Pharmaceutical Sciences

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    Analytical and Dissolution Method Development and Validation for a Home Formulated Rutin Tablet
    (2015) Jumana Saleh Mohamed Mansour; Dr. Murad Abualhasan; Dr. Nidal Jaradat
    Rutin can be classified as flavone, colorant and vitamin. It is highly available in some foods, fruits, vegetables and plant-based beverages. Rutin is highly attracted to the researchers due to its variant beneficial medical effects making rutin used in the treatment of various ailments. Rutin is available in different oral dosage forms such as tablets or capsules either alone or in combination with other active ingredients. Rutin pharmaceutical preparations are widely available in international market as well as Palestinian market. In this study we formulated a 250mg rutin tablet and we developed an easy and simple validated analytical method to quantify rutin in our formulated tablet as well as the internationally marketed Rutin® tablet of Solgar. The method was validated in accordance to international guidelines of the ICH and USP. The dissolution profile of our formulated tablet was also inspected. The shelf and the accelerated stability of the locally formulate tablet was studied. The results clearly show that our developed method was a valid method with a good linearity, precision and accuracy. The validated method was sensitive with LOD and LOQ value of 4.34*10-3 and 0.013mg/ml respectively. The locally formulated rutin tablet was stable under accelerate as well as room temperature for 150 days, only with slight and tolerable drop in the %assay with no detrimental effect on the physical properties of the tablets. The dissolution profile of our locally formulated tablet show slightly better dissolution in phosphate buffer compared with the internationally marketed Rutin® tablet of Solgar. Our study encourages and helps companies that manufacture herbal products especially those present in Palestine to improve their formulated herbals and apply validation analytical methods to check their product quality. In conclusion we succeeded in developing a validated analytical method to quantify rutin in our locally formulated rutin tablet as well as the available rutin formulations present in the local and international markets. Our formulated tablet showed a slight improvement in the dissolution profile and was stable in normal as well as under stress condition
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    Assessment of Knowledge and Practice for Safe Handling of Antineoplastic Drugs among Healthcare Providers in Oncology Departments in Palestinian Hospitals
    (جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2021-02-06) موسى سعيد, راية
    الخلفية: بسبب زيادة الإصابة بالسرطان وإدخال نظم علاج أكثر تعقيدًا، من المتوقع أن يزداد الطلب على استخدام الأدوية المضادة للأورام (ANPDs)، مما سيؤدي إلى مزيد من التعرض المهني لهذه الأدوية بين مقدمي الرعاية الصحية (HCPs) وبالتالي فإن هذه الأدوية تتطلب احتياطات شديدة عند التعامل معها واستخدامها. الأهداف: هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم المعرفة والممارسة بين الممرضين والصيادلة ومساعدي الصيادلة حول كيفية التعامل الآمن مع الأدوية المضادة للأورام، وأيضا لتحديد ارتباط هذه المعرفة بالممارسة، ولتحديد العوائق التي تمنع مقدمي الرعاية الصحية من استخدام تدابير السلامة. المنهجية: أجريت دراسة مقطعية من آب إلى تشرين الثاني 2018 في ستة مستشفيات فلسطينية، تم جمع المعلومات عن طريق استبيان احتوى على اسئلة تساعد في جمع المعلومات الديموغرافية لمقدمي الرعاية الطبية وممارستهم حول كيفية تداول الأدوية المضادة للسرطان بشكل آمن والحواجز التي قد تمنعهم من حماية انفسهم من التعرض لمثل هذه الأدوية، تم إجراء التحليل باستخدام الإصدار 25 من برنامج الSPSS، تم اعتبار ان القيمة الاحتمالية أقل من 0.05 على انها ذات دلالة إحصائية. النتائج: اشترك 96 شخص من مقدمي الرعاية الصحية في هذه الدراسة، متوسط اعمارهم كان 31.9±8.6 سنة، تراوحت اعمارهم ما بين 22 الى 55 سنة. اغلب المشتركين كانوا ممرضين (62.5%,60)، مع أغلبية نسوية (66, 68.8%). لم يتم تدريب حوالي ثلثي المشتركين على التعامل الآمن مع الأدوية المضادة للأورام. كانت درجة معرفتهم وممارستهم تجاه التعامل الآمن مع هذه الأدوية جيدة نسبيًا، حيث كان متوسط درجات المعرفة والممارسة 84.6 ± 13.8، 74.33 ± 25.8 على التوالي. ارتبط تلقي التدريب بمستوى معرفة بدرجة متوسطة. عبء العمل الكبير، ونقص الرقابة، وعدم توفر معدات الحماية الشخصية كانت العوائق الرئيسية لعدم استخدام معدات الوقاية الشخصية كما بلغ المشتركين. الإستنتاج: بالرغم من أن معرفة مقدمي الرعاية الصحية بالتعامل الآمن مع الادوية المضادة للأورام كانت مقبولة، إلا أن توفير التدريب لهم لم يكن كافيا. يوصى بالتدريب الدوري والمستمر لمقدمي الرعاية الصحية بدعم من السياسات لاتباع المبادئ التوجيهية بهذا الشأن.
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    Bio-Functionalization of SWCNTs with Combretastatin A4 for Targeted Cancer Therapy
    (An-Najah National University, 2017-05-25) حمد, ديمه فهيم محمد رشدي; العسالي, محي الدين
    Chemotherapy is a mainstay approach in the management of cancer. Unfortunately, it can affect not only the cancerous cells but also the healthy ones resulting in a number of severe side effects. Therefore, many researchers are keen to developing new Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) that may in one hand help reducing the used doses and on the other hand target the delivery of the chemotherapy to cancer cells. Some modern investigational DDS in this field are based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) technology. The aim of this work is to covalently functionalize single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with Combretastatin A4 (CA4) through click reaction in the presence of tetraethylene glycol linker to improve the solubility and dispersibility of the developed nano-drug. Moreover, in order to specifically target the cancer cells, a targeting agent folic acid was also loaded on the nano-system. The characterization of the developed nano-drug by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed good dispersibility of the functionalized SWCNTs with diameters of (5-15) nm. Moreover, the efficiency of functionalization was determined by thermogravometric analysis (TGA) showing 45% of functionalization in the case of CA4-SWCNTs (7) and 50% for CA4-FA-SWCNTs (13). The in vitro release profile of CA4 showed that approximately 90% of the loaded drug was released over 50 hrs at pH 7.4 and 37 ºC. MTS proliferation test was implemented to determine the suitable concentration for the CA4-SWCNTs (7), which was found to be 15 ng/ml. After that the cytotoxic activity of the nano-drug was evaluated by flow cytometry using Annexin V/Propidium iodide (PI) test. In comparison with free CA4, CA4-SWCNTs (7) treatment demonstrated a significant increase in necrotic cells (around 50%) at the expense of the proportion of the apoptotic cells. Moreover, cell cycle PI test demonstrated that free CA4 and CA4-SWCNTs (7) caused G2/M arrest. However with CA4 treatment higher proportion of cells were in the S-phase while with CA4-SWCNTs treatment greater proportion of cells appeared to be in the G1-phase. Taken together, the provided data suggest that the novel CA4-SWCNTs (7) has a significant anticancer activity that might be superior to that of free CA4. The anticancer activity of CA4-FA-SWCNTs (13) is under investigation.
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    Biological Activity of Newly Synthesized Aromatic Thio and Amino Acid Ester Derivatives
    (جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2021-11-24) عدنان عساف, إيمان
    تم تخليق تسعة مركبات من السترات (IX-I) عن طريق تفاعل نوعين مختلفين من الكحوليات 2- (فينيل ثيو) إيثان و 2- (فينيل امينو) إيثان مع خمسة أنواع من الأحماض الكربوكسيلية المختلفة بطريقة تقليديه المعروفة باسم fisher reaction) (. تم فحص مركبات الإستر بواسطة Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) ، والرنين المغناطيسي النووي البروتوني (1H-NMR) ، والرنين المغناطيسي النووي للكربون 13. تم اختبار فعاليه المركبات إذ لها نشاط كمضادة للأكسدة أو مضاد للميكروبات أو إذا كان لها مقدره على تثبيط عمل كل من إنزيم الأميليز والليباز. أظهر اختبار فحص نشاط المركبات كمضادات أكسدة أن المركبين V و IX لهما نسبة تثبيط تساوي 84.70٪ و 84.79٪ ، على التوالي ، عند تركيز 100 ميكروغرام / مل مقارنة مع ترولوكس الذي لديه قيمة تثبيط تساوي 99٪ عند نفس التركيز. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، فإن جميع مركبات الإستر لها فعاليه لتثبيط نمو البكتيريا سواء كانت بكتيريا من النوع موجبة الجرام أو من نوع سالبة حيث تروحت قيمه التثبيط عند اقل تركيز مستخدم لتثبيط نمو البكتيريا (MIC) (7.5 - 0.47 ميكروغرام / مل). بينما أظهرت المركبات التاليه III و V و VII و VIII و IX فعاليه عاليه على تثبيط بنسبة 95٪ ضد فطريات الكانديدا حيث كانت قيمه اقل تركيز لتثبيط نشاط الفطريات يساوي ( MIC (1.875 ميكروغرام / مل) مقارنة بالعقار المضاد للفطريات فلوكونازول بقيمه تساوي (1.62 ميكروغرام / مل). أظهرت مركبات الإستر نتائج واعده كمركبات لها المقدرة على تثبيط عمل إنزيم α-amylase مقارنة مع Acarbose كمعيار. كانت نسبة تثبيط كل من المركبات IX , V و VI 99.5 ٪. 79.3٪ و 73.5٪ عند تركيز500 ميكروغرام / مل على التوالي. كانت قيمه التثبيط بالنسبة المئوية ل 5 مركبات أعلى من 50٪ عند 10 ميكروغرام / مل وهي نتيجة مهمة للغاية وكانت هذه الخمس مركبات لها IC50 أقل من IC50 للأكاربوز. قيمة IC50 للمركب III هي 0.0206 وهي أقل 3000 مرة من الأكاربوز. بالرغم من عدم وجود مجموعة أميد الوظيفية المسئولة عن نشاط إنزيم الليباز ، فإن المركبين V و IX أظهروا تثبيط 59.5٪ و 72.3٪ على التوالي عند 500 ميكروجرام / مل.
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    BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SYNTHESIZED XANTHONE AND THIOXANTHONE ANALOGS
    (جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-06-05) Aqel, Samah
    Introduction: Xanthone and thioxanthone were used to synthesize a derivative of compounds to test for anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. In order to do this, Grignard reagent was added to xanthone and thioxanthone to give a library of tertiary alcohol of phenyl and benzyl xanthone and thioxanthones. After that, some of them were followed by coupling with cysteine to make cysteine analogous. A total of seven compounds were synthesized. The compounds were characterized using the proton and carbon NMR and IR. The synthesized structures were tested for their anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and ant-inflammatory activities. Results: The test results were promising; compounds Ⅲ showed a very good activity (IC 50= 2.79 µg/ml) against Colon cancer cells (CaCo). While compound 2 showed a good inhibition activity against hepatic HEPG cells (IC 50= 49.2 µg/ml) and compound Ⅰ showed a very good inhibition activity against HeLa cells (IC 50= 60 µg/ml). Compound Ⅳ has a potent antioxidant inhibition activity (IC50= 4.22 µg/ml). Moreover, compound Ⅶ Showed a good anti-inflammatory activity with a COX2 inhibition activity (1.72 µg/ml) and also good selectivity for COX2 (3.81). However, none of the compounds showed antimicrobial activity. The future work requires further an in-vivo testing to understand its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity in living system. Conclusion: Further future work will be carried out to better understand the SAR effects of these compounds.
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    Biological and phytochemical screening of Erodium laciniatum and Lactuca orientalis
    (An-Najah National University, 2017-01-12) Othman, Dua'a; Jaradat, Nidal
    From ancient times, various herbal remedies and various medical agents containing flavonoids, tannins and phenols have been utilized for prevention and treatment of different diseases and disorders. Currently, such groups of bioactive compounds have become the subject of many antimicrobials researches, with possessed antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial activities. Moreover, many of high quality studies assessed the relationship between flavonoid's, tannin's and phenol's chemical structures and their antibacterial activities, and also studied their mechanisms of action on the microbial growth. These investigations approved that such classes of natural compounds can possess many therapeutic properties, including oestrogenic, antiinflammatory, enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial activities. In this study we aimed to screen Erodium laciniatum and Lactuca orientalis phytoconstituents and to evaluate their total flavonoids, tannins and phenols contents. An additional aim is to evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Phyto-constituents, total flavonoids, phenols and tannins were screened and evaluated by using standard analytical and phytochemical methods. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using DPPH method meanwhile antibacterial activities were examined by using several reference bacterial strains obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and multidrug resistant clinical isolates. The tested strains included Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA Positive), Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 700221), Shigella sonnei (ATCC 25931), Enterobacter cloacae (clinical) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (clinical). In addition to that anti-fungal activities of these extracts were also examined against two reference strains Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) and Epidermatophyton floccosum (ATCC 52066). Antibacterial and antifungal activity of all prepared Erodium laciniatum and Lactuca orientalis organic and aqueous extracts were determined by using several methods including agar diffusion well-variant method, agar diffusion disc-variant method and broth micro-dilution method. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that L. orientalis and E. laciniatum contain phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, monosaccharides, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, and steroids, while alkaloids were not detected in both of the studied species. However, proteins, starch and terpenoids were not detected in L. orientalis and detected in E. laciniatum which means that E. laciniatum had more phyto-constituents than L. orientalis. Moreover, total flavonoid, tannins and phenols content in E. laciniatum extract were higher than the L. orientalis extracts. The IC50 values of the antioxidant activity were almost the same in L. orientalis and E. laciniatum extracts. Additionally the lowest value of MIC was for organic extract of E. laciniatum against Staphylococcus aureus. The same organic extract also showed to have the largest diameter of inhibition against Enterococcus faecium. However, L. orientalis aqueous extract showed to have the largest diameter of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. Whereas, the antifungal activity which was tested by using agar dilution method against Epidermatophyton floccosum showed that the organic extract of E. laciniatum had the lowest MIC which was 0.391mg/ml. In conclusion, both of the studied species have a mixture of phytochemicals and rich in flavonoids, phenols and tannins and have potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities which can be used as therapeutic agents or can be used in cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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    BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF 2-OXO-BENZOXAZOLE DERIVATIVES
    (2023-09-07) Haneen Marwan Abu Katab
    Benzoxazole derivatives are essential building blocks for innovative drugs due to their wide range of biological activities in medicinal chemistry, particularly their pharmacological effects (such as analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties). The importance of benzoxazole derivatives in drug development is emphasized by this work, which also highlights their potential as therapeutic targets with a variety of pharmacological actions and structural flexibility. This study investigates the 1,3-oxazole nucleus, which is a very effective molecule with antibacterial, anticancer, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory characteristics. These substances are created both naturally and artificially by several organisms, including bacteria and marine life. Pharmaceutical compounds belonging to the 1,3-oxazole family can be used to synthesize a wide range of molecules with various therapeutic applications, such as antiviral and anticancer effects. The fascinating possibility of benzoxazole derivatives inhibiting anaerobic choline metabolism and their possible anticancer effects is examined in this work. Certain compounds based on benzoxazoles exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity, especially towards particular cancer cell lines, suggesting that they may be useful in stopping the spread of cancer cells. The promise of benzoxazole derivatives in pharmaceutical research is highly praised, and more investigation into the benzoxazole scaffold and its functionalization is encouraged to find more powerful and selective molecules with enhanced activity and decreased toxicity. The study's findings on sixteen artificial chemicals tested against seven cancer cell lines are presented in the article. The compounds BNZ-2, BNZ-4, BNZ-7, BNZ-9, and BNZ-10 show promise as anticancer agents. Key moieties, such as chlorobenzoyl, piperazine, piperidine, morpholinomethyl, and 4-methylpiperidin-1-yl, that are responsible for their actions against different cell lines are identified by a structural analysis using Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) study. BNZ-10 has a lower IC50 value than other well-known anticancer medications, which suggests that it may be a more effective treatment against particular cancer cell types. It's important to remember, nevertheless, that doxorubicin (DOX) has far lower IC50 values than the majority of BNZ-1-16 drugs and is nonetheless a powerful anticancer agent. The study concludes by highlighting the tremendous promise of benzoxazole derivatives in drug development, particularly in the treatment of cancer, and the significance of particular structural motifs in controlling their biological activity. Novel treatment approaches in hepG2-associated malignancies require further research on molecular interactions and processes, especially those that affect hepG2 cells. The research advances the hunt for new medicines and helps to rationally develop anticancer drugs. Keywords: Benzoxazole Derivatives; Anticancer Efficacy; Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR); IC50 Values
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    Chemical composition and pharmacological screening of Micromeria fruticosa serpyllifolia volatile oils collected from West Bank-Palestine
    (An-Najah National University, 2018-02-26) سلامه, نهاية محمد يوسف; شريم, نصر
    Background and Objectives Micromeria fruticosa subspecies serpyllifolia (M. Bieb.) is one of the Medicinal Aromatic Plants (MAP) which are dominated in the eastern Mediterranean regions including Palestine, has pleasant minty fragrance, in hot summer provide sensation of coolness. The objective of the current work was to screen and compare the chemical constituents and potential pharmacological properties of Micromeria fruticosa serpyllifolia volatile oils collected from three different regions in the West Bank -Palestine. Methods The volatile oils of three samples of Micromeria fruticosa serpyllifolia were extracted using Microwave - ultrasonic apparatus method. The volatile oils samples were analyzed for chemical constituents using GC-MS. The antioxidant activity of the volatile oils of the three samples were screened by the inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The antilipase activity was evaluated using porcine pancreatic lipase (PL) and p-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB). The anti amylase activity was assessed using porcine pancreatic α- amylase, starch and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic (DNSA). The antimicrobial activity was examined using broth microdiltution method separate for antibacterial and then for antifungal and agar dilution method for fungal assessment. Nine bacterial strains were used four Gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), Enterococcus faecium, "methicillin"-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and five Gram-negative strains; Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnie, Klebsilla pneumoniae and one fungus Epidermophyton floccosum and one yeast Candida albicans. Results Plant extracts yield range was (0.67 to 0.99%) (w/w%). GC-MS analysis showed the high percentages of oxygenetated components with the range of (86.1-89.88%), non oxygenated components in the range of (4.38-4.71%), the total identified compounds range was (90.48-94.44%). Seven components were observed, pulegone was the most abundant components in the three samples in the range of (74.43-86.04%), isomenthone was the second abundant components with the range of (3.16-14.41%).The sample from Ramallah (middle region) showed the potent antioxidant agent with IC50 0.45 µg/mL, the sample from Hebron (southern region) was the potent antilipase agent with IC50 85.00 µg/mL. The sample from Nablus (northern region) was the potent antiamylase agent with IC50 3.00 µg/mL. The three samples exhibited broad antimicrobial activity; the three samples showed potent antifungal activity at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with the range of (0.206 to 0.781 mg/mL). The sample from Hebron (southern region) showed the highest potency against Shigella sonnie with lowest reported MIC value (1.56 mg/mL), the sample of Nablus (northern region) demonstrated the least potency against Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and 'methicillin" resistance Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) with highest MIC value (6.250 mg/mL). However, the three samples showed broadspectrum antibactreial activity with MIC value (3.125 mg/mL). Conclusion The study showed that Micromeria fruticosa serpyllifolia volatile oils samples from different regions in Palestine contained different proportions of phytochemicals which provided different potential biological activities such as: antioxidant, antiobesity, antidiabetes and antimicrobial activities that were in line with traditional uses of the plant extracts. The plant extracts showed higher antioxidant, antilipase and antiamylase potency higher than that of the relative references and there were significant differences in these activities compared to each other. Further in vivo studies are required to evaluate the potential pharmacological activities, safety and toxicity of plant extract. Also further studies are needed to isolate, identify and characterize the main components responsible for potential pharmacological activities..
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    DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THIAZOLE-CARBOXAMIDE DERIVATIVES AS COX INHIBITORS
    (2022-12-26) Rozan Ghassan Sabobeh
    ABSTRACT Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often employed to alleviate swelling and discomfort and lower high temperatures. They inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) required to convert arachidonic acid to Prostaglandins that are inflammatory. In this master's thesis, new thiazole derivatives with aniline derivatives were synthesized, specified, and estimated for their selectivity and potency at COX-1 and COX-2 by an in vitro COX inhibition assay kit. The synthesized compounds' cytotoxicity was estimated using an MTS assay against human hepatic stellate (LX-2) and the normal cell line (Hek293T). HRMS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR techniques characterized all newly synthesized chemicals. The results demonstrated that the most effective compound against the COX-1 enzyme was 2b with an IC50 =0.239 µM. It also showed potent activity against COX-2 with IC50=0.191 µM with a selectivity ratio of 1.251. The highest selectivity ratio was (2.766) for 2a compound against COX-2 with an IC50 = 0.958 µM relating to celecoxib ratio (23.8) and its IC50 against COX-2 =0.002 µM. The 2j compound also showed good selectivity towards COX-2 (1.507) with an IC50 of 0.957 µM. All compounds showed negligible cytotoxic activity against the evaluated normal cell lines, and the IC50 values were more than 300 µM, except compound 2b, whose IC50 values were 203.711.89 and 116.96±2.05 µM against LX-2 and Hek293t cell lines, respectively. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Cyclooxygenase enzyme; COX inhibitors; Docking studies; Heterocyclic; Thiazole-carboxamide; NSAIDs.
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    Dual functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for targeted cancer therapy
    (An-Najah National University, 2018-05-07) نعيم كتانة, محي الدين العسالي
    Chemotherapy is a mainstay strategy in the management of cancer. Regrettably, they suffer from serious side effects due to their effect on healthy cells besides cancerous cells. Therefore, many researchers are eager to develop new drug delivery systems that may help to decrease the side effects and the effective dose of the drug in addition to target delivery of the chemotherapy to cancer cells. One of the epochal drug delivery systems in this field are based on carbon nanotubes technology. The aim of this work is the covalent functionalization of single walled carbon nanotubes with Doxorubicin in the presence of tetraethylene glycol linker to improve the solubility and dispersibility of the developed nano-drug. Moreover, in order to target the cancer cells, a targeting agent mannose was also loaded on the nano-system. The characterization of the developed nano-drug by transmission electron microscopy showed good dispersibility of the functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes with diameters (6-10) nm. Moreover, the percentage of functionalization was determined by thermogravometric analysis showing 25% of functionalization in the case of Dox-SWCNTs (7) and 51% for Dox-mannose-SWCNTs (11). The in vitro release profile of Dox from Dox-SWCNTs (7) showed 45% of the loaded drug was released over 18 hr at pH 7.4 and almost complete release at pH 5.5 at 37 ºC. However, the in vitro release profile of Dox from Dox-mannose-SWCNTs (11) showed 75% of the loaded drug was released over 5hr at pH 5.5 at 37 ºC. The cytotoxity effect of the compounds was studied at different concentrations and different pH conditions and compared with Dox alone. The maximum cytotoxity effect was observed at 4μg/ml and at pH 6.5. After that, the pre-incubation with any of the tested concentrations of mannose reduced the cytotoxicity of Dox-mannose-SWCNT by approximately 40-57%, suggesting that the entry of this complex might be dependent on mannose receptors, which imparts this complex a kind of selectivity for cancer cells that overexpress this type of receptors.  
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    Evaluation of Food Effect on the Absorption of Clarithromycin using Physiological Modeling
    (جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2017-08-08) جيوسي, رند خليل عبداللطيف; رضوان, أسماء
    Background: Food may affect the oral absorption of drugs by inducing physiological changes in the gastrointestinal physiology, such as: gastrointestinal pH, gastric residence time, bile salt secretion and drug metabolism. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of food on the oral absorption of Clarithromycin by evaluating the effect of media parameters such as; pH, bile secretions and food composition, on the release of the drug from immediate release tablet, using in vitro and in silico assessments Method: The solubility, disintegration and dissolution profiles of Clarithromycin 500 mg immediate release tablets in compendial media with/without the addition of homogenized FDA meal as well as in biorelevant simulated intestinal media mimicking fasting and fed conditions were determined. These in vitro data were input to GastroPlusTM to make computational simulation in order to anticipate the effect of food on Clarithromycin absorption profiles under fasted and fed states. In vivo plasma concentration curves were used for compartmental modeling of pharmacokinetic data. Level A in vitro – in vivo linear correlations were established using mechanistic absorption modeling based deconvolution approach. Gastroplus™ was used for developing a physiological absorption model for Clarithromycin, which is capable of predicting the in vivo performance Results: Media pH has a profound effect on drug solubility, tablet disintegration and drug release. Clarithromycin has lower solubility in the biologically biorelevant media compared to other media, due to complex formation with bile salts. Clarithromycin tablets exhibited prolonged disintegration times and reduced dissolution rates in the presence of the standard FDA meal. The simulation model predicted no significant food effect on the oral bioavailability of Clarithromycin. The developed IVIVC model considered SIF, acetate, and FaSSIF buffer media to be the most relevant from the physiological standpoint. Conclusion: the intake of standard FDA meal with Clarithromycin may have no significant effect on oral bioavailability of Clarithromycin from immediate release tablets. This may suggest that the dissolution conditions recommended by ICH are sufficient to demonstrate interchangeability between generic and brand Clarithromycin, a class II drug, especially during the developmental phase of the generic product.
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    Extemporaneous Compounding and Physiological Modeling of Amlodipine/Valsartan Suspension
    (An-Najah National University, 2018-05-13) عابد, وفاء جاسم محمود; رضوان, أسماء
    Background: In case of absent liquid dosage form, crushing a tablet or dispersing a capsule would be the most convenient option for using these drugs in patients with dysphagia difficulties. However, no bioequivalence or stability studies are conducted for these extemporaneous preparations, which leads to confusion regarding its efficacy and safety. In silico and in vitro tools have proven to be useful in predicting the in vivo performance of drugs depending on its physicochemical properties and it’s in vitro dissolution profiles. No liquid formulation of combination Amlodipine and Valsartan is available in the pharmaceutical market for use in pediatric population with hypertension. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to prepare an extemporaneous suspension of Amlodipine and Valsartan from available commercial tablets, and to evaluate the stability and dissolution properties of the compounded suspension. Method: Amlodipine/Valsartan extemporaneous suspension was prepared from available commercial tablets Valzadepine®. The dissolution profiles for the extemporaneous preparation and the commercial tablet was determined in different pH media. The physical, chemical and microbial stability of the compounded formulation was evaluated over one month period at room temperature. Moreover, In silico modeling using GastroPlus TM software was used to build absorption models for both drugs based on the in vitro dissolution data. The simulated plasma profile for both active ingredients were compared with the in vivo plasma profile to examine the similarity of the extemporaneous suspension and the commercial tablets. Results: The Amlodipine/Valsartan extemporaneous suspension was successfully prepared with acceptable organoleptic properties. The suspension was stable for four weeks period preserving its physical and chemical features. The release profiles of valsartan and Amlodepine from the suspension were similar to that from source tablet Valzadepine®. In silico modeling predicted similarity of the extemporaneous suspension and the commercial tablets. Conclusion: Amlodipine/Valsartan extemporaneous suspension could be prepared from available commercial tablets. Moreover, GastroPlusTM can be applied along with the in vitro dissolution in order to affirm similarity in extemporaneous compounding situations.
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    Formulation and Stability Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin Topical Preparation
    (An-Najah National University, 2018-08-16) احمد عيد, محي الدين العسالي
    With increment the number of infections resistance to antibiotics and life threatening causes many researchers work on developing alternative approaches and manufacturing new drug delivery systems to traverse the disadvantages of the conventional antibiotics. The aim of this study was to encapsulate the ciprofloxacin HCl in three different surfactants such as anionic surfactant (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate), cationic surfactant (Cetrimide) and nonionic surfactant (Tween 20). The encapsulation may in one hand help improving penetration behavior of the ciprofloxacin and on the other hand reduce the used doses. The other vital role of this research was the formulation of three stable encapsulated topical dosage forms (ciprofloxacin HCl gels) in order to treat topical infections. The encapsulation of ciprofloxacin HCl lead to successful conspicuous increasing in ciprofloxacin loading with potentially more soluble pattern. Fortunately, the in vitro release results revealed that about almost 90% of the loaded ciprofloxacin HCl was released at pH 5.5 in the first 2 hours. The prepared three gels differentiated as stable, clear and homogeneous formulation with good rheology characteristics. Moreover, improvement in the results of the antibacterial activity manifest that the newly encapsulated ciprofloxacin had better antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa than ciprofloxacin alone.  
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    Functionalization of graphene sheets and their antibacterial activity
    (An-Najah National University, 2017-08-08) Alsouqi, Deema Ghaleb; Assali, Mohyeddin
    Graphene is a thin flat monolayer of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice. It is one of the most studied materials nowadays because it has a high surface area and unique properties. However, graphene is considered a hydrophobic material (has a low solubility and dispersability in physiological solution), which leads to aggregation and precipitation in cell tissue and causing toxicity for different types of cells. For this purpose, functionalization of graphene has its purpose to improve its dispersability in water and its biocompatibility for various biomedical applications. The aim of this work is to covalently functionalize the graphene sheets with various charged groups (positive, negative and neutral) to improve its water dispersability, study its antibacterial activity and to determine the effect of charge on the activity. The graphene sheets had successfully functionalized covalently with three different groups (COOH, amine and tetraethylene glycol). The functionalization was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope images. The functionalization demonstrates good dispersability in water and the degree of functionalization was quantified using the thermogravimetric analysis obtaining 32% of the functionalization in the case of graphene-TEG, 33% of graphene-amine and 47% of graphene-COOH. The antibacterial activity was determined primarily by agar diffusion disk- and well-variant method. Agar diffusion well-variant demonstrated the presence of the antibacterial activity for all graphene derivatives. In additional step, the antibacterial activity was detected and quantified through determining the MIC of the graphene derivatives by broth microdilution method. MIC was 250µg/ml for graphene-amine and graphene-TEG and 125µg/ml in the case of graphene-COOH. Moreover, the reduction of bacterial concentration after exposure to graphene derivatives was detected by the plate count method, the result shows that the bacterial reduction was increased in functionalized graphene nanomaterials with the complete growth inhibition in the case of graphene-COOH on both bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus). Graphene toxicity mechanism was investigated by in vitro graphene-mediated oxidation of glutathione, the loss of glutathione activity was the maximum for graphene-COOH with a reduction of 83%. Finally, graphene-COOH and graphene-TEG showed good hemo-compatibility, which supports their further in vivo studies.
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    Identification and prioritization of barriers to implement quality by design (QbD) by the local pharmaceutical industry in Palestine: a consensual analytic hierarchy process approach
    (جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2019-01-24) نشأت عبد الفتاح منصور, عبد الفتاح
    الخلفية: على الرغم من الفوائد المحتملة لتطبيق مفهوم جودة التصميم (QbD) التي تم توضيحها من قبل خبراء الجودة والهيئات التنظيمية ، إلا أن هذه الفوائد ليست سهلة التنفيذ عمليًا. حيث وجدت العديد من المنشآت الصناعية الصيدلانية صعوبة في تنفيذ هذا المفهوم بنجاح. الأهداف: تبحث هذه الدراسة وتصنف العوائق التي تحول دون نجاح تنفيذ مفهوم جودة التصميم (QbD) في صناعة الأدوية المحلية في فلسطين. الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو فهم حواجز تطبيق مفهوم جودة التصميم (QbD) وتحديد أولوياتها النسبية من خلال تصنيفها في صناعة المستحضرات الصيدلانية. الطرق: استخدم جولة استفتاء الرأي لتقنية دلفي لتحديد العوائق التي تحول دون تطبيق مفهوم جودة التصميم (QbD) من قبل الصناعة الدوائية الفلسطينية المحلية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، تم إجراء جولتين من دلفي لتحقيق إجماع حول العوائق المحتملة ، وأجريت جولات دلفي المتتالية لتحديد الأولويات وتصنيفها باستخدام نهج عملية تحليل هرمي توافقي (Analytic hierarchy process approach ). الجودة والقيمة: إن قوة هذه الدراسة هي تطوير نموذج شامل للتحقيق وتحديد الأولويات من العوائق التي تواجهها صناعة الأدوية في فلسطين عند تنفيذ برنامج جودة التصميم (QbD). الموافقة الأخلاقية: الموافقة الأخلاقية التي تم الحصول عليها من مجلس المراجعة المؤسسية (IRB) من جامعة النجاح الوطنية. حيث يقدم المشاركون موافقة مستنيرة لفظية قبل المشاركة في هذه الدراسة. النتيجة: من ال 34 عائق المحتملة التي عرضت على المشاركين في الدراسة في الجولة الأولى من استفتاء الرأي (Delphi) تم التوصل إلى توافق في الآراء بشأن 15 من هذه العوائق أي بنسبة (44.1٪) حيث تمثل هذه الحواجز عوائق في تنفيذ مفهوم جودة التصميم (QbD) في الصناعة الدوائية المحلية في فلسطين من وجهة نظر المشاركين في الدراسة وكانت النتائج في جولة استفتاء الرأي الثانية (Delphi) حيث تم الاتفاق على 14 من العوائق أي بنسبة (41.2٪) تمثل عوائق تعيق في تنفيذ مفهوم جودة التصميم (QbD) في التطوير العام من قبل الصناعة الدوائية المحلية في فلسطين. وتم استبعاد 5 عوائق حيث تم الإجماع على أنها لا تعيق تطبيق مفهوم جودة التصميم (QbD) في الصناعة الدوائية المحلية في فلسطين من وجهة نظر المشاركين في الدراسة. صنفت العوائق التي تم الإجماع عليها في الجولتين إلي 15 عائق يتعلق بالموارد والأدوات والموظفين و5 عوائق متعلقة بالعملية التنظيمية و 9 عوائق تتعلق باتخاذ القرارات في صناعة المستحضرات الصيدلانية المحلية. ثم تم تصنيف هذه العوائق من الأكثر إلي الأقل باستخدام نهج تحليلي توافقي هرمي (Analytic hierarchy process approach). في هذه الدراسة ، كان حوالي 62٪ من المشاركين من الذكور ، ونحو 64٪ 40 سنة وأكثر ، وحوالي10٪ لديهم درجة الدكتوراه ، وحوالي 59٪ حصلوا على درجة جامعية قبل عام 2000 ، حوالي 85٪ يعملون حاليا في الصناعة الدوائية و حوالي 69٪ من المشاركين يحتلون مناصب مختلفة في مصانع الادويه كمراقبة الجودة وضمان الجودة و ممارسة التصنيع الجيد ( (GMP والبحث والتطوير ((R&D ، حوالي 80٪ لديهم خبرة عملية لمدة تزيد عن 10 سنوات ، وبنسبة 69٪ حصلوا على تدريب على مفهوم QbD خلال حياتهم العملية. 97٪ بأغلبية المشاركين صوتوا على أهمية تطبيق مفهوم QbD في الصناعة الدوائية المحلية في فلسطين ومع ذلك عندما سئل المشاركين في الدراسة إلى أي مدى اعتقدوا أن تنفيذ QbD من قبل الشركات المصنعة للأدوية الفلسطينية يمثل أولوية حاليًا، اعتقد 51٪ من المشاركين أن أولوية تطبيقه ذو أهمية كبيره . الخلاصة: يمكن استخدام التقنيات التوافقية أو الإجماع في تحديد وإعطاء الأولوية للعوائق التي تحول دون تطبيق مفهوم جودة التصميم من قبل الصناعة الدوائية المحلية. هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من الدراسات لدراسة سبل القضاء على هذه العوائق وتعزيز تنفيذ مفهوم جودة التصميم في تصنيع المنتجات الصيدلانية في فلسطين.
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    In vitro and in vivo Post-marketing Surveillance of Rosuvastatin among Palestinian Patients
    (جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2020-10-08) رضواني, نورس
    الملخص المقدمة: دواء روزوفاستاتين يستخدم للتقليل من نسبة الكوليستيرول الموجود في الدورة الدموية، الذي بدوره يؤدي لحدوث التجلطات وأمراض القلب والاوعية الدموية والتي تعتبر سبب رئيسي للوفاة. يتواجد دواء روزوفاستاتين في فلسطين بجرعتين 10 ملغم و20 ملغم. الاهداف: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى مقارنة الاصناف التجارية الموجودة في الصيدليات الفلسطينية من ناحية الفعالية الدوائية في تقليل نسبة الكوليسترول في الدم والاعراض الجانبية التي يسببها الدواء. بالاضافة الى المقارنة بين الاصناف الدوائية من ناحية احتواءها على المادة الفعالة. الطريقة: تم فحص الادوية والمقارنة بينها على مرحلتين، الاولى كانت في المختبر وتم من خلالها ملاحظة أي خلل في الخصائص الخارجية للحبوب الدوائية، على سبيل المثال اللون والشكل او وجود أي خلل في غلاف الحبة الدوائية. بالاضافة الى فحص وحساب نسبة المادة الفعالة الموجودة في الاصناف التجارية وكذلك سرعة ذوبان الحبة الدوائية التي تحتوي على روزوفاستاتين في بيئة شبيهة لجسم الانسان وذلك باستخدام برنامج لتحليل العينات. والمرحلة الثانية اشتملت على 94 مريض لديهم نسبة عالية من الكوليسترول في الدم ويستعملون احد الاصناف التجارية التي تحتوي على دواء روزوفاستاتين، تم الطلب منهم لتعبئة استبيان يحتوي على معلومات عن التاريخ المرضي للمشاركين، ونسبة الكوليسترول عند البدء بتناول الدواء ومن ثم مراقبتهم من ناحية نزول الكوليسترول في الدم والاعراض الجانبية التي يسببها الدواء. النتائج: يتواجد في فلسطين اربع اصناف تجارية تحتوي على دواء روزوفاستاتين بجرعتين 10 ملغم و 20 ملغم. بالبداية من ناحية الخواص الخارجية المرئية للحبة، جميع الاصناف كانت بحالة جيدة ولا يوجد أي اثار غير طبيعية. اخذت الحبوب ما يقارب 2 – 3 دقائق للتفكك. بالاضافة الى ان نسبة وجود المادة الفعالة في الاصناف التجارية جميعها كانت ضمن النسبة المطلوب، حيث كانت النتائج تتراوح ما بين 90% - 110% لكلا الجرعتين 10 ملغم و 20 ملغم. وبالنسبة لفحص ذوبان حبوب دواء روزوفاستاتين عند وضعه في بيئة تحاكي جسم الانسان لمدة نصف ساعة كانت جميع النتائج مقبولة، وكانت النسب ما بين 85% - 115%. في المرحلة الثانية من هذا البحث العلمي، تم اخذ الاذن من 94 مريض للمشاركة في تعبئة الاستبيان. كان معظم المشاركين من النساء بنسبة 55.3%. تراوحت الاعمار ما بين 27 - 83 سنة، 81.9% من المرضى كانوا يستعملون ادوية اخرى بالاضافة الى دواء روزوفاستاتين. بالنسبة للاعراض الجانبية, احتل الم العضلات النسبة الاعلى بين المرضى المشاركين بنسبة 51.1% ويليه الم الراس بنسبة 26.6%، بالاضافة الى عدد من الاعراض الجانبية شكى منها المرضى لكن بنسب اقل مثل الامساك والغثيان والم في الحلق. اوضحت هذه الدراسة العلاقة بين الجرعة الدوائية والاعراض الجانبية، حيث ان نسبة ظهور الاعراض الجانبية كانت اعلى عند المرضى الذين استعملوا الجرعة الاعلى 20 ملغم روزوفاستاتين. الاستنتاج: جميع الاصناف التجارية الموجودة في فلسطين التي تحتوي على دواء روزوفاستاتين لكلا الجرعتين 10 ملغم و 20 ملغم تجاوزت الفحوصات في المختبر وعلى المرضى من ناحية فعالية الدواء العلاجية والاعراض الجانبية التي يسببها الدواء.
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    INFLUENCE OF FOOD INDUCED VISCOSITY ON DISSOLUTION AND DISINTEGRATION OF TABLETS: EFFECT OF FORMULATION AND PROCESS PARAMETERS ON TABLET MANUFACTURED BY WET GRANULATION
    (2023-06-05) Zain Alabedin Zanoon
    Abstract Postprandial elevation in gastric viscosity may retard tablet disintegration and delay drug dissolution from solid dosage forms, resulting in a significant decrease in drug bioavailability thereby affecting the therapeutic efficacy. This may be critical especially for medication where rapid onset of action is required. Deep understanding of the critical processing parameters on tablet disintegration and drug dissolution under fed conditions will help in designing a formulation with minimum viscosity mediated negative food effects. The current research aims to study the impact of formulation and processing factors on tablet disintegration and release of Active Pharmaceutical ingredient (API) under both fasting state and fed states. The effect of different types of fillers was investigated in different formulations: Lactose monohydrate, corn starch and Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), as well as, Di-calcium phosphate dehydrate. Wet granulation is a critical manufacturing step for oral solid dosage forms. Wet granulation method was applied in the preparation of ten immediate release formulations with Paracetamol serving as the model drug. The effects of wet granulation parameters such as: the mode of incorporation of disintegrant and the type of the granulating solvent were highlighted. The study concluded that filler type is found to affect tablet disintegration: MCC based formulations gave the quickest drug disintegration in simulated fasted state, but they were the worst under viscous media. Lactose and Dicalcium Phosphate (DCP) based formulations provide rapid disintegration under fed state. Formulations prepared by using alcohol as solvent of granulation had shorter disintegration times compared to formulations using water in both fasting and fed states. The addition of Sodium Starch Glyclolate (SSG) intra-granularly results in shorter disintegration time compared to the extra-granular counterparts under fed condition. The study recommends that: the obtained results highlight the importance of formulation excipients (filler type) and manufacturing parameters on tablet disintegration. This study will provide guidance that help in design and development of formulation with minimal food effect. Keywords: Behaviour; Disintegration; Dissolution; Even Formula; Fasting State; Fed State; Odd Formula.
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    THE LEVEL OF IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS AND IT’S RELATIONSHIP TO PSYCHOLOGICAL SECURITY, SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT, AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG AN-NAJAH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
    (جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-07-28) Hamdi Al-Bazian, Yazan
    This study aims to recognize the level of Irrational thoughts and its relationship to Psychological security, Social Adjustment‎, and the Quality of life Among An-Najah National University Students. This research relies on the descriptive correlational approach to extract its results. The study population include the students of An-Najah National University, and an accessible random sample is select that consist of 200 male and female students from the original research community. Four criteria are applied in the study: the Irrational thoughts scale, the Psychological security scale the Social Adjustment‎ scale, and the Quality of life scale. The study sums up that the level of Irrational thoughts among An-Najah National University students is middle, and the existence of a statistically significant inverse correlation between the level of Irrational thoughts and Psychological security among them. Also, there is a statistically significant inverse correlation between the level of Irrational thoughts and the GPA, grade point average. Whereas there is no relationship with the rest of the variables (social adaptation and Quality of life). The study came out with several recommendations, the most important of which are, working to enhance rational thinking among students through programs that serve the process of strengthening this thinking across the various university platforms, and building specialized counseling programs in universities on problem-solving skills for university students, and improving their behavior, which It enhances the level of rational thoughts, and his sense of psychological security, in addition to including this in educational curricula at universities
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    MEASURES OF JUVENILES AND THE MECHANISM OF IMPLEMENTING THEM IN THE PALESTINIAN LAW
    (جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-03-13) Ibrahim, Mohammad
    Background: There is an urgent need to understand the measures related to juveniles and the mechanism for implementation through researching these measures, especially after the issuance of the decision by Law No. 4 of 2016 regarding juvenile trial, which starts new stage in the development of Palestinian courts about the punitive measures imposed on juveniles in order to achieve the interest best event Purpose: The purpose of this research is to shed light on the measures stipulated in Decree-Law No. 4 of 2016 related to juveniles by examining the measures and their compatibility with the Palestinian reality, familiarity with the measures and the ability to differentiate between freedom- and non-custodial measures under the age of fifteen, as well as the measures relating to juveniles depriving of liberty issued over the age of fifteen, and to find out the mechanism for implementing judicial rulings issued by the competent courts regarding juveniles and the mechanism for monitoring implementation these measures in order to achieve the best interest of the juvenile. Method: The legal framework is determined in Decree-Law No. (4) of 2016, an analytical study of the texts of articles from Article 36-49 of Decree-Law No. 4 of 2016, Criminal Procedures Law No. (3) of 2001 in force in Palestine and Jordanian Penal Code No. 16 of 1960 The Jordanian Juvenile Reform Law of 1954 and Child Law No. 7 of 2004. Results: After the application of the decision by Law No. 4 of 2016, the decision by law under this study clarified how to implement the measure of the social control order in some detail, leaving the matter to the discretion of the Child Protection Guide and others who implement the measures related to juveniles. Likewise, the juvenile judge is not considered a full-time judge in cases involving juveniles, but rather he is a delegated judge who adjudicates juvenile cases and other cases that fall within the scope of his work and his jurisdiction, both criminally and civilly. Conclusion: Emphasis on the need to review the provisions of the decree-law as soon as possible, given the failure to achieve its main objective, which is to achieve the best interest of the juvenile, and to establish more vocational training centers and social welfare homes to distribute them in the Palestinian governorates in order to deposit juveniles sentenced to a measure due to the lack of A large number of such centers.
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    “Multi-functionalization of single walled carbon nanotubes for antibacterial activity”
    (جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2018-10-30) عصام أبوالرب, خلود
    تعتبر الأمراض المعدية أكبر مشكلة يعاني منها الناس في جميع أنحاء العالم. وأدى الاستخدام الواسع للمضادات الحيوية إلى زيادة المقاومة لهذه الأدوية. ولذلك، طور العديد من الباحثين أنظمة جديدة لتوصيل الدواء قد تدعم تقليل الآثار الجانبية والجرعة الفعالة للدواء. وتعتمد أحد أنظمة إيصال الدواء في هذا المجال على تكنولوجيا أنابيب الكربون النانوية. بالاضافة الى ذلك، استخدمت المركبات الكاتيونية كمرشحات واعدة لتقليل تطور المقاومة. الهدف من هذا البحث هو تطوير نظام نانوني جديد مضاد للبكتيريا يعتمد على التفعيل المتعدد لأنانيب الكربون النانونية أحادية الجدران من خلال ربط دواء السيبروفلوكسيسين ومركب متعدد الأمينات مع انابيب الكربون النانوية أحادية الجدار من خلال رابطة تساهمية وبالإضافة الى ربط دواء الكلاريثروميسن من خلال رابطة غير تساهمية على سطح انابيب الكربون النانوية أحادية الجدار. وقد تم تحديد التحميل الأميني من خلال تطبيق اختبار كايزر. وأظهر تحليل الدواء النانوني بواسطة المجهر الالكتروني النافذ فصل وتوزع جيد للأنابيب النانونية التي تشير إلى النجاح الوظيفي. بالإضافة الى ذلك، تم تحديد كفاءة التفعيل لأنابيب الكربون النانونية بواسطة جهاز التحليل الحراري الذي أظهر بنسبة 62 % لأنابيب الكربونية في حالة f-SWCNTs (16). النشاط البكتيري تم تحديده من خلال استخدام تقنية التخفيف المتسلسل عن طريق تحديد تركيز الحد الأدنى للتثبيط البكتيري لأربعة سلالات من البكتيريا. و قد أظهرت النتائج أن التفعيل المتعدد لأنانبيب الكربونية أحادية الجدار له أكبر تحسن في النشاط البكتيري بحوالي 64 ضعف بالنسبة لثلاثة أنواع بكتيريا(Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) و بحوالي 16 ضعف ل faecalis Enterococcus بالمقارنة مع السيبروفلوكسيسين وذلك بسبب اضافة رابط متعدد الأمينات في حالة f-SWCNTs (16). بالاضافة الى ذلك أظهر التفعيل الثنائي والمتعدد للأنابيب الكربونية في كل من f-SWCNTs (15) و f-SWCNTs (16) على قدرة عالية من التوافق مع خلايا الدم على مدى واسع من التركيز.