearly showed a strong association between high ALT levels and the acute phase of infection. Incubation period ranged between 21-109 days, based upon the findings of high ALT levels in two successive samples and the appearance of either anti-core or anti-NS antibodies. Anti-core antibodies seem to appear in an earlier time compared to anti-NS antibodies as 4 of the seroconverted cases expressed anti-core antibodies as early as 21 days and up to 30 days. The production of an antibody response to the NS antigen occurs relatively late (56109) days. ALT elevation was found to be associated with both antibodies in the acute phase of infection. Subjects expressing anti-NS seem to show much higher ALT levels, that last for longer time. Infection rates increased dramatically with duration of dialysis, thus confirming of the role of dialysis as a risk factor for HCV infection. With increased duration of infection a shift from NS or core to both markers was also observed.

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