Master of Education

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11888/3179

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Brain Drain Among Palestinian Educators in the west Bank Universities
(1993) Asem Mohammed Radi Hanbali; Dr. Ghassan El-Helo Hanoon
This study aimed at investigating seven factors related to Brain Drain of the Arab intellectual people. These factors were identified by Arab researchers, from Palestinian Universities in the West Bank. They were: psychological, technical and professional, administrative, economical and financial, social and political, academic, and scientific research. A questionnaire was designed to investigate the effects of these factors on the Brain Drain of Palestinian scientific skills from the six universities of the West Bank according to their staff view points. This questionnaire was distributed to twelve staff in order to Obtain a validity and then modified according to their opinions. The reliability factor was pre _ determined to be (0.84) according to Spearman and Brown formula. This value is satisfactory for testing the credibility of the questionnaire. After that, the questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 370 members of the instructors working at the universities of the West Bank during the second semester of 1992. 323 staff or (87%) of the sample answered the questionnaire. Thus, these factors were investigated in order to study the following objectives: 1. Define the most important factors which influence Palestinian academic professionals to emigrate from the universities of the West Bank. 2. Define the relationship between the seven demographic variables mentioned above (p:7), for those who responded and the factors which result in the immigration of academic professionals according to the staff opinions. 3. Compare the results of this study with the results of other studies discussed in the literature. 4. Provide recommendations and the suggestions to high officials in the high educational institutions in the West Bank to improve academic and administrative policies. A statistical analysis was used to test the hypothesis of the study. The following statistical tests were utilities: a) One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test hypotheses 1 through 9. b) Least Significant difference (LSD) to test hypotheses 1 through 9. c) Pearson Cross Correlation Coefficients to test hypothesis Number 10. d) Factor analysis method was employed to interpret the results for hypotheses Number.11. The results of those hypotheses were: 1. The first three factors (psychological, professional, and administrative), had the greatest effect on the Brain Drain according to the staff opinions of the West Bank Universities. 2. Professional, economical, social and psychological factors had statistical significance in the seven faculties in the West Bank. 3. There were no significant differences in the importance of administrative, scientific research, and academic factors with demographic variations in academic. 4. Academic degree (Ph.D. or M.A.) had a significant effect with the professional factor on Brain Drain. 5. The place (country) of graduation had a great psychological effect on Brain Drain especially for those graduated from Western Countries. 6. The Social factor had a relationship with the psychological factor on the Brain Drain especially for single instructors. 7. The psychological factor was negatively correlated with the other six factors while these factors were positively cross _ correlated. 8. From the results of this study, the researcher recommends the following: a) Provide suitable psychological environment for the academic skills in the West Bank. b) Provide a scientific and professional atmosphere which helps academic skills to work in accordance with their specialists. c) Implementing modern administrative systems to establish relationships between administrators based on democratic principles. d) Provide suitable care for instructors in the university from psychological, professional, and administrative aspects which correlate with their high responsibilities to encourage them to stay in the West Bank.
CIVIL LIABILITY FOR HARMFUL ELECTRONIC PRESS PUBLICATION: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY
(An-Najah National University, 2022-02-14) Affoori, Tasneem
This study is summarized in revealing the concept of electronic journalism, defining it and then distinguishing it from the traditional printed press, studying the provisions of the journalist’s civil liability for harmful electronic publishing, ensuing his obligations and rights, the compensations he must provide in case of a breach, the basis of these compensations and how it is estimated. This study will be discussed in two chapters. In the first chapter, I will address the nature of electronic journalism and journalistic work and the nature of the harmful electronic act, hence, I define the journalist and electronic journalism from the law point of view, then, addressing the harmful electronic act and the place of its occurrence and verification, clarifying its multiple forms and the differentiation between the occurrence of damage in the virtual world and its occurrence in the electronic world. The second chapter was devoted to talk about the pillars of the journalist’s civil responsibility and the effects of the journalist’s breach of his obligations by studying the cases in which the journalist is within the scope of contractual responsibility and the cases in which his actions fall under the penalty of tort liability, followed by the effects of breaching the journalist’s obligations which I dealt with through the study of compensation in most of its aspects, starting by clarifying its concept and its basis with the availability of fault and damage and the causal relationship between them, and then, the basis for estimating compensation and evaluating it in order to commensurate with the damage as the damage is estimated according to its extent, finally, I moved at the end of this study to the response and correction that they fall on the false and misleading news that the journalist publishes which in turn causes harm to others, and the extent of the responsibility that falls on the journalist in case of refraining from correction, respect for public morals, publication ban and censorship imposed on journalistic work.
CREDIT CARDS IN PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC BANKS FIGH APPLIED STUDIES
(An-Najah National University, 2022-02-07) Hourani, Duaa
This thesis tries to answer one main question: what is the role of credit cards in Islamic banks? Multiple questions can be derived from the previous one such as: what are the types of credit cards that are found in Palestinian Islamic banks? And what are the most important related services? What is the needed amount of fees? How do shariah authorities essentialize credit cards? What are the legitimate constraints in this regard? And how is it assessed in the light of controls added by the shariah authority of monetary authority for credit cards? And in light of AAIOFI standards? And what are the similarities and differences among credit cards issued by Palestinian Islamic banks and credit cards issued by commercial banks in terms of types, fees, returns and services. The researcher followed an analytical descriptive inductive approach through gathering information from multiple scientific and factual sources, and presenting them, and trying analyzing and discussing them. A questionnaire was prepared to know the extent of use of bank credit cards in the Palestinian society and the degree of satisfaction among users. This study is distinct from other studies about credit cards as it focuses on credit cards that are issued by Palestinian Islamic banks with the aim of identifying it role, services, features, fees, assessment in terms of both Islamic law and service, and compares it with the role of credit cards issued by Palestinian usurious banks to identify shortcomings and distinctions. The study is divided into three chapters. The first chapter touches upon the definition of credit cards and the juridical shariah rule in regard. The second chapter considers the type of credit cards in Palestinian Islamic banks and its services and how it is essentialized by the shariah authority. However, the third chapter deals with analyzing and assessing credit cards in Palestinian Islamic banks. The researcher concluded some results, the most important of which are: Palestinian Islamic banks adhered to the standards of the shariah authority of the monetary authority and the AAUFI foundation, with regard to the fact that the fees on the card are a lump sum, not a percentage. However, some banks violated those standards in terms of making fees categories depending on categories of credit ceilings. There is also a violation of AAUFI's standards of transparency and disclosure. It is also unclear how the annual fees distributed in monthly installments were calculated in lending cards, and whether this is proportional to the actual cost or not. In practice, the bank's discounted commissions are also charged to the cardholder in clear violation of AAUFI standards. Credit cards issued by usurious banks are distinct from that issued by Islamic ones in terms of the huge number of clients and holders, the multitude of types, the diversity of it benefits and services, the range of it credit ceilings, and its high prevalence. However, Islamic banks are characterized by not taking any benefits on the cards. They only take the benefit of a 1% fee per month in the facilitation card, unlike commercial banks that take the benefit of a 2% fee per month on delayed payments and Payment by instalments. Among the reasons for the widespread proliferation of usurious bank cards are the diversity of their services and advantages, the presence of significant promotion, the abuse of employees in Islamic banks and their lack of difference between Islamic and commercial banks in relation to these cards.
THE CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR CRIMES THAT COMMITTED UNDER THE EFFECT OF DRUGS OR ALCOHOL: COMPARISON STUDY
(An-Najah National University, 2022-01-23) Al-Asaad, Bassam
The study talks about the text of Article 93 of the Jordanian penal Code No.16 of 1960 regarding crimes committed under the influence of drugs and intoxicants. The researcher deals with the concept of drugs and their types, the international and national legal regulation of drug crimes and the elements of drug crime in general. The study presents the concept of criminal responsibility that based on awareness and will, as well as the barriers to criminal responsibility, including the provisions of drunkenness and drug poisoning by coercion or ignorance and the rule of lack of awareness and will in this case. The study also referred to the provisions of drunkenness and drug poisoning by the will of the offender whether it was intent to commit the crime, or as a result of the offenders fault, also when the offender expects and accept the result if it occurs. Finally the study also talked about the opinion of comparative legislation on all previous provisions.
The Effect of Multi-Representation Model Approach in Teaching Mathematics on the Achievement of 9th Grade Students and Their Attitudes Toward Mathematics in The District of Nablus
(1995) Abdel-Hakim Salem Mohammad Salem; Dr. Salah Yassin
This study compared the results scored by two groups of 9th grade students after studying factorization of 1st and 2nd degree polynomials. One group was instructed wing the Multi-Representation Model Approach (MRMA) (Lesh, 1985), and the other group was instructed using the prescribed Textbook, Approach (PTA) which employs mainly single representations of concepts. The comparison was made on achievement, and transfer of learning and attitudes towards mathematics. Two boys' school and two girls' schools in Nablus District, Palestine, were involved in this study. The two 9th grade classes in the boys' schools were randomly assigned to the treatment and the control groups. The same was done to the two 9th grade classes in the two girls ' schools . Before the beginning of the study, the two groups responded to a pre-test on selected mathematics concepts and on a questionnaire measuring attitudes towards mathematics. Then instructional materials were given over seven lessons of 45 minutes each. The students were given a 45 minutes achievement post test, one day after the last scheduled class meeting. This post test consisted of 25 multiple choice items. In addition to 5 items that used to measure the transfer of learning in mathematics. Two-Way Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA ) was used to test whether there was any significant difference between the two groups in the three tests. Eight null hypotheses were of significant difference between the means of the scores at the level of (Alpha = 0.05) for the a achievement and the transfer tests. We may conclude that students in the (M.R.M.A.) perform better than the students in the (T.B.A.) in each of the two areas investigated. In addition, the Repeated Measures Design (R.M.D.) was used to test whether there were any significant differences between the means, on the attitude measure scale of the students before and after the experiment. Three null hypotheses were rejected at (Alpha = 0.05) level for the attitude averages. We may conclude that the (M.R.M.A.) changes also the attitudes of students toward mathematics positively in the four factors investigated in the questionnaire. Finally, the researcher hopes to strengthen this study by repeating it on a larger scale, such as studies involving different populations and different concepts in mathematics to determine if the results in this study remain the same. This study recommends also both the teachers of mathematics and the authers of mathematics text books to use the M.R.M.A. in their work.
THE EFFECT OF THE DIVERSITY IN RELIGION ON THE DONATIONS IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE
(An-Najah National University, 2022-02-03) Arqoub, Yasser
This research aims to answer a main question relating with the jurisprudential impact of difference in religion on donations and its rules in Islamic jurisprudence, between Muslim and non-Muslim, and between non-Muslims themselves, in eight donations: the dead will, the charity of Waqf, the organs donation, the gift contract, the power of attorney contract, the deposit contract, the borrowing contract, and the loan contract. The research followed a descriptive and analytic approach represented in gathering Islam jurists views in the matter and their foundations, with analysis, discussion, criticism, and weighting. The research is characterized as a specialized study in an important matter in the Islamic jurisprudence of financial transactions, in particular donations, keeps track of the impact of differences in religion in its rules and provisions, as well as the contemporary dimensions of the subject. The search was divided into eight chapters dealt with jurisprudential impact of difference in religion on the eight aforementioned donations. The research arrived at different findings, the most outstanding are: It is permissible to make a financial will between Muslim and non-Muslim, furthermore it is obligatory to do that in some cases of marital and blood relationships. It is permissible to make an organs donation between Muslim and non-Muslim. It is permissible to make the charity of Waqf from the non-Muslims, even if it is forbidden in his religion. It is not forbidden in the religious feasts of the non-Muslim to exchange gifts among Muslims and non-Muslims, especially if there is a farewell of a marital relationship, or close to, or kinship, or neighborhood, or friendship, or public interest, as a Muslim governor Communicates with the non-Muslims citizens. It is also permissible to exchange deposits, borrowings, and loans between Muslims and non-Muslims. With the exception of the apostate from any of these financial donations for him, without preventing him from making such donations for others.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A GROUP COUNSELING PROGRAM BASED ON EXPOSURE THERAPY AND PSYCHODRAMA TO REDUCE SOCIAL ANXIETY AND IMPROVE SELF-ESTEEM AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS IN QALQILYA
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-03-24) Godroj, Laith
The study aimed to detect the effectiveness of a group counselling program based on exposure and psychodrama therapy, which contributes to reducing social anxiety and improves self-esteem among adolescents in the public schools of Qalqilya. To evaluate the approach of this study, the quasi-experimental approach has been used (a counselling psychology program based on exposure and psychodrama therapy) depending on two variables (social anxiety and self-esteem). Two equal groups were used with the same pre- and post-measurements; in contrast, the control group did not receive any treatment. The results of both pre-and post-measurements for both groups underwent a comparison process based on the two variables mentioned above. The Researchers has used two tools to collect data: the measurements of social anxiety and self-esteem, which were tested to validate their application. The results prove their relevance on both sides, validity, and reliability. After calculating the statistical differences for experimental and control groups, the differences were not ignificant statistically, which indicates the equivalence of the two study groups. Asample of 30 students were collected due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the social status; from sixth grade to ninth-grade class, those students have obtained the highest scores on social anxiety. The symmetry method was used to distribute the students into the control and experimental groups; each cohort was contained 15 students. Eleven counselling sessions had consisted of the program. The therapy program extended for two months with 90 minutes on average for each session. Paired samples t-Test exam indicates significant statistical differences in the experimental group for social anxiety and self-esteem variables in the pre-and post-measurements, which prove the role of counselling programs based on the treatment with exposure and psychodrama in reducing social anxiety and improving students' self-esteem. In addition to the significant statistically differences in the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for control and experimental groups according to the social anxiety and self-esteem variables among students, the differences were highest in the experimental group, which prove secondly the effectiveness of the program group counselling based on exposure and psychodrama therapy. Conclude this study by recommending using the exposure therapy and psychodrama therapy techniques with public school students to eliminate social anxiety and improve their self-esteem widely, using other samples.
The Effectiveness of Digital Storytelling as one of Public Relations Tools in Palestinian Non-profit Organizations: A Pilot Study on the Palestinian Organization "Taghyeer"
(An-Najah National University, 2021-12-31) Mabrouk, Anwar
This study aims to identify the effectiveness of the digital storytelling tool as one of the Contemporary Public Relations tools in Non-Profit Palestinian organizations. It also aims to figure out the usage of this tool in Taghyeer and Palestinian organization. For achieving the goals of the study, the researcher used the Descriptive Qualitative Approach. She used the focus groups and In-depth interviews tools. The focus groups included both control group and experimental groups to figure out the effectiveness of the digital storytelling tool as one of the Contemporary Public Relations tools. The study was also based on the theory of uses and gratifications and two way communication model to answer the questions of the study and reach the results to answer the main research question. The study concluded that the Palestinian non-profit organization, Taghyeer, adopts a clear approach in using the digital storytelling tool, as it studies the needs of the audience and uses the appropriate tool, in addition to carrying out the evaluation process.. It was also found that the employees in Tagyeer have a good knowledge about the use of digital storytelling tool. The study also found that there are some challenges facing the organization. One of the challenges is finding skillful employees who have knowledge in the digital storytelling tool as it is a new tool, in addition to the community's lack of acceptance for some stories that are published or not accepting their stories to be shared and, the high costs of using this tool is considered as a challenge. Regarding the audience and the effectiveness of the digital storytelling tool during the study, it was found that the digital storytelling tool contributed in convincing the audience in the organization’s work, and it formed a clear and positive image about the organization in the respondents’ minds, in addition to the respondents’ interaction with the videos of the stories and sharing them. Depending on the theory used in the study, which is the theory of uses and gratifications, which is based on the fact that the audience is an active recipient and s/he is the one who controls the media content, institutions should pay attention to what satisfies the needs of the audience and fulfills their desires. Hence, it was shown that the digital storytelling tool achieves the desires and satisfies the cognitive and social needs of the audience in a funny and entertaining way and that affects their minds and behaviors towards the institution. The study comes out to some recommendations, the most important are: • To work on training a larger number of employees on the skill of using the digital storytelling tool according to systematic plans • To diversify the persuasion techniques used by the institutions. • To transform the skill of using the digital storytelling tool in other institutions due to its importance and necessity. • To pay attention to the quality and duration of videos. • To conduct specialized research and studies on the digital storytelling tool and its role in the institutions.
THE IMAGES OF THE WOMAN AND THE MAN IN THE NOVEL OF FALLING INTO THE SUN BY THE WRITER SANAA AL-SHAALAN
(An-Najah National University, 2022-02-17) Elewi, Amna
In this study, the researcher dealt with the images of women and men in the novel of the fall in the sun by the writer Sanaa Al-Shaalan, the novel embodied live images of the living reality, and highlighted the image of women and men and the psychological, political and social dimension on them, through description and analysis to show what distinguishes the writer from the other female writers. The study came in a preliminary, three chapters, and concluded by the researcher, in which she explained the importance of the study because she deals with the two images of women and men and discusses the differences between them, indicating the most important questions that the study will answer, then the researcher stopped in it on the concept of feminine literature and on the concept of the image language and language. As for chapter one, the researcher dealt with the image of the woman in the novel Fall in the Sun, in which the researcher stopped at the picture drawn by the writer for the woman in the novel "Fall in the Sun" as an application model for the study, and followed the most important elements she employed in drawing that picture, including internal and external referrals and various kinds. This helps to preview that image and to get its most important features. As for the second chapter, the researcher dealt with the image of the man in the novel of the fall in the sun and how Sanaa Al-Shaalan photographed the man, then tried to compare the two pictures in the novel: The first is the image of the woman and the second is the image of the man. In chapter III, the researcher devoted him to the psychological, political and social dimension of women and men in the novel; It followed in it the extent to which the writer's psychological, social, and political dimension reflected on her literary The study was then appended, concluding its findings.
THE IMPACT OF USING GEOGEBRA SOFTWARE ON THE TENTH GRADER’S ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-04-04) shtayeh, Bisan
The current study aims to identify the impact of using "Geo Gebra" software on the performance of tenth-grade students in the mathematics curriculum in schools of Nablus Governorate for the academic year 2020-2021. The researcher used an experimental methodology with a semi-experimental design. The study was conducted on a purposive sample of the study population, which included all the tenth-grade students in the Nablus Governorate's schools. This sample consists of (44) male and female students. It is divided into two groups: the first group is a controlling group of (20) male and female students who studied in the traditional manner. The second group is an experimental group of (24) male and female students who used "Geo Gebra" software in their studies. The researcher produced a set of activities based on "Geo Gebra" software for geometry unit lessons in mathematics. The study tool consists of an achievement test, which includes (10) substantive-type paragraphs and (3) construction-type paragraphs, dealing with levels (recollection, understanding, and application). The validity of the test has also been confirmed by being presented to a group of arbitrators. The reliability coefficient was extracted according to Cronbach's alpha equation for the achievement test. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used to collect, encode, and statistically process the data. The results of the study showed that there is a statistically significant difference at (α꞊0.05) among the average marks of the tenth-grade students who studied the geometry unit using "Geo Gebra" software (experimental group) and the tenth-grade students who studied the geometry unit in the traditional way (controlling group) on the achievement test as a whole and in each of these levels (recollection, understanding, and application), and for the benefit of the experimental group. In light of the study's results, the researcher recommends that it is important to include "Geo Gebra" software in the mathematics curriculum, making it interesting, fun, and up-to-date. Furthermore, the study recommends conducting workshops to train teachers, supervisors, and students specializing in mathematics on using "Geo Gebra" software in teaching mathematics.
PALESTINIAN WATER RIGHTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL WATER LAW
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-05-09) Al-Alawneh, Mohammad
Palestine suffered from several occupations because of its lands and location in the middle of the Middle East. where it connects Asia, Europe, and Africa by its lands and it's the Mediterranean Sea. From 1917, Palestine suffered from several wars from the British army, which ended its mandate in 1948 by giving the Israeli Army Belfour declaration. Water issue between Palestinian and Israeli Occupation was one of the most important issues where conflict exists until these days. After the 1967 war, the Israeli occupation controlled all water resources available in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and start exploiting while preventing Palestinians from developing any additional resources. Article 40 in the Oslo II agreement talks about water share quantities for each country for the interim period of five years. It should be mentioned that the quantities mentioned are not equitable for any time after the year 1999 because it is considered expired accords. So, the Helsinki principles adapted in 1966, mentioned equitable utilization of the waters of an international drainage basin. Article V mentioned eleven factors to be considered while determining the equitable share from shared international watercourses of each riparian state. Questionnaire distributed to Palestinian water experts to give marks for Helsinki factors according to their importance and multiple criteria decision analysis applied as a tool of Judgment between riparian countries. The final results showed that the percentage of water resources that should be allocated to the State of Palestine is about 56% from groundwater resources which equals 642.31 Mcm/Yr, where the present utilization percentage is less than 15%. For Jordan Rivier Basin the equitable utilization is 20.86% which equals 292.04 Mcm/Yr whereas the Present utilization is 0% from it.
A Proposal Modal Model for Evaluting Kindergarten's in Nablus District
(1995) Afnan Sadeq Mahmoud Anayah; Dr. Mahmoud Kuri
In the light of mounting interest in child education and the role of kindergartens in this education, the need has risen to investigate the evaluation of the growth of kindergarten children . This is in order to create an opportunity for proper education. The purpose of this study was to develop a proposed model for the evaluation of children in Nablus district kindergartens . This model was based on the following criteria :- 1- Extent of physical and physiological development of the child . 2- Extent of mental development of the child . 3- Extent of linguistic development of the child . 4- Extent of psychological development of the child . 5- Extent of social development of the child . 6- Child's state of health . 7- Child's creativity skills . As means of structuring the problem, the researcher sought the answer to the following questions and hypotheses :- 1- What is the required change to be implemented in the present kindergartens' children evaluation process in order to avoid the shortcomings of the present evaluation procedures and to attain the desired aims . 2- What is the extent of the acceptability of the model by the sample of the study in terms of its criteria . Hypothesis: 1- There are no statistically significant differences at the point (α= 0,5 ) level between headmistresses' and supervisors' evaluation, on the one hand, and teachers' evaluation of the evaluations criteria and indicators pointing to them , on the other hand . 2- There are no statistically significant differences at the point (α = 0,5 ) level that can be attributed to academic qualification variable between headmistresses' and supervisors' evaluation, on the one hand, and teachers' evaluation of evaluation criteria and indicators referring to them, on the other hand . 3- There are statistically significant differences at the point (α = 0,5 ) level that can be attributed to years of experience variable showing headmistresses' and supervisors' evaluation, on the one hand, and teachers' evaluation of evaluation criteria and indicators referring to them, on the other hand . Methodology: The researcher has used a questionnaire of seven evaluation criteria that have indicators pointing to them. The questionnaire consisted of 60 items . The questionnaire was distributed among the sample population which totaled 105 subjects. To analyze the data, standard derivation, the means, and repeated measures design have been used . Finding: The results of the study showed the agreement of the sample study on the proposed evaluative model, criteria, and indicators referring to them . The results also showed the following :- 1- There are no statistically significant differences at the point (α = 0,5 ) level between the headmistresses' and supervisors' evaluation, on the one hand, and teachers' evaluation of the proposed evaluation model on the other hand . 2- There are no statistically significant differences at the point (α = 0,5 ) level that can be attributed to academic qualification variable among the subjects of the research concerning the proposed evaluation model 3- There are statistically significant differences at the point (α = 0,5 ) level attributed to years of experience variable among the study sample pertaining to the proposed evaluated model . The Recommendations: In the light of these results, the researcher has the following recommendations :- 1- Applying the proposed evaluation model in kindergarten . 2- Introducing a variety of educational activities in the curricula of kindergarten 's education system . This would increase the efficiency of the evaluation process . 3- Training kindergarten women teachers in a way that enables them to conduct the evaluation process in the right manner . 4- Creating a kind of job satisfaction for the kindergarten women teachers so that they could perform their duty perfectly . 5- Effective cooperation among kindergarten women teachers, headmistresses and supervisors to allow the evaluation process to succeed . 6- Effective participation of parents in the evaluation process of children . This should be in terms of continuing, particularity the teachers of children . 7- Colleges of education in the local universities should introduce a special major in kindergarten education, this contributing to the training of qualified teacher . 8- There is a necessity to build the evaluation process on the children first hand experiences . Therefore, the kindergarten has to design a special form to allow teachers to write down first hand information about the child . The information has to deal with the following aspects :- A. Housing conditions of child . B. Child's normal behavior at home . C. Child's basic development . D. Child's first hand experience .
PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES AND FACTORIAL STRUCTURE OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND STRESS SCALE TEST (DASS21) IN A PALESTINIAN CONTEXT
(An-Najah National University, 2022-02-21) Qadi, Suha
This study aimed to verify the practical construct and psychometric properties of the DASS-21 scale for measuring depression, anxiety and stress in the Palestinian environment, the study used the descriptive analytical apparoach, while the study population consisted of all members of Palestinian society whose ages range between 20-59 years old; the study sample was determined through convenience sampling, whereas the study tool was an online questionnaire that was sent out to 400 individuals of which 377 responded. The study concluded that the DASS-21 scale was both highly valid and reliable when applied in the Palestinian environment, where construct validity had scores ranging from 0.66 to 0.84, factorial validity was around 0.79 - 0.84, predictive criterion validity (DASS-21 against stressful events, Beck depression inventory) was medium to high, as it ranged between 0.57 to 0.70 for Beck depression inventory, and between 0.71 - 0.79 for stressful events, the scale's reliability scores were also high as the scores with the use of Cronbach's Alpha were as follows: depression 0.929, anxiety 0.914, and stress 0.924, values of the split-half method for the Spearman-brown formula and the Guttman scale were between 0.877 and 0.918 The study recommended the use of the DASS-21 scale in psychological clinics and centres in the West Bank for the purpose of diagonsing depression, anxiety and stress in memebers of Palestinian society whose ages range between 20-59 years old.
THE REALITY OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION AND ITS RELATION TO RESILIENCE(SUMUD) AND PSYCHOLOGICAL POLLUTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN JERUSALEM GOVERNORATE
(2022-02-08) Izhiman, Rand
The study aimed to identify the reality of political upbringing and its relationship to resilience and psychological pollution among adolescents in the Jerusalem governorate. Political upbringing, psychological resilience, and psychological pollution. The study tools were distributed to an accessible sample of (246), using a cartoon questionnaire through the Google Form service. The results indicated that psychological resilience was only able to predict psychological pollution, while the areas of political upbringing did not enter into the prediction equation because of its inability to predict psychological pollution, and psychological resilience explained 46% of the variation in psychological pollution among Jerusalem adolescents. The results of the study showed that the age group variable affects only the field of political knowledge and in favor of younger adolescents (17 years and under), and the age group did not affect the rest of the areas of political upbringing and its total degree, and the housing variable affects some areas of political upbringing and its total degree, and in favor of The adolescents of the city of Jerusalem and its villages at the expense of her camp, and the variable of the educational level of the mother affects all areas of political upbringing and its total degree, and for the benefit of adolescents whose mothers hold a diploma or higher, and the variable of the mother’s work affects most of the areas of political upbringing and its total degree, and for the benefit of adolescents who do not Their mothers work or work in the public or private sector at the expense of those who work in the community, civil or civil sector. The results indicated that middle school adolescents (15-17) are more psychologically resilient compared to early adolescents (11-14) and late adolescents (18-21), and that the variable of gender and father's work affects psychological pollution, as males are more inclined to attach to formal and foreign manifestations. Compared to females, adolescents whose parents work in private businesses are more attached to formal and foreign appearances than adolescents whose parents do not work or work in the private or public sector.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS DEPARTMENTS IN PALESTINIAN UNIVERSITIES OF AN-NAJAH NATIONAL AND BIRZEIT UNIVERSITIES IN COMMUNICATING WITH FACULTY MEMBERS
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-03-10) Omari, Rana
Thise study aimss at identifying thethe role of public relations departments in Palestinian universities in communicating with faculty members: An-Najah National Universities and Birzeit as a model. It also aimed to identify the impact of some variables such as: (gender, place of residence, age, years of experience, and university). The researcher used the quantitative and qualitative descriptive analytical method، and developed a questionnaire consisting of 6 domains, and the questionnaire consisted of (43) items, distributed to a sample of (335) faculty members, chosen by the "available sample" method, and its validity and reliability were measured. The researcher also used the interview tool، which contains (6) questions, and the study reached the following results: It was found that there is a real and tangible role for public relations at An-Najah University and Birzeit, where the public relations function is one of the important functions that are carried out in the affairs of employees working in universities, and that The total degree of satisfaction with the role of public relations in promoting the affiliation of faculty members to the university was very high, as it was found that there were statistically significant differences at the level of statistical significance (α≤.05) between the average responses about the role of public relations departments in Palestinian universities in communicating with Faculty members: An-Najah National Universities and Birzeit as a model according to the variable years of experience, in favor of those who have experience of 10 years or more. There are statistically significant differences at the level of statistical significance (α≤.05) between the average responses about the role of public relations departments in Palestinian universities in Communication with faculty members: An-Najah National Universities and Birzeit as a model according to the age variable, in favor of the age group 45 years and over, in light of the results of the study, the researcher suggested a number of recommendations that were As follows: The researcher recommends the administrations of the two universities (An-Najah and Birzeit) to employ the concept of the public relations function in the right way, and it is necessary for the administrations of the two universities (An-Najah and Birzeit) to rely on the real public relations function in the administration, which is represented in research, study, planning, coordination and evaluation
A Study of Test Anxiety Impact on General Academic Achievement of the 12th Graders at Nablus, Tulkarm, and Qalqilya Government Schools
(1995) Rana Mohammad Sa'id De'bas; Dr. Mahmood Kuri
purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between testanxiety and general academic achievement of the 12th graders at Nablus,Tulkarm, and Qalqilya governments'school . Research questions : As means of structuring the problem, the researcher sought the answers of the following questions : - 1- Were there differences in the level of test anxiety that can be attributed to sex, and major variables ? 2- Were there differences in the level of academic achievement Vis -a- Vis the level of test anxiety ? 3- Were there differences in the level of the test anxiety in Comparison to the level of academic achievement ? Methodology: Atest anxiety questionnaire was developed by the researcher to suit the Palestinian environment . The questionnaire was tested and was found to be both reliable and valid ; reliability was determined by administering (test) the questionnaire to a random sample of 12th grade students. The instrument was readministered (retest) to the same sample two weeks later, and coefficient of reliability between the scores (,85) was computed . Moreover, the questionnaire was checked for validity by a group of experts on the subject. The researcher selected a stratified random sample of the 12th graders . The sample of the study included 208 men and women students: 102 males and 106 Females. Of these 110 were in the literary stream while 98 were in the scientific stream. The population of the study consisted of 1907 students of both sexes. The questionnaire was distributed among the study sample two weeks before the high school education examination of 1993/94 . The students were divided , according to their grades in the questionnaire, into three categories : high test anxiety, medium test anxiety, and low test anxiety. Each item in the questionnaire consisted of five choices ranging from always to never following the Likert scale. The choices were given weights ranging from 1-5 respectively . After this process, the researcher got the results of the general high school education examination from the school principals . The GPA of the subjects for every student was calculated. The students were then divided according to their grades into three categories : high achievement, medium achievement, and low achievement. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation, t.test, two - way analysis of variance, Schaffer test, have been used. Findings: The researcher reached the following results : 1- There was a negative correlation between test anxiety and achievement, the value of which was - ,245. 2- There was statistically significant differences in level of test anxiety attributed to gender (male and female) to the interest of females. 3- There were not statistically significant differences in level of test anxiety attributed to academic major (literary or scientific streams). 4- There were statistically significant differences in achievement attributed to sex and that was in favor of Females . No statistically significant differences in achievement were found attributed to test anxiety . But an interaction was found between sex and test anxiety. 5- In the scientific stream, there were significant differences in achievement attributed to sex that was in favor of Females .No statistically significant differences, in achievement, were found attributed to test anxiety . But there was an interaction between sex and test anxiety. 6- In the literary stream, there were significant differences in achievement attributed to sex that was in favor of females. Significant differences in achievement, attributed to test anxiety, were found and were to the interest of students of low test anxiety . An interaction between sex and test anxiety was found. 7- There were significant differences in test anxiety attributed to sex that was in favor of females . There were also significant differences in level of test anxiety attributed to level achievement and they were to the interest of students of low level academic achievement. There was also an interaction between sex and achievement in terms of their impact on test anxiety. 8- There were statistically significant differences in achievement among (scientific) high anxiety and (literary) high anxiety students to the interest of literary high anxiety students. Recommendations:- The researcher recommends the following: 1. Creating comfortable circumstances during exam period which will work to alleviate the degree of confusion and test anxiety which many students suffer from . 2. Bringing about a kind of cooperation between school and home for the sake of providing appropriate circumstances to enable the students get better achievement and to avoid all influences that hinder achievement. 3. Working toward providing psychologists and educators in schools to help students to solve their emotional problems that affect their academic achievement. 4. Schools have to show interest in extracurricular and recreational activities for the sake of students in order to create a free environment for dialogue and discussion . This will have positive effects on them and will help in decreasing their tension and anxiety . 5. Teachers have to get training in educational psychology in order to help students reduce the feelings of test anxiety. Teachers have to identify causes of test anxiety whether pertinent to family or school. They have also to give advice and counseling . 6. Families have to keep good relations and emotional warmth in the family milieu , and consider students' mental abilities in terms of not asking more than what is beyond their ability . Families have to respect students' interests and desires that help to get rid of feeling of test anxiety. All this would lead to improve level of achievement . 7. There is a need for more studies and research to reveal the impact of other variables on level of test anxiety.
Study on Leadership Behavior of English Grade Students Attending UNRWA Schools in the Ramallah Area
(1995) سمر حسن عودة العمري;
The subject of leadership and leadership training is considered to be an important new area, receiving much attention from educators. Due to the topics' importance, that our leader's are the ones capable of directing the work of groups in accordance with the fundamental principles involved. If we want to enhance our group work then effective leadership methods must be thoroughly looked at. This study focused on discovering those students who possess leadership potential (behavior) traits, by conducting, measuring, and implementing a leadership behavior test on them. In this study the researcher aimed at testing the level of leadership behavior traits measured against varying variables (e.g., sex, place of residence, where the subject lies in the family structure, father's level of education, mothers' level of education). The study sampled 255 students; of which 112 were male and 143 were females. The sample group randomly selected from a total of four UNRWA schools in the Ramallah area. Two of the schools were situated in Refugee camps while the remaining two were located in the town of Ramallah. The selected random sample represents 30% of total numbers of eighth grade students in the four schools. This leadership behavioral study used the Standard Leadership Behavior Traits designed by Dr. Nariman Rifai. Adjustments made to certain sections of the methodology tool were conducted to meet the Palestinian environment, that is to reduce cultural bias. The standard measurement composed of 32 positions or traits, signifying a particular leadership behavior. The questionnaire once collected, statistically analyzed, then the assumptions were looked at respectively, using the following. 1. The first analyzed assumption used the t-test, with only two variables present. 2. The third, fourth and fifth assumptions using ANOVA, with more than two variables The results indicated that there are similarities between the appearances of the various leadership behaviors. For example, unity -- joining efforts with followers is the highest trait appearance of those displaying leadership behavior skills; whereby the number of students with high levels of leadership in unity or solidarity reached 186 from a total of 255, almost 73%. Whereas the behavior receiving the lowest trait appearance was trust The number the students scoring low on this trait were 150 from 255, almost 59%. The results associated with the assumptions pointed to the following: 1. While there are similarities in the leadership behavior traits of males and females, at least to a certain degree, they do differ in a number of behaviors. 2. A distinction made in relation to leadership behavior and place of residence, where it was evident that leaders' behavior tendencies for students living in refugee camps are higher than students living in town (city) 3.The results also indicate there is not such an effect of having the leadership behavior in the family order.. 4. When the fourth and fifth assumptions were added it was realized from the results that there is relation between the level of leadership behavior when compared to the level of education of either parents. RECOMMENDATIONS: A. Within the Family 1) Placing emphasis on upbringing and dealing with children in a democratic spirit whereby they are allowed to discuss issues closely with parents, and are allowed to bear responsibilities. 2) Interest in training children to exercise leadership behavior within the family and through the parents. That is achieved by placing the children in different situations where they can become capable of being leaders. B. Within Schools 1) Placing emphasis and paying attention on discovering leadership in students and providing them with all the means to enhance and develop their capabilities. 2) Taking an interest in establishing selected classroom students councils with the aim of supporting, enhancing, and training students on leadership. 3) Giving each student the opportunity to take on the role of the leader for two or three days and then following a prize to the best leader. This would help discover some leadership traits in new students. 4) Taking an interest in providing various activities in schools that would lead to the development of leadership behavior in all areas and activities. 5) Designating school classes where teachers introduce different types of leaders to pull the attention of the class, their students. Offering the students counseling sessions, and training them on the art of effective leadership and leadership behavior. 6) Providing leadership training programs for teachers whereby they in turn could act as counselors for the students while they undergo leadership training. 7) Teachers must provide reinforcement in addition to advice to students highlighting how the students leadership potential can be achieved. C. Within Society 1) Placing a strong emphasis on primary education as it is the source of our infrastructure for all education; providing all necessary requirements to achieve the wholes tic development of children (physical, mental, school, emotional). 2) Highlighting the accomplishments of leaders in an effort to give the students examples and role models. 3) Establishing training institutions and social groups in every geographic area in order to provide opportunities for students to exhibit their talents and to train in the area on leadership in different areas irrespective of their area of interest.
Systematic thinking in the light of the Sunnah
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-02-22) Alem, Ansam
The study aimed to highlight the impact of the Prophetic Sunnah, and to indicate its active role in building the systematic thinking of the Muslim individual, in an inductive fundamentalism approach from the two Sahihs that is needed in reality in which systematic thinking is weak, and the interest of our Islamic societies is scarce. In the first chapter, a review of the definitions of scholars for the terms thinking and approach, and their combination, then proceeded to clarify the status and importance of thinking in the Prophetic Sunnah, and the impact of systematic thinking on directing the methodology of the mind. Then the study presented the areas in which the Prophet, peace been upon him, employed his thinking, and the chapter concluded with a statement of the controls of thinking that were represented in the limits that the mind should not exceed in its intellectual activity. As for the second chapter, it was the crux of the topic. The researcher employed the inductive and analytical methods in analyzing the prophetic texts. To derive the fundamentals, and to explain their impact in directing thinking in the right direction, and they came in three types; It was represented in intellectual fundamentals, scientific fundamentals, and practical fundamentals. The third chapter came as the conclusion of the chapters by presenting the objectives of the systematic thinking in the Prophet’s approach, then the paths and methods used by the Prophet, peace been upon him; To develop the systematic thinking of the addressees, with an explanation of this with practical examples of each method, and the chapter was concluded with the obstacles that oppose the process of developing systematic thinking. The study concluded that the systematic thinking is an authentic science that the Prophetic Sunnah focused on establishing its bases, and the Prophet, peace been upon him, worked on embodying it in word and deed. The study recommended the educational authorities from families, schools and universities to the importance of benefiting from the fundamentalism approach adopted by the study, and working on investing it in developing the thinking of community members; by laying these fundamentals in their minds through various methods.
TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DRAFTING OF THE INTERIM CONSTITUTION IN PALESTINE
(An-Najah National University, 2022-01-18) Abu Shams, Sameer
Palestinian division and the resulting deadly rivalry between factions led to the loss of many lives, undermined the Palestinian cause both nationally and internationally, and set the scene to further deterioration in the Palestinian circumstances. The current status quo dictates an end to the political rivalry between the factions in order to overcome the crisis afflicting Palestinian society, which, in turn, necessitates transitional justice to guide the way out of deterioration into such a state of affairs where it is possible to achieve progress and development, and to reinstate the status of the Palestinian cause, all while restoring democracy and tolerance between different factions of the Palestinian people. In order to rewrite the constitution in a way that prevents misinterpretation and underdetermination; It is necessary for all Palestinians to unite and end the internal division that swept the Palestinian political scene. This can be achieved by bringing ‘justice to’ all victims of internal division, and also bringing ‘to justice’ all the violators of human rights. In line with the former, a national dialogue needs to be initiated between all the components of the Palestinian society including but not limited to organizations, political parties, and civil society entities, in which, the mechanisms of transitional justice can be applied. Transitional justice is deployed as a potential tool to help overcome the hurdles on the path of unity and national reconciliation on the one hand, and to gain common grounds to formulate a constitution and basic laws that secure unanimity. The researcher looks to achieve this by reviewing different case studies of applying transitional justice, its development, different styles of constitutions, and the development stages of the constitution in any given state. The researcher concludes by proposing a mechanism for implementing transitional justice that befits the Palestinian people and their crisis, and reach an accord that results in a constitution suitable for the Palestinian case. The dissertation reviews international cases of transitional justice and holds comparisons between different cases and their applications according to the differing circumstances. The dissertation also addresses the processes implemented in proposing and developing laws and legislations to maintain public order and to pre-emptively eliminate the seeds of future conflict. One of the areas addressed in the dissertation is the behavioral conduct of the Palestinian legislator and whether and how such behavior could impact on the level of impartiality, all while considering external factors as well as internal conflicts. Several laws are analyzed to account for their context, content, and the objective to be achieved by implementing them while highlighting the potential ulterior motives. The dissertation also uncovers the long-lasting ramifications of so many laws that impacted on the political and legal landscape; such laws especially the irreversible ones, since reversing the law will cost more than addressing their ramifications. The researcher formulates a proposition that the population affected by the impartial laws and legal underdetermination, will champion transitional justice as a means of addressing the negative status quo. The dissertation makes recommendations to lead the way out of the legal limbo and into a temporary constitution that is precise, concise and capable of addressing all points of conflict and proposing solutions. Hence, the researcher’s assertion that the legal and legislative underdetermination negatively impacted on the outcome of different factions’ disparate interpretation of named laws and as a result were used to justify mutual hostilities.
اتجاهات المدراء والمعلمين نحو تأنيث الهيئة التدريسية الجزئي وعلاقة ذلك بالتطوير المهني لديهم في المدارس الحكومية للمرحلة الأساسية الدنيا
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2018-08-09) المنيِّر, منال "محمد غسان" صبحي; علي حبايب, سائدة عفونة
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة اتجاهات المدراء والمعلمين نحو تأنيث الهيئة التدريسية الجزئي وعلاقة ذلك بالتطوير المهني لديهم في المدارس الحكومية للمرحلة الأساسية الدنيا في محافظات شمال الضفة الغربية، اتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفيّ التحليلي لمناسبته لطبيعة هذه الدراسة، من خلال أدوات نوعية وكمية وهي الاستبانة والمقابلة. تكون مجتمع الدراسة من معلمي ومديري المدارس الأساسية الدنيا الحكومية في محافظات شمال الضفة الغربية عددهم (941) موزعين على مديريات التربية والتعليم في شمال الضفة الغربية. بلغت عينة الدراسة (319) معلماً ومديراً بنسبة (33.9%) من مجتمع الدراسة, وتم اختيارهم بطريقة عشوائية طبقية بحيث شملت طبقتي جنس المعلم والمديرية، ولأداة المقابلة تم مقابلة (4) مدراء مدارس حكومية ذات هيئة تدريسية مؤنثة جزئيا في شمال الضفة الغربية, و(16) معلما. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن اتجاهات المدراء والمعلمين نحو تأنيث الهيئة التدريسية الجزئي في المدارس الحكومية الأساسية الدنيا كانت كبيرة أي إيجابية، وأن سياسة تأنيث التعليم الجزئي سياسة فعالة وناجحة، ويعد خطوة بناءة في سبيل تطوير التعليم. كما دلت النتائج على درجة مرتفعة للاتجاهات في جميع المجالات ( العلاقات الاجتماعية, والأنشطة والأساليب التعليمية, والمناخ التعليمي كأحد دعائم تأنيث الهيئة التدريسية, مستوى الأداء وتحقيق الأهداف التعليمية), ووجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطات استجابات المعلمين والمدراء على أداة الدراسة في اتجاهاتهم نحو تأنيث الهيئة التدريسية الجزئي، تعزى لمتغير الجنس, ولصالح الإناث, كما يوجد فروق دالة احصائيا في المجالات جميعها, وفي الدرجة الكلية للاتجاهات بين مدير ومعلم, ولصالح مدير, وبين معلم ومعلمة , ولصالح معلمة, و عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطات استجابات المعلمين والمدراء على أداة الدراسة في اتجاهاتهم نحو تأنيث الهيئة التدريسية الجزئي، تعزى لمتغير سنوات الخبرة، في مجال العلاقات الاجتماعية كأحد دعائم تأنيث الهيئة التدريسية، بينما توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطات استجاباتهم على أداة الدراسة في مستوى الأداء وتحقيق الأهداف التعليمية، والأنشطة والأساليب التعليمية، والمناخ التعليمي كأحد دعائم تأنيث الهيئة التدريسية، والدرجة الكلية للاتجاهات بين أقل من 5 سنوات و5-10 سنوات، ولصالح (أقل من 5 سنوات), كما أظهرت النتائج عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطات استجابات المعلمين والمدراء على أداة الدراسة في اتجاهاتهم نحو تأنيث الهيئة التدريسية الجزئي, تعزى لكل من متغير المؤهل العلمي, ومتغير المديرية. وإلى وجود علاقة ايجابية ذات دلالة احصائية بين اتجاهات المدراء والمعلمين في المدارس التي يوجد بها تأنيث الهيئة التدريسية الجزئي والتطوير المهني لديهم. أما بالنسبة للمقابلات مع مدراء ومعلمي المدارس التي بها هيئة تدريسية مؤنثة جزئيا فقد أظهرت نتائج المقابلات إلى ارتفاع ملحوظ بالتطوير المهني للمدراء والمعلمين في المدارس التي يوجد بها تأنيث هيئة تدريسية جزئي. و أن وجود المعلمة في المدرسة التي بها الصفوف من (1-4) تضفي أثراً ايجابياً واضحاً على تطوير البيئة المدرسية، وأساليب التدريس المنوعه التي توافق احتياجات الطلبة, كما أن التطور المهني للمعلمين ينبع من تكامل الدور بين الرجل والمرأة في التعامل مع الطلبة وضبطهم وتقييم أدائهم وارشادهم ويساعد على التطوير الذاتي نتيجة تبادل الخبرات بين المعلمين والمعلمات حول مهارات التدريس وكل ما يتعلق بالبيئة المدرسية. وبناءً على نتائج الدراسة أوصت الباحثة بعدد من التوصيات أهمها ضرورة الاهتمام بزيادة النمو المهني للمعلمين في ضوء تطبيق سياسة التأنيث الجزئي في المدارس الحكومية في فلسطين لإسناد العملية التربوية.

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