Clean Energy and Conservation Strategy

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Cooling of High Heat Flux Electronic Devices by Two Phase Thermosyphon System
(2007) Aysar Mahmoud Masoud Yasin; Dr. Abdelrahim Abusafa
Two phase closed thermosyphon system for cooling high heat flux electronic devices is built in the laboratory and tested under different operating conditions. This Study presents an experimental investigation on the heat transfer coefficient, temperature difference between the evaporator and the refrigerant inside evaporator channels, overall heat transfer coefficient, and overall thermal resistance in two-phase thermosyphon system. Investigations are carried out at different conditions: different system pressures, two different types of refrigerants R134a and R22, two different evaporator designs, natural and forced convection heat transfer mode in the condenser. The heat flux and the amount of refrigerant are the manipulated parameters in the system. It is found that the heat transfer coefficient increases almost linearly with the applied heat to the evaporator, and reduced pressure. It is also highly dependent on the type of refrigerant, because the performance of the refrigerant R134a likely to be better than that of R22. The heat transfer coefficient is also higher at natural convection condensation than forced convection condensation at the same heat load, while the overall heat transfer coefficient in the system for forced convection is higher than for natural convection condensation. The heat transfer coefficient is highly dependent on the design of evaporator, especially on the diameters channels. The natural convection heat transfer coefficient is found to be 27 kW/m².°C and 3.7 kW/m².°C using R134a and R22, respectively at heat load of 115W. The forced convection heat transfer coefficient is found to be 2.4 kW/m².°C and 1.6 kW/m².°C, using R134a and R22, respectively at heat load of 450W. The forced convection overall heat transfer coefficient using R134a is found to be 9.4 kW/m².°C at 415W while it is 1.08 kW/m².°C at natural convection at 155W. The temperature difference [Tevaporator–Tsaturation] depends on both the applied heat flux to the evaporator, systems pressure and type of the refrigerant. The natural convection temperature difference does not exceed 1°C and exceeded 8°C for R134a and R22, respectively at heat load of 100W. The obtained evaporator temperature for R134a is 94°C at 155W and 44°C at 414W using natural and forced convection, respectively. While, the obtained evaporator temperature for R22 is about 80°C at 115W and 40°C at 450W for natural and forced convection, respectively. The overall thermal resistance decreases almost linearly with increasing the heat load regardless of the used refrigerant. Moreover, for forced convection, the thermal resistance is much lower than the other heat transfer processes. The overall natural convection thermal resistance is 0.47°C/W at 155.6W and 0.53°C/W at 115W while overall forced convection thermal resistance is 0.056°C/W at 414W and 0.044°C/W at 417W for R134a and R22 refrigerants, respectively.
Computer – Aided Design and Performance Evaluation of PV-Diesel Hybird System
(2007) Mo'ien Ali Ahmad Omar; Prof. Dr. Marwan M. Mahmoud; Dr. Imad Ibrik
The present work presents a methodology to design and analyze the performance of a PV-Diesel Hybrid Power Systems using computer aided design. Analysis carried out in terms of several designs and different economic parameters based on life cycle cost and cost annuity. It was found that for Palestine the PV-Diesel Hybrid Power Systems are economically more feasible than using diesel or PV- stand alone systems. Different scenarios were tested technically and economically until the most appropriate one was found. A respective computer program, which simulates the operation of hybrid system on an hourly basis, was developed and can be a helpful tool to design a PV– Diesel Hybrid Power Systems appropriate from techno-economical view points for rural areas in Palestine.
Simulation of a Hybrid Power System Consisting of Wind Turbine, PV, Storage Battery and Diesel Generator with Compensation Network: Design, Optimization and Economical Evaluation
(2008) Mahmoud Salah Ismail Abdel-Qader; Prof. Dr. Marwan Mahmoud
Hybrid power systems based on new and renewable energy sources, especially photovoltaic and wind energy, are an effective option to solve the power-supply problem for remote and isolated areas far from the grids. Microsoft Excel software programming package is used to analyze data measurements for both wind and solar radiation measurements for the two locations in Palestine (Ramallah and Nablus). Results of analysis illustrate that energy density available in wind for Ramallah site is about 2008 kWh/m2.year, while it is 927 kWh/m2.year for Nablus site, and the daily average of solar radiation intensity on horizontal surface is about 5.4 kWh/m2 .day. A Matlab software package is used to develop a simulation program to simulate different scenarios of operation of the hybrid system by making energy balance calculations on an hourly basis for each of the 8760 hours in a year and then to choose the appropriate sizes of the different components for the most optimum scenario. The optimization is based on cost of generation. Results of the simulation illustrate that the most economic scenario is the scenario that uses a hybrid system mainly dependent on wind. Cost of energy (COE) in this scenario is 1.28 NIS/kWh. Other scenarios dependent on wind-only hybrid system, PV-only hybrid system, wind stand-alone system, PV stand-alone system, or diesel only, give results of COE greater than this value. The amount of CO2 produced as a result of operation of the wind-PV hybrid system is very small compared with that produced as a result of operation of the diesel only. This is a very important environmental issue that shall be considered and not ignored. It was concluded that none of the hybrid system scenarios analyzed could presently be justified on COE basis, compared to the alternative of simply purchasing electricity from the grid where the COE is 0.70 NIS/kWh. Considering not electrified far from grid remote areas, changes in electricity prices, subsidy levels, costs for renewable energy equipment, or taking into account environmental considerations might alter the position in the future.
Optimal Operation Strategy and Economic Analysis of Rural Electrification of Atouf Village by Electric Network, Diesel Generator and Photovoltaic System
(2008) Eng. Asma Mufeed Ibraheem Yasin; Dr. Imad Ibrik
This thesis describes the optimal operation and economic analysis of rural electrification of Atouf village by electric network, diesel generator and photovoltaic system, and also the design and testing of an 11.7 kWp PV system and summarizes its performance results after the first 6 months of operation. This system functions as a stand-alone power system used to supply electricity for Atouf village. The system is comprised of the following components. An array consist of PV modules produced from polycrystalline solar cell of 130W, making up a total peak power of 11.7 kW. In addition, there is one inverter of 7.2 kW, and an energy storage system of 120 kWh. After the first 6 months of system operation from December 2007 to May 2008, it was found that all the components and the overall system had worked efficiently. In total, the system had generated during this period about 7596 kWh, average solar radiation in this period about 4.67kWh/m2- day, daily input solar energy of the total system surface was 390.5kWh, and the average electricity production per day was 46.11kW. From the economical view point, photovoltaic energy system differ from conventional energy systems in that they have high initial cost and low operating costs. This study shows that the unit cost of the PV system is 2.69 NIS/kWh which is less than that of the diesel generator systems in Atouf village.
Design, Building and Techno-Economic Evaluation of Biogas Digester
(2008) Eng. Ola Abd AL-Rahman Abd Allah Adawi; Prof. Dr. Marwan Mahmoud
This thesis describes biogas energy technology which is heavily used in China, India and Brazil. The biogas technology is rarely used in Arab countries. Palestine has a good potential for biogas production. One Palestinian family living in rural areas owns at least three cows where each cow gives 12-16 kg dung per day. This amount will produce 24.5 kg biogas per month which is equivalent to one C4H10 gas bottle, since heat value of CH4 is ½ heat value of C4H10. Some biogas production experiments were implemented in Palestine under the conditions: temperature = 350C, pH value = 6-7, and retention time = 10-60 days. A floating drum digester in Tulkarem with a volume of 14m3, and with a daily supply of 50L slurry over a period of 40 days have produced 1.17m3 /day of biogas (0.84 kg biogas/day). Economic evaluation of this digester shows that the cost of 1 m3 biogas is 1.5NIS. The recommended family digester (floating drum digester) with 3.5 m3 volume will save 4180NIS per year and its simple payback period is less than one year.
Solar Energy Refrigeration by Liquid-Solid Adsorption Technique
(2008) Watheq Khalil Said Hussein; Dr. Abdelrahim Abusafa; Dr. Imad Ibrik
The design, construction and operation of a solid adsorption solar cooler are presented in this work. Granular activated carbon-methanol as the adsorbent /adsorbate pair was used. The System has three important components: collector/adsorber, condenser and evaporator. A flat plate type collector made of stainless steel with effective exposed area of 0.95m² was used. Two types of condensers were tested, the first one was a helical copper tube immersed in water tank and the other one was a finned stainless steel tube. Solar radiation was simulated using an electrical heater regulated by a solid state relay and potentiometer. The experimental work was focused on optimizing the suitable amount of activated carbon/methanol pairs, the influence of regenerator temperature, and the influence of solar flux on the performance of the system. It was found that regenerator temperature greater than 100 °C was necessary to release methanol from the activated carbon. The operating pressure was also found to be an important parameter to achieve cooling effect; the system pressure must be less than 20kPa absolute. As the adsorbent bed is the heart of such system, and its characteristics directly affected the performance of the system, the experimental work showed that the adsorbent bed which was used in this study didn't achieve the best results expected, therefore another adsorbent bed with hollow tubes generator was suggested, it was found that in this type of generator is easier to control the leakage and the pressure inside the system. The type of the condenser and its length was found to be important parameters that affect the performance of the used system. The condenser length should be as short as possible, however, the condenser tube should be straight pipe with fins and without any curvatures to prevent pressure drop in the system. In most cases, the water temperature of 10 °C was obtained using the system for air-conditioning, food and vaccines preservation, and for producing chilled water. The obtained temperature was effected directly by the heat flux applied and the heating period. The optimum heating period was found to be at least 5 hours, while the cooling period was more than 10 hours. In a Lab scale setup solar cooler, it was found that the evaporator volume has a significant effect on the performance of such system; the evaporator volume should not be much larger than the maximum methanol volume charged in the system. The maximum methanol adsorption capacity of the used activated carbon was found to be 0.26 kg methanol / kg activated carbon.
Oxygen Enriched Combustion of High Emission Fuels
(2008) Mohammed Fahed Mohammed Alsayed; Dr. Abdraheem Abusafa
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of using oxygen enriched combustion (OEC) technology with high emission fuels (biodiesel and petro-diesel in different ratios) on an experimental four stroke internal combustion engine (ICE) Volkswagen passat and a water heating boiler. To do so, an experimental setup was prepared for each case. In both cases, the intake air was enriched by injecting pure oxygen to the combustion chamber and ensure appropriate mixing before reaching the flame, the highest oxygen enrichments levels are 24% in ICE and 27% in the boiler. A Bacharach module 300 combustion analyzer was used in order to monitor the required oxygen enriched intake air level and to measure the combustion process emissions. For internal combustion engine, it has been shown that using higher intake air oxygen concentrations with pure petro-diesel fuel or blended fuel (petro-diesel with biodiesel) increase the exhaust gas temperature obviously, the highest exhaust temperature improvement was 14%, it has been achieved when using 24% O2 concentration with pure petro-diesel. Also, it has been shown that biodiesel fuel intensify the combustion process and improve the exhaust gas temperature due to the additional oxygen quantities contained in it, results show that using B15 fuel with ambient intake air oxygen concentration (21% O2) improves the exhaust temperature 7.4%, this temperature improvement can be assumed as an indicator of the thermal efficiency improvement. However, similar stack gas temperature improvement has been achieved when implementing the same experiments on water heating boiler, 21.1% temperature improvement has been achieved when using 26% O2 intake air concentration with pure petro-diesel and optimum excess air conditions, this improvement is about 3.8% in terms of efficiency improvement. In addition, using OEC with either the internal combustion engine or the water heating boiler affects the exhaust emissions by increasing or decreasing its quantities. In ICE, NOx emissions increased when using oxygen enriched intake air with blended fuel, but it has been decreased when using either higher intake oxygen concentration or higher biodiesel fuel concentrations. NOx emissions decreased in the water heating boiler case when operating under theoretical excess air level with respect to optimum excess air level due to the reduction in the ballast N2 entering the process. Experimental results show that CO emissions decrease by using higher intake air oxygen concentrations with pure petro-diesel in both of the internal combustion engine and water heating boiler, it has been clearly noticed that when operating under theoretical excess air conditions in the boiler case, 77.2% CO emissions reduction have been achieved when using 26% O2 intake air concentration. In addition, CO exhaust emissions were reduced by using blended fuels (higher biodiesel concentrations) with ambient air oxygen concentration (21% O2) as a result of the additional oxygen quantities enter the process and improve its completeness. But it has been shown that CO exhaust emissions increase in the internal combustion engine case when using higher intake air oxygen concentration with higher biodiesel fuel concentration at the same time, it happened as a result of CO prompt formation, results show that when using 23% O2 intake air and B15 fuel, CO emissions increased 150.3% with respect to using 23% O2 intake air and B0 fuel, but when analyzing the same results with respect to using 21% O2 concentration with B15 fuel, CO emissions increased 104.5%. Similarly, SO2 emissions did not change when using OEC technology or biodiesel fuel in the ICE, but when operating under theoretical excess air conditions in the boiler section, SO2 emissions were very high and it has been reduced by using oxygen enriched intake air and/or biodiesel fuel.
Study and Design of An Automatic Control System for Electric Energy Management - Case Study An-Najah National University
(2008) Mohammed Khaleel Sa'di "Rashid Al_Mubayed"; Dr. Samer Mayaleh
The energy situation in Palestine, the efficient use of energy, and the energy conservation in universities, is not in a better condition than most developing countries. In this thesis, we have established a start or a beginning step toward the efficient use of energy and energy conservation in universities through conducting several energy audits in some faculties of An-Najah National University which are considered as high energy consumers and allocate the potential for energy savings opportunities. In this thesis we have successfully proven that there is a huge potential for energy savings in the Palestinian universities sector (15-25%) by implementing some energy conservation measures (with no or low cost investment) on the most energy consumption equipment such as boilers, air conditioning, and lighting system. Where we have achieved a percentage of saving 24% in the lighting system (low cost), 7% in the cooling system (no cost), and 5% in the heating system (no cost). In addition, we succeeded in developing a new energy management software, which is used to estimate the total energy savings from each opportunity in our study, this program has several advantages through tabulating large quantities of energy use data, minimizing calculation errors, and providing reliable and neatly organized data for use in analysis and post-retrofit troubleshooting. In this thesis also we have designed and implemented a new web based automatic light management and control system , in order to reduce the lighting consumption, by taking into account the classrooms schedule table, the occupancy sensors, and the daylight distribution, this system resulted in extra saving of 45%.
Energy Management Procedures and Audit Results of Electrical, Thermal and Solar Applications in Hospitals Sector in Palestine
(2008) Bashar Adli Shukri Da'as; Dr. Imad Hatem Ibrik; Dr. Waleed Al kokhon
Hospitals and hospital buildings are large consumers of energy, which they use in many different ways. In this thesis we have successfully proved that there is a huge potential of energy savings in the Palestinian hospitals sector (10-25%) by implementing some energy conservation measures (no and low cost investment) on the most energy consumption equipment such as boilers, oxygen generation units, air conditioning, lighting systems, solar water heaters and others. The efficient use of energy and energy management in Palestinian hospitals is not in a better condition than most developing countries. Thus we tried to establish a pace toward the efficient use of energy and energy management in hospitals through conducting several energy audits in some different hospitals where lighting, air-conditioning, oxygen generation units, power factor or other service levels can be reduced without detriment to comfort or health care. We have achieved average total savings of 17% for hospitals, and 14%, 43% and 17% for cooling and heating, oxygen generation units, power factor correction and 5% for lighting systems, respectively
Techno-Economic Evaluation Of Electrification Of Small Villages In Palestine By Centralized And Decentralized Pv System
(2008) Bassam Ahmed A.Abdel-Ghani; Dr. Imad Ibrik; Prof. Dr. Marwan M.Mahmoud
This thesis presents the application of photovoltaic system for electrification of small villages by centralized or decentralized configuration. The purpose of this work is to select the optimum design and optimum PV system configuration based on the life cycle cost (LCC) of alternatives. This method is expected to stabilize the system operation, extends the system component lifetime and reduces the energy costs. The study on selection of the optimum design and configuration has been evaluated for the three small villages in Tubas district area ( Salhab,Ibziq and Yarza) as case study. A variety of distances between houses and sizes of villages have been selected and tested in the model, to determine the life cycle cost and the cost annuity in each case. The design of centralized PV system depends on the number of consumers, loads of the villages and the distance between consumers which affects the cost of distribution network of the system. The design of decentralized PV system, depends only on the individual electrical load for each house. For the three selected villages mentioned before, the LCC and cost annuity of decentralized PV system found less than centralized PV system in the average of 12.87% and 5.38% respectively. Maximum overall efficiency found for decentralized 11.59%, which is more than 10.90% for centralized PV system. DC load of decentralized PV system was also tested and cost annuity for the same villages found to equal 0.748 $/kWh which is less in 17.3% than of AC decentralized PV system.
Optimum Design and Performance Analysis of a Proposed Palestinian Electrical Network
(2009) Abdalla Nizar Husni Bustami; Dr. Maher Khammash
High voltage electrical transmission lines are important; as transmission lines are the main carrier of electrical energy, to all types of society residential, commercial, and industrial activities. Many scenarios for the location of the connection point to the external grid, and many configurations for each scenario are considered. The selected optimum network has minimum total annual cost. This network functioned successfully under several conditions like minimum load, post fault, and future increased loads, for which load flow studies were performed to check the technical performance of the network under these conditions. In this thesis we have successfully designed an integrated electrical network with standard voltages, low power losses, high quality electrical energy, high reliability, source diversity, good voltage level, and low transmission cost. This well integrated network allows for future connection to the seven Arab country grid, and eventually supplies end users with low cost electrical energy.
Design and Building of Biogas Digester for Organic Materials Gained From Solid waste
(2010) Mansour-Al Sadi; Prof.Marwan Mahmoud
There are millions of tons of biomass waste being produced every year for which disposal is a problem. At the same time the world is rapidly depleting its supply of natural gas, which is known to be the cleanest of the fossil fuels. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a highly promising technology for converting biomass waste into methane, which may directly be used as an energy source, or converted to hydrogen. This thesis describes an alternative low cost approach to anaerobic digestion and energy production. This thesis depends mainly on the organic materials gained from solid waste materials such as food, garden waste and paper. This issue makes this thesis very different in comparison to those dealing with anaerobic digesters depending on animal dung. The motivation for this study comes from Zahret.Alfinjan Landfill in Jenin City at north of West Bank. There is no heavy industry in the municipalities and no hazardous waste produced and thus is a good candidate for biological treatment. From the calculations, a range of 4000 to 5000 kWh/day of electricity can be produced by the digester according to 400 ton/day received to Zahret Alfingan land fill with organic fraction 50%, resulting enough power to supply 800 to 1000 homes of Jenin City. This thesis will discuss the biogas production technology from organic waste using two types of digestion: Batch-load digesters are filled all at once, sealed, and emptied when the raw material has stopped producing gas, An experimental work in Nablus Industrial School, where we use a batch digester type with 100 liter capacity and we fill the digester by 30 kg of organic waste and 30 liter of water (total mix as liquid 60 liter), which produced 4.98 kg of bio gas over 30 days, as result we can say each one kg of organic waste can produce 0.166 kg of bio gas. Another experimental work done on continuous-load digesters which feed a little, regularly, so this gas and fertilizer are produced continuously. A two drum digester continuous-load digesters with total volume of 240 L. We used about 100 kg of waste and 100 liter of water, with a daily supply of 5 L mixed over a period of 40 days, 11.125 kg of biogas during 40 days = 15.89m3 had been produced, (density of Methane 0.7 kg/m3). As result we can say each kg of organic waste can produce 0.11 kg of bio gas.
Energy Conservation and Load Management Analysis in Nablus Electrical Network
(2010) Basel Moustafa Qasem Abdul-Haq; Dr.Imad Ibraik
The efficient use of electrical energy, energy conservation and electrical load management are not in a better condition in Palestine or in Nablus electrical network. In this thesis we tried through analyzing and evaluation of the energy consumption situation and by performing energy audits for several energy consuming sectors in Nablus electrical network, to prove that there is a good opportunity to save a considerable amount of consumed electrical energy. In addition, this study tries to find solutions to decrease the peak electrical demand of Nablus electrical network as the peak demand of the network is nearly equal to the available maximum capacity of the supply so as not to reach a situation that the electrical supply will be cut on consumers. It was showed that there is an opportunity to save a considerable amount of electrical energy if energy conservation measures were implemented in water pumping sector, residential sector and street lighting sector. The total savings in electrical energy in all studied sectors in this thesis is around 14,860,269 kWh/year, associated with an investment cost of 15567303 NIS, and SPBP of less than two years. The study also showed also that by implementing energy conservation measures and applying applicable load management techniques in the studied sectors, the peak demand of Nablus electrical demand can be decreased by 4.7%, and this percentage can be increased by applying a new electrical tariff structure.
Treatment of Surface Water by Autonomous Solar-Powered Membrane Cells
(2010) Raed Waked Assad Al Qutub; Dr. Abdelrahim Abusafa
In addition to shortage of fresh water resources, Palestine is suffering from shortages in recoverable commercial energy sources such as crude oil and natural gas. The limited energy sources in Palestine makes renewable energy options such as solar power very attractive, especially for remote areas. This will be extremely important for small-scale applications. Due to prevailing tough conditions, such as low water quality and shortage in supplies, there is a large demand for small water treatment units to obtain drinkable water for life support. In this thesis, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the potential to develop a small water treatment unit using photovoltaic powered reverse osmosis system in Palestine. A testing rig was built, where a reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment system driven by photovoltaic power is used. The RO unit consists of a five-micron sediment filter that is made of polypropylene, two active carbon filters with 1 2 micrometer hole diameter, and one polyamide TFC membrane. The system is mechanically powered, One PV arrays panel (55 p W) which tilted a 45 to the south directly coupling to a DC motor (Diaphragm), that can give pressure up to 1.2 bar and average flow rate 34.68 L/d by using water from Shraish spring located in Nablus city in West Bank The system was operated at variable flow, enabling it to make efficient use of the naturally varying solar resource, with no need of batteries. Different operating conditions of solar radiation pump pressure, feed water temperature, total dissolved solid, trans-membrane pressure, and flow rates were studied. In order to study the affect on permeate flow rate and water quality. It was found that increasing the solar radiation, pump pressure, and feed water temperature has enhanced the permeate flux. Increasing the TDS has reduced the permeate flux, and the water quality was within the international standard to be safe drinking water, on the other hand, A pronounced effect on the permeate water quality occurred when the recovery increased, the fecal was observed for the first time when the recovery changed . Based on the calculations, the estimated cost of water produced by the system is $17/m³.The Price of water produced from a solar-powered system for water treatment cannot be economically viable, only in remote areas and far from conventional energy sources or during catastrophes where drinkable water is not available..
Sustainable Energy Management In Commercial Sector In The West-Bank: Case Study Of A PALTEL Company
(2010) Ahmad Mahmoud Ahmad Tartir; Dr. Imad H. Ibrik
As a result of several years of Israeli military occupation of the Palestinian Territories, the Palestinian economy suffers from major distortions and underdevelopment.The supply of conventional energy electricity and petroleum products is monopolized by the (Israel), which sets unrealistic prices, causing energy shortages and the potential for future energy crises. For that all the energy management should be considered in different facilities such as commercial sector.In this thesis we concentrate to the Telecommunication sector because it is considered as one of the largest consumer of energy in this sector. It consumed about 9 million Shekel per year for different kinds of energy.To achieve this purpose the detailed energy audits have been carried out for the largest telecom company in Palestine(Paltel)facilities.We have successfully proved that there a huge potential on energy saving in this company in the most energy consumption equipment's such as lighting,UPS's, rectifiers, air conditioners systems, power factor, and others.We have achieved average total saving of 15.3 % for different facilities with a total annual saving of1597760kWh which is equivalent to 1272517 NIS/year, and Equivalent to 1739321kg/yearCO2reduction,a simple payback period of2 years.
Energy Management and Analysis of Ramallah Electrical Network
(2010) Tha’er Mahmoud Tawfiq Jaradat; Dr. Imad Ibrik - Supervisor
The medium voltage network in Ramallah, Al-Berih and Beitunya is to be studied and analyzed to find out its weaknesses, and provide scenarios for resolving these weaknesses. PowerWorld Simulator were used to simulate real data collected from the SCADA system of the company, the output of the simulation highlighted two main problems, overloading and relatively high technical losses. Conservation measures were suggested in order to resolve the problems highlighted during the simulation, these measures can be summarized in upgrading the transmission lines to ACCC, reconfigure part of the medium voltage network, reducing neutral current in low voltage network, and replace the power transformers with high efficiency power transformers. The suggested measures then were examined using the simulator to simulate the improvements expected after applying the improving measure. Also, financial analysis of energy management measures in Ramallah electrical network was performed over all the suggested measures, which led to approving the first three measures and rejecting the fourth one. The financial analysis showed savings potential of about 15 million dollars during the life time of the project which is 15 years.
Design and Simulation of a Photovoltaic System with Maximum Power Control to Supply a Load with Alternating Current
(2012) Ja’far Saif Edden Abdel Hafeath Jallad; Prof. Marwan Mahmoud
Photovoltaic system is an important topic that can be researched and studied in Palestine because a solar energy potential is available. This thesis deals with the design and simulation of an efficient standalone PV system for an electrical home loads. It provides theoretical study of photovoltaic and modeling techniques using equivalent electric circuits. The research includes discussion of various MPPT algorithms and control methods to maximize the obtained solar power. Simulations by Matlab Simulink to verify the DC-DC converter design with MPPT control to be efficient as battery charge controller is investigated. The best inverter model that would be chosen for generating a sinusoidal output current supply for a household load is discussed. This thesis selects a 4.5kWh-day energy load for a household as a case study to find the optimum design and configuration. The system is comprised of polycrystalline PV modules each rated at 130W to obtain a total peak power of 1.56 kW. In addition, one inverter of 3 kW and battery storage of 11.7 kWh is included in the system. Design of a grid tie PV system by using matlab Simulink and testing the dynamic behavior on this system at varying solar radiation is included in this thesis. Based on the economic evaluation, the cost of energy generated by a standalone PV system were studied is 2.1 (NIS/kWh) while the cost of energy generated by grid tie PV system is 0.72(NIS/kWh).
Ola Subhi Waheed Al-Qasem
(2012) Ola Subhi Waheed Al-Qasem; Prof. Marwan Mahmoud
Storage batteries are indispensable in all standalone solar electric systems (PV power systems). Their efficiency and life time affects significantly the overall PV system performance and economics. Batteries specified especially for use in PV systems have to be distinguished with standing of a very deep discharge rate and high cycling stability. The most proper types of storage batteries (rechargeable batteries) are discussed, and the most important characteristics of lead acid batteries necessary for evaluation of their performance are presented and discussed in this thesis. Selecting the optimum conditions of lead acid battery to obtain the maximum efficiency and maximum ampere hour and watt hour capacities by implemented measurements on a lead acid battery are presented in this thesis. The internal resistance of the battery is a reliable key for determination of its state of charge. The value of this resistance increases almost linearly with increasing of the stored energy. At the same time the specific gravity of the electrolyte decreases linearly with the degradation of ampere hour capacity. The experiments have shown that the battery internal temperature doesn’t change significantly from the ambient temperature during charge and discharge process. The implemented experimental tests have proved that a regular battery cell will be not more rechargeable if it is fully discharged. This issue requires using always a controllable battery charger within the PV power systems to protect the storage batteries against deep discharge and extremely over charge. Such equipment will extend the life time of the battery and consequently improve the economic feasibility and reliability of the PV power systems. In addition the tests have shown that the watt hour efficiency of a battery is considerably less than the ampere hour efficiency, which advices to depend more on the watt hour efficiency when designing storage battery systems to secure higher reliability. Moreover, depending on an earlier developed algorithm for determination of the ampere hour capacity of a battery cell, a new similar algorithm based on specific gravity and cell voltage have been developed which enables also the determination of the ampere hour capacity from the implemented tests on the new battery. This algorithm enables the correct settings of the limits of charge - discharge hysteresis of the battery charger in order to avoid extremely deep discharge and over charge of the battery. Moreover, this thesis presents a construction of an equivalent circuit for lead acid battery using MATLAB program, defines all the components that the circuits consist of and defines the components equations and the parameters with their constants that the equivalent circuit depends on. The final simulation results related to this circuit are also presented. A simulation of the battery on the MATLAB has shown that a realization of an equivalent circuit for a battery cell is possible. With respect to battery characteristic functions, it was found that simulation and practical testing results are almost similar.
Design and Techno-Economical Analysis of a Grid Connected with PV/ Wind Hybrid System in Palestine (Atouf Village-Case study)
(2012) Mohammad Husain Mohammad Dradi; Dr. Imad Ibrik
As renewable energy becomes more prevalent, more information on how different technologies will behave needs to be available. This research based on modeling the Grid tie PV/Wind hybrid system using Matlab Simulink software program in order to study the techno-economic performance analysis of building these systems according to our environmental conditions and collecting data such as temperature, solar radiation and wind speed. By creating a Simulink program which predicts the power output as a function of solar radiation, temperature and wind speed, a side-by-side comparison of different sizes and configurations can be made. Current predictive models are very useful for a grid tie system, which is limited to operate at the maximum power point, thus adaptations to previous models have been made. This model accurately predicts the power output of different PV hybrid system based on side data specification. The program is dynamic, and fit with the changes of parameters, which are related to the reduced power output caused by increased temperature, as well as the effect of non-linear absorption of solar radiation on power output. Data was collected and analyzed as a case study for Atouf village. This research is important because it exposes weaknesses of different environmental conditions of the locations, and allows for a direct comparison of modeling different configurations of hybrid systems. This research shows that tacking random value for determining the size of PV system is not the best performance indicators of grid tie system. Specifically, this research shows that the penetration factor of PV hybrid system has a different effect on the power output of each PV array. The size of this affect can be evaluated technically and economically by using this software program.
Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Combined Thermal Solar Collector and Horizontal loopGround Source Heat Pump
(2012) Ibrahim Mohammad Ibrahim Khoswan; Dr. Abdelrahim Abusafa
Abstract Conventional energy resources are environmentally harmful unlike renewable energy resources. At the end of the last century the world came together to address the problems of climate change; which led to the thinking of ways to conserve energy and reduce the emissions. The Geothermal energy is one of the most important ways to conserve energy. The main objectives of this research study are: To design and built Horizontal loop Ground Source Heat pump, to obtain a comparison between ordinary heat pump and geothermal heat pump, to find the effect of the heat sink temperature on the performance of the heat pump, and to find the effect of adding a solar water heater to the system in the heating mode on the performance of the system. For this purpose a full design was conducted for the ground horizontal loop heat pump, the system was build and tested for heating and cooling modes before and after the heat pump was connected to the ground. The same test was held after connection to a solar water heater. The COP found to be around 5 to 6 for cooling, for heating the COP was found to be between 3.5 and 4. And for solar water heater it was 7 for a temperature difference of 5°C and more. The payback period for the economical feasibility study of the geothermal heat pump compared to conventional systems was 2 months if the comparison was between installing GSHP not a Diesel Boiler system, 6 months if the comparison was between installing GSHP or LPG boiler system, 15 months if the comparison was between installing GSHP or conventional heat pump. And the reduction in the emissions as calculated for a home load of 35 kW if heated with diesel and if heated with GSHP was 307 tons of CO2 though the 25 years life cycle which would need 12320 trees more.

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