Chemical Engineering

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Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Derived from the Pyrolysis of Waste Tires
(2017-01-01) Thabalih, Diana; Abu Saif, Enas; Abu Shanab, Hala; Qteishat, Tahani; Abusafa, Dr. Abdelrahim
The production of activated carbon from waste tires and evaluate its ability for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions in batch process is the aim of our study. The activation process was carried out by washing carbon by KOH then heated at 550°C for 2 hour under nitrogen flow rate after that washing with HCl and dried. The adsorption capacity performances of prepared carbon that washed by two solutions (water and HCl) of different particles size in this work were investigated using phenol. The kinetic adsorption study was carried out at initial concentration of phenol (30 ppm) at room temperature (25ºC) for 48 h with 0.5g carbon. The adsorption capacity was found to increase with decreasing the particle size. The results obtained show that the pseudo-second order model was the best to describe adsorption kinetic data for phenol adsorption by activated carbon with R2 value of 0.993 and adsorption capacity qm was 9.091 (mg/g), for carbon washed by water for (0.425 – 2 mm and 2 – 4 mm) particles size with R2 value of 0.998 and 0.992 and adsorption capacity qm was 7.634 and 7.194 (mg/g), respectively, and for carbon washed by HCl for (0.425–2 and 2– 4 mm) particles size with R2 value of 0.994 and 0.982 and adsorption capacity qm was 8.0645 and 6.6667 (mg/g), respectively. For phenol isotherm adsorption, the adsorption data . were fitted to Langmuir isotherm for phenol adsorption by activated carbon with R2 value of 0.957 and adsorption capacity qm was 4.281 (mg/g), for carbon washed by water for (0.425 – 2 mm and 2 – 4 mm) particles size with R2 value of 0.99 and 0.979 and adsorption capacity qm was 1.889 and 1.7006 (mg/g), respectively, and for carbon washed by HCl for (0.425–2 and 2– 4 mm) particles size with R2 value of 0.976 and 0.983 and adsorption capacity qm was 3.937 and 3.597 (mg/g), respectively. From adsorption capacity data, the carbon washed with HCl is better than the carbon washed with water but in a slightly small different which is means the washing solution has no effect on adsorption of phenol. The acetic acid adsorption was Freundlich isotherm so it is a multilayer adsorption which means the surface area measurement is hard to measured by this method. The result in this research indicated that activated carbon from waste tires was an attractive adsorbent for removal of phenol from aqueous solutions.
Adsorptive Removal of Cr3+ Metal Ions onto MgO and Silica-Embedded MgO Nanoparticles: “Comparative Study
(2020-05-17) Baniowda, Hanaa; Bitar, Nada
ABSTRACT Wastewater treatment is one of the global environmental challenges, as the population is increasing along with the industrial activity. Based on previous studies, it is believed that nanotechnology offers the possibility of removing heavy metals from wastewater, as some nanoparticles have special economical and vital removal properties toward waste molecules. In this study, the adsorptive removal of trivalent chromium in aqueous solutions is studied using commercial MgO nanoparticles and in-house prepared silica embedded MgO nanoparticles. Adsorption isotherms and adsorbent characterization are investigated. Isotherm studies showed that the best fit for both adsorbents is the BET model, which describes the multilayer adsorption theory. The adsorption capacity was higher for the silica embedded MgO, 106 mg/g compared to 69 mg/g for commercial MgO nanoparticles. The higher affinity of the second layer over the first layer in BET isotherms emphasizes that the interaction is stronger between the adsorbate and the adsorbed layer than the adsorbate and the adsorbent. The approximate cost analysis showed that silica based MgO are more cost effective than commercial MgO nanoparticles. Adsorption isotherms and FT-IR study of the virgin and spent nanoparticles confirmed the adsorption of Cr3+ metal ions onto MgO adsorbents.
Adsorptive removal of dyes from textile wastewater using nanoparticles (nanopyroxene)
(2017-01-06) Assaf, Aya; Amer, Huda; Ahmed, Saja; Sabbah, Yasmeen; Hmoudah, Eng. Maryam
Textile wastewater consumes large quantities of water and produces large volumes of wastewater which is often rich in color, containing residues of reactive dyes and chemicals as well as much more hard-degradation materials. The presence of dyes in wastewater poses an environmental concern due to the existence of toxic components that may impact to aquatic and non-aquatic life. In this work, a new environmentally sound and low-cost, yet highly efficient nanopyroxene, (NaFeSi2O6) which is known as aegirine, will be used as an adsorbent for the removal of a model molecule dye from aqueous solutions and real textile wastewater by the batch-adsorption technique. Different diluted samples (100%, 85%, 70%, 55%, 40%& 25%) for COD test and (100%, 80%, 60%, 40% & 20%) for the UV- spectrophotometer were prepared and adsorption was done at 25 oC, 35 oC and 45oC. The samples were put in the shaker for 24 hour and 150 rpm and separate by centrifuge at specific time and speed. The results were measured by COD and UV- Spectrophotometer devices. The readings of COD must decrease but they were randomly changed maybe due to the high total suspended solid. Also for the UV- Spectrophotometer the results before adsorption were corrected as the dilution factor decrease the absorbance were decreased but for the samples after adsorption the absorbance were randomly changed and that unreasonable, this indicates that there is a specific metal in the water sample didn’t adsorb by nonopyroxene at wavelength equal approximately 281nm. According to the results the adsorption isotherm and thermodynamics study cannot applied.
Advanced Treatment of Water Effluent from Nablus Western Wastewater Treatment Plant
(2015-06-21) Tebiyeh, Ala'a; Abd-Alqader, Amal; Awad, Aseel; Shaikh Qasem, Farah; AbuSafa, Dr. AbdelRahim
The main objective of this project is to find a suitable technique for advanced wastewater treatment. Purification of water effluent from Nablus western treatment plant is considered for reuse it. To achieve this objective, the plant was visited. It was found that the amount of treated wastewater is around12000 m3/day. Economic advanced treatment process can be used to improve the quality of water. However, the water outflows from the plant are pumped for expensive disposal in Israel. Therefore the research team studied and designed a pilot system for advanced treatment. It consists of a sequence treatment processes: sand filtration, microfiltration and chlorination. Purification was done with and without nitrification. Multiple experiments were conducted to study the properties of water system prior and post. From these experiments, it has been noticed that the best system consists of sand filter and chlorination with nitrification. From this system the colonies of fecal were changed from 68 to 0andcolonies of coliform were changed from ∞to 0respectively and the conductivity didn’t change. Based on the pilot study, a detailed design of the sand filter systems was made for the treatment plant. The plant needs 4 filters (3 filters and 1 standby) the dimensions of each filter is 4m x 3m x 3.25m and each filter include two cells. As a conclusion the designed system was found to be feasible and water quality confirms with standards set for agricultural water in Pale
Alternative concretes, sustainable resources and environmentally friendly products
(2020-06) Kalbonah, Mohammad; Hamawi, Ismael
الملخص أضفنا في هذا المشروع الجير المطفأ ومسحوق الحديد بنسب قليلة بدلًا من الأسمنت كما في النسب الموضحة (3٪ ، 5٪ ، 7٪ ، 10٪ ، 13٪ و 15٪). تم خلط العينات بآلة خلط كهربائية عن طريق خلط المكونات الجافة من الأسمنت والرمل والحصى والجير المطفأ ومسحوق الحديد لمدة أربع دقائق لتصبح مزيجًا متجانسًا. ثم يضاف الماء لبدء التفاعل. بعد خلط المكونات بالماء ، يتم صب الخليط في قوالب ليأخذ شكله قبل معالجته في حوض مائي واختباره. بعد صنع مكعبات الخرسانة ومعالجتها لمدة 7 و 28 يومًا ، تم إجراء اختبار على العينات. كان الهدف من ذلك هو تحديد قوة الضغط وامتصاص الماء لتقييم تأثير الجير ومسحوق الحديد على امتصاص للماء الخرسانة وقوة الضغط القادر تحملها. وجدنا أن إضافة 5٪ من الجير و 7٪ من مسحوق الحديد تعطي أفضل النتائج. فعند استبدال الاسمنت مع الحديد بنسبة 7% ، فلوحظ تحسن في قوة الانضغاط من 29.8 ميجا باسكال إلى 37.8 ميجا باسكال ، وتغير امتصاص الماء من 4.89٪ إلى 2.56٪. اما بالنسبة للجير فإنه يعزز قوة الضغط عند 5٪ من الاستبدال من 19.6 إلى 25 ميجا باسكال ، لكن امتصاص الماء زاد من 7.22٪ إلى 7.31٪. Abstract In this project, we added hydrated lime and waste iron powder with a few percentages instead of cement as in the proportions shown (3%, 5%,7%, 10%,13% and 15%). The samples were mixed with electrical machine by mixing dry component of cement, sand, aggregate, hydrated lime and iron powder for four minutes to become a homogenous mix. Then water is added to initiate the reaction. After mixing the components with water, the mix was cast in molds to take its shape, before curing it in water path and testing it. After making and curing cubes of concrete for 7 and 28-days testing was applied to specimens. This was to determine the compressive strength and water absorption to evaluate the effect of lime and waste iron powder on the concrete absorption and compression strength. We found that adding 5% of lime and 7% of iron powder give the best results. It enhances the compression strength for 7% of Fe powder added to cement, the compressive strength improves from 29.8 MPa to 37.8 MPa, and water absorption change from 4.89% to 2.56%. For lime it enhances the compression strength at 5% of replacement from 19.6 to 25MPa, but the water absorption increased from 7.22% to 7.31%.
ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC GRID CONNECTED SYSTEM IN PALESTINE
(2019-12-25) BAZYAN, Amin; ASSI, Hiba; MALHIS, Sura
Abstract Investing of grid connected PV systems for many Palestinian utilities has spread widely due to the decreasing price of the PV components and the supportive governmental policies that encourages stakeholders to invest in the renewable energy sector. A number of schools, municipality buildings and private firms have also built such PV systems. A sample of 15 schools was chosen to be evaluated technically and economically. These systems are rated at a range of 6-35 kWp. Furthermore, the systems were technically evaluated by calculating the yield factor, capacity factor and the performance ratio, the resulted numbers were compared to reference values from other researches. Finally, the ten sites were evaluated economically using simple pay-back period and IRR. This paper deals with the problem of economical and performance evaluation of the solar photovoltaic systems, based on the available operation data measurements. The main goal is to find out the most significant cause-effect relationships between the available measured inputs and the output power of the system. The problem is not easy one, because quite often the available measurements are correlated and in addition, they have an indirect influence on the final output of the system - the output power. The resulted data varied from one school to another, some sites had a good average values while others were far below the expected range. The main causes of these problems will be discussed specifically in the second part of our research. We will explain them from policy, behavior and technical points of view.
BET Surface Area Analyzer Design
(2012-05) Kamal Tanbour, Rafeeq; EL-Hamouz, Prof. Amer
Bioconversion of Whey to Lactic Acid Using Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)
(2011) AMER, BARAA; SARSOUR, HIBA; ESHTAYA, MOUNTAHA; YASEEN, NOOR; SHHADI, : Dr.MAJD
Lactic acid is a natural organic acid, which is an industrially important product. It is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and chemical, textile and food industries. Novel applications in synthesis of biodegradable plastics have increased the demand for lactic acid. Microbial fermentations are preferred over chemical synthesis of lactic acid due to many factors. The whey is highly pollutant to environment and disposal of whey may causes number of problems. But whey is potential source of lactose and other beneficial minerals. This characteristic makes the whey to be a main substrate for production of lactic acid from whey and other biological products. In this project cheese whey was used as a raw material for microbial lactic acid production with Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). In the first part of this study LAB was isolated from dairy by- product whey. After that the growth rate of the isolated LAB was studied. Finally the effect of whey concentration on lactic acid production was investigated using batch fermentation which is carried out in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask and the temperature was maintained at 37oC throughout the fermentation. As a result of intensive experiments for LAB isolation, nearly pure LAB was obtained. While in the second part the growth rate constant was 0.64 h-1 and the generation time is about 1.09 h. In the third part of this study, first the whey was concentrated by vacuum evaporation to be used for lactic acid production. The total solid (TS) obtained after evaporation process was about 117 g/l. Two different initial whey concentrations were used 10 g/l and 20 g/l. It was found that the lactic acid concentration is about 0.342 (w/w)% when initial whey concentration 10 g/l is used, while about 0.401 (w/w)% of lactic acid was formed in case of 20 g/l after 5 hours of cultivation. The results obtained in this work confirmed that it is possible to increase the value of residues from the dairy industry for the production of value-added products such as lactic acid, which has important industrial applications. This could reduce the cost of the culture media used for lactic acid production when scaling up the process.
Bioconversion of Whey to Lactic Acid Using Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)
(2011) BARAA AMER; HIBA SARSOUR; MOUNTAHA ESHTAYA; NOOR YASEEN
Lactic acid is a natural organic acid, which is an industrially important product. It is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and chemical, textile and food industries. Novel applications in synthesis of biodegradable plastics have increased the demand for lactic acid. Microbial fermentations are preferred over chemical synthesis of lactic acid due to many factors. The whey is highly pollutant to environment and disposal of whey may causes number of problems. But whey is potential source of lactose and other beneficial minerals. This characteristic makes the whey to be a main substrate for production of lactic acid from whey and other biological products. In this project cheese whey was used as a raw material for microbial lactic acid production with Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). In the first part of this study LAB was isolated from dairy by- product whey. After that the growth rate of the isolated LAB was studied. Finally the effect of whey concentration on lactic acid production was investigated using batch fermentation which is carried out in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask and the temperature was maintained at 37oC throughout the fermentation. As a result of intensive experiments for LAB isolation, nearly pure LAB was obtained. While in the second part the growth rate constant was 0.64 h-1 and the generation time is about 1.09 h. In the third part of this study, first the whey was concentrated by vacuum evaporation to be used for lactic acid production. The total solid (TS) obtained after evaporation process was about 117 g/l. Two different initial whey concentrations were used 10 g/l and 20 g/l. It was found that the lactic acid concentration is about 0.342 (w/w)% when initial whey concentration 10 g/l is used, while about 0.401 (w/w)% of lactic acid was formed in case of 20 g/l after 5 hours of cultivation. The results obtained in this work confirmed that it is possible to increase the value of residues from the dairy industry for the production of value-added products such as lactic acid, which has important industrial applications. This could reduce the cost of the culture media used for lactic acid production when scaling up the process.
Biodegradable Poly-CaproLactone, Poly-Lactide Microcapsules For Controlled Drug Delivery System
(2015-05-22) Hithnawi, Afif; Ashayer, Lubna; Abu Zahra, Nuha; Aghbar, Sundus; Sawalha, Dr. Hassan
Polymeric microcapsules have attracted a great deal of interest because of their application in different fields such as pharmaceutical field. Biodegradable microcapsules are used to encapsulate different types of drugs and bioactive compounds which can be released upon injected in the body in a controlled and sustained manner. Besides, if targeting molecules (i.e. antibodies) are attached to the microcapsules, they can be directed to the targeting place in the body (i.e. Cancer cells) achieving targeting drug delivery and reducing the side effects associated with oral drug administration (i.e. chemotherapy, which affects normal and infected cells). The current study aims to investigate the effect of the type of polymer on the drug release behavior and kinetics from the microcapsules. Three different types of biodegradable-biocompatible polymers; poly-caprolactone (PCL), poly-L-lactide (PLLA) and poly-DL-lactide(PDLLA) and their blends were used for preparation of the microcapsules. The biodegradable microcapsules were prepared by Pre-mix membrane emulsification method. In this method, a polymer solution consists of biodegradable polymer /solvent (dichloromethane) /Drug (Carvedilol) were mixed with continuous phase that consists of non-solvent (water) and surfactant polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to get primary (premix) emulsion which has large and non-uniform droplet size. This premix emulsions was then passed through the pores of glass fiber membrane several passes to obtain microcapsules with small and uniform size distribution.The microcapsules were placed in a dialysis membrane then immersed in phosphate buffer solution with PH=7.4 and the drug release behavior was monitored by recording the absorbance during specific time intervals using UV-spectrophotometer. The prepared microcapsules were fairly uniform with an average size of 0.5-0.8 µm. The release results showed that the type of polymer can significantly affect the release behavior. In details, long period of time (approximately 20 hours) with highest accumulative percentage of release (87.18%) were obtained in PLLA pure system in comparison with other pure systems (PCL, PDLLA). Moreover, (50%PLLA-50%PCL) blend system took (18 hours) with percentage of release equals (82.64%), in contrast to (50%PDLLA-50%PCl) blend system which can be considered the most favorable system since it has the highest percentage of release (91.42%) with the most long period of time (17 hours). So the usage of polymeric biodegradable microcapsules for drug delivery control of release will be considered more applicable and beneficial technique for special drug.
Biodiesel Production by Using Waste Cooking Oil
(2013-05-21) Toubasi, Fekre Jamal; Sehweil, Haitham Mahmoud; Kalbouneh, Mohammad Farid; Alsayed, Dr. Mohammed
Biodiesel which is a renewable resource is assumed as an alternative to conventional diesel fuel, such as, straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking oil. Biodiesel can be blended with petro-diesel in different proportions based on the required application. It has many interesting properties such as it is produced from a renewable domestic source, its biodegradability, and potential to reduce exhaust emissions. Recently, biodiesel attracts more attention due to petro-diesel price continuous and sharp increasing, and also due to the growing awareness to the environmental negative consequences caused by using conventional resources. Unfortunately, a major obstacle in the commercialization of biodiesel production from edible vegetable oil is its high production cost, which is due to the higher cost of edible oil. However, waste cooking oil, which is less expensive than edible vegetable oil, is a promising alternative to edible vegetable oil. The most common way to produce biodiesel is through transesteriﬁcation, which is the reaction of triglyceride oil with an alcohol to form esters (biodiesel) and glycerol using alkali-chemical catalysis. Then the biodiesel is separated from the glycerol and purified. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil through transesterification method. In this content, three main factors affecting the yield of biodiesel were investigated. First the alcohol to oil molar ratios (1:1 , 2:1and 3:1), second the catalyst type which are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium methoxide and finally the catalyst concentration (0.2%, 0.5% and1%). The properties of biodiesel product must be measured according to American Society and Material Testing (ASTM) test methods and compared to the standard one. The biodiesel yield was calculated for each sample and it was founded that the most acceptable yield was 78.57% at specific variables which are( 3:1 Methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.5% NaOH) Moreover, biodiesel was blended with petro-diesel fuel with percentage of B0, B5, and B10 (0%, 5%, and 10% biodiesel by volume respectively) , and exhaust gas temperature, CO concentration, and NOx concentration have been measured using combustion analyzer model 500, the B0 results were taken as a reference for comparing biodiesel achieved results . It was founded that , as biodiesel percentage increases the NOx concentration have been increased ,such as ( Bo=23 ppm, B5=79ppm ,B10=83 ppm).Also CO emissions was increased with increasing percentage of biodiesel like (B5=142 ppm ,B10= 146 ppm) .comparing with petro -diesel (B0) ,the bio diesel has less CO emissions (B0=306 ppm, B5=111,B10 =128). It is possible to produce biodiesel from recycled waste oils comparable in quality to that of virgin vegetable oil biodiesel with an added attractive advantage of being lower in price. Thus, biodiesel produced from recycled frying oils has the same possibilities to be utilized. The main concluded points were: 1. Acceptable yield can be achived at ( 3:1 M/O ,5%NaOH) 2. *biodiesel can be produced by trnsestirification using soyabean oil 3. Exhaust temp increased which is an indicator about thermal efficiency improvement 4. the produced biodiesel contributes in CO emission reduction . 5. Nox emission has increased to alevels higher than the average biodieemiss
Biodiesel Production by Using Waste Cooking Oil
(2013-05-08) Jamal Toubasi, Fekre; Sehweil, Haitham Mahmoud; Kalbouneh, Mohammad Farid; Dr. Mohammed Alsayed , Eng: Majd Shhadi
Summary of project Biodiesel which is a renewable resource is assumed as an alternative to conventional diesel fuel, such as, straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking oil. Biodiesel can be blended with petro-diesel in different proportions based on the required application. It has many interesting properties such as it is produced from a renewable domestic source, its biodegradability, and potential to reduce exhaust emissions. Recently, biodiesel attracts more attention due to petro-diesel price continuous and sharp increasing, and also due to the growing awareness to the environmental negative consequences caused by using conventional resources. Unfortunately, a major obstacle in the commercialization of biodiesel production from edible vegetable oil is its high production cost, which is due to the higher cost of edible oil. However, waste cooking oil, which is less expensive than edible vegetable oil, is a promising alternative to edible vegetable oil. The most common way to produce biodiesel is through transesteriﬁcation, which is the reaction of triglyceride oil with an alcohol to form esters (biodiesel) and glycerol using alkali-chemical catalysis. Then the biodiesel is separated from the glycerol and purified. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil through transesterification method. In this content, three main factors affecting the yield of biodiesel were investigated. First the alcohol to oil molar ratios (1:1 , 2:1and 3:1), second the catalyst type which are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium methoxide and finally the catalyst concentration (0.2%, 0.5% and1%). The properties of biodiesel product must be measured according to American Society and Material Testing (ASTM) test methods and compared to the standard one. The biodiesel yield was calculated for each sample and it was founded that the most acceptable yield was 78.57% at specific variables which are( 3:1 Methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.5% NaOH) Moreover, biodiesel was blended with petro-diesel fuel with percentage of B0, B5, and B10 (0%, 5%, and 10% biodiesel by volume respectively) , and exhaust gas temperature, CO concentration, and NOx concentration have been measured using combustion analyzer model 500, the B0 results were taken as a reference for comparing biodiesel achieved results . It was founded that , as biodiesel percentage increases the NOx concentration have been increased ,such as ( Bo=23 ppm, B5=79ppm ,B10=83 ppm).Also CO emissions was increased with increasing percentage of biodiesel like (B5=142 ppm ,B10= 146 ppm) .comparing with petro -diesel (B0) ,the bio diesel has less CO emissions (B0=306 ppm, B5=111,B10 =128). It is possible to produce biodiesel from recycled waste oils comparable in quality to that of virgin vegetable oil biodiesel with an added attractive advantage of being lower in price. Thus, biodiesel produced from recycled frying oils has the same possibilities to be utilized. The main concluded points were: 1. Acceptable yield can be achived at ( 3:1 M/O ,5%NaOH) 2. *biodiesel can be produced by trnsestirification using soyabean oil 3. Exhaust temp increased which is an indicator about thermal efficiency improvement 4. the produced biodiesel contributes in CO emission reduction . 5. Nox emission has increased to alevels higher than the average biodieemiss
“Carbon dioxide Capture and Sequestration: Materials and Technology Potentials”
(2020-05-22) Seddah, Farah; Mustafa, Diana; Bouziyah, Aseel; Battah, Anagheem
Summary The global warming caused by global warming due to industrial development and human activities that have caused the emission of many gases into the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide, which is considered a greenhouse gas. Several technologies have emerged that aim to convert carbon dioxide from its gaseous state to the solid state. It is an effective way to protect the environment and reduce global warming. Refining it from the solid state to the gas can provide us with a new source of carbon dioxide at a relatively low cost. The CO2 capture technology based on the reaction of carbon dioxide and water with sodium carbonate is inexpensive and does not cause environmental impacts. The aim of this study is to test the absorption efficiency of carbon dioxide using Na2CO3 and Ca (OH) 2. The Ca (OH) 2 experiments were performed at room temperature. The results were that with increasing time, the CO2 uptake increased by the flow method. According to Na2CO3 experiments carried out at temperatures of 65 ° C and 85 ° C at different times (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3) hours, the carbonation process begins at 60 ° C, that is, Na2CO3 begins to convert to sodium bicarbonate ((( NaHCO3. The results showed that the absorption of the material at 65 ° C was more efficient than 85 ° C especially at the beginning (at 0.25 hours). The absorption was high at the beginning and then decreased with increasing time over the same temperature. Moreover, the loss was the weight is greater at 85 ° C; increased CO2 absorption was observed when the amount of water was increased. A problem with CO2 leakage was encountered during the experiments, which led to the idea of developing a reaction system ensuring higher efficiency and more accurate CO2 capture results.
Carbon dioxide capture from automobile flue gas: Materials and technology potentials
(2019-05-22) Shubaiteh, Muna; Mousa, Aseel; Bearat, Prof. Hamdallah
In this project, we focus on the capture of CO2 gas using sodium hydroxide. So, our system can be installed on the car exhaust to absorb and store CO2 gas into stable and environmentally friendly product sand then recover and use of the reacted materials for potential use in many industries and applications such as food & drink industry, welding, etc. The process of converting CO2 from its gaseous state to solid one is an effective way to protect the environment and reduce global warming. Also, the process to return it from solid state to gas state can provide us a new source of CO2 with relatively low cost. Our experiments involve two different system, the first is pure compressed CO2 jar connected with reactor that contains NaOH in a stainless steel tube. The second system is compressed air line directly connected to reactor with NaOH container. We studied the effect of different parameters on CO2 capture process such as the CO2 flow rate and time. In pure compressed CO2 jar system we found that when CO2 flow rate increases ,then the reaction extent increases. That means increase the amount of CO2 captured. But when CO2 flow rate exceed 25 L/min the extent of reaction decreases. Likewise, the reaction at time of 1.5h is better than 1h. So, we can say longer time increases the extent of carbonation. In the second system, the compressed air line, we conducted several experiments for different time periods. But, we found the best results occurred after 3h.
Carbon Nanodots from Olive Solid Wastes for Photodegradation of Methylene Blue
(2021-05-21) Azzam, Halah; Dweikat, Hanan; Anaya, Kayan; Bin Ali, Rasha
The project talks about the topic of carbon dots as they are emerging materials in nanotechnology as attractive photocatalysts, due to their high water solubility, good chemicals and photo-endurance, tunable photoluminescence and optical phenomena. Colloidal quantum blobs were synthesized from solid olive waste by pyrolysis of the waste at 600 °C followed by chemical oxidation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The colloidal quantum blobs synthesized in this work were used as a photocatalyst for the photolysis of methylene blue under different conditions, such as; Catalyst concentration, pollutant solution pH (M.B), salt content, light source distance, light source and pollutant concentration (M.B). The lysis efficiency and rate of all the above factors were studied, and it was found that the increase in the dose of colloidal quantum drips in M.B solution linearly increases the efficiency and rate. On the other hand, the maximum degradation rate was observed at pH = 10.6 with an efficiency of 92% after 120 min of irradiation. Furthermore, the presence of NaCl in the contaminant solution negatively affects the decomposition coefficients showing a slight decrease in the decomposition rate, with each addition of 2 mg reducing the rate by less than 1.2-fold. The potential and distance of the visible light source from the contaminated cell have an obvious effect on degradation, increasing the light power from 10 to 50 W, and increasing the degradation rate by 16 times. Besides using colloidal quantum dots as photocatalysts in solutions, the colloidal quantum dots/ZnO nanocomposite was prepared, and the photolysis of M.B was also tested with showing improvement due to the addition of colloidal quantum dots. For example, the decomposition rate has been increased by two times.
Carbon-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis,characterization, and application in waste water treatment
(2017) Ahmad, Ansam; Shehada, Abdel Fatah; Zaid, Hisham; Bearat, . Hamdallah
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is widely used in many industries. ZnO nanoparticles has excellent potential for use in water and wastewater treatment, whether as a photocatalyst or incorporated in membrane. In the first stage of project we focus on synthesis of ZnO by three methods: (i) ZnO nanoparticle synthesis by zinc acetate using; (ii) thermal decomposition of zinc hydrateand finally, by thermal decomposition of zinc carbonate. then analyze the product ZnO powders for particle size by using UV-VIS spectroscopy. The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle was successfully done by three method but each method has different particle size at different temperature. It was found that as the temperature increased the particle was became larger. Also; as the time is increased the particles became larger.
Characterization of Wood Ash and Potential Applications
(2016-01) Kilani, Maram; Abed Rabbo, Naheel; Mas’oud, Munya; Al-Wawi, Shurouq; Bearat, Dr. Hamdallah
The main objective of our project is to study wood ash from local plants and to explore its beneficial use in different industries, including glass, ceramics, fertilizers, soap, and construction, and thus to reduce its health and environmental effects. Eight different ash samples were collected, sieved and dried. Then the solubility test in both cold and hot water was carried out, pH of the soluble part was determined. Also, the eight different samples were analyzed by flame photometry, spectro photometry and by titration methods to determine their contents of Mg, Ca, Na, K, P and Cl. Almonds ash, silica sand and sodium carbonate were used to produce glass. Almonds ash, silica sand and clay were used to produce ceramic. The soluble part from calcium hydroxide, olive ash and sodium hydroxide was mixed with olive oil to make soap. Citrus ash, limestone and clay were used to make cement. The soluble part of citrus ash was added to growing beans grains as fertilizer. It is found that the solubility of the ash differs from one sample to another depending on the wood type and origin. The pH measurement showed that the wood ash is highly alkaline. For glass preparation, almonds ash has not provided enough sodium for vitrification. So, a supplementary source of sodium was used. Also, the glass color varied according to the sources of silica sand and ash. For ceramic production, it is found that by increasing the amount of ash up to 20 wt. % in the clay paste, the strength increased and the material becomes lighter. For soap production, olive ash has not provided enough soda needed. Therefore, the caustic soda was added with ash to saponify the oil. For cement production, by increasing the amount of ash the cement particles become larger and the strength of cement is increased. When ash is used as fertilizer, the plants grow faster, especially when using the total ash instead of the soluble part alone. The growth is fastest when high potassium ash is used. Chemical analyses show that composition differs from one ash source to another. Some ash is rich in potassium such as almonds-olive ashes, some in calcium and magnesium as olive cake ashes, and some others in chlorine like olive-olive cake ashes. Chemical composition defines what application ash is suitable for. For example, high K content makes ash suitable for use as fertilizer and in liquid soap, whereas high Na makes it suitable for hard soap and glass making.
Compounding of Polyethylene using stone cutting waste (limestone powder)
(2013) Al-Shiekh, Hiba; Yousof, Tahreer; Abu-Saa, Wala'; Sawalha, Dr. Hassan
The aim of the current project is to study the possibility of compounding polyethylene using stone cutting solid waste (lime stone powder). Solid stone cutting waste consist mainly of calcium carbonate and is usually disposed in open fields, roadside, sewage and agricultural land leading to several environmental and health problems to human and agriculture. Samples of slurries were collected and screened into different sizes. Then Polyethylene was compounded with the stone cutting waste using an extruder as hot mixing and the compounded product was formed as sheets. The mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting sheets was examined and compared with the commercial products. From the results, it was found that the melt flow index and tensile strength increases with decreasing slurry concentration and particle size. Also the degree of crystallinity increases with decreasing slurry concentration. However, modulus elastic increases with increasing slurry concentration and decreasing particle size.
Compressive Strengths and Water Absorption of Recycled Plastic – Based Concrete
(2023-07-30) Ameer Al Fuqaha; Ahmad Ayyash; Ragheed Qabaha
Abstract For a long time, plastic was considered as an important material in our life where it is used in a lot of our daily life aspects, but it caused a lot of environmental problems.For that, this project intends to use the plastic waste in concrete mixture hoping that to reduce the amount of plastic waste and to enhance some of the concrete properties mainly the compressive strength and the water absorptivity of the concrete. This study aims to investigate the effects of utilizing poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) as a partial substitute for coarse aggregate in concrete. A group of seven concrete mixtures containing waste PET bottle was prepared as a partial substitute for coarse aggregate with substitution levels 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10% and 15% as a weight percent. The compressive strength and water absorption of concrete with differentrecycled plastic percentages were measured and compared with plain concrete (without the recycled plastics) as a reference.The tensile strength of the concrete was also explored. The results show that the compressive property and tensile property of concrete improved when adding plastic to up to 5 wt%However,as the PET wt% increases, the water absorption property decreased whilethe density of concrete decreased.
A conceptual framework for the development of core-set of Hazardous waste management indicators
(2018-05-21) Sinokrot, Iman; Sbitany, Maram; El-Hamouz, Prof. Amer
Many of the materials used or produced in the Palestinian chemical processes possess hazardous properties. As such, they require appropriate management throughout their lifecycle to minimize adverse effects on public health and the environment. In this project, Hazardous Waste (HZW) Indicators were formulated in order to assist decision makers in building an environmentally sound management plans and decisions leading to effective management of HZW. Therefore, three industrial sectors are chosen to build a conceptual framework for the development of HZW indicators, and to recommend a proper hazardous waste management (HZM) strategy. Specifically, these are pharmaceutical, dry cleaning, and universities sectors. Field observations, data collection and interviews were carried out in order to collect data related to hazardous waste in these sectors. By analyzing data, it was found that the management strategies in the three targeted sectors are not completely adapted in order to minimize the risks of the HZW, Therefore a HZM strategy has been recommended in order to reduce HZW in the first place, and then disposed of in the right way.

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