Criminal Law

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11888/13516

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AGILE-SCRUM BACKLOG CHANGES OPTIMIZATION IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS
(An-Najah National University, 2022-03-21) Ghanem, Azhar
Background: software engineering requirements are translation of the product needs or features requested by customers and stakeholders. Due to the evolution of technologies, these requests are always changing. These requirements should be managed carefully, in order to help the customers and organization achieving their goals. Agile-Scrum has been introduced as project management methodology that focuses on the customers first and team communications rather than requirements documentation. Objectives: scrum methodology is all about delivering requests (i.e., backlog items) faster to customers and accepting changes to these requests, yet less reliable estimation of resources (e.g., time, money, manpower, etc.) exists. Backlog items depend on a lot of uncertainties inherited in the backlog management process using the scrum. Therefore, a need to reduce the changes in the backlogs is a must, by developing a new prioritization model. Methodology: unstructured interviews were conducted with five product owners from two local organizations implementing the scrum to identify the factors that affect the process and lead to backlog changes. A prioritization model was developed to help software engineering organizations manage their backlog items effectively, and to minimize the losses due to continuous backlog changes Results: results showed that the priority changes are the most dominant parameter that affects backlog changes. Unlike previous models in the literature, interdependencies between items, number of action words in the item description, and assigned developer features were found to significantly affect the priority ranking. In effect, the developed model serves as an effective tool to assign priorities during the agile-scrum planning phase for product owners. Conclusion: we have validated our proposed model by having a case study in one organization that implements scrum and a benchmark project. The results pointed that change in time was reduces because of general prioritization methods used currently in the studied organization. In addition, our proposed model showed good impact on backlog prioritization in agile – scrum environment and help the product owners with their tasks related to backlog management.
AL FURA'A LINGUISTIC THOUGHT OF AL-RAZI'S "THE GREAT INTERPRETATION OF THE HOLY QUR'AN" BETWEEN ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION
(An-Najah National University, 2022-05-08) Kmal, Mohammad
This study is seeking for linguistic thought projections to Abu Zakaria Yahya ibn Ziad, in the book "Al-Tafseer Al-Kabeer, Aw, Mfateh Al-Ghayb" for Imam al-Fakhr al-Razi, and the study, including no doubt, Al-Razi relied a lot on the linguistic thought of Al-Far’a, whether it was syntactic, morphologic or semantic. And the study expressed, with evidence, that Al-Razi had a sharp-minded, which rarely has no match to anyone else. Al Razi has weighted more than an important issue, alone, the sayings of Al-Fura and the Kofeyeen on the Sebawyeh and Basryeen sayings. He depended on that basically on the fully context, therefore Its mainstay is the complete context. Thus, Al-Razi will be among the first who proceeded in the interpretation of what is called linguistics. ‘towards the context’ Relationship of the word to the whole context towards the sentence. Word relationship with sentence only. Al-Razi’s reliance on refuting linguistic issues, weakening them, accepting them, and giving them preference was based on three principles: Rational reasoning, the total verbal context, and the audible one from the Arabs. Hence, it was no wonder to be taken by a great scientist like Al-Fura, Therefore, he singled out many issues, and went against what the public had agreed upon more than once. and by comparing the issues of its refutation of the words of the Fura, with the issues of its acceptance and its weighting; It was noticed that, in general, he was inclined to the words of the Fura all the way.
BETWEEN THE PRINCILPLE OF PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY OVER NATURAL RESOURCES AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN PALESTINE AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-02-15) Shawahi, Lina
The principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources is an international principle derived from the right to self-determination، Rather, it considers the economic aspect of this right. International organizations have attached considerable importance to this principle, so the General Assembly has issued many resolutions, as well as the Security Council stipulating that this principle must be applied and that all countries have the right to apply this principle to their territory without interference from any external forces. This principle is considered to be of economic importance affecting the economy of countries and their economic position at the international level. Whereas, it is necessary for the international community to join hands to ensure the application of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources in all countries, large and small, rich and poor, developing and developed, in compliance with the principle of equality in sovereignty among countries, and the necessity to apply the requirements of activating international protection for this principle. Palestine was shed as a model and the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources was applied under occupation, as according to international rules, sovereignty is considered to be the right of the state under occupation, but it became clear through studying the Palestinian situation as a model that the occupying state has We deprived the Palestinian people of their right to sovereignty over their natural resources, and even their right to self-determination And it controlled these resources and exploited them and channeled their returns to the economy of the occupying power, which in turn led to the economically following the occupied people. This is what was clarified by the Geneva Convention for the Protection of Civilian Rights in Time of War of 1949 and the Hague Convention of 1907.
Contract of Professional Sports for Football Player in Palestine
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-02-22) Zareefeh, Ala'
The contract of professional sports for football players is one of the modern in Palestine, its appearance accompanied with the professional football system in 2010 prepared by Palestinian Football Association defining some issues, such as time and wages. The dispute initially emerged about if it is adaptation whether it was a contracting contract or a work contract However, it s contains in the regulations governing it which indicated that it is a work contract such as work, wage, supervision and dependency. The two parties m the professional club and player, are the two parties of the professional contract that must meet some conditions to execute the contract in writing so as to be approved by the Palestinian Football Association. It is formal in which the formality failure causes invalidity in addition to the general pillars represented by consent, place and reason. Several commitments needed by the two parties for the football player in which violation opposite’s compensation in accordance with contractual liability provisions in addition to disciplinary sanctions by Sport Association or club against the professional player. Obligations of the player are similar to other workers including those related to the contract nature such as physical fitness and some obligations have to be committed by the sport club, the most important are agreed wage and insurance. The professional contract originally terminated according to agreed period unless it is renewed, the agreement of the two before the term, one party will when legitimate reason. Also, by law when the club dismissed from the Association, player death, illness, disability for more than six months in addition to closing the facility for a period of more than two months by an administrative or judicial decision. After the expiry of the professional sports contract for the football player, either retires, transfers to another club, or remains without concluding any contract. In case of transfer, the player agrees with the two clubs for the original club to receive a sum of money, and new contract is concluded between the professional player and the new club
The Crime of Genocide in International Criminal Law: Analytical Study
(An-Najah National University, 2021-11-17) Dhelia, Jood
This study tackles the crime of genocide based on two main dimensions. The first is represented the legal organization of this crime in the legal articles and the international agreements which passed laws concerning it. The other focuses on the role of the international criminal law in passing their laws in the court of law. This study is an attempt to highlight the key legal provisions which deal with this crime and the analysis of the mechanisms of dealing with it according to the international agreements in terms of its material and moral pillars as well as the criminal responsibility based on it. Also, it analyzed the most prominent cases through which the criminalization of genocide is proven in the criminal courts of Rwanda and Yugoslavia as well as the role of the international criminal court in preventing such as crime. This study is divided into two main chapters. To begin with, the first tackles the definition of genocide by presenting the legal definition of the terms, its moral and material pillars as well as the criminal responsibility of genocide by law. In addition, the second chapter deals with the judicial procedures through the special international criminal jurisdiction led by the criminal court of Rwanda and Yugoslavia as well as the general criminal jurisdiction through the international court.
AN INDUCTIVE ANALYTICAL STUDY APPLIED TO CUSTODY CASES AT ISSUE IN JENIN SHARIA COURT AND THE ARGUMENTS CONTAINED FROM (2010-2020)
(An-Najah National University, 2022-04-06) Esteiti, Mohammad
This study deals with the topic of custody and the arguments contained in it formally and objectively, and the related applications in the records of cases contained in Jenin Shariah Court from the year of 2010 to the year of 2020 in particular. The study aims to indicate the nature of custody cases and clarify the proceedings before the Shariah courts, and to introduce the arguments and indicate their types and show the way of dealing with the formal and objective arguments that may respond to the custody trial, Finally, the study had drawn a set of conclusions, the most important of which were: 1- The topic of arguments of legitimate claims has not been studied sufficiently by the students of Sharia sciences and its staff. 2- Custody begins from the time of birth of the male or female child until they are mature. The Hanafi school estimate that the period of custody of a boy is until he is seven or nine years old, while the custody period of a girl has two cases for them. The first is that her custody period end in the age of menstruating, and the second is that it ends when she reaches the age of lust which they say it’s the age of nine. 3- The Hanafi school defined custody as "raising the child by the person entitled to foster care." 4- The books of Hanafi jurisprudence did not include an explicit provision for custody, but they said that the mother is not forced to custody. If she refuses to get custody or something happened and prevented her from getting the custody as if she wants to marry a foreigner, the custody goes to the father or the next one entitled to take custody. 5- The books of Fiqh did not contain a clear direct definition of arguments, but they made the linguistic definition indicative of it, and understood it as the response to the plaintiff's claim.
International Criminal Responsibility (The case of Israeli Occupation Crimes in Gaza)
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2020-11-17) Al- As'ad, Sara
The whole deeds of the Israeli occupation in Gaza Strip particularly clear violation to all legal and ethical balances. Crimes against more than one million individuals such as random and collective killing, striking and demolishing buildings in addition to errantry and continuous siege including panning medical equipment’s, food stuffs, demolishing commercial and industrial facilities and infrastructure of electricity are deeds constitute crimes according to the international laws, treaties and conventions which is necessary to the occupation to shoulder the international responsibility and the necessity to questioning the Israeli leaders about the planning for aggressive crimes which have been indicated in several international situations by several resolutions of the United Nation that condemned the Israeli actions and considered the Gaza Strip as a part from the Palestinian occupied territories under the international laws . That’s means the warriors and resistance have more protection than the others according to the international laws and conventions and the occupation is responsible for international crimes for violating the international commitments. Despite the fact that the criminal questioning from feqhi side for the Israeli occupation crimes in Gaza Strip is a possible long way , the real confirmed that taking this way is not only long , but hard with several obstacles such as political considerations which rule the interests of strong countries which consider these interests more important than human rights. Other obstacles than political one which will face the who take this road. This does not mean disappointment, but intensifying efforts for encountering these obstacles. These efforts include unifying the Palestinians and removing long splitting out, restructuring financial shares in Palestine and using the most parts for documentation of the occupation crimes for international crimes to return the rights.
KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY SKILLS INCLUDED IN THE CURRICULUM SOCIAL STUDIES AT THE UPPER PRIMARY STAGE
(An-Najah National University, 2022-02-16) Al-Refai, Arwa
The current study aimed to identify the knowledge economy skills included in the content of the geography book for the tenth grade in Palestine. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method, which is based on the study of the phenomenon as it exists in reality. The researcher prepared a content analysis card for the tenth grade book, by developing a classification of the fields of economics; It includes five main areas of knowledge economy skills, which are the knowledge domain, the technological domain, the economic domain, the social domain, and the national domain. All of them were prepared by the researcher according to the principles applicable in scientific research, and the study tool included five areas, under which (10) skills were indicative. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: The analysis clarifies the shortcomings in the process of addressing several topics of sufficient importance, and the book touches on several topics repeatedly and for a long time, which gives monotony in the content, and the content in the book fits the terms and vocabulary of the age stage for the students who were presented In light of the results of the study, the researcher suggested a number of recommendations, which were as follows: The researcher recommends the Palestinian Curriculum Center to reduce monotony and repetition in presenting the contents and limiting the presentation of topics sufficiently, and also recommends the Ministry of Education to develop several plans that must be followed for analysis and selection The best of them.
THE LEGAL REGULATION OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT "A COMPARATIVE STUDY"
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-02-17) Hantouli, Ahmad
offlciousness is one of the most important applications of the Unjust Enrichment. This study deals with, and aims to shed light on the provisions of Virtue (Unjust Enrichment), its conditions, its nature, and the effects that it entails. The principle is that it is not permissible for a person to interfere in the affairs of others if they do not have a kinship or marital relationship with him, but the law allows individuals to interfere in each other’s affairs when necessary, and this interference is called virtue. Offlciousness\Virtue is that when a person performs an act purely for the benefit of others, by taking on an urgent matter dictated by the public duty to the account of another person, without being obligated to do so. Offlciousness\Virtue is considered as one of the most important applications of a beneficial action and is considered a source of the personal right. Virtue represents a legal or a material act whose source is a legal fact, as it is not a contract. And the source of the curious obligation is the beneficial act, i.e., interfering in the affairs of others to perform a benefit for him, and the benefit alone is not sufficient to achieve the virtue, but this action must be necessary and urgent, and the virtue assumes that aperson performs a specific act for the account of another person, by reaping its fruits for him, repairing his house, or renting his house for him. The law also stipulated in the beneficial act that a person does for the account of others that it be necessary, so that if the necessity is not fulfilled, the virtue will not be achieved, and the act is necessary if authorized by the court or necessitated by a state of urgency, or by custom. It is also required in virtue that the beneficial act that a person does for the benefit of others, unlike the case of necessity in which the act is in the interest of the person himself and not in the interest of others. offlciousness is a form of the beneficial act that is considered a source of involuntary commitment. In the subject of the study, I talked about the concept of virtue and its conditions, the legal nature of it, the necessary capacity for its parties, and the position of both Islamic jurisprudence and comparative laws of it and distinguishing it from other similar legal systems, and I talked about the provisions of virtue, and the effects of the obligations of its parties in accordance with each of the Journal of Judicial Judgments, the Jordanian Civil Law, and the Egyptian Civil Law .The study also got into the results and recommendations related to its subject.
THE LEVEL OF PRACTICING DISTANCE EDUCATION MANAGEMENT BY PRINCIPALS IN SECONDARY GOVERNMENTAL SVHOOLS OF JERUSALEM SUBURBS AND ITS RELATION TO IMPULSE THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS FROM TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVE
(An-Najah National University, 2022-03-27) Shamasna, Mohammad
Since the distance learning was created before approximately two hundred years ago, over that period of time and the acceleration of technological changes and the reflection on the means and methods used in distance learning, it was compulsory for the educational management system to develop in order to adapt to these changes, this study was designed to identify the views of teachers working in the Palestinian Government's secondary schools in the suburbs of Jerusalem in order to reach the level of practice of managers of these schools to manage distance education and its relation to their level of motivation for achievement, and to achieve the objectives of the study. The researcher followed the mixed methodology based on the analytical descriptive approach, and on the theory rooted in the qualitative approach, using the tools of identification and interview to reach the desired results, and the researcher adopted a simple random sample of his study consisting of 191 teachers, while the interview targeted 6 teachers, so the results of the study related to the level of practice of managers of State secondary schools in the suburbs of Jerusalem for the management of distance learning and its relation to their level of motivation for achievement from the perspective of teachers to a high degree and to the following four areas of identification: (Distance learning management skills of managers, distance learning infrastructure management skills, teachers' satisfaction with the performance of managers during distance learning management and the impact of distance learning management on managers' achievement); In terms of the results of the interview questions, one of the most notable results is that there is a high propensity for managers to adopt traditional management practices. The researcher recommends continuing with programs and courses on distance learning management, keeping abreast of technological developments that concern distance learning management, drawing on the experiences of leading countries in distance learning management, and working to modernize distance learning infrastructure.
Provisions Concerning Children in Worship (Comparative jurisprudence study)
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-03-02) Shareem, Mohammed
This thesis entitled provisions concerning children in worship was conducted to complement the requirements of the master's degree in jurisprudence and legislation at the faculty of graduate studies at An-Najah National University. The study consists of an introductory, three chapters and a conclusion. In the introductory chapter, the researcher dealt with the provisions concerning children in worship with regard to highlighting concepts that are related to the research, such as the concepts child and worship. In the first chapter, the researcher touched upon the Shariah provisions concerning children in terms of major acts of worship. However, the second chapter included other types of worship for children. The study concluded that worship is an inclusive term of all the provisions of Islamic Shariah, and that the child meant in this study is who understand the speech and replies to it as well, and this is not restricted to a particular age from a religious but not a judicial point of view. It also found that his worship is accepted and valid but it is not a fundamental practice for him although teaching him about worships by his parents is strongly recommended. Finally, scholars, orators and the family have a great role in upbringing a generation that is capable of bearing the trust of Islam in private and public worship, morality, behavior, and all aspects of life
THE PURPOSE OF GENDER EQUALITY, ITS APPLICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-03-16) Hammouda, Asma
This study discusses the issue of equality between men and women (its applications and prohibitions in Islamic jurisprudence) as a comparative study with international conventions. This topic has been examined from all its jurisprudential, intentional and comparative aspects. The study consisted of five chapters; the first chapter dealt with the objective of equality in Islam, then it demonstrated that this objective is the pillar of all human rights, and noted the relationship between it and the objectives of freedom and justice in Islam. In the second and third chapters, the study defined the equality between men and women in Islam and indicated that Islam equated both genders in all rights that are due to religion and the origin of human creation. However, this equality is not absolute. In fact, it's determined by the barriers that are related to the physical and functional differences of both genders, and this demonstrates the justice of Islam, for Islam does not charge or burden any person except with that within their capacity. Moreover, the study discussed the most significant differences between men and women regarding the family conditions, such as dowry, alimony, caretakers, guardianship, custody, the prescribed period for women, divorce, inheritance, etc. Furthermore, some of the allegations accusing Islam of oppressing women, detracting from their rights, and favoring men over them have been answered. In this regard, the study pointed out the efforts of the West in planting this idea in the mind of Muslim women. This is in order to eliminate the most important forts of Islam through the conferences and conventions they hold widely. As for the fourth chapter, it highlighted the difference between men and women in other jurisprudential issues, such as testimony, Diya (i.e. blood money), public guardianship, and jihad, all in a comparative jurisprudential manner. In the fifth chapter, the study pointed out that the first purpose for the West in discussing Muslim women's issues in international conferences and conventions is to impose its model on Islamic life in all fields. Through this chapter, the researcher examined and critically studied CEDAW convention from a legitimate perspective, as well as the draft Palestinian law concerning the protection of the family from violence, which is considered the spoiled son of CEDAW Convention, and then it outlined the risks of its application in Arab and Islamic societies. At the end of the study, the researcher reached a set of results, the most important of which: that the objective of equality in Islam is a great objective, it is the pillar and starting point for all human rights. Moreover, equality between men and women is constrained by the structural and functional differences for each of them. In addition, it's a necessary regulatory rule for the stability of the institution of marital partnership to give the man the authority over the woman, the meaning of authority here is in terms of guardianship, management and care, and not to domination and oppression. Also, in Islam, the wife has full capacity and independent financial responsibility to dispose of her property within the framework of the provisions of Shari'ah. The researcher also concluded that the system of inheritance in Islam is a just system, and that the West seeks to impose its standard on Islamic societies in all fields, political, economic, social, educational, etc., without regard to the specificity of religion, customs and traditions. The West also aims to establish full and absolute equality between men and women, eliminating biological and functional differences between them, through its conferences and conventions. The researcher believes that this study is very important; as it is characterized by originality and contemporary, and aims to insight and awareness of the Muslim generations of what is knitted and planned for them day and night. It also aims to strengthen the confidence of Muslim women in their religion, and in the Justice of the Lord's approach that Allah the Almighty has arranged for them.
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PROGRAMS IN IMPROVING THE REPUTATION OF INSURANCE COMPANIES AND ENHANCING BRAND LOYALTY (TRUST INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANIES AS A MODEL)
(An-Najah National University, 2022-03-22) Kahla, Rasha
This study aims to identify the role of social responsibility programs in improving the reputation of insurance companies and enhancing brand loyalty (Trust International Insurance companies as a model). Also, it aims to identify the impact of study variables such as gender, educational qualification, nature of work, and place of residence on improving the reputation of insurance companies and enhancing brand loyalty . In order to achieve the goal of the study, the researcher has developed a questionnaire consisting of (45) items divided into three areas, then distributed it to a sample of (167) clients of Trust International Insurance companies who were selected by the stratified random method, and after they were compiled. They were coded and entered into the computer and processed statistically using a program Statistical package for social sciences (spss) and its validity and reliability were measured. The results of the study indicate a significant response degree in the total score and in the two fields of study on the role of social responsibility programs in improving the reputation of insurance companies and enhancing brand loyalty in Trust International Insurance companies. Furthermore, there is a presence of large percentages of the extent of the knowledge of Trust International Insurance Company clients in the company’s social responsibility programs. In fact, there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≥ 0.05) between the response averages. The members of the study sample started towards the role of social responsibility programs in improving the reputation of insurance companies and enhancing brand loyalty in Trust International Insurance companies due to the variables (gender, educational qualification, nature of work, and place of residence.). In light of the results of the study, the researcher suggested a set of recommendations including the need to raise the level of knowledge of Trust International Insurance Company's clients in the company's social responsibility programs. In addition to conducting more studies on this topic.
THE ROLE OF TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE MICHANISMS IN REDRESSING VICTIMS ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCE IN SYRIA
(An-Najah National University, 2022-04-19) Sabbh, Hadeel
This study sheds light on the role of transitional justice mechanisms in redressing the victims of enforced disappearance in Syria, by understanding what are the obligations of the Syrian state under this crime, in addition to the role that transitional justice mechanisms will contribute to if they are applied within the framework of redressing victims Enforced Disappearance. The role of its mechanisms in redressing the victims of enforced disappearance in light of the current political, social and international realities. The importance of this study lies in that it reinforces the idea of applying the transitional justice approach in Syria, benefiting from the experiences of Latin American countries that have gone through similar experiences of human rights violations, especially the crime of enforced disappearance during the civil war period at the end of the last century, as these experiences proved the importance of applying mechanisms Transitional justice in redress for victims of enforced disappearance. The researcher divided this study into two chapters that discuss in the first chapter the development of the crime of enforced disappearance by reviewing the historical and legal context of it, as well as the obligations imposed on the Syrian state according to it. Enforced disappearance, in addition to the importance and challenges of implementing the transitional justice approach, and the role of its judicial and non-judicial mechanisms in redressing the victims of enforced disappearance in Syria. The study concluded with a set of results and recommendations, the most important of which were: Considering the application of criminal accountability in Syria as an essential component for the implementation of the transitional justice approach, and this was confirmed by court decisions issued by German courts based on the principle of universal jurisdiction, and the fact that the current conflict did not end does not mean the necessity of Postponing the search for appropriate transitional justice mechanisms for implementation, but this point should be considered as a challenge to the negotiating parties, pushing them and motivating them to think deeply about what are the appropriate mechanisms to apply them in the Syrian conflict. And the international community's recommendation to provide various forms of support to these organizations.
Verifying the Annotation of Qalyubi on the Interpretation of al-Ghaya Book for Ibn al Qasem al Gazzi, from the Beginning of Hajj Chapter Until The end of Disobeying Part from the Marriage Chapter
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2021-12-28) Toukhe, Khaled
This study aims at verifying part of the book "Alqalyobi commentary on Ibn Alqasem explanasion for Abu Shuja'a book" which written by Abu Al-Abbas Shehab Aldin Alqalyobi who died 1069 hejr. The study took the second part of the book from Hajj chapter to the end of Deviding Time Between Wives. The study has two sections: the first: the introduction which contains: an introduction, the research problem, research goals, subject importance, reasons for choosing subject, literature reviews, verifying method and procedures, and the definition of the author and the interpreter; The second section: contains the verified text. It contains four chapters: the first one: ruling of pilgrimage (hajj), Second chapter: ruling of sales and dealings provisions. Third chapter: ruling of wills and inheritance. Fourth chapter: Rulings of marriage (till the end of Dividing Time Between Wives)
التنظيم القانوني لجريمة اقتطاع جزء من الأراضي الفلسطينية ومنحها للعدو في التشريع الفلسطيني: دراسة مقارنة
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2021-05-24) مطور, حمزة
تناولت هذه الاطروحة التنظيم القانوني لجريمة اقتطاع جزء من الأراضي الفلسطينية ومنحها للعدو في التشريع الفلسطيني حيت تتمحور إشكالية الدراسة حول بيان معالم التنظيم القانوني الفلسطيني المتبع في مواجهة جريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من دولة فلسطين لصالح العدو، وقد هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى الأساليب القانونية التشريعية المتبعة في مواجهة جريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من دولة فلسطين لصالح العدو، وكيفية معالجة قانون العقوبات الساري في فلسطين جريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من دولة فلسطين لصالح العدو، وأبرز العقوبات التي قررها القانون على مرتكبي جريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من دولة فلسطين لصالح العدو، ومدى فاعلية هذه العقوبات في التصدي لهذه الجريمة الخطيرة، وأهمية الدور الذي تقوم الأجهزة القضائية كالنيابة العامة، والأجهزة الأمنية الفلسطينية كجهاز الامن الوقائي، وجهاز المخابرات الفلسطيني، وجهاز الأمن الوطني، وجهاز الاستخبارات العسكرية في التصدي لتلك الجريمة ومعالجة آثارها. حيث تحدث الباحث في الفصل الأول من هذه الدراسة عن الأحكام التشريعية الموضوعية في مواجهة جريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من الدولة لصالح العدو بما يشمل المواد القانونية المجرمة لجريمة اقتطاع جزء من الأراضي الفلسطينية ومنحها للعدو في التشريع الجنائي العربي والفلسطيني، والأركان القانونية لجريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من الدولة لصالح العدو، والعقوبات المقررة لجريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من الدولة لصالح العدو، والظروف المؤثرة على العقاب في جريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من الدولة لصالح العدو. وتحدث الباحث في الفصل الثاني من هذه الدراسة عن الأحكام التشريعية الإجرائية في مواجهة جريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من الدولة لصالح العدو بما يشمل الآليات الوقائية في مواجهة جريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من الدولة لصالح العدو على الصعيدين الرسمي وغير الرسمي، والإجراءات القانونية التي تتبعها النيابة العامة الفلسطينية عند وقوع الجريمة لمواجهة جريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من الدولة لصالح العدو، وإجراءات المحاكمة وإصدار الحكم أمام المحاكم الفلسطينية على المدانين في جريمة اقتطاع أراضي وأجزاء من الدولة لصالح العدو. وقد استخدم الباحث في اعداد هذه الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي المقارن وذلك من خلال مقارنة التشريعات الجنائية العربية كقانون العقوبات الأردني والاماراتي واللبناني والسوري، والمغربي، والليبي، واليمني، والجزائري، والقطري مع التشريع الفلسطيني وبيان موقف كل تشريع من هذه الجريمة. ومن أهم ما أوصى الباحث به ضرورة التوجه للقضاء الدولي لحماية الأراضي الفلسطينية من محاولة السرقة والاقتطاع والتسريب خصوصاً في ظل الوضع السياسي الفلسطيني الراهن ووقوع فلسطين تحت الاحتلال الإسرائيلي، والعمل على تشديد العقوبات على من يثبت تورطه في ارتكاب جريمة اقتطاع أجزاء من الأراضي الفلسطينية لتصل إلى الإعدام نظراً للخطورة الشديدة لهذه الجريمة على المصالح الوطنية الفلسطينية العليا، والعمل على تشكيل محاكم خاصة أمنية للنظر في هذه الجرائم، وتشكيل هيئة أو مؤسسة فلسطينية رسمية لمتابعة ملف تسريب الأراضي الفلسطينية للعدو.
الحرمان من الحقوق المدنية كعقوبة في التشريع الجنائي الفلسطيني "دراسة مقارنة "
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2019-12-19) صبح, شادي بسام محمود
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ على العقوبات سواء كانت هذه العقوبات أصلية أو تبعية التي تؤدي إلى الحرمان من الحقوق المدنية لما ﻟﻬﺫﻩ العقوبات ﻤﻥ أثر واضح في ﻤﺠﺎل حقوق الإنسان ومدى تناسبها وموائمتها مع التشريعات الوطنية. حيث قامت الدراسة بمقارنة التشريعات الوطنية بغيرها من التشريعات الأخرى لا سيما التشريع السوري بالإضافة إلى الاتفاقيات الدولية الموقعة من قبل دولة فلسطين والتي تشكل الركيزة الأساسية للمشرع الفلسطيني، بغاية ان يكون مشرع متطور والمواكب لتطورات التشريعات ﻭﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎً ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ الحياة لأي ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ. وﺘﻠﺒﻴـﺔ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ الفلسطيني لتشريع متطور ومتناسق مع الاتفاقيات الدولية وذلك في ظل سعي فلسطين للحصول على دولة معترف فيها في المجتمع الدولي وبالتالي فان اشكالية الدراسة الرئيسية تتمحور في السؤال ماهية الحرمان من الحقوق المدنية كعقوبة في التشريع الجنائي الفلسطيني وكيف عالجها المشرع الفلسطيني ومقارنتها مع التشريعات الجنائية الأخرى لاسيما التشريع السوري، ومدى موائمتها لقرارات المحاكم الدولية؟ وعليه تكمن أهمية هذه الدراسة من الناحية العلمية هو بيان مفهوم العقوبة بشكل عام واقسامها و أهداف العقوبة وخصائصها وكذلك التعريف بالحقوق المدنية وخصائصها وأقسامها ونطاقها، وبالإضافة إلى التعريف بالحرمان من الحقوق المدنية كعقوبة أصلية و/او عقوبة تبعية في التشريعات الجنائية والتي بدورها تؤدي إلى الحرمان من الحقوق سواء الحقوق المدنية أو السياسية في التشريع الجنائي الفلسطيني بالمقارنة مع التشريعات الجنائية في الدول الأخرى لا سيما التشريع السوري. ومن الناحية اخرى نجد ومن خلال استقراء العديد من الكتب الفقهية والنصوص القانونية أن الحقوق سواء المدنية أو السياسية أصبحت في الوقت الحاضر من أهم الأمور القانونية التي ينظر لها العالم والمجتمع الدولي ككل؛ لما لها أهمية في بيان ديموقراطية الدول واحترامها لهذه الحقوق، بالإضافة إلى وضع فلسطين الخاص في ظل كونها دولة تحت احتلال وتعاني من العديد التحديات الخاصة في سبل البحث والتطوير في منظومتها القانونية ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺸﺘﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ على الفصل الأول بعنوان الحرمان من الحقوق المدنية كعقوبة في التشريعات الجنائية يتضمن في المبحث الأول ماهية الحقوق المدنية والعقوبة وخصائصها وأهدافها وفي المبحث الثاني تحدثنا عن الحرمان من الحقوق المدنية كعقوبة أصلية أو تبعية ، واتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي والمنهج المقارن لمعرفة التوافق و الاختلاف بين التشريع الفلسطيني و التشريع السوري. ﻭاشتملت الدراسة أيضاً على الفصل الثاني ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ موائمة عقوبة الحرمان من الحقوق المدنية للتشريعات الدولية ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﺭﻀـﻨﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤـﺙ ﺍلأول إﻟﻰ موائمة عقوبة الحرمان من الحقوق المدنية للتشريعات الدولية وفي المبحث الثاني من هذا الفصل تحدثت عن موائمة عقوبة الحرمان من الحقوق المدنية لقرارات المحاكم الدولية.
الحماية الجزائية للتراث الثقافي المنقول في التشريع الفلسطيني
(An Najah National University, 2021-10-17) عزام صالح لهواني, محمود
إن الحماية الجزائية للتراث الثقافي المنقول والتي كفلها المشرّع الجزائي الفلسطيني من خلال القرار بقانون رقم 11 لسنة 2018 بشأن حماية التراث الثقافي المادي، تمثّلت في الحماية الموضوعية للتراث الثقافي المنقول، من خلال توضيح ماهية التراث الثقافي المنقول وأنواعه وتطوره التشريعي عبر العصور والحكومات التي خضعت لها فلسطين والوقوف على صور الجرائم التي تقع على التراث الثقافي المنقول والعقوبات الموقّعة عليها. كما وسعى المشرع الجزائي الفلسطيني إلي إضفاء الحماية الجزائية الموضوعية والإجرائية للتراث الثقافي المنقول، من خلال القرار بقانون رقم 11 لسنة 2018 بشأن حماية التراث الثقافي المادي، وتمثل ذلك في إقرار تجريم العديد من الأفعال غير المشروعة والواقعة على التراث المنقول، سواء بإتلافه أو سرقته أو بيعه وكذلك تبيان الجهات القانونية المختصة في حماية التراث الثقافي المنقول وإجراءات التقاضي الخاصة بالجرائم الواقعة عليه. حيث تتمَحْور إشكالية الدراسة الرئيسية في الإجابة على السؤال التالي ما هي الحماية الجزائية التي فرضها المشرع الجزائي الفلسطيني من اجل حماية التراث الثقافي المنقول؟ حيث تهدف الدراسة إلى الوصول إلى عدة أهداف أهمّها التعرف على الحماية الجزائية التي فرضها المشرّع الفلسطيني من أجل حماية التراث الثقافي المنقول، من خلال دراسة الحماية الموضوعية والإجرائية للتراث الثقافي المنقول، باستخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي بتحليل نصوص القرار بقانون رقم 11 لسنة 2018 والقوانين ذات العلاقة والاعتماد على الكتب والرسائل العلمية والأبحاث ذات العلاقة. وقد توصّلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج كان أهمها توضيح مفهوم التراث الثقافي المنقول وأنواعه وتحديد التطور التشريعي الخاصّ به، ومعرفة القانون الذي ينظّم الحماية الإجرائية الخاصة بالتراث الثقافي المنقول، وما هي الجهات المختصّة قانوناً بحماية التراث الثقافي المنقول، بالإضافة إلى عدم إدراج التنقيب عن التراث الثقافي المنقول ضمن الأعمال المحظورة دون ترخيص من قبل وزارة السياحة والآثار. وقد أوصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من التوصيات، كان أهمها استحداث نيابة ومحكمة مختصة بالنظر في دعاوي التراث الثقافي المنقول، وشمولية القرار بقانون للحماية الإجرائية إضافة للحماية الموضوعية، من خلال النص على قواعد إجرائية خاصّة تمكّن ذوي الاختصاص من ملاحقة فاعلة لمرتكبي هذه الجرائم، إضافة إلى العمل على تجريم التنقيب غير القانوني بحق التراث الثقافي المنقول والصادر من الجهات غير المختصة وإضفاء عقوبة رادعة له من خلال النص على ذلك في القرار بقانون وفقاً لمبدأ الشرعية، كما وأوصت الدراسة على استحداث نصوص قانونية تحفز واجدي التراث الثقافي المنقول على تسليمه للجهات المختصة من خلال تخصيص مكافآت ومبالغ مالية لواجدي التراث الثقافي المنقول، وأخيراً أوصت الدراسة بإنشاء متحف وطني للتراث الثقافي المنقول.
الحماية الجنائية للأسرار المهنية في التشريعات السارية في فلسطين
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2021-10-20) أزعر, مجاهد
لقد تناول الباحث هذا الموضوع؛ لما يحتله من أهمية وخصوصية في القانون الجنائي، وعلى مستوى نظم التجريم والعقاب في التشريعات الجنائية، فالجرائم الواقعة على الأسرار هي موضوع متشعب وكبير، وله آثار سلبية على قطاعات المجتمع، وقد هدف الباحث من خلال هذه الدراسة إلى بيان ماهية الجرائم الواقعة على الأسرار، وفي سبيل الوصول للأهداف المرجوة من وراء هذه الدراسة اتبع الباحث في إعدادها المنهج الوصفي التحليلي. بالإضافة إلى تناول الدراسة انعكاسات الحماية الجنائية للأسرار المهنية وآثارها على الواقع العملي، خاصة للمهن والمهام المؤثرة في المجتمع، حيث تناول الباحث نماذج حماية لتلك الأسرار المهنية، تشمل: أسرار الدولة، وأسرار المصارف، وأسرار مهنة المحاماة، وأسرار مهنة الطب، وكذلك بيان نطاق الحماية الجنائية للأسرار المهنية والتي يوفرها قانون العقوبات الفلسطيني، والمعيار القانوني المستخدم في تحديد الأسرار المهنية وتصنيفها. ومن أهم ما أوصى الباحث به ضرورة وضع قانون خاص بجرائم الأسرار المهنية، وضرورة رسم سياسة عقابية أكثر وضوحاً وفاعلية في مواجهة الجرائم الواقعة على الأسرار، وهدفت هذه الدراسة كذلك على تسليط الضوء على النتائج القانونية والأمنية والعملية المترتبة على المساس بالأسرار المهنية، والوقوف على دور النصوص القانونية التي توفر الحماية للأسرار المهنية من ناحية فعالية هذا الدور وقدرته على منع التعدي على تلك الأسرار.
الخبرة في القانون الجنائي وأهميتها في الإثبات ) دراسة مقارنة (
(ِAn-Najah National University, 2019-08-05) جبارين, غانم
ظاهرة الإجرام في العالم كله تطورت بتطور العصور ووصلت ذروتها في العصر الحالي الذي يطلق عليه عصر العلم والتكنولوجيا، حيث سخر المجرمون هذا التطور لطمس معالم جرائمهم، وذلك باستخدامهم التقنيات والوسائل الفنية المتطورة التي فاقت أحيانا إمكانيات الأجهزة المعنية بمكافحة الجريمة ذاتها، مما استوجب البحث عن وسائل علمية حديثة دقيقة وذات تقنية عالية، لكشف غموض الجرائم والتوصل للجاني، فظهر ما يسمى بالأدلة العلمية التي تمتاز بالدقة، والتي تعتمد البحث عن الدليل باستخدام وسائل علمية وتكنولوجيا حديثة، ولقد ساعدت العلوم الحديثة كالكيمياء والفيزياء والطب الشرعي وعلم النفس الجنائي في المساعدة على كشف الكثير من القضايا التي كان يشوبها الغموض، ومن خلال الآثار المادية التي يتركها الجاني في مسرح الجريمة حيث تسمى الشاهد الصامت، يمكن بواسطة العلم والتكنولوجيا الحديثه المتطورة معرفة خفايا الجرائم والتوصل للجاني مهما طال الأمد في هروبه من وجه العدالة، وبرزت أهمية الخبرة في الإثبات الجنائي في ظل الأدلة العلمية، حيث أن القاضي ومأموري الضبط القضائي والنيابة لا توجد لديهم الدراية الكافية والخبرة في المسائل الفنية والعلمية التقنية، مما أوجب الإستعانة بالخبراء، لكي يقوموا بتحليل وتفسير الغموض الذي يعتري ماديات الجريمة والحالة العقلية للجاني وقت ارتكابه جرمه، لكي تساعد القاضي والنيابة للتوصل إلى الحقيقة من خلال إقامة الدليل على وقوع الجريمة ونسبتها إلى شخص معين فاعلا أصليا كان أو شريكا، فالخبرة تقوم بإنطاق ذلك الشاهد الصامت، وتنبئنا لمن تعود تلك الآثار المادية وتبين لنا الحالة العقلية للجاني وقت ارتكابه الجريمة، ولقد إنصبت دراستنا على معرفة أهمية ودور الخبرة في الإثبات الجنائي، ومشكلة الدراسة تكمن في قصور النصوص التشريعية الخاصة بأعمال الخبرة في القانون الجنائي الفلسطيني، وما يتبع ذلك من آثار على عملية الإثبات الجنائي والتي تعتبر محور العمل الإجرائي في ملاحقة الجرائم ومرتكبيها وتحقيق العدالة الجنائية، ويمكن طرح مشكلة الدارسة من خلال التساؤل الرئيسي التالي: ما هي أعمال الخبرة الجنائية وما أهميتها في الإثبات في القانون الجنائي؟ وتفرع عن هذا التساؤل عدة تساؤلات فرعية، وهدفت الدراسة في الإجابة عن التساؤل الرئيسي والتساؤلات التي تفرعت عنه، وتبيان تنظيم القواعد القانونية لأعمال الخبرة الجنائية ودورها في الإثبات الجنائي ومواجهة القصور في التشريع الفلسطيني بهذا الصدد، ومن أجل البحث عن مشكلة الدراسة وتحقيق أهدافها قمنا بإتباع دراسة إجرائية تهتم بدور الخبرة في الإجراء حيث تناولت تحليل النصوص القانونية ومواقف الفقهاء بالإضافة إلى مقارنة النصوص القانونية والقرارات القضائية العربية، وخرجنا بعدة نتائج من أهمها عدم قيام المشرع الفلسطيني بتنظيم أعمال وأحكام الخبرة في المواد الجنائية، وأيضا تبين لنا مدى أهمية الأدلة العلمية وارتباطها بالخبرة، وعدم ضبط الأدلة العلمية الثابتة لدى المشرع الفلسطيني وعدم وجوب بينة فنية تؤيدها، وعدم ضبط الطب الشرعي والمختبر الجنائي، وأن سلطة القاضي الجنائي التقديرية لا تنتقص ولا تضيق في تكيف المسألة إن كانت فنية بحته أو في تقدير تقرير الخببير ووجوب ندبه، على خلاف أن سلطته في المسائل الفنية البحته تستوجب الاستعانة بالخبير لتوضيح وتفسير تلك المسألة الفنية أو العلمية البحته، واتضح لنا أن الخبرة لا تعتبر دليلا مستقلا بذاته ولا أنها تخلق دليلا، بل إن دور الخبرة هو عبارة عن تفسير وكشف للغموض الذي يعتري ماديات الجريمة أو الحالة العقلية للجاني وقت وقوع الجريمة، ودورها يبرز في الإثبات من خلال توضيح أمر ذي طابع فني ترى المحكمة الحاجة لتوضيحه، وأن الخبرة هي إجراء تحقيقي وأهميتها تكمن في مرحلة التحقيق الإبتدائي من خلال قبولها كبينة فنية، حيث أن دورها في مرحلة التحري والاستدلال لا تتعدى أن تكون مجرد استئناس، بمعنى أن الخبرة في مرحلة التحقيق الإبتدائي ليست دليلا فنيا كما اختلط على البعض فهي ليست دليلا فنيا مستقلا بذاته، إنما هي تفسير وتوضيح للأثر المادي الذي يتحول لدليل مادي بعد تفسيره من قبل الخبير، وللخبرة خصائص وهنالك مصطلحات متشابه مع الخبرة بينا الاختلاف فيما بينهما، واتضح أن الخبير هو باحث كمأمور الضبط مع إمتلاك أهليات خاصة تميزه عن المأمور، وهو عون للقاضي يبحث عن الدليل وبذلك يكون حكما فنيا يعاون القاضي في إصدار حكمه القضائي، وبعد أن توصلنا لعدة نتائج من خلال دراستنا قمنا بوضع عدة توصيات منها على سبيل المثال، أن يقوم المشرع الفلسطيني بوضع قانون خاص لضبط أعمال وأحكام الخبرة في المواد الجنائية نظرا لما يمتاز به الإثبات الجنائي عن الأثبات المدني وللمصلحة التي يحميها كل منهما، وأن يقوم باستيعاب الأدلة العلمية الثابته في القانون الجزائي حيث أن دور الخبرة يبرز في تفسير وتحليل تلك الأدلة العلمية التي لها دور هام في كشف غموض عدة جرائم وتحقيق العدالة الجنائية من خلال الزج بالجاني خلف قضبان السجن.

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