Nursing & Midwifery

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    Artificial light at Night and Cancer: National Study
    (2019-12-29) Rana Yakoop; Jomana Abu rya; Naheel Gzayyil; Ahmad Mhammed; Samah Ishtieh
    Artificial light is composed of visible light as well as some ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiations, and there is a concern that the emission levels of some lamps could be harmful for the cancer and the eyes. Both natural and artificial light can also disrupt the human body clock and the hormonal system, and this can cause health problems. The ultraviolet and the blue components of light have the greatest potential to cause harm. However exposure of Artificial light at night as an environmental risk factor and its relation to cancers in humans has never been studied in detail. Aim Artificial lighting is rapidly increasing yet the consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are barely known. This research will explore the association of Artificial light at night with all forms of cancers in hospitals in Nablus city. So this based on the idea that exposure to light at night would result in melatonin suppression that would, in turn, increase cancer risk. Methodology A case control quantitative design will be used to conduct this study. The questionnaires were distributed among patient related to artificial light. The results will be discussed after collecting the distributed questionnaires and analyzing it by SPSS program. From the data analyzed and discussion conclusion will provide suggestion. Result There were statistically significant differences between patients' answers to the study questions according to the age, marital status and level of education of each patient. Conclusion A large proportion of people exposed to light, both cancer-stricken and uninfected, knew nothing about blue light or knew that blue light was a dangerous light
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    Assess Knowledge and Commitment of Palestinian pregnant women in taking Iron Supplement to Prevent IDA in North West Bank .
    (2016-10-20) Ameer mazen; Dana Melhim; Ansam Dereieh; Warda Hassan; Shorouq Qadous
    Background: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the most widespread disorder among pregnant women in Palestine. It is related to adverse pregnancy outcomes (pre-term delivery and low birth weight as well as the increased risk of maternal mortality from hemorrhage in delivery. Since knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant women play a vital role in Iron Deficiency Anemia prevention, it is necessary to explore them. For this purpose, a study in the North of Palestine was conducted using quantitative methodology in order to assess pregnant women’s knowledge about Iron Deficiency Anemia to reduce its prevalence. Objectives: This study was conducted as a descriptive means of determining women’s level of knowledge about Iron Deficiency Anemia during pregnancy. Research design: A quantitative research, Cross Section Design. Setting of the study: Primary Health Care in the cities of Nablus, Tulkarm, Jenin, and Qalqiliah. Sample size: The sample will contain (304) pregnant women chosen randomly. Results: Through assessing the knowledge and commitment of Palestinian pregnant women in taking the Iron Supplement to prevent Iron Deficiency Anemia in North West Bank. The percentage of pregnant women was found to be relatively high. Conclusion: There is a relation between the knowledge about IDA, place and education level. These factors have affected the condition in a significant way. However, there is no relation between the number of previous pregnancies and commitment with iron supplement. Iron Supplement to Prevent Iron Deficiency Anemia in North West Bank
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    Assess knowledge of Acute Kidney Injury classifications among Nurses who work in Government Hospital in North West-bank
    (2019-12-20) Sereen Mohammed Abu Elhija; Atheer Osama Kabha; Asaad Mohammed Zidan; Oroob Abdallah Habib-Aallah; Mohammed Dwikat
    Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious clinical manifestation that arises from various causes; it is responsible for prolonged hospitalization and high mortality rate (Mehta,2014). In health care for patients with AKI the nursing process (NP) constitutes an important tool for nursing manage care, detailed care steps, and register procedures in patients‟ medical record (Grassi et al 2017). The lack of properly trained professionals aware of the problem may delay the detection and referral to specialized services, leading to worse results (Assuncao et al 2016). Aim To evaluate the knowledge of nurses on early identification and classification of acute kidney injury (AKI) in North West-bank. Method Quantitative approach and descriptive cross-sectional design were used. The study was conducted in North West-bank hospitals. Data was collected from 106 nurses using self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to generate the meaning from collected data. Results and Findings The questionnaire revealed that 73.34% have high knowledge in the early identification of AKI, 72.1% answered correctly that Gentamycin considered a risk factor for AKI, 63.83 % have knowledge about the classifications of AKI. While 82.1% have high knowledge on the management of AKI. Total Knowledge score of nurses about AKI was 72.75%.
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    Assess the Level of Knowledge and Associated Factors among Healthcare Workers in Nablus Hospitals Towards Needle Stick Stick Injury
    (2017-12-05) Eman Qattawi; Yasmeen Darwish; Anas Qasem; Mohannad Qawasmi; Qasim Swidan; Shorooq Qadous
    Introduction: Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are serious occupational hazards in the transmission of a variety of blood borne pathogens such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS) among healthcare workers. The hospital is a place of high risk for sharps and needle stick injuries. Aim: The study aims to assess the prevalence, associated factors and the knowledge about protocols towards needle stick injury among healthcare workers in Nablus Hospitals. Materials and Methods: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study on 351 health care workers (nurses, doctors and cleaners) employed in Nablus Hospitals. Sampling was performed through stratified random sampling. Data gathered through a researcher made questioner. Results:The results showed that (61.8%) is the prevalence of NSIs among health care workers, it also showed that the highest number of occurrences was among nurses with (57.1%), this means that nurses should be the most aware group in the future. From the health care workers perspective the main cause for the needle stick injuries was work overload, and the most procedure cause needle stick injury was recapping the needles. Conclusion: The needle stick injuries represent a major occupational challenge to health care workers. The study found high prevalence of needle stick injuries among health care workers, and high percentage of workers didn't know if there is a protocol dealing with NSIs in their hospitals.
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    Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices toward Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Students of Medicine and Health Sciences in An-Najah national university, Palestine.
    (2019-12-29) Ja'ffar Abdullah; Jameel Eid; Ghaleb Amer; Wahbe Mansour; Dr. Imad Thultheen
    Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection stands as one of the most critical public health concerns in the world today. In fact the occupational exposure to HBV among worker in health care is a real risk, but also concerns and worries are higher among health profession's students. In Palestine, lack of knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) to trainees in the health professions towards occupational risk of HBV. The goal of this study was to assess the level of KAP of Medicine and Health Sciences students in An-Najah National University, Palestine towards occupational risk of HBV infection. Methods A quantitative Cross-Sectional Designs were conducted in this study, 230 Medicine and Health Sciences students were including into this study using a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using self-administer structure questionnaire and was analyzed by using SPSS (21). Results The female rate was about 75% from participants, most of participants were from nursing department with 33%. Knowledge was good with overall rate about 80%, positive attitude with approximately 75% and was malpractice with less than 70%. Conclusions KAP levels of Medicine and Health Sciences students in An-Najah National University was non-optimal and there is a gap between knowledge and practice.
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    Assessment of Surgical Nurse's Practices Regarding Prevention of Surgical Site Infection(SSI) in North West Bank.
    (2019-12-30) Kahla Ahmad Jbareen; Reham Ziad Egbaria; Alaa Abd El-Qader; Dina Khraisha; Fady Zaben
    Introduction Health care associated infections are major healthcare problems for the people worldwide. Millions of people are affecting by them each year. They can assist patients in their recovery and reduce the complications associated with infections by the utilization of adequate knowledge and practices. One of the most common types of Healthcare-Associated infection is Surgical Site Infection (SSI) which is considered 20% to 25% of all Healthcare-Associated infections. It is an infection which occurs within 30 days after a surgical procedure or up to one year in those surgical patients in which an implant has been placed in an organ. Aim To identify the surgical nurse’s practice on prevention of surgical site infection. And, to establish if there’s any association between years of working experience, education level, SSI training and practice of surgical nurse’s on SSI prevention. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative design will be used to conduct this study. It will be done from October 2018 November 2018. A structured questionnaire consisting of 2 items related to demographic details and nursing practicing to prevent SSI. Questionnaires will conduct all governmental hospitals in North West bank, which include: Nablus, Tubas, Jenin, Tulkarm, Qalqilya hospitals. Also, the population of this study will be 40 nurses in surgical wards. Result we notice that (58%) of our sample are males surgical nurses, 55% of them are between 2030 years old, 30% between 31-40 years old, 3% more than 50 years old, 63% of our sample size got Bachelor degree, 33% diploma, 2% post graduate diploma, 28% of nurses staff in our sample are working in Jenin, 20% in Qalqilya and Nablus, 18% in Tulkarm, 15% Tubas, one half percent of our sample received any courses related to prevent surgical site infection in your academic university degree, 65% of them have received infection control training about the prevention of SSI, 69% for those who received infection control training about the prevention of SSI , have received infection control training about SSI prevention Inside the hospital, on the other hand, 64% of those who do not receive infection control training about the prevention of SSI, taking SSI prevention training in infection control is needed, 35% of our sample said that they know if prevention SSI Manual in his department /hospital is available, 30% of not sure that prevention SSI Manual in his department /hospital is available. Conclusion The nurses had a good level of practices regarding prevention of surgical site infection, 50% of surgical nurses always practices prevention of surgical site infection, and we found that nurses more than 50 years old, and nurses who have a post graduated diploma, and nurses who work in Jenin, and who get an infection control training have the best practices toward prevention of surgical site infection. Also, we recommend more research regarding to nursing practice of SSI prevention though using observational checklist rather than self-assessment questionnaire.
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    Association Between BMI and Self-esteem Among Adolescent in Nablus City
    (2016-12-26) Yazan Emad Basheer Ghanem; Areej Atef Rashed Odeh; Remaa Jalal Hassoun; Nidaa Jawad Kabha; Dr.Mariam Amer Al-Tell
    Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) is a measurement of percentage of body weight to its height ,when its increased we said that that person have obesity, obesity has a negative effect on physical health like cardiac diseases ,diabetes, kidney problems and others, and also psychological effect, the most important is the self esteem ,in these age group teens become look at their body shape and affected by the look of society and peers so they feel stigma ,which lead to low academic achievement, low participation in social event, low productivity and low interaction with others, it can also lead to psychological problems such as depression , anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Aim: the study aims to describe the relationship between obesity and self-esteem and how it affect it among the adolescent in schools aged between 13-17 years old who live in Nablus city Methodology: a quantitative descriptive design was conducted in this study, a 370 adolescent (165 male & 205 female) sample was collected from different schools and locations in Nablus city, randomly chosen, a valid questionnaire used ,and a demographic data part were added to it, totally it has a 5 parts, adolescent demographic data, sport habits information, eating habits information, self-esteem questions to measure it and a body measurement part. Result & Conclusion: in this study we found that The relationship between BMI and Self-esteem is considered to be weak positive ,which mean that there is a relationship between BMI & self esteem but it don't have that major affection.
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    Association Between Dietary Patterns and BMI Among Adolescents in Tulkarm City
    (2017-12-25) Muneer Murad Issa; Faris Ghassan Nasrallah; Ammar As'ad Odeh; Amaal Kheir-Eddeen Al Khateeb; Abdellateef Abdel Fattah Ledawi; Dr. Mariam Amer Al-Tell
    Background :Monitoring the quality of the foods consumed during adolescence is important as little is known about the factors that promote changes in the eating behavior and as fasting, irregular and restricted diets . BMI ranges reflect the effect of body weight on health and disease. The risk of some diseases increases as BMI increases. Condition particularly related to overweight and obesity include; cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, cancer and diabetes . Aim:The main purpose of this study is to investigate the association between dietary patterns and BMI among adolescents 13-16 years old. Methodology:This study useda descriptive quantitativemethod,and a cross-sectional design was used to gather information once and only . 358 students were recruited in the study , ( 44% female –169/358 , 56% male -189/358 ) . Conclusion :Prevalence of underweight , obesity , overweight was 9.2% , 21.8% , 16.8% respectively . we also found that most of students take their breakfast before leaving to schools (46.7%) , most of students (43.6%) eat three meals daily , and most of them also (34.9%) do sports outside school , which is considered as healthy patterns .
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    THE AWARENESS OF DIABETIC PATIENT" TYPE TWO” ABOUT LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION IN IMPROVING DIABETIC OUTCOME.
    (2019-12-29) Emad Bazzari; Mohammad Salman; Shadi bsharat; Abdulah Samarah; Ayman Al-Qasem
    introduction The chronic metabolic disorder Diabetes Mellitus is a Fasting -growing global problem with social health and economic consequence and unhealthy lifestyle which are main reasons for increase number of people who are complaining of diabetes mellitus type 2. Aims of study 1- To determine the extent of awareness of diabetic patient about relationship between healthy lifestyle and improving diabetic outcome. 2- This study thought to establish the knowledge, awareness and practice regarding lifestyle modification amongst type 2 diabetic patients. Methods A total of 150 diabetic patients (type2) were selected randomly from Nablus clinics (Almakhfia clinic, Blata Clinic), by using self-reported questionnaire divided into three sections: demographic data, Information about treatment of diabetic client, Measuring the client awareness about diabetes. This study is: quantitative, descriptive, cross sectional study. Result & Conclusions Of the 135 participants. The highest percentage of participants is males, and was (40-49) years, 31 (23%) were obese and 104 (77%) were normal WT. 52.6% of participants follow all of the instructions about the treatment .. The total percentage of participants about the degree of the effectiveness of lifestyle adjustments to improve the health status of diabetic clients was high with 66% degree. Most clients (68%) said that the main cause for disease is the stress and it affect negatively on disease. Despite the positive attitudes of respondents toward healthy lifestyle modifications, the knowledge and practice regarding lifestyle modifications amongst type 2 diabetes mellitus participants seen at Diabetic clinics in Nablus distract were generally poor.
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    Birth Attendant: Midwife Or Obstetrician , Factors Affecting The Choice Among Low Risk Pregnancies In North Of The West Bank: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Quantitative Study (2017-2018)
    (2017-12-26) Wai'd Qteat; Marah Arja; Hadeel Sameer; Israa Odeh; Raheeja Awni
    Background: The health care provider who will be the main attendant in mother’s giving birth is a role player in success and positive outcomes in the delivery process. While there is a noticeable difference between doctor’s and midwife’s role in this process, lack of research and importance of this topic lead us to conduct this study in order to look for possible factors that can affect mother’s choice between doctor and midwife. Aim: The study aims to identify factors affecting women's choice of birth attendant over the other. Also, in a Likert-scale model, it aims to evaluate mothers’ overall opinion about different aspects of doctor’s and midwife’s antenatal visits. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative design is chosen to ask 102 conveniently chosen mothers of low-risk pregnancy by using a questionnaire developed by researchers to clarify information about mother’s choice and factors. The study was conducted in Tulkarem, Jenin and Rafidia Governmental hospitals, postnatal wards. Results and conclusion: While 69.6% of mothers are in age of 20s and 37.3% have university degree, 60.8% of mothers stated that their birth is held independently by a midwife, and 47.1% prefer to choose a midwife in their giving birth. Cronbach’s alpha score of 0.919 ensures that the self-made scale that was used is valid. 15.2% of mothers strongly agree that the care delivered by doctors is enough and is competent in antenatal visits, while 48.1% see the same in midwife’s.
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    Bone Mineral Density results; Estrogen, Vitamin D and other factors among woman in Nablus city– Palestine
    (2016-12-30) Maryam Hajahmad; Hanaa Issa; Mohammad Abdell-rahman; Motaz Awawda; Dr. Mariam Al-Tell
    Osteoporosis is an important health problem which affected the density and quality of bone, characterized that the bones become fragile, brittle and more susceptible to get fracture, also osteoporosis called as a "silent disease” without symptoms so people they don't know that they have disease. In addition, it was found that the prognosis of osteoporosis will increased in the Palestine, especially among women .So,the aim of the studywas to determine the relationship between estrogen level, vitamin D and BMD and to find out other factors affecting BMD results in Nablus city. A descriptive quantitative design was used to achieve the aim of the study utilizing convenience quota sampling method to select 300 women for those who attend to the Little Hand Society in Nablus city. A self-administered questionnaire was used tocollect dataand to assess other factors, bone mineral density was evaluated using DXA devices at both side lumber and femoral, and estrogen level for 300 women and vitamin D level for 150 women was tested through blood sampling. The results showed that the BMD results at femoral and lumber site were respectively as following: normal (58.7%) (52%), osteopenia (36%) (35.7%) and osteoporosis (5.3%) (12.3), the study also showed that there was a positive relationship between estrogen level and BMD results .The risk factors that affecting the BMD results; age ,menopause, BMI, milk consumption, soft drinks consumption, duration of exercise, status of menses and number of breast fed children. Conclusion,the osteopenia percentage was prominent and high among participants in general, the highest percent of it was in women at age (>55) year. The normal Estrogen serum level according to status of period were as following: (76%) of women who have regular period, their results were (15-350) ,also (72%) of women who have irregular period their results were (15-350) , in addition (35%) of menopause women , their results were (less than 10). Moreover the highest age group has deficiency in Vitamin D is (45-44).Recommendation:further attention for women who developed osteopenia to prevent developing osteoporosis and any consequences
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    Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Knowledge among Nursing Students.
    (2021) Deema Nassar; Wesal makhalfeh; Asmaa jidi; Saslabeel Eghbarya
    introduction: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a critical component of basic life support (BLS) as the first intervention to response to cardiac arrest before defibrillation and advanced life support become available. Whilst CPR has become well established in the healthcare systems of developed countries, it remains a developing procedure in Palestine. Aim: This study aimed to assess the knowledge of nursing students at An-Najah National University towards Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Design: A quantitative descriptive, cross-sectional design was used. Methods: This study applied purposive sampling method for undergraduate nursing students at An Najah National University knowledge towards CPR. Data were collected by structured questionnaires, which consisted of 3sections: knowledge, importance of CPR and demographic information for Undergraduate nursing students. Results &Conclusion: A poor level of knowledge toward CPR among the nursing students at An-Najah National University and there is importance, with fourth-year students having a much better level of knowledge. CPR skills, on the other hand, must be maintained through current training programs on a regular basis. Their knowledge and practical approach have to be updated with the current guidelines in CPR.
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    Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Knowledge and Attitude among Pediatric Ward Nurses in Governmental West Bank Hospital 2018. a Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
    (2019-12-29) Amal Haj Ali; Jumana Abu Qamar; Rola Salahat; Lana Ali; Fady Zaben
    Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a series of process, which helps circulate blood artificially, delay the damage of the brain by helping breathing, and make the heart recover from paralysis state. Our study aims to assess the pediatric nurse's knowledge and attitude on Pediatric (CPR) in pediatric ward in west bank governmental hospitals. The objectives of this research paper is to assess the knowledge and attitude, and to identify association between the knowledge of pediatric nurses regarding to CPR with selected variables. The method used is descriptive Cross-sectional design. Simple random sampling has been used to conduct questionnaire to pediatric nurses. This Study showed that pediatric nurse's knowledge in CPR is above average 9.02. In addition, there were no statistical significant differences (p value > 0.05) between variables and level of participants’ CPR knowledge except in work place variable (p= 0.025). Moreover, the majority of pediatric ward department had positive attitudes. In conclusion, depending on findings of the study, pediatric nurses have an average knowledge about CPR guideline.
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    Challenges and Barriers Faces Nursing In Providing Oncology Palliative Care in West Bank
    (2014-05-20) Mohammed Awwad; Eman Salloum; Yousef Dahbour; Ma’en Abu-Hadi; Dr. Mariam Al-Tell
    Introduction: WHO defined palliative care” Improves the quality of life of patients and families who face life-threatening illness,” by providing pain and symptom relief, spiritual and psychosocial support to from diagnosis to the end of life and bereavement”. (WHO, 2013). Cancer is in increasing number, palliative care is a new provision in Palestine, and there is an increasing need for palliative care. Aim of study: the aim of this study is to define the barriers that face nurses in providing care, and to assess knowledge about palliative care among oncology nurses. Methods: for quantitative approach self-administrative questionnaire used to assess knowledge about palliative care,purposive sampling used, sample size 32 oncology nurses. For qualitative approach phemenology design used, convenient sampling used, semi structured interview conducted through 3 focus groups. Results: from quantitative approach we found that there is poor knowledge regarding palliative care with total mean of 8.9.for qualitative approach many barriers to providing palliative care for oncology patients wear found whichare (1) communication between nurses and oncology patients;(2) lack of knowledge surrounding palliative care;(3) Environmental factors;(4) improper institution policy related to nursing profession and patient care; (5) shortage of the staff and Financial stats. Conclusion: Significant knowledge deficits were highlighted amongst nurses regarding palliative care. Also five salient barriers to providing palliative care were identified overall: Institutional policy, shortage of stuff, financial status, environmental factor, sociocultural and communication barriers.
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    Challenges and Barriers Faces Nursing In Providing Oncology Palliative Care in West Bank
    (2014-05-30) Mohammed Awwad; Eman Salloum; Yousef Dahbour; Ma’en Abu-Hadi; Dr. Mariam Al-Tell
    Introduction: WHO defined palliative care” Improves the quality of life of patients and families who face life-threatening illness,” by providing pain and symptom relief, spiritual and psychosocial support to from diagnosis to the end of life and bereavement”. (WHO, 2013). Cancer is in increasing number, palliative care is a new provision in Palestine, and there is an increasing need for palliative care. Aim of study: the aim of this study is to define the barriers that face nurses in providing care, and to assess knowledge about palliative care among oncology nurses. Methods: for quantitative approach self-administrative questionnaire used to assess knowledge about palliative care,purposive sampling used, sample size 32 oncology nurses. For qualitative approach phemenology design used, convenient sampling used, semi structured interview conducted through 3 focus groups. Results: from quantitative approach we found that there is poor knowledge regarding palliative care with total mean of 8.9.for qualitative approach many barriers to providing palliative care for oncology patients wear found whichare (1) communication between nurses and oncology patients;(2) lack of knowledge surrounding palliative care;(3) Environmental factors;(4) improper institution policy related to nursing profession and patient care; (5) shortage of the staff and Financial stats. Conclusion: Significant knowledge deficits were highlighted amongst nurses regarding palliative care. Also five salient barriers to providing palliative care were identified overall: Institutional policy, shortage of stuff, financial status, environmental factor, sociocultural and communication barriers.
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    Chemotherapy knowledge and handling practice of nurses working in oncology Departments.
    (2021) Essa Manasra; Hatem Abdullah; Juliana Ateia; Marah Yasin
    Background:At any age, many antineoplastic agents are known to be teratogenic and mutagenic to humans. Nurses are the main groups that are exposed to these drugs in hospital settings. Generally, the occupational activities that pose to greatest risk of exposure are the preparation and administration of antineoplastic, cleaning of chemotherapy spills, and handling of patient excreta as well as to assess the change of cytotoxic drug handling practices in wards after a series of pharmacist-based interventions. The characteristics of the drugs that are used in chemotherapy have given rise to many issues, one of which whether the nurses are competent when working with chemotherapy. So nurses should know how to protect themselves and their patients and their work environment against toxic effects of chemotherapy. Aim: assess the nurse's knowledge regarding the mode of exposure to cytotoxic drugs (CDs) and to identify current patterns of use of personal protective equipment while handling anti-tumor chemotherapeutic agents. Significance of study: This study will enhance and increase the nurse's knowledge and practice regarding exposure to and prevention of cytotoxic drugs (CDs) and the use of personal protective equipment while properly handling antitumor chemotherapeutic agents including all preventive measures. This is support them with some kind of resilience in the face of the cytotoxic drugs. Research design and method: Descriptive study design on 125 nurses, the convenience sample technique will be was used to select the study subjects using structured and semi-structured questionnaire. The respondents must have at least 3 months of experience working in oncology department and agree to participate, whose will be selected using a convenience sampling method. Sample: A convenience sample of 125 nurses is voluntarily participated in the study. Software will be used for sample size calculation with response distribution 80 %, the margin of error 5%, and confidence level 95%. Nurses are selected on the basis of the following criteria: Age ≥ 20 of both gender, have at least three months of nursing experience in selected units (working in oncology), speak and read English, and agree to participate in the study Results: In this study, the majority of working nurses 90% (n = 125) belong to 30- 39years, 44.68% are female, 93% have a bachelor's degree, 87% have 3-6 years of experience. Less than 60% of nurses have a satisfactory knowledge of professional ethics. The knowledge about the experience variable of the disease and the method of prevention among specific areas; the total score for nurses' adequate perceptions is (91.4%), and all items have high and sufficient percentages ranging from (89.4%- 97.4%). The results also showed we reject the null hypotheses, so the nurse's knowledge of the method of exposure to cytotoxic drugs does not have any positive effect on the patient at 0.05 level of significance. In addition to there is no positive impact on the patient and the nurse for not using personal protective equipment while fully and correctly handling anti-tumor chemotherapy agents? Conclusion: There are no statistically significant relationships between nurses' knowledge of the method of exposure to cytotoxic drugs and the positive effect on the patient, and there are no relationships between the positive impact on the patient and the nurse for not using personal protective equipment while fully and correctly dealing with antitumor chemotherapeutic agents. While, there is a significant correlation between the working nurses’ knowledge regarding the nurse’s knowledge of the listening materials and the use of personal protection patterns (marital status, taking training courses related to the method of dealing with medications and their dangers in the oncology department), but age and gender were not related to more knowledge of how to use toxic materials and the necessity of wearing personal protective equipment. Recommendation: This study recommends providing opportunities for all nurses in the oncology department to take courses to increase knowledge and experience in the oncology department and use the correct patterns of personal protective equipment in the correct form and in order, in addition to activating the role of the nursing union in laying foundations and instructions for patients in each oncology department about the danger of toxic substances and the necessity of wearing Personal protective equipment.
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    Community's Attitudes Toward People With Down Syndrome in Palestine, West Bank.
    (2016-12-25) Emran Samoudi; Hayaa Sanalla; Sohaib Alashqar; Samah Shahwan; Samah Ishteih
    Background: Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21, from all genetic disorders this cause the most intellectual disability in the world, contributed with enormous body abnormalities like dysmorphic otolaryngologic features, Congenital heart defects, Behavioral changes with loss of skills, social withdrawal, psychomotor retardation and autism. Aim of the study: to view the Community's general Attitudes toward People with Down syndrome including the educational interaction, work involvement and the capability to interact with people with Down Syndrome. In addition, to determine the attitude and feelings about the inclusion of people with Down syndrome into governmental schools. Method: mixed study quantitative and qualitative approach (phenomenological study using constructed interview). The selection (simple sampling) of people aged above 18 years (282 subjects) (116 male, 166 female), healthy, free from disabilities, which doesn’t have any first degree relatives with DS. For the qualitative part of the study using a purposive sampling selection of subjects (4 male, 4 female) of teachers who have been working in governmental primary school above 5 years, to interview with them using constructed interviews who work in Nablus governmental schools or in Jenin governmental schools. Result: The results of our study reveal that, from the Palestinian people 23.75% strongly agree with the inclusion of people with Down syndrome in the general schools, but there is 55.9% strongly agree with the suggestion of including them in special schools. 39.5% agree with working with people with Down syndrome, 49.5% strongly agree with working of people with Down syndrome in some areas under supervision. Despite that, 43.3% disagree, and 22.1% strongly disagree due to people with Down Syndrome have difficulties in engaging to the community. In addition, 40.2% agree, and 23.8% strongly agree in spending time with people with Down syndrome in their usual life. From the collected data from the teachers interviews, three themes emerged, the results indicated to five teachers was accepted with the inclusion, and three of them was not agreed with the inclusion because it will be dangerous and unhealthy for the students with Down syndrome. Conclusion: Our study showed that attitudes toward educational inclusion of the people with Down syndrome in the general schools was positive, with preferring to send students with Down Syndrome to special schools, also the attitudes about work inclusion of people with Down syndrome in the community was very positive, but they think that people with Down syndrome cannot work in every area that normal people do, with preferring to be working under guidance, regarding attitudes about personal interaction toward people with Down syndrome. In the other hand, most of teachers are holding negative attitudes toward the inclusion and acceptance of teaching students with Down syndrome due to fearful of teaching. Moreover, they think there is a big responsibility and they are not good prepared for this kind of teaching. These results may be helpful in the development of educational materials about Down syndrome and in guiding policies on educational and occupational inclusion.