Animal Production

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Effects Of Various Sanitizing Treatments On Hatchability Of Broiler Breeder Eggs
(2008) Feras Talal Mohammad Beleh; Dr. Maen Samara
In the commercial broiler breeder farms and hatcheries, formaldehyde fumigation is routinely carried out to disinfect hatching eggs, Dipping of hatching eggs has not been practiced as means of disinfection locally. The proper use of disinfection is essential. This study was carried out to determine the effect of different disinfection practices on hatchability, egg weight loss, embryonic mortality and early chick performance. Nestclean and dirty eggs were exposed to formaldehyde fumigation (control) or immersed in worm water (40Cº) followed by dipping for 5 minutes in one of the following disinfectant solutions: 1% formalin, agri germ, or 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Early chick mortality and hatchability of fertile eggs were not effected by treatments, but they were numerically greater in eggs dipped in hydrogen peroxide solution. None of the treatments affected egg weight loss throughout the first 18-days of incubation. The use of one-step dipping rather than the common fumigation in- farm and in-hatchery did not adversely affect hatchability. Body weights, chick mortality and weight gains did not differ by treatment. The use of one-step disinfection , and the use of hydrogen peroxide as an in-farm dip for hatching eggs may be a possible alternative to formaldehyde fumigation.
Effects of Different Level of Phytase on Broilers Performance and Body Status of Phosphorus
(2008) Rabie Ihsan Ahmad Sabha; Prof. Jamal Abo Omar
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect microbial phytase supplementation on broilers performance, nutrient digestibility, visceral organ mass, carcass cuts and body status of Ca and P. a total of 200 day-old Cobb 500 chicks were used in the experiment. Birds were partitioned into five experimental groups of 40 birds in each. Each treatment was composed of 4 replicates with 10 birds in each. The control group was fed a commercial starter and finisher diet. The second treatment was a phosphorus deficient diet, while the third, fourth and fifth treatments were fed a phosphorus deficient diets plus the microbial phytase. Phytase enzyme was incorporated at levels 1000, 2000 and 3000 PU/kg feed for the last three treatments, respectively. At the last week of experiment, three birds from each replicate were used in metabolic trial. However, at time of termination of the experiment, the same birds were killed for carcass cuts, visceral organ mass and tibia ash content investigations. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Results of the experiment showed that addition of phytase to P-deficient diets improved (P<0.5) broilers performance with impact starting from the beginning of the fourth week of the feeding trial. However, it has no effect on feed intake. Feed conversion ratio and dressing percent were increased (P<0.05) in birds fed P-deficient diets supplemented with phytase. Phytase supplementation had no significant effect on both male and female carcass cuts compared to birds fed the low P diets. Variable effects of phytase supplementation at different levels on gastrointestinal tract and its associated organs of both male and female broilers were observed. Male and female birds fed P-deficient diets incorporated with phytase enzyme at different levels had more (P<0.05) ash, Ca and P compared to birds fed the P-deficient diet. Also results of this investigation showed that phytase enzyme increased (P<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ash. Phytase supplementation decreased the excreta content of Ca and P indicating the improvement of the retention of these two minerals. The overall results indicated that incorporation of phytase in broiler ration could be economically feasible as significant portion of P in diets could be reduced.
Effect of Feeding Sesame Oil Cake on Performance and Cheese Quality of Anglo-Nubian Goats
(2008) Ayman Muneer Abdallah Hejazy; Prof. Jamal Abo Omar
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding sesame oil cake (SOC) on milk and cheese quality of Anglo-Nubian goats. Sixteen lactating (20 days-in-milk) Anglo- Nubian goats were used in the experiment that lasted for 60 days. Goats were divided into 4 dietary treatment groups of 4 goats in each and the goats were distributed between the groups in away they represent age, lactation stage and number of borne. Goats were housed on pens of suitable size and were managed as any other commercial goat flock. The animals had free access to straw and water. Four types of dietary treatment were prepared using SOC. The first diet was the control and the other three diets contained: 5, 10, and 15% SOC, respectively. Animals fed twice daily and milked during the feeding time. Milk yield (MY) was recorded daily and samples were taken for chemical analysis. Cheese was made on a monthly basis and samples were taken for sensory evaluation by testing flavor and texture. Incorporation of SOC in goats diets at levels of 10 and 15% caused an increase (P<0.05) in MY compared to control and 5% SOC. Feeding SOC at all levels tested had a positive (P<0.05) on goats milk fat (F). However, the highest Fat (F) percentage was detected in milk of goats fed with 15% SOC. Sesame Oil Cake had variable effects on milk protein (P) where the highest milk P content was from milk of goats fed with 5% cake. Both total solids (TS) and solids non fat (SNF) were increased (P<0.05) due to feeding different levels of SOC compared to control. Similar trends were observed on cheese composition in regard to F content where feeding SOC at different levels increased significantly (P<0.05) cheese F content compared to control. Other cheese components such as P and ash were not affected by SOC feeding. Sensory results showed that flavor of cheese from goats consuming 10 and 15% SOC (P<0.05) was better than cheese from the other groups. However, opposite trend was observed regarding cheese texture. The cheese from goats fed the control diet had (P<0.05) better texture. The results of this study indicate that SOC can be used in goats diets during lactation season. Similarly using SOC in goats diets proved to be economically feasible. However, more research is needed to assure these findings.
Effect of Light Stimulation and Body Weight on Productive Performance of Broiler Breeder Hens
(2008) Othman Hashem Hassan Shahadi; Dr. Maen Samara
An experiment with broiler breeder pullet's was carried out to determine the effect of pattern of light stimulation and pullets body weight at 20 wk of age on body weight and age at onset of egg laying. Two light stimulation treatments were used: abrupt light stimulation (ALS) in which hours of light were increased to 10 hr at 21 wk, 12 hr at 5% egg production, 14 hr at 35% egg production, and finally to 16 hr at 65% egg production; and step-up light stimulation (SLS) in which hours of light were increased to 12 hr at 21 wk of age, then by half an hour weakly until 16 hrs of light are attained at 29 wk of age. Pullets were randomly assigned to one of three body weight groups: low weight (1800 g), medium weight (2200 g), or heavy weight (2600 g) at 20 wk of age. The results obtained indicated that pattern of light stimulation and weight at 20 wk did not markedly affect egg production, however, pullets exposed to SLS or ALS produced the lightest eggs. A numerical advancement occurred in age at first egg due to SLS. Significant weight gain occurred in low weight pullets due to SLS. The results of this experiment indicated that SLS of low weight broiler breeder pullets represents a viable means for advancing onset of lay, and increasing weight gain at onset of lay
The Effects of Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal in the Grower Diet with Sun-Dried Blood and Boiled Feather Meals on the Performance of Broiler Chicks
(2008) Ra'fat Mohammad Salih Nakhash; Dr. Maen Samara
This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding feather, blood meals, separately, or combined, during the grower phase, on the performance of broiler chickens. Straight-run, one hundred and fifty one day old broiler chicks were reared in deep litter house to 18 days of age, at day 19, one hundred chicks were divided into ten equal replicate groups using completely randomized block design. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental mash growing diets were prepared as follows : control, diet 2 contained 5% feather meal (FM), diet 3 contained 5% blood meal (BM), diet 4 contained 5%FM plus 3%BM, and diet 5 contained 5%FM plus 5% BM. The chickens were randomly allocated to the five dietary treatment groups having two replicates of 20 chicks in each group . Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and carcass characteristics were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Feed conversion was numerically better for the control birds followed by those fed 5% BM. Birds fed the diet that contained feather meal plus blood meal 5%BM, and 5%FM diets had feed conversion numerically lower than the birds fed the control . The results indicated that heated sun-dried blood meal up to 5% or boiled feather meal up to 5% can be incorporated in the growing broiler diet without any adverse effect on production variables during the growing and at the end of the rearing period .
Performance of Awassi Lambs Fed Citrus Pulp and Olive Cake Silage
(2008) Ahmad Ismail Ahmad Za'za'; Prof. Jamal Abo Omar
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding different home made silages on performance of fattening lambs and nutrients digestibility. Sixteen uniform males of Awassi lambs were used in feeding trial that was lasted for 77 days. The trial was followed by a 6-day digestion trial. Lambs were divided into four experimental groups. Lambs in each group were fed and had free access to water. Three types of silages were prepared using wheat straw (WS), olive cake (OC) and citrus pulp (Cp). The three by-products were respectively used as the following: silage 1, 60/27/13; silage 2, 20/54/26 and 0/48/52, silage 3. The silages were offered to lambs along with fixed amount of a commercial fattening concentrate which was 78% of total rations fed. Performance of lambs was significantly (P<0.05) improved by feeding all three silages. Dry matter intake and daily gain were higher than those in the control treatment. Better performance was associated with feeding silages contained low levels of wheat straw. Cost per kg gains was lower for lambs fed the three types of silages indicating that these by-products are potential livestock feed ingredients. Values of nutrient digestibility was increased (P<0.05) for all types of silages, especially when wheat straw was excluded from the rations. The results of this study indicate that silages of wheat straw, olive cake and citrus pulp can be used for lambs in fattening operations.</p>
Comparison Among Protein Levels and Sources on Performance and Carcass Traits of Assaf Lambs
(2010) Omar Khalil Ibrahim Naser; Prof. Jamal abu Omar
Twenty male Assaf lambs were used,in this experiment, to investigate the effects of feeding sunflower meal (SFM) as a substitute for soybean meal (SBM) in rations at two crude protein (CP) levels (14 and 18% as fresh basis) on the feedlot performance, (average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, visceral organs, some carcass merits and digestibility), of fattening Assaf lambs. Lamb's average initial body weight was 29.04 kg (S.D. = 4.69 kg). Lambs were randomly divided into four groups of five lambs in each group. Lambs were fed in morning and evening individually with total mixed rations (TMR), and was considered as replicate. Lambs in groups 1 and 2 were fed fattening rations where soybean meal is the source of protein at two CP levels, 14 and 18%. However, lambs in groups 3 and 4 were fed fattening ration similar to the first two groups except that sun flower meal was the protein source. Lambs were weighted on a weekly basis. Body weight change, feed intake, average daily gain and different carcass traits were determined. In addition, visceral organ mass as well as dressing percentage and carcass cuts were also measured. Major nutrients digestibility was determined through conduction of a digestion trial. From the first week until the eighth week of the trial, the lambs fed with  the 18% CP SBM ration recorded the highest (P<0.05) weight (48.79 kg) compared to lambs fed with  the 18%CP SFM ration which showed the lowest weights (43.45 kg). The mean weight gain in lambs fed with the14% CP SFM was similar to that of lambs fed with both crude protein levels of SBM. The weight change tends to decline as SFM level increased after 4 weeks compared to other treatments. Furthermore, the highest average feed intake was observed in the 14% CP SFM and the lowest was with 18% CP SBM. Digestibility of DM and, CP were similar among all treatment rations, but level of protein and source had no effect on EE and OM digestibility. There were no significant differences in the average final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG) and average feed conversion ratios (FCR) among the treatments. Results also showed that source and level of protein had a significant effect on average leg and shoulder weights. Lambs fed with 18% CP SFM had the highest weight loss during carcass chilling at 3◦C for 24 hr., while the 14% CP SFM had the lowest weight loss value. However, there were significant differences (P<0.05) between hot and cold carcass weights. Level of SBM had a significant effect on lung average weights. However, liver average weights were significantly by protein source (14% CP of SBM vs. 18% CP SFM). Heart average weights were not affected by type or level of protein. In general, this study further confirmed that SFM could replace SBM as a protein source; also increasing protein level will not result in any improvement in lamb performance.
Different Estrous Induction Protocols During the Non-Breeding Season in Assaf Ewes
(2010) Baher Mahmoud Aoudeh Abu-Ghazal; Dr. Hatem Atallah
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) levels (300 or 600 I.U.) and the progestagen method (one sponge for 14 d or two sponge each for 7 d) on estrus response, onset and duration of estrus,lambing rate, litter size and serum progestagen concentrations during estrus period and early pregnancy. Atotal of 20 assaf ewes were used in the experiment which was conducted during April, a month that is considered as  non-breading period in Palestine. Ewes were inserted with intravaginal sponges that  containing 60 mg Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP). Seven days later, these sponge were removed and 10 new sponges were inseted to 10 of the experimental ewes. Following withdrawal of sponges, at day 14, 5ewes from each tretmant groups were injected intramauscularly with PMSG at level of 300 and 600 IU. This investigation showed that level of PMSG and progesterone application methods had no significant effects on the tested parameters, also, there are significant different in progesterone concentration between ewes gave brith to single and twines. This finding indicated that low level of PMSG can be applied for estrus synchronization where lots of savings can be achieved for the benefit of local sheep farmers. Although, some slight differences were obtained but there was no significant differences between the two different progesterone application methods nor the two different PMSG doses. So one sponge followed by 300I.U. PMSG can be used to synchronize estrus successfully and with lower cost than using two sponges or high PMSG doses.
Effects of Rumen Filterate Fermented Wheat Bran on Performance of Finishing Broiler Chickens
(2010) Mohannad Mazen Thaher Darwazeh; Dr. Maen Samara
An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of fermented wheat bran with rumen liquor at different inclusion rates on the performance of broilers at age from 21-35 days. Rumen liquor was collected and immediately mixed with wheat bran. The ingredient was incubated in sealed bags for 24 days at room temperature and then was sun dried for approximately 30 hrs. A total of 205 one-day-old male and female Cobb broiler chicks were fed commercial diets from 1-20 days of age. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental finisher diets were prepared as follows: control (C), diet 2 contained 5% rumen filtrate fermented wheat bran (FWB5%), diet 3 contained 10% rumen filtrate fermented wheat bran (FWB10%) and diet 4 contained 15% rumen filtrate fermented wheat bran (FWB15%).At 21 days of age chicks were divided randomly into four experimental groups. Every treatment group was contained four replicates of 12 birds each using completely randomized design (CRD). The chicks were fed the experimental diets from 21-35 days of age. Body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were measured throughout the experiment. The measurements of carcass traits and economical parameters were determined at the end of the experiment. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass characteristics were not significantly affected across treatments. The results of this study indicated that fermented wheat bran with rumen filtrate up 15% inclusion rate can be used in the broiler finisher diet without any adverse effects on parameters during the finishing phase of broilers.
Utilization of Fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) in Fattening Rations of Awassi Lambs
(2010) Marwan Ibrahim Mahmoud Omar; Prof.Jamal Abu Omar
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding fleabane on general performance, carcass cuts and visceral organs of Awassi lambs. Sixteen male lambs were used in the experiment and were divided into 4 groups with four lambs in each in a completely randomized design. Each lamb was considered as a replicate. Animals in group 1 were fed with a commercial fattening ration. Lambs in the other three treatments were fed with fleabane at rates of 5, 10 and 15%, respectively. Fleabane was incorporated to replace similar percentages of barley. Results of the experiment showed that fleabane has significant effect on weight gain of lambs. Starting from week 2, fleabane at all levels increased (P<0.05) lambs weight. From week 4 and after lambs fed with 10 and 15% fleabane had the highest (P<0.05) gain compared to the gain observed in lambs of the other two experimental groups. Similarly, the average daily gain observed in lambs fed with 10 and 15% fleabane was higher (P<0.05) than daily gains of lambs in other treatments. Lambs in all experimental groups had similar feed consumption. Incorporation of fleabane had no negative effects on feed intake even at high levels. Feed conversion ratios were relatively lower to what was expected of such used rations. Feeding fleabane had variable effects on the different carcass cuts. Fleabane at levels of 10 and 15% caused an increase (P<0.05) in leg, rib, shoulder and loin. However, fleabane had no effects on weights of shank, neck and breast. On the other hand, fleabane at the 10%and15% levels increased weights (P<0.05) of abdominal fat and the thickness of subcutaneous fat. Fleabane had no effects on the rib eye muscle area and depth. Feeding fleabane especially at the highest two levels caused an increase (P<0.05) in the average weights of these organs. Fleabane increased (P<0.05) the average weights of forestomach, rumen wet and dry weights, reticulum wet and dry weights, abomasum wet and dry weights, small intestine, large intestine and cecum. However, it has no significant effects on omasum wet and dry tissue weights, esophagus, trachea, total tract, gall bladder, spleen, kidney fat, feet, head and hide average weights. It is recommended that fleabane can be used in fattening lambs’ rations at rates of 10 and 15%, however, more research is needed in this area.
Evaluation of Performance and Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Milk Yield and Some Reproductive Traits in Sheep Breeds and Crosses in the West Bank
(2010) Moayed Nayef Abed AL Rahman Ahmed; Dr. Jehad Abdullah
This study was conducted to evaluate sheep productivity in the West Bank, and estimate genetic parameters (heritability and repeatability) for milk yield and prolificacy traits. The data included a total of 1711 milk records from 1243 ewes and a total of 3682 lambing records from 1837 ewes of the Awassi breed (AW), two Awassi-derived-lines (Improved Awassi, IA and Afec Awassi, AA), Assaf breed (AF) and Awassi x Assaf crosses (XB). The data were from the demonstration farms of the Small Ruminant Middle East Regional Program in the West Bank, collected during the years 2003 to 2010. Milk traits included total milk yield (TMY), total milk yield to 120 days of lactation (TMY120), and total milk yield to 150 days of lactation (TMY150) with number of ewes (n) and number of records (l) as follows: n=287, l=435 for AW; n=138, l=224 for IA; n=24, l=40 for AA; n=254, l= 339 for AF, and n=564, l= 758 for XB. Reproductive traits included number of lambs born per ewe lambing (NLB), number of lambs born alive per ewe lambing (NLBA), and lambing interval (LI): n=153, l=431 for IA; n=448, l=778 for AW; n=26, l=56 for AA; n=433, l= 968 for AF, and n=803, l= 1505 for XB). The data were analyzed using two linear models: a fixed-effects model for testing breed differences and other fixed environmental effects, and a mixed-model for estimation of genetic parameters. Genetic parameters were estimated using REML procedure. The fixed effects investigated for milk traits were: location-breed (LB), parity (PR), year-season of lambing (YS), treatment for induction of estrus (TRT: natural or PMSG sponges), number of lambs born per ewe lambing (NLB), number of milking tests (NMT), and lactation length (LL). For prolificacy traits, the fixed effects were: LB, PR, YS, and TRT. The results of milk traits showed that LB, PR, and YS had high significant effects on all milk traits (P < 0.001), while the effect of NLB was not significant (P > 0.05) for any milk trait. The effect of LL was highly significant (P < 0.001) on TMY, while NMT was not significant (p > 0.05). For prolificacy traits, LB, PR, and YS had significant effects (P < 0.05) for all studied traits, while TRT was significant for NLBA only. The least squares means for total milk yield (kg) per ewe over 150 days of lactation were: 185.5±8.7 for AA (experimental station of Betqad in Jenin)), 171.4 ±3.7 for IA (experimental station of Betqad), 123.6±4.1 (Jerusalem) to 212.0±7.1 (Hebron) for AW, 184.7±5.2 (Qalqilia) to 274.9±8 (Jenin) for AF, and 174.8±3.5 (Dora) to 328.3±7 (Nablus) for XB. The AA line, which carries the Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene, had the highest reproductive performance while AW and IA had the lowest performance. The least squares means of number of lambs born alive per ewe lambing were 1.47±0.06 for AA, 1.15±0.02 for IA, 1.11±0.02 (Jerusalem) and 1.19±0.04 (Hebron) for AW, ranged from 1.16±0.05 (Jenin) to 1.31±0.02 (Qalqilia) for AF, and ranged from 1.11±0.03 (Bethlehem) to 1.30±0.06 (Jerusalem) for XB. The least squares means of lambing interval (in days) were 338±14 for AA, 355±5 for IA, 361±6 (Jerusalem) and 429±14 (Hebron) for AW, ranged from 276±11 (Jenin) to 356±16 (Hebron) for AF, and ranged from 269±9 (Jerusalem) to 390±10 (Jerusalem) for XB. Estimates of heritability (h²) of TMY ranged from 0 in XB to 0.11 in AW. For TMY120 and TMY150, heritability ranged from 0 in XB to 0.16 in AW. Estimates of h² of NLB varied form 0 in XB to 0.09 in AW, and for NLBA it ranged from 0 in XB to 0.15 in AW. For LI it was 0.03 in AW and 0 for other breeds and crosses. The results of this study indicate that Assaf and Awassi x Assaf sheep are the recommended breeds for raising in the Northern areas of the West Bank (Nablus and Jenin). The study also emphasizes the need for full recording of performance and pedigree data in sheep farms as part of good management practice which should be part of a national recoding system.
The Readiness of Municipalities (A, B) in the West Bank to Administering Responsibility of the property tax and licenses professions
(2011) Naela Ahmed Manhood Sawafta; Dr.Hatem Al-Kukhun
Special studies of the taxes occupies an outstanding place for financial studies. The importance of taxes comes in the first place not as a result of being one of the most important general revenues of the government not only because of its importance on the effect of economic legal social and political fields. It plays an outstanding role on national economies no matter how economic conditions differ which tax system operates in whether governments are capitalist, socialist, developed or underdeveloped. The importance of property tax because it is imposed clearly and it is difficult to evade or shift to inexpensive legal, because it is a direct tax. And it is increasing taxes because of the continuous increase in constructions. Because of the comprehensive valuation of the property, which is lately applied on some areas of the municipalities of the West Bank. The central government represented by the Ministry of Finance collects the property tax, license and professions which were authorized by law in this task .The ministry transfers 90% of the tax collected to the municipalities and the remaining 10% are kept for the ministry as expenses. Because the Ministry of Finance takes a long time to transfer to the municipalities. Due to the delay in the Ministry of Finance to remit to municipal dues and the sharp need for these local bodies to the money, a lot of studies have advocated that municipalities collect the tax themselves in order to ensure the daily cash liquidity at the right time, so as to conduct its business properly and to achieve greater financial decentralization which is the lifeblood of the municipalities. The main goal of this study is to look at the readiness of municipalities (A-B) in the West Bank to manage the responsibility of the property tax and license professions. To reach this goal, this study followed a practical analytical descriptive method. A group of questions and hypotheses were put. To make sure of their applications, a questionnaire is designed and answered by members of the samples 138 and they are financial managers and administrators of (A-B) and personal interviews were conducted with officials in the municipalities, the Ministry of Local Government and the Ministry of Finance. The results indicated the ability of these municipalities ties to under the task of the management. This study came to the followings studies and recommendations. The following: 1. The stake holders of the legislators and officials to meet the desire of municipalities to ensure the task of collection of property tax to it, especially after results showed the ability to do so. 2. Reduce the property tax rates taking into account the general economic situations and a reason not to paying tax. 3. To speed up the Ministry of Finance to transfer entitlements of local bodies of the tax and characterized the relationship between the ministry and local bodies to transparency and clarity. 4. The distribution of donations and government aid is just the local bodies in order to reduce the differences between them and achieving social justice. 5. Citizen’s awareness of the importance of taxes in general and property tax in particular. 6. To raise the citizen’s sense of responsibility towards their homeland and he must be an active citizen.
Performance and Lipid Profile of Broilers Fed Two Medicinal Plants
(2011) Kamal Jamal Jamel Isa; Prof. Jamal Abo Omar
This experiment was conducted in faculty of agriculture at khadory-Tulkarem to investigate the effect of feeding garlic powder and dried thyme leaves on the performance, digestibility, dressing percentage, carcass and non carcass cuts and lipid profile of broilers. A total of 216 day-old Cobb-500 chicks were used in this experiment from 9/2/2011 to 22/3/2011. Birds were divided into nine experimental treatments of 24 birds in each. Each treatment was composed of 4 replicates with 6 birds in each replicate. The control group was fed a commercial starter and finisher diet. The second and third groups were supplemented with garlic at the rate of 0.2 and 0.4%, respectively. Birds in forth and fifth groups were supplemented with thyme at the rate of 0.02 and 0.04%, respectively. The birds in the last four experimental groups were supplemented with a mixture of the supplements at the two levels (0.2%+0.02% for the sixth group, 0.4%+0.04% for the seventh group, 0.2% + 0.04% for the eighth group and 0.4% + 0.02% for the ninth group). In the last week of experiment, three birds from each experimental unit were used in metabolic trial. However, at the termination of the experiment, the same birds will be slaughtered for dressing percentage and giblets. Blood samples from all groups were collected on 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks of age from wing vein for lipid profile studies. Total cholesterol (TCHO), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were determined. Results of this study showed that both garlic powder and the dried thyme leaves when fed separately had no significant effects on broilers weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass cuts, visceral organs. However, both plants decreased (P<0.05) the levels of serum cholesterol (CHO), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and increased the high density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to the control birds. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) was improved by feeding garlic powder and dried thyme leaves individually. Diets supplemented with mixture of garlic powder and dried thyme leaves caused a significant improvement (P<0.05) in final body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentages, carcass weight, EE and the digestibility of DM, CP and EE compared to other treatments and the control chicks. These mixtures at different levels and separately caused a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the levels of CHO, TG, and LDL, and cause improvement in (HDL). The mixtures used had no effect on carcass cuts and visceral organ weight. It can be concluded that garlic powder and dried thyme leaves supplements can provide positive advantages in broilers performance.
The Effect of Force Molting Method on Post Molt Performance of Laying Hens
(2011) Hakam Ahmad M. Al-Bast; Dr. Maen Samara
This experiment was conducted at An- najah farm in Tulkarm to investigate the effect of force molting methods on post molt performance of laying hens, this investigation involved feeding rumen content (RC) and rumen content mixed with alfalfa,(RCAA), (50 :50 ) to determine their ability to induce molt. To achieve this ,85 Hi – line egg laying hens , 60 wk of age were exposed to one of the following molt treatments: treatment 1, full feed ( FF) non –molted control ; treatment 2, feed withdrawal ( FW) conventional molt ; treatment 3, rumen content ( RC) molt ; treatment 4, rumen content and alfalfa (50 : 50) molt, each treatment was divided into tow replicates and each replicate contains 11hens that was housed individually A CRD design was implemented in the experiment , the result of this study indicated that hens subject to feed withdrawal (FW) rumen content (RC) and rumen content mixed with alfalfa (RCAA) methods showed significantly greater, (P < 0.05) percentage of body weight loss, ( 32.66 , 31.17 ,and 34.33 % ) compared to those in the FF treatment . Organ weight loss occurs simultaneously with loss in body weight(BW) at the end of the experiment, no significant differences were noticed for hens in terms of feed intake (FI) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) in all treatments in post molt experimental period that lasts 56 days. FF hens had significantly lower, ( P < 0.05 ) hen – day egg production when compared with all other treatments after 8 weeks , also RCAA hens had numerically higher egg production than FW or RC hens . The egg weight showed no significant differences among treatments, but egg output for FF treatment has significantly lower than other treatments. Egg quality, ( shell , albumin and yolk weight ) were not influenced by the treatment , but numerically was in favor FF .The results of our experiment indicated that RC and RCAA represent a viable alternative to FW method for the successful induction of molt and retention of post molt performance.
The Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles and Multienzyme Preparation (Avizyme) on Layer Performance and Egg Quality
(2013) Reem Fathi Tawfiq Mustafa; Dr. Maen Samara
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of distiller dried grain with solubles (DDGS) in commercial layer diets with Avizyme 1505. Three hundred 68 weeks-old Hy-line second cycle layers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in 2x4 factorial arrangement, with the variables being (DDGS) substitution for corn and soybean meal at two levels (0 or 15%) and Avizyme 1505 at four levels (0, 100, 150, and 200 gm/ton). Layer performance and egg quality were evaluated. Results showed that DDGS, Avizyme, or their interaction did not significantly affect body weight, egg production, egg weight, and egg mass. The results of this experiment suggest that DDGS level and enzyme supplementation did not significantly influence the body weight, egg production and egg characteristics parameters of second cycle laying hens.Another experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of commercial layer diets supplemented with varying levels Avizyme 1505 (0,100, 200, 500, 1000 gm/ton). One hundred and fifty 73 weeks-old Hy-line second cycle layers were distributed in a completely randomized design. Layer performance and egg quality were evaluated. The results of the present study indicated that Avizyme at the commercially recommended level or even higher levels did not significantly affect any of the performance parameters.
Performance and Body Fatty Acid Composition of Broiler Chicks, Fed Different Dietary Fat Sources.
(2013) Mohammad Abed Alraheem Alqub; Prof. Jamal Abo Omar
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding different dietary fat sources in the finisher rations of broilers including sesame oil (SO) olive oil sediments (OS), and poultry grease (PG) in comparison to the traditional oil supplement, the soybean soap stock oil (SS) on growth performance, dressing percentage, carcass cut, blood lipid profile and meat quality i.e. water holding capacity(WHC), cell forming unit(CFU). A total of 208 day-old Cobb- 500 chicks were used in this experiment. Birds were divided into four experimental treatments of 52 birds in each, Each treatment was composed of 4 replicates with 13 birds in each. At the termination of the experiment birds were slaughtered for examining the carcass merits, visceral organs and the dressing percentages. Results showed that type of oil had significant effects on feed intake(FI), final body weight(BW) and feed conversion efficiency(FCR). Chicks fed the OS consumed more (P<0.05) feed compared to birds fed other oil supplements. Both PG and SS resulted in similar intake, however, birds fed with the SO had the lowest (P<0.05) FI. Highest (P<0.05) weight was observed in birds fed with SS followed by birds fed the PG. OS resulted in the lowest (P<0.05) average final weights. FCR was the best (P<0.05) in birds fed the SS, however, the lowest (P<0.05) was in birds fed the SO. At d 28, FCR was the best (P<0.05) in birds consuming the SO and PG, however, at d 35 PG had the best (P<0.05) positive effect on feed conversion while the OS had the highest (P<0.05) negative effect. Heavier (P<0.05) carcass weights were observed in chicks fed the OS and the SS compared to carcasses of birds fed with PG and SO. The dressing percentages were higher (P<0.05) in birds fed the OS compared to that for other birds. Birds fed the SS and SO had better (P<0.05) dressing percentages compared to that in PG birds. Meat of broilers fed the OS had the highest (P<0.05) WHC followed by birds consuming the SO. However, the WHC was the lowest in birds fed the SS. The olive oil sediment caused about more than 100% improvement in WHC compared to the traditionally used soap stock oil. The highest carcass contamination was detected in carcasses of birds fed the SS, however, the least contaminated were the carcasses of birds fed the OS. At 28 d of age were affected by oil supplementation. At 40 d of age the effects of oil supplemented followed different trends. High density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were reduced (P<0.05) by all types of oil which had variable effects. The levels of that parameter were lowest in birds fed with SS, however, the OS has the least effect in reduction of HDL. Both SS and OS had no effect on low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels at age of 40 d. however, both SS and PG caused an increase (P<0.05) in LDL levels. Different effects were observed on the effect of oil type on triglycerides (TG), OS and the PG caused significant increase (P<0.05) in the levels of TG, which was not affected by SO and SS. Levels of total Cholesterol (TCHO) were reduced (P<0.05) by all types of supplemented oils. PG resulted in an increase in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels compared to effects of other oil supplements that had no effects on this parameter.
In Situ Sheep Ruminal Degradation Kinetics of Crude Protein and Fiber for two Agricultural By-Products in Palestine
(2013) Omar Tahseen Mohammad Hamed; Prof. Jamal Abo Omar; Dr. Jihad Abdallah
Two agricultural by-products (crude olive cake, OC and a mix of green house wastes of tomato and cucumber, GHW) used for sheep nutrition in rural communities in Palestine were evaluated for ruminal dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation kinetics. Two bags each containing 5 g ground forage were incubated in the rumen of two ruminally cannulated Assaf rams for 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h. Rate and extent of ruminal digestion were estimated. Significant differences between by-product types were observed in rapidly soluble and potentially degradable fractions, and degradation rates of DM, CP, ADF and NDF. The rapidly soluble DM, CP, ADF and NDF fractions were 16.19, 15.21, 10.64 and 14.06% for GHW, and 7.2, 6.6, 6.0 and 5.62% for OC. The potentially degradable DM, CP, ADF and NDF fractions, respectively, were 55.82, 62.3, 49.4 and 55.09% for GHW, and 47.6, 44.26, 46.34 and 48.53% for OC. The DM, CP, ADF and NDF disappearance in GHW were 47.3, 55.7, 40.39 and 40.7 at 24 h, 53.58, 67.45, 47.84 and 45.26 at 48 h, 65.38, 72.7, 54.96 and 57.95 at 72 h. for olive cake 34.99, 25.66, 32.80, and 32.90 at 24 h, 46.44, 33.87 42.44, 41.98 at 48 h, 49.21, 40.31, 47.39 and 48.19 at 72 h. The disappearance of all tested nutrients was higher (P<0.05) in GHW compared to OC. The effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP were also higher (P < 0.05) for GHW than OC. Taking these findings into consideration, one can propose using both by-products, together or separately as part of ruminant rations. According to their degradability, they can be introduced in these rations as part of roughage (wheat and barley straw). However, the GHW can be incorporated in ruminant rations as part of good quality roughage (legume hay).
The Biological and Economical Feasibility of Feeding Barley Green Fodder and its Modifications on Lactating Awassi Ewes
(2014) AbdalRahim M. A. Saidi; Prof. Jamal Abu Omar
The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the botanical and biological value of hydroponic barley (HB) as a feed ingredient for lactatingawassi ewes. Three forms of HB were investigated. The first was planting barley grains alone (HB) while in the second and third were planting barley grains mixed with olive cake (HBOC) and almond hulls (HBAH). The green fodder produced from these three forms was used in feeding 4 lactating ewes in each group being fed one of the HB forms for 70 days and performance and milk parameters were tested. Results of the experiment showed that the green fodder yield in 8 days germination cycle was 6.6,6.5 and 7.5 kg per 1 kg barley grains of green fodder from HB,HBOC and HBAH,respectively. Mixed barley grain with OC and AH to barley grains as germination media had no advantages in regard to biomass and nutritive value. The form of HB had no effects on milk yield, milk composition, feed intake, body weight changes; however, HB of different forms had positive effects on ewe’s healthy conditions, mortalities, conception rates and abortion. In conclusion HB of any form can be used as feed for lactating sheep as cost of feed can be reduced by 42% under HB feeding.
The Effect of Supplemental Enzymes in Diets Containing Two Levels of Corn Distillers' Dried Grains with solubles on Performance of Broiler Chickens
(2014) Hani Kamel Zidan; Dr. Maen Samara
This experiment was conducted at An- najah university farm in Tulkarm to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary enzyme preparations and diets formulated to contain or not distillers dried grains with solubles on performance of broiler chicks and carcass characteristics. The experiment was 2×4 factorial arrangements with diets containing two levels of DDGS ( 0 and 10%) and four levels (0, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 g/kg) of commercial enzyme product (Avizyme). A total number of 256 Ross 308 one day-old commercial broiler chicks were randomly assigned to eight experimental diets which replicated four times with 8 birds per replicate. Birds were given starter diets from 1to 21 days and finisher diets from 22 to 35 days. Body weight ,feed intake, feed conversion ratio and cost of feed per kg live weight were determined at weekly basis till the end of experiment. Four chicks were selected and slaughtered to determined the carcass yield and weights of cuts. The results of this study indicated that the addition of 10% DDGS without supplemental avizyme at starting period reduced (P<0.05) body weight (BW) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) . This trend continued until the fourth week of age, however (FCR) were the same in all treatments in the last two weeks of age but in term of (BW) for the 35 days of experiment no significant (P<0.05) differences were detected between treatments but for (FCR) the results indicated that only two significant (P<0.05) differences were detected between treatments 0% DDGS supplemented with 200 g/ton and 10% DDGS supplemented with 0.25 g/kg which were (1.75 vs 2.08) respectively . The final cost (NIS) of kg live weight for broilers given 10% DDGS was higher (P<0.05) than broilers given 0% DDGS when no avizyme is added (3.7 vs 3.88). In terms of carcass cuts and dressing percentage, this study indicated no significant differences with respect to dressing percentage, drumstick, thigh and breast weights among treatment, but the intestine weight and fat bad %, were higher (P<0.05) for birds fed 10% DDGS compared to 0% DDGS with no supplemental avizyme ( 5 vs 3.87) and (1.5 vs 0.98) respectively. This study also indicated that liver, gizzard weights as percentages of live body weight were the same in all treatments except hearts weights which were higher (P<0.05) in diets containing 10% DDGS compared to diets containing 0% DDGS supplemented with 0, 0.2 g/kg avizyme .
PERFORMANCE AND COST EVALUATION OF BROILERS FED WITH VARYING LEVELS OF BLACK CUMIN SEED MEAL
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-01-09) عبد الفتاح خليل غنام, نادية
أجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة أثر إضافة كسبة حبوب القزحة على أداء وخواص ذبيحة دجاج اللحم. تم تكسير كسبة حبوب القزحة إلى أجزاء صغيرة إضافتها بنسبة (0 , 1.5 ,2.5 , 3.5 %) إلى عليقة دجاج اللحم لتكوين أربعة معاملات غذائية، بالإستعانة ب 336 صوص عمريوم من صنف (روس 308) وتم استخدامها حتى عمر 41 يوم. تم قياس كمية العلف المستهلك والزيادة في الوزن اسبوعيا ومن خلالها حساب كفاءة التحويل الغذاء. عند الوصول إلى عمر 41 يوم تم أخذ 12 عينة من كل معاملة بطريقة عشوائية وذلك لمعرفة ودراسة خواص اللحم. تبين من نتائج هذه الدراسة أن إضافة مسحوق كسبة القزحة إلى عليقة دجاج اللحم لايؤثر على الزيادة الوزنية أومعدل استهلاك العلف أو كفاءة التحويل الغذائية وقطع اللحم والأعضاء الداخلية. يمكننا القول أن إضافة مسحوق كسبة القزحة لم يؤثر سلبا على أداء الطيور ولذلك يمكن إضافته بنسبة 3.5% إلى عليقة الدجاج اللاحم.

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