Animal Production

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The Biological and Economical Feasibility of Feeding Barley Green Fodder and its Modifications on Lactating Awassi Ewes
(2014) AbdalRahim M. A. Saidi; Prof. Jamal Abu Omar
The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the botanical and biological value of hydroponic barley (HB) as a feed ingredient for lactatingawassi ewes. Three forms of HB were investigated. The first was planting barley grains alone (HB) while in the second and third were planting barley grains mixed with olive cake (HBOC) and almond hulls (HBAH). The green fodder produced from these three forms was used in feeding 4 lactating ewes in each group being fed one of the HB forms for 70 days and performance and milk parameters were tested. Results of the experiment showed that the green fodder yield in 8 days germination cycle was 6.6,6.5 and 7.5 kg per 1 kg barley grains of green fodder from HB,HBOC and HBAH,respectively. Mixed barley grain with OC and AH to barley grains as germination media had no advantages in regard to biomass and nutritive value. The form of HB had no effects on milk yield, milk composition, feed intake, body weight changes; however, HB of different forms had positive effects on ewe’s healthy conditions, mortalities, conception rates and abortion. In conclusion HB of any form can be used as feed for lactating sheep as cost of feed can be reduced by 42% under HB feeding.
Comparison Among Protein Levels and Sources on Performance and Carcass Traits of Assaf Lambs
(2010) Omar Khalil Ibrahim Naser; Prof. Jamal abu Omar
Twenty male Assaf lambs were used,in this experiment, to investigate the effects of feeding sunflower meal (SFM) as a substitute for soybean meal (SBM) in rations at two crude protein (CP) levels (14 and 18% as fresh basis) on the feedlot performance, (average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, visceral organs, some carcass merits and digestibility), of fattening Assaf lambs. Lamb's average initial body weight was 29.04 kg (S.D. = 4.69 kg). Lambs were randomly divided into four groups of five lambs in each group. Lambs were fed in morning and evening individually with total mixed rations (TMR), and was considered as replicate. Lambs in groups 1 and 2 were fed fattening rations where soybean meal is the source of protein at two CP levels, 14 and 18%. However, lambs in groups 3 and 4 were fed fattening ration similar to the first two groups except that sun flower meal was the protein source. Lambs were weighted on a weekly basis. Body weight change, feed intake, average daily gain and different carcass traits were determined. In addition, visceral organ mass as well as dressing percentage and carcass cuts were also measured. Major nutrients digestibility was determined through conduction of a digestion trial. From the first week until the eighth week of the trial, the lambs fed with  the 18% CP SBM ration recorded the highest (P<0.05) weight (48.79 kg) compared to lambs fed with  the 18%CP SFM ration which showed the lowest weights (43.45 kg). The mean weight gain in lambs fed with the14% CP SFM was similar to that of lambs fed with both crude protein levels of SBM. The weight change tends to decline as SFM level increased after 4 weeks compared to other treatments. Furthermore, the highest average feed intake was observed in the 14% CP SFM and the lowest was with 18% CP SBM. Digestibility of DM and, CP were similar among all treatment rations, but level of protein and source had no effect on EE and OM digestibility. There were no significant differences in the average final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG) and average feed conversion ratios (FCR) among the treatments. Results also showed that source and level of protein had a significant effect on average leg and shoulder weights. Lambs fed with 18% CP SFM had the highest weight loss during carcass chilling at 3◦C for 24 hr., while the 14% CP SFM had the lowest weight loss value. However, there were significant differences (P<0.05) between hot and cold carcass weights. Level of SBM had a significant effect on lung average weights. However, liver average weights were significantly by protein source (14% CP of SBM vs. 18% CP SFM). Heart average weights were not affected by type or level of protein. In general, this study further confirmed that SFM could replace SBM as a protein source; also increasing protein level will not result in any improvement in lamb performance.
Different Estrous Induction Protocols During the Non-Breeding Season in Assaf Ewes
(2010) Baher Mahmoud Aoudeh Abu-Ghazal; Dr. Hatem Atallah
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) levels (300 or 600 I.U.) and the progestagen method (one sponge for 14 d or two sponge each for 7 d) on estrus response, onset and duration of estrus,lambing rate, litter size and serum progestagen concentrations during estrus period and early pregnancy. Atotal of 20 assaf ewes were used in the experiment which was conducted during April, a month that is considered as  non-breading period in Palestine. Ewes were inserted with intravaginal sponges that  containing 60 mg Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP). Seven days later, these sponge were removed and 10 new sponges were inseted to 10 of the experimental ewes. Following withdrawal of sponges, at day 14, 5ewes from each tretmant groups were injected intramauscularly with PMSG at level of 300 and 600 IU. This investigation showed that level of PMSG and progesterone application methods had no significant effects on the tested parameters, also, there are significant different in progesterone concentration between ewes gave brith to single and twines. This finding indicated that low level of PMSG can be applied for estrus synchronization where lots of savings can be achieved for the benefit of local sheep farmers. Although, some slight differences were obtained but there was no significant differences between the two different progesterone application methods nor the two different PMSG doses. So one sponge followed by 300I.U. PMSG can be used to synchronize estrus successfully and with lower cost than using two sponges or high PMSG doses.
The Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles and Multienzyme Preparation (Avizyme) on Layer Performance and Egg Quality
(2013) Reem Fathi Tawfiq Mustafa; Dr. Maen Samara
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of distiller dried grain with solubles (DDGS) in commercial layer diets with Avizyme 1505. Three hundred 68 weeks-old Hy-line second cycle layers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in 2x4 factorial arrangement, with the variables being (DDGS) substitution for corn and soybean meal at two levels (0 or 15%) and Avizyme 1505 at four levels (0, 100, 150, and 200 gm/ton). Layer performance and egg quality were evaluated. Results showed that DDGS, Avizyme, or their interaction did not significantly affect body weight, egg production, egg weight, and egg mass. The results of this experiment suggest that DDGS level and enzyme supplementation did not significantly influence the body weight, egg production and egg characteristics parameters of second cycle laying hens.Another experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of commercial layer diets supplemented with varying levels Avizyme 1505 (0,100, 200, 500, 1000 gm/ton). One hundred and fifty 73 weeks-old Hy-line second cycle layers were distributed in a completely randomized design. Layer performance and egg quality were evaluated. The results of the present study indicated that Avizyme at the commercially recommended level or even higher levels did not significantly affect any of the performance parameters.
Effect of Feeding Sesame Oil Cake on Performance and Cheese Quality of Anglo-Nubian Goats
(2008) Ayman Muneer Abdallah Hejazy; Prof. Jamal Abo Omar
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding sesame oil cake (SOC) on milk and cheese quality of Anglo-Nubian goats. Sixteen lactating (20 days-in-milk) Anglo- Nubian goats were used in the experiment that lasted for 60 days. Goats were divided into 4 dietary treatment groups of 4 goats in each and the goats were distributed between the groups in away they represent age, lactation stage and number of borne. Goats were housed on pens of suitable size and were managed as any other commercial goat flock. The animals had free access to straw and water. Four types of dietary treatment were prepared using SOC. The first diet was the control and the other three diets contained: 5, 10, and 15% SOC, respectively. Animals fed twice daily and milked during the feeding time. Milk yield (MY) was recorded daily and samples were taken for chemical analysis. Cheese was made on a monthly basis and samples were taken for sensory evaluation by testing flavor and texture. Incorporation of SOC in goats diets at levels of 10 and 15% caused an increase (P<0.05) in MY compared to control and 5% SOC. Feeding SOC at all levels tested had a positive (P<0.05) on goats milk fat (F). However, the highest Fat (F) percentage was detected in milk of goats fed with 15% SOC. Sesame Oil Cake had variable effects on milk protein (P) where the highest milk P content was from milk of goats fed with 5% cake. Both total solids (TS) and solids non fat (SNF) were increased (P<0.05) due to feeding different levels of SOC compared to control. Similar trends were observed on cheese composition in regard to F content where feeding SOC at different levels increased significantly (P<0.05) cheese F content compared to control. Other cheese components such as P and ash were not affected by SOC feeding. Sensory results showed that flavor of cheese from goats consuming 10 and 15% SOC (P<0.05) was better than cheese from the other groups. However, opposite trend was observed regarding cheese texture. The cheese from goats fed the control diet had (P<0.05) better texture. The results of this study indicate that SOC can be used in goats diets during lactation season. Similarly using SOC in goats diets proved to be economically feasible. However, more research is needed to assure these findings.
The Effect of Force Molting Method on Post Molt Performance of Laying Hens
(2011) Hakam Ahmad M. Al-Bast; Dr. Maen Samara
This experiment was conducted at An- najah farm in Tulkarm to investigate the effect of force molting methods on post molt performance of laying hens, this investigation involved feeding rumen content (RC) and rumen content mixed with alfalfa,(RCAA), (50 :50 ) to determine their ability to induce molt. To achieve this ,85 Hi – line egg laying hens , 60 wk of age were exposed to one of the following molt treatments: treatment 1, full feed ( FF) non –molted control ; treatment 2, feed withdrawal ( FW) conventional molt ; treatment 3, rumen content ( RC) molt ; treatment 4, rumen content and alfalfa (50 : 50) molt, each treatment was divided into tow replicates and each replicate contains 11hens that was housed individually A CRD design was implemented in the experiment , the result of this study indicated that hens subject to feed withdrawal (FW) rumen content (RC) and rumen content mixed with alfalfa (RCAA) methods showed significantly greater, (P < 0.05) percentage of body weight loss, ( 32.66 , 31.17 ,and 34.33 % ) compared to those in the FF treatment . Organ weight loss occurs simultaneously with loss in body weight(BW) at the end of the experiment, no significant differences were noticed for hens in terms of feed intake (FI) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) in all treatments in post molt experimental period that lasts 56 days. FF hens had significantly lower, ( P < 0.05 ) hen – day egg production when compared with all other treatments after 8 weeks , also RCAA hens had numerically higher egg production than FW or RC hens . The egg weight showed no significant differences among treatments, but egg output for FF treatment has significantly lower than other treatments. Egg quality, ( shell , albumin and yolk weight ) were not influenced by the treatment , but numerically was in favor FF .The results of our experiment indicated that RC and RCAA represent a viable alternative to FW method for the successful induction of molt and retention of post molt performance.
Effect of Light Stimulation and Body Weight on Productive Performance of Broiler Breeder Hens
(2008) Othman Hashem Hassan Shahadi; Dr. Maen Samara
An experiment with broiler breeder pullet's was carried out to determine the effect of pattern of light stimulation and pullets body weight at 20 wk of age on body weight and age at onset of egg laying. Two light stimulation treatments were used: abrupt light stimulation (ALS) in which hours of light were increased to 10 hr at 21 wk, 12 hr at 5% egg production, 14 hr at 35% egg production, and finally to 16 hr at 65% egg production; and step-up light stimulation (SLS) in which hours of light were increased to 12 hr at 21 wk of age, then by half an hour weakly until 16 hrs of light are attained at 29 wk of age. Pullets were randomly assigned to one of three body weight groups: low weight (1800 g), medium weight (2200 g), or heavy weight (2600 g) at 20 wk of age. The results obtained indicated that pattern of light stimulation and weight at 20 wk did not markedly affect egg production, however, pullets exposed to SLS or ALS produced the lightest eggs. A numerical advancement occurred in age at first egg due to SLS. Significant weight gain occurred in low weight pullets due to SLS. The results of this experiment indicated that SLS of low weight broiler breeder pullets represents a viable means for advancing onset of lay, and increasing weight gain at onset of lay
EFFECT OF OSMO-REGULATORS ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM) UNDER SALINE CONDITION
(2023-08-08) Lama Omar Ahmad Omar
Abiotic stress factors are the most limiting for plant growth and production. Drought caused by water shortage is among the most impacting factor. Palestine has most of the limited renewable water resources. The agricultural sector depends on 51.5% of the total water consumption. Thus, is highly affected. Another major factor that limits productivity is high salinity mainly in arid and semi-arid region like Palestine, the deleterious impact of salinity is associated with water stress as well as nutritional imbalance. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the use of DISPER as an osmoregulator on pepper growth under saline condition. Three levels of Osmo-Regulators (DISPER Osmotic GS) with (0, 0.5, and 1 g/plant) combined with three salt concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mM) of sodium chloride were used. The experiments were conducted in Tulkarm in northern Palestine. Pepper seedlings (Capsicum annuum) variety (Sharbaty) were grown in a greenhouse under natural light condition during the period from 14th October, 2021 to the 22nd January, 2022. One plant was grown in each pot (30 X30cm diameter and height). Filled with a soil mixture of 2:1 sand to peatmoss. The results revealed positive effect of adding DISPER Osmotic GS on plant growth and production of pepper plants under salinity stress. DISPER Osmotic salinity levels of saline water irrigated (100, and 200 mM) saline water, the researcher obtained the best result on chlorophyll content of pepper leaves by (53.775, 41.175 mg/m³) and flower parameters by (12.500, 6.500) respectively, compared to the controller. In addition, the results showed a higher fresh weight of root (14.090, 9.250 g) and the average length of fruits (12, 6 cm) for all measurements respectively. The of DISPER Osmotic GS at 0.5 and 1 gm increased the average area of leaves (179 cm2, 169.632). As a result, DISPER application can be used to alleviate the salinity harmful effects on plant growth and development of pepper plants under saline condition. Keywords: Osmotic GS, DISPER, Salinity irrigation levels, Saline water.
The Effect of Supplemental Enzymes in Diets Containing Two Levels of Corn Distillers' Dried Grains with solubles on Performance of Broiler Chickens
(2014) Hani Kamel Zidan; Dr. Maen Samara
This experiment was conducted at An- najah university farm in Tulkarm to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary enzyme preparations and diets formulated to contain or not distillers dried grains with solubles on performance of broiler chicks and carcass characteristics. The experiment was 2×4 factorial arrangements with diets containing two levels of DDGS ( 0 and 10%) and four levels (0, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 g/kg) of commercial enzyme product (Avizyme). A total number of 256 Ross 308 one day-old commercial broiler chicks were randomly assigned to eight experimental diets which replicated four times with 8 birds per replicate. Birds were given starter diets from 1to 21 days and finisher diets from 22 to 35 days. Body weight ,feed intake, feed conversion ratio and cost of feed per kg live weight were determined at weekly basis till the end of experiment. Four chicks were selected and slaughtered to determined the carcass yield and weights of cuts. The results of this study indicated that the addition of 10% DDGS without supplemental avizyme at starting period reduced (P<0.05) body weight (BW) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) . This trend continued until the fourth week of age, however (FCR) were the same in all treatments in the last two weeks of age but in term of (BW) for the 35 days of experiment no significant (P<0.05) differences were detected between treatments but for (FCR) the results indicated that only two significant (P<0.05) differences were detected between treatments 0% DDGS supplemented with 200 g/ton and 10% DDGS supplemented with 0.25 g/kg which were (1.75 vs 2.08) respectively . The final cost (NIS) of kg live weight for broilers given 10% DDGS was higher (P<0.05) than broilers given 0% DDGS when no avizyme is added (3.7 vs 3.88). In terms of carcass cuts and dressing percentage, this study indicated no significant differences with respect to dressing percentage, drumstick, thigh and breast weights among treatment, but the intestine weight and fat bad %, were higher (P<0.05) for birds fed 10% DDGS compared to 0% DDGS with no supplemental avizyme ( 5 vs 3.87) and (1.5 vs 0.98) respectively. This study also indicated that liver, gizzard weights as percentages of live body weight were the same in all treatments except hearts weights which were higher (P<0.05) in diets containing 10% DDGS compared to diets containing 0% DDGS supplemented with 0, 0.2 g/kg avizyme .
Effects of Different Level of Phytase on Broilers Performance and Body Status of Phosphorus
(2008) Rabie Ihsan Ahmad Sabha; Prof. Jamal Abo Omar
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect microbial phytase supplementation on broilers performance, nutrient digestibility, visceral organ mass, carcass cuts and body status of Ca and P. a total of 200 day-old Cobb 500 chicks were used in the experiment. Birds were partitioned into five experimental groups of 40 birds in each. Each treatment was composed of 4 replicates with 10 birds in each. The control group was fed a commercial starter and finisher diet. The second treatment was a phosphorus deficient diet, while the third, fourth and fifth treatments were fed a phosphorus deficient diets plus the microbial phytase. Phytase enzyme was incorporated at levels 1000, 2000 and 3000 PU/kg feed for the last three treatments, respectively. At the last week of experiment, three birds from each replicate were used in metabolic trial. However, at time of termination of the experiment, the same birds were killed for carcass cuts, visceral organ mass and tibia ash content investigations. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Results of the experiment showed that addition of phytase to P-deficient diets improved (P<0.5) broilers performance with impact starting from the beginning of the fourth week of the feeding trial. However, it has no effect on feed intake. Feed conversion ratio and dressing percent were increased (P<0.05) in birds fed P-deficient diets supplemented with phytase. Phytase supplementation had no significant effect on both male and female carcass cuts compared to birds fed the low P diets. Variable effects of phytase supplementation at different levels on gastrointestinal tract and its associated organs of both male and female broilers were observed. Male and female birds fed P-deficient diets incorporated with phytase enzyme at different levels had more (P<0.05) ash, Ca and P compared to birds fed the P-deficient diet. Also results of this investigation showed that phytase enzyme increased (P<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ash. Phytase supplementation decreased the excreta content of Ca and P indicating the improvement of the retention of these two minerals. The overall results indicated that incorporation of phytase in broiler ration could be economically feasible as significant portion of P in diets could be reduced.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PELLETED DATE PALM (ELAEIS QUINEENSIS JACQ.) LEAVES ON THE PERFORMANCE AND SOME BLOOD METABOLITES OF AWASSI FATTENING LAMBS
(2023-09-20) Mohammad Hamza Mohammad Saleem
Abstract The main objectives of this study were to measure the effect of feeding different levels of pelleted date palm leaves (PDPL) on the performance, digestibility and some blood metabolites of fattening Awassi lambs. A total of 24 Awassi lambs soon after weaning (2-4 month of age) were used in a 70-day fattening trial. Lambs were divided into 3 experimental groups and control group. Lambs in the control group were fed a traditional corn-soybean meal fattening ration. This ration composed of 18% crude protein concentrate plus wheat straw. In the other 3 experimental groups, the pelleted date palm leaves (PDPL) were incorporated at three different levels (25%, 50 %and 75%) as part of wheat straw. Lambs were fed separately and monitored for body weight and feed intake at weekly basis. Feed conversion ratios were also monitored. At the termination of the fattening trial three lambs from each group were slaughtered for testing the carcass cuts and the visceral organ mass. The blood parameters were tested at termination of the feeding trial from 3 lambs of each treatment. Results of study showed that feeding pelleted DPL at different levels had no effect on lambs’ performance. Similarly, DPL had no effects on the feed conversion ratios, and blood metabolites. Visceral organs and carcass cuts were not affected by pelleted DPL. Digestibility of nutrients were affected by pelleting. In general digestibility of crude protein (CP) decreased with pelleting level. Same trend was observed with fat digestibility. However, crude fiber digestibility increased with pelleting level. Digestibility of DM was decreased with a highly level of pelleted DPL. Feeding DPL had no harm effect on lambs; however, cost of fattening was reduced which can be considered as an advantage of incorporating its ingredient in fattening rations. Keywords: Blood Parameters; Carcass Cuts; Digestibility; Feed Conversion Ratio; Feed Intake; Pelleted Date Palm Leaves.
The Effects of Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal in the Grower Diet with Sun-Dried Blood and Boiled Feather Meals on the Performance of Broiler Chicks
(2008) Ra'fat Mohammad Salih Nakhash; Dr. Maen Samara
This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding feather, blood meals, separately, or combined, during the grower phase, on the performance of broiler chickens. Straight-run, one hundred and fifty one day old broiler chicks were reared in deep litter house to 18 days of age, at day 19, one hundred chicks were divided into ten equal replicate groups using completely randomized block design. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental mash growing diets were prepared as follows : control, diet 2 contained 5% feather meal (FM), diet 3 contained 5% blood meal (BM), diet 4 contained 5%FM plus 3%BM, and diet 5 contained 5%FM plus 5% BM. The chickens were randomly allocated to the five dietary treatment groups having two replicates of 20 chicks in each group . Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and carcass characteristics were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Feed conversion was numerically better for the control birds followed by those fed 5% BM. Birds fed the diet that contained feather meal plus blood meal 5%BM, and 5%FM diets had feed conversion numerically lower than the birds fed the control . The results indicated that heated sun-dried blood meal up to 5% or boiled feather meal up to 5% can be incorporated in the growing broiler diet without any adverse effect on production variables during the growing and at the end of the rearing period .
Effects of Rumen Filterate Fermented Wheat Bran on Performance of Finishing Broiler Chickens
(2010) Mohannad Mazen Thaher Darwazeh; Dr. Maen Samara
An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of fermented wheat bran with rumen liquor at different inclusion rates on the performance of broilers at age from 21-35 days. Rumen liquor was collected and immediately mixed with wheat bran. The ingredient was incubated in sealed bags for 24 days at room temperature and then was sun dried for approximately 30 hrs. A total of 205 one-day-old male and female Cobb broiler chicks were fed commercial diets from 1-20 days of age. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental finisher diets were prepared as follows: control (C), diet 2 contained 5% rumen filtrate fermented wheat bran (FWB5%), diet 3 contained 10% rumen filtrate fermented wheat bran (FWB10%) and diet 4 contained 15% rumen filtrate fermented wheat bran (FWB15%).At 21 days of age chicks were divided randomly into four experimental groups. Every treatment group was contained four replicates of 12 birds each using completely randomized design (CRD). The chicks were fed the experimental diets from 21-35 days of age. Body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were measured throughout the experiment. The measurements of carcass traits and economical parameters were determined at the end of the experiment. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass characteristics were not significantly affected across treatments. The results of this study indicated that fermented wheat bran with rumen filtrate up 15% inclusion rate can be used in the broiler finisher diet without any adverse effects on parameters during the finishing phase of broilers.
EFFECTS OF USING ARTIFICIAL OR NATURAL SUCKLING ON NEWBORN ASSAF LAMBS GENERAL PERFORMANCE AND MORTALITY
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-01-12) Halawa, Wael
Raising sheep in Palestine is not only an economic or income generation activity, but also a distinctive trait, cultural and tradition of Palestinian people. Livestock production is an integral part of Palestine’s agricultural sector, which contributes up to 46% of total agricultural income. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of different suckling method on lamb’s growth performance and mortality rate. A total of 97 lambs were used in the study with lambing periods started from October 2020 to January 2021. Ewes’ parities were 1, 2 and 3. Directly after lambing, lambs were randomly distributed according to suckling method into three groups. First group, natural suckling where lambs suckle their mothers (G1, 39 lambs), second group lambs fed completely with milk replacer (G2, 29 lambs), and the third group fed milk replacer at rate of 4 times per day (G3, 29 lambs). Single lambs of G1 were (59%) and 41% twins. Lambs from first, second and third parity were 8, 21 and 28%, respectively. Single lambs of G2 were 62% while twin lambs were 38%. Lambs from first, second and third parties were 14, 48 and 38%, respectively. However, 69% of G3 were singles. Most of the singles (44%) and twins (21%) lambs were from the second parity. Same trend was for lambs of G2 and G3. After half an hour of lambing, lambs were isolated from their dams and placed in small wooden boxes provided by heaters and given colostrum twice daily. The natural suckling lambs (G1) were kept with their dams for free suckling until weaning at 60 days of age. However, the artificial suckling groups (G2) were isolated from dams and fed milk replacer adlibitum until weaning at 40 days of age. Lambs of the) G3(were isolated from mothers and took their milk replacer through automatic suckling machine 4 times a day half hour each time until weaning at 40 days. Results of this study showed that suckling method had no effect (P>0.05) on weaning weight at age at 40 and 60 days of single lambs. Weaning weights at 40 d were 13.7, 12.83 and 13 kg for lambs in G1, G2 and G3, respectively. The rate of mortality was affected (P<0.05) by suckling method. Mortality rate decreased from 18% in G1 to 7 and 3.5% in G2 and G3, respectively. Most of dead lambs were in single lambs. Liter size and suckling method had no effects (P>0.05) on total weight gain and average daily gain of lambs. Also, mortalities were not affected by these parameters. Sex of lambs and suckling method had no effect (P>0.05) on total weight gain and the average daily gain. Lambs total gain and average daily gain were not affected (P>0.05) by numbers of ewe’s parity. Significant cost effect (P<0.05) were observed by feeding milk replacer to suckling lambs. Cost of milk per lamb was reduced from 120 to 40 USD. It was concluded that significant reduction will be achieved through feeding milk replacers to suckling lambs. However, these reductions are expected from the saving in milk expenses and the significant decrease of lamb’s mortality rate. We recommend to use milk replacer in manage of newborn lambs.
Effects Of Various Sanitizing Treatments On Hatchability Of Broiler Breeder Eggs
(2008) Feras Talal Mohammad Beleh; Dr. Maen Samara
In the commercial broiler breeder farms and hatcheries, formaldehyde fumigation is routinely carried out to disinfect hatching eggs, Dipping of hatching eggs has not been practiced as means of disinfection locally. The proper use of disinfection is essential. This study was carried out to determine the effect of different disinfection practices on hatchability, egg weight loss, embryonic mortality and early chick performance. Nestclean and dirty eggs were exposed to formaldehyde fumigation (control) or immersed in worm water (40Cº) followed by dipping for 5 minutes in one of the following disinfectant solutions: 1% formalin, agri germ, or 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Early chick mortality and hatchability of fertile eggs were not effected by treatments, but they were numerically greater in eggs dipped in hydrogen peroxide solution. None of the treatments affected egg weight loss throughout the first 18-days of incubation. The use of one-step dipping rather than the common fumigation in- farm and in-hatchery did not adversely affect hatchability. Body weights, chick mortality and weight gains did not differ by treatment. The use of one-step disinfection , and the use of hydrogen peroxide as an in-farm dip for hatching eggs may be a possible alternative to formaldehyde fumigation.
Evaluation of Performance and Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Milk Yield and Some Reproductive Traits in Sheep Breeds and Crosses in the West Bank
(2010) Moayed Nayef Abed AL Rahman Ahmed; Dr. Jehad Abdullah
This study was conducted to evaluate sheep productivity in the West Bank, and estimate genetic parameters (heritability and repeatability) for milk yield and prolificacy traits. The data included a total of 1711 milk records from 1243 ewes and a total of 3682 lambing records from 1837 ewes of the Awassi breed (AW), two Awassi-derived-lines (Improved Awassi, IA and Afec Awassi, AA), Assaf breed (AF) and Awassi x Assaf crosses (XB). The data were from the demonstration farms of the Small Ruminant Middle East Regional Program in the West Bank, collected during the years 2003 to 2010. Milk traits included total milk yield (TMY), total milk yield to 120 days of lactation (TMY120), and total milk yield to 150 days of lactation (TMY150) with number of ewes (n) and number of records (l) as follows: n=287, l=435 for AW; n=138, l=224 for IA; n=24, l=40 for AA; n=254, l= 339 for AF, and n=564, l= 758 for XB. Reproductive traits included number of lambs born per ewe lambing (NLB), number of lambs born alive per ewe lambing (NLBA), and lambing interval (LI): n=153, l=431 for IA; n=448, l=778 for AW; n=26, l=56 for AA; n=433, l= 968 for AF, and n=803, l= 1505 for XB). The data were analyzed using two linear models: a fixed-effects model for testing breed differences and other fixed environmental effects, and a mixed-model for estimation of genetic parameters. Genetic parameters were estimated using REML procedure. The fixed effects investigated for milk traits were: location-breed (LB), parity (PR), year-season of lambing (YS), treatment for induction of estrus (TRT: natural or PMSG sponges), number of lambs born per ewe lambing (NLB), number of milking tests (NMT), and lactation length (LL). For prolificacy traits, the fixed effects were: LB, PR, YS, and TRT. The results of milk traits showed that LB, PR, and YS had high significant effects on all milk traits (P < 0.001), while the effect of NLB was not significant (P > 0.05) for any milk trait. The effect of LL was highly significant (P < 0.001) on TMY, while NMT was not significant (p > 0.05). For prolificacy traits, LB, PR, and YS had significant effects (P < 0.05) for all studied traits, while TRT was significant for NLBA only. The least squares means for total milk yield (kg) per ewe over 150 days of lactation were: 185.5±8.7 for AA (experimental station of Betqad in Jenin)), 171.4 ±3.7 for IA (experimental station of Betqad), 123.6±4.1 (Jerusalem) to 212.0±7.1 (Hebron) for AW, 184.7±5.2 (Qalqilia) to 274.9±8 (Jenin) for AF, and 174.8±3.5 (Dora) to 328.3±7 (Nablus) for XB. The AA line, which carries the Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene, had the highest reproductive performance while AW and IA had the lowest performance. The least squares means of number of lambs born alive per ewe lambing were 1.47±0.06 for AA, 1.15±0.02 for IA, 1.11±0.02 (Jerusalem) and 1.19±0.04 (Hebron) for AW, ranged from 1.16±0.05 (Jenin) to 1.31±0.02 (Qalqilia) for AF, and ranged from 1.11±0.03 (Bethlehem) to 1.30±0.06 (Jerusalem) for XB. The least squares means of lambing interval (in days) were 338±14 for AA, 355±5 for IA, 361±6 (Jerusalem) and 429±14 (Hebron) for AW, ranged from 276±11 (Jenin) to 356±16 (Hebron) for AF, and ranged from 269±9 (Jerusalem) to 390±10 (Jerusalem) for XB. Estimates of heritability (h²) of TMY ranged from 0 in XB to 0.11 in AW. For TMY120 and TMY150, heritability ranged from 0 in XB to 0.16 in AW. Estimates of h² of NLB varied form 0 in XB to 0.09 in AW, and for NLBA it ranged from 0 in XB to 0.15 in AW. For LI it was 0.03 in AW and 0 for other breeds and crosses. The results of this study indicate that Assaf and Awassi x Assaf sheep are the recommended breeds for raising in the Northern areas of the West Bank (Nablus and Jenin). The study also emphasizes the need for full recording of performance and pedigree data in sheep farms as part of good management practice which should be part of a national recoding system.
IMPACT OF SOIL AMENDMENT ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND PLANT GROWTH OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM)
(2023-08-01) Lara Mohammad Shaker Bdier
Water scarcity is one of the most significant global factors influencing food productivity. Palestine has one of the world's most limited renewable water resources. Agriculture consumes 51.5 percent of total water consumption. Therefore, other water resources and staratigies are needed to cope with this situation. Soil amendments play an important role in enhancing crop growth and production.The objective of the study is to reduce the amount of water requirement of pepper plant through applying inorganic and organic soil amendments. In this study, different soil amendments including hydrogel, stevia straw, and compost were used under different irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 50%) to irrigate ‘‘Nahas” pepper plants. Pepper seedlings was grown into 10 Litre- sized pots with one seedling per pot.Pots were filled with sand and peat moss, 3:1 ratio. The amendments were applied to the soil in each pots at a rate of 250 g of straw stevia, 250 g of compost, and 2.5 g of a hydrogel. The results showed that adding hydrogel (2.5 gm/plant) increased significantly plant height by 48.4cm, number of fruits by5.2, fresh plant weight by 58.1 g, dry plant weight by 17.2 g, fresh fruit weight by 62.4g, dry fruit weight by 45.8g, and fresh root weight by 21 g. However, adding hydrogel under 50% irrigation levels resulted in higher plant length by 51.7 cm, leaf chlorophyll content by 63.7, average number of fruit / plant by 3, fresh shoot weight by 60.8 g, fresh fruit weight by 44.7 g and fresh root weight by 21.2 g. The addition of compost and stevia straw to soil increased soil moisture but they had a negative effect on plant growth and productivity. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated the positive effect of applying hydrogel in conserving soil moisture content through its water-absorbing properties. Hydrogel helps to alleviate water stress, maintain soil moisture, and optimize water use efficiency, especially in regions facing water scarcity or drought conditions, and reduced the amount of water used for irrigation by 50% of irrigation. According to the results obtained under the comdition of this experiment could be recommended that adding hydrogel could be used under drought condition effective tool for soil water management. Keywords: Soil amendment; Hydrogel; Compost; Stevia straw; Irrigation levels.
IMPROVING LIVESTOCK FARMERS INCOME THROUGH REDUCING FEEDS COSTS: INCORPORATION OF SOME MAJOR AGRICULTURE WASTES IN LIVESTOCK
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-02-10) حامد أحمد اشتيه, معين
الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو معرفة تأثير تغذية أشكال مختلفة من سعف النخيل (DPL) وقشر اللوز (AH) على أداء تسمين الحملان والجدوى الاقتصادية لهذه الممارسة. تم دمج كلاهما سعف النخيل (DPL ) وقشر اللوز (AH) في علائق التسمين كمكونات خام، (مجروشه أو سيلاج أومعالجة قلوية). تم استخدام ثمانية وعشرين خاروف هجينا في هذه الدراسة. قسمت الخراف إلى سبع مجموعات، في كل مجموعة أربعة خراف. كانت المجموعة (G1) عبارة عن مجموعة شاهد , العليقة تحتوي على 85٪ مركز و15٪ قش قمح، اما بالنسبة للمجموعات التجريبية G2 إلى G7، إضافة المخلفات إلى العلائق لتحل محل نصف قش القمح. تم حساب نسبة الهضمية وقياس تحليل الدم ودراسة خصائص الذبيحة في نهاية التجربة 87 يوم. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن استخدام المخلفات الزراعية من (DPL&AH) لم يكن لها أي تأثير على معايير الأداء (تناول العلف، FI، زيادة الوزن، WG، نسبة الكفاءة التحويل للعلف، FCR). لم تتأثر قابلية هضم العناصر الغذائية وخصائص الذبيحة والأعضاء الداخلية ونتائج تحليل الدم بنوع النظام الغذائي المقدم مقارنة بالشاهد. كما تبين ان تغذية المجموعات المختلفة باستخدام DPL وAH ادى إلى خفض تكلفة التغذية بنسبة تصل إلى 20٪. أن تغذية المجموعات على DPL وAH في شكلها الخام او سيلاج، او معالجتها قلويا) له فائدة كبيرة في الزيادة الوزنية، والكفاءة التحويلية. كما انها تقلل من تكاليف سعر الاعلاف المستخدمة في عملية التسمين. بالإضافة إلى حماية البيئة من التلوث , كما ينبغي التحقيق في أفضل مستويات التغذية والحصول على افضل النتائج .
In Situ Sheep Ruminal Degradation Kinetics of Crude Protein and Fiber for two Agricultural By-Products in Palestine
(2013) Omar Tahseen Mohammad Hamed; Prof. Jamal Abo Omar; Dr. Jihad Abdallah
Two agricultural by-products (crude olive cake, OC and a mix of green house wastes of tomato and cucumber, GHW) used for sheep nutrition in rural communities in Palestine were evaluated for ruminal dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation kinetics. Two bags each containing 5 g ground forage were incubated in the rumen of two ruminally cannulated Assaf rams for 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h. Rate and extent of ruminal digestion were estimated. Significant differences between by-product types were observed in rapidly soluble and potentially degradable fractions, and degradation rates of DM, CP, ADF and NDF. The rapidly soluble DM, CP, ADF and NDF fractions were 16.19, 15.21, 10.64 and 14.06% for GHW, and 7.2, 6.6, 6.0 and 5.62% for OC. The potentially degradable DM, CP, ADF and NDF fractions, respectively, were 55.82, 62.3, 49.4 and 55.09% for GHW, and 47.6, 44.26, 46.34 and 48.53% for OC. The DM, CP, ADF and NDF disappearance in GHW were 47.3, 55.7, 40.39 and 40.7 at 24 h, 53.58, 67.45, 47.84 and 45.26 at 48 h, 65.38, 72.7, 54.96 and 57.95 at 72 h. for olive cake 34.99, 25.66, 32.80, and 32.90 at 24 h, 46.44, 33.87 42.44, 41.98 at 48 h, 49.21, 40.31, 47.39 and 48.19 at 72 h. The disappearance of all tested nutrients was higher (P<0.05) in GHW compared to OC. The effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP were also higher (P < 0.05) for GHW than OC. Taking these findings into consideration, one can propose using both by-products, together or separately as part of ruminant rations. According to their degradability, they can be introduced in these rations as part of roughage (wheat and barley straw). However, the GHW can be incorporated in ruminant rations as part of good quality roughage (legume hay).
Performance and Body Fatty Acid Composition of Broiler Chicks, Fed Different Dietary Fat Sources.
(2013) Mohammad Abed Alraheem Alqub; Prof. Jamal Abo Omar
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding different dietary fat sources in the finisher rations of broilers including sesame oil (SO) olive oil sediments (OS), and poultry grease (PG) in comparison to the traditional oil supplement, the soybean soap stock oil (SS) on growth performance, dressing percentage, carcass cut, blood lipid profile and meat quality i.e. water holding capacity(WHC), cell forming unit(CFU). A total of 208 day-old Cobb- 500 chicks were used in this experiment. Birds were divided into four experimental treatments of 52 birds in each, Each treatment was composed of 4 replicates with 13 birds in each. At the termination of the experiment birds were slaughtered for examining the carcass merits, visceral organs and the dressing percentages. Results showed that type of oil had significant effects on feed intake(FI), final body weight(BW) and feed conversion efficiency(FCR). Chicks fed the OS consumed more (P<0.05) feed compared to birds fed other oil supplements. Both PG and SS resulted in similar intake, however, birds fed with the SO had the lowest (P<0.05) FI. Highest (P<0.05) weight was observed in birds fed with SS followed by birds fed the PG. OS resulted in the lowest (P<0.05) average final weights. FCR was the best (P<0.05) in birds fed the SS, however, the lowest (P<0.05) was in birds fed the SO. At d 28, FCR was the best (P<0.05) in birds consuming the SO and PG, however, at d 35 PG had the best (P<0.05) positive effect on feed conversion while the OS had the highest (P<0.05) negative effect. Heavier (P<0.05) carcass weights were observed in chicks fed the OS and the SS compared to carcasses of birds fed with PG and SO. The dressing percentages were higher (P<0.05) in birds fed the OS compared to that for other birds. Birds fed the SS and SO had better (P<0.05) dressing percentages compared to that in PG birds. Meat of broilers fed the OS had the highest (P<0.05) WHC followed by birds consuming the SO. However, the WHC was the lowest in birds fed the SS. The olive oil sediment caused about more than 100% improvement in WHC compared to the traditionally used soap stock oil. The highest carcass contamination was detected in carcasses of birds fed the SS, however, the least contaminated were the carcasses of birds fed the OS. At 28 d of age were affected by oil supplementation. At 40 d of age the effects of oil supplemented followed different trends. High density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were reduced (P<0.05) by all types of oil which had variable effects. The levels of that parameter were lowest in birds fed with SS, however, the OS has the least effect in reduction of HDL. Both SS and OS had no effect on low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels at age of 40 d. however, both SS and PG caused an increase (P<0.05) in LDL levels. Different effects were observed on the effect of oil type on triglycerides (TG), OS and the PG caused significant increase (P<0.05) in the levels of TG, which was not affected by SO and SS. Levels of total Cholesterol (TCHO) were reduced (P<0.05) by all types of supplemented oils. PG resulted in an increase in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels compared to effects of other oil supplements that had no effects on this parameter.

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