An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

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Al-Mu'jam Al-Wasiit
(1992) Ali Khalil Hamad; Mohammad Jawad Noori
This paper is a linguistic study about the editing of "Al-Mu'jam Al-Wasiit". We met in our reading and teaching of this valuable dictionary various errors, which include tashiif, tahriif, incorrectness of typing, loss of certain letters and even words; which lead in many cases to misunderstanding of the meaning or discontinuity of the text. We depended in the suggested corrections, on many linguistic sources, including most of the other Arabic dictionaries. Also, we gave, at the beginning of this paper, some proposals which we deem necessary for the development of this dictionary and helping in making it attain the objectives it set for itself now and in the future. Our main objectives in this paper is supplying the readers and scholars in Arabic with a better understanding of the texts related to our study, and helping in making authentic and more correct editions of this valuable dictionary "Al-Mu'jam Al-Wasiit".
Lightness and Heaviness Issue and its Influence in Arabic Grammar
(1992) Ahmad Hamid
This research aims, in general, to reconsider morphological and grammatical issues that were not influenced by reasoned and philosophic sciences; the building of these issues relied on the language itself and its reasoned elements that help overcome problems before language researchers, in general, and morphology and grammar in particular, Among the issues dealt with by the researcher are: Addition and Completion, Language substitutions and Lightness and Heaviness which is the subject of this research. In dealing with heaviness and lightness, the researcher addressed the following: 1- Historical study of the issue. 2- Heaviness and lightness on phonetic level. 3- Heaviness and lightness on morphological level. 4- Heaviness and lightness on grammatical level. 5- Lightness and heaviness issue and its effect on reasoning. The research reached the following: 1- Linguists, generally, and grammarians, particularly, dealt with the lightness and heaviness issue; they used it to explain problems related to sound, word and grammatical structure. But because their efforts were scattered, the reader cannot ne acquainted with all of them. 2- In their dealing with sound, word and grammatical structure, grammarians followed two tracts: the first derived its strength from sciences not related to language such as Common sense, Vocabulary and others; the second derived its strength from the language itself but grammarians concentrated more on the first.
Geomorphology and the Possibilities of Resolving Sinking Problem in Marj Sanour
(1992) Mohammed Abu-Safat
Marj Sanour "al Gharaq" is one of the close karst plain "Polje" which spreads within the West-Bank mountains. The creation of this plain was a result of the cross faults, which took place in contemporary with the Jordan rift valley. The karst process had changed it to a close typical Polje. The geomorphological processes closed the only outlet as a result of the construction of the alluvial fan of Wadi Umm Khurrameyeh and Wadi Sanour, and the differential between the lowest point in the Marj and the highest one of the outlet is 24m. Since its closure, it has become an internal run flow. As a result a temporary lake is created in the center of the Marj whose very existence depends on the quantity of annual rainfall. Consequently, the existence of this lake has posed several risks for the farmers in terms of depriving them of cultivating the winter season and might it extend to summer season. In this research, the geomorphology of the Marj was studied in terms morphogene and morphological units. The problem of the flood was illustrated with all its hydro-climatic and economic dimensions. I have offered a few possible solutions, which are divided into internal and external flow of floods.
Urban Aspects in the City of Nablus in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
(1992) Bahjat Sabri
This study aims to get a comprehensive knowledge about the aspects of the Ottoman rule of the Arab areas, which lasted for four centuries. The study also aims at studying deeply a specific aspect of the city: Urban aspects in the city of Nablus during the first half of the nineteenth century because it is considered one of the major towns in Palestine. At one time, the city was a center of sunjuq (district) affiliated with one of Bilad Esham States (Fertile Crescent which includes Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan). The study highlights the urban aspects of the city of Nablus in terms of locations (quarters and neighborhoods), plans, complexes, Nablusi construction and other urban mark. A member of scholars and researchers have dwelt on the history of Nablus from a historical point of view. Their studies were good historical studies. But despite hair significance, there studies were comprehensive that served a clear - art purpose of multiple aspects. Moreover, there studies failed to depend primarily and directly or first hard sources in studying the history of Nablus and its area. I mean the ottoman records in Nablus Shari'a Court (prophetic law of Islam). There records are abound in information that serves several studies: social, economic, administrative and urban. Therefore, the importance of this study stems from the fact that it fills the gap left by after researches. It will depend directly and mainly on the legal documentations of Nablus Shari'a Court. One understands from the fronts of the Court's records that they were allocated for registration, of legal events, legal proofs, fireman, and the Sultanate decrees.
The Attestational Linguistic Examples
(1992) Yahya Abdul Raouf Jaber
This paper deals with some linguistic examples that attest the grammatical usages of both the word and the sentence. This study is critical and analytical. The main topic which I would focus on is the poetic examples, since it is more in member and importance than the others. The paper contains several sections in each of which I had discussed a special subject, some of these subjects are: 1 - The main forms of difference either in the structure of the examples or in the grammatical idea built on. 2- The reasons that stand behind the previous forms of differences, e.g. the scholastic verity between busreets and kufeets, the synecdochal usage of some words and dictational mistakes. 3 - We do respect the linguistic efforts which our for-fathers achieved, but this doesn't mean that we have to ignore the mistakes which can be grasped here or there in the heritage of some of them, or the negative result, caused by some linguistic deficits, like the decline of the linguistic standard of the students. 4 - Finally, this paper came up to some conclusions and proposals which, if applied, can demonstrate effectiveness and successful results.
The Elements of Population Growth in the West Bank
(1992) Hussein Ahmad Yousef
The natural increase in the West Bank has been around 30 per thousand since 1968; the crude birth rate has been around 40 per and the crude death rate around 10 per thousand. The higher crude birth rate in the West Bank reflects the situation found in most of the less developed counties. The high crude death rate is associated with the limited nature of health services; at the same time, the relatively low mortality suggested by the official figures for the West Bank will be a product of under - reporting of deaths, especially those of small children and the elderly. Another reason for the low estimates of the mortality rates in the West Bank by the Israeli sources may be an attempt to show that there have been improvements in the health services and in the socio - economic conditions of the population in the West Bank. There has been a net migration loss from the West Bank since 1968, due to the socio - economic and political factors in the West Bank and neighboring countries. Despite the high level of emigration and mortality in the West Bank, it has a relatively high rate of annual population growth which reached 1.86 per cent during the period 1967 - 1987, according to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics.
English Word Formation and its Pedagogical Implications for EFL
(1992) Rami Hamdallah
English word-formation is usually taken for-granted by teachers and planners, and words are still assigned to classes (noun, verb, adverb, adjective…) by a technique which goes back for two millennia (Matthew, 1974). This paper has two aims: first to review types of English word-formation and, second, to discuss the need for word-formation teaching in EFL.
Modernizing the Revenue Patterns of West Bank Towns
(1992) Usama Shahwan
The following study aim at exploring the actual causes behind the lack of adequate sources of revenue for municipalities in the occupied West Bank during the period 1981 - 1985. It then proceeds to propose possible alternatives that are likely to enhance the revenue - generating capacity of the local councils. The research contains an analysis of the relationship between the revenue crisis and the four major factors or variables which have produced it. The methodological technique used is a combination of interviews with the mayors of the four largest towns in the area and the response of a random sample of local residents as well as the utilization of data from official documents and publications.
Al Hakam Al Mustansir's Efforts in Developing the Scientific Movement in Andalusia
(1992) Wa'el Abu-Saleh
This research fully deals with the efforts of Al-Hakam Al-Mustensir as regards the development of the scientific movement in Andalusia. The said efforts are as follows: 1 - His approval of compulsory education: he established a number of Katatib (Koran Schools) around Cordova. The Andalusian government shouldered the financial responsibility of these schools. 2- He encouraged the Andalusian scientists to write books by extending all possible help such as providing them with the necessary information and the book needed. 3 - Andalusian sources tell us that the said Caliph highly respected scientists: his ministers, friends and companions were chosen from among them. 4 - He greatly concerned himself with libraries: he brought from abroad the most valuable books, spending fortunes on that until his library became the third greatest universal library. Thus Al-Hakam considerably contributed to the development of the scientific movement in his country not only during his age but during the ages to come.
The Role of EFL Teacher Training at West Bank Universities
(1992) Hanna Y. Tushyeh*
This paper examines the role of the English departments at the Palestinian Universities in the preparation and the qualification of teachers of English as a foreign language. The researcher first discusses the objectives of the English departments at these universities. He then scrutinizes the programs of the English departments at the following Palestinian universities: An-Najah National University, Bir Zeit University, the Women's College for Arts, Jerusalem, Bethlehem University Hebron University, and Gaza Islamic University highlighting points of similarity and contrast in these programs and evaluating these programs by focusing on positive as well as negative aspects of these programs. In this connection, the researcher clarifies the important role of the Education departments at Palestinian universities. The researcher also discusses different problems facing the English departments at the Palestinian universities which limit their effectiveness in the preparation and qualification of teachers of English. Finally, the researcher offers some suggestions and recommendations for improving the present programs of the English departments at the Palestinian universities in the preparation and qualification of teachers of English as a foreign language.
Homeland in Ibrahim Tuqan’s Poetry
(1996) Adel Al-Osta'h
The researcher, in this paper, explores a theme that occupies a large space in Tuqan's poetry. The researcher has also consulted language and Philosophy handbooks to reach a definition of this theme and referred to Palestinian writers who have used this theme in their writings. Then he tackles the image of homeland and explains its place m his value system. The researcher concludes that Tuqan has pioneered this theme in Palestinian literature and influenced poets who followed him.
Sources of Stress among High School Teachers in the Occupied Territories - West Bank
(1996) Abed M. Assaf; Ahmad F. Jaber
The purposes of this study were; first, to identify the main Sources of Stress among secondary schools teachers in the occupied territories by Israel since 1967; second, to determine the importance of some demographic variables of (age, sex, social status, number of children, teacher qualifications, major, and years of teach experience) as independent variables, on teachers perception of the sources of stress, as dependent variables. The sample consisted of 115 respondents selected randomly from Nablus and Jerusalem districts in the West Bank. To collect the data, a scale of the sources of stress was constructed, validated, and administered to the subjects of the sample. The results of the study showed a relatively high level of stress among secondary school teachers. After testing, the null hypotheses by one-way ANOVA significant statistical mean differences were shown: 1. Among age groups on school factor [F (3:111) = 2.91, α = 0.05] 2. Between sex and school factor [F (1:113) = 6.06, α = 0.01] 3. Between sex and society factor [F (1:1113) = α - 0.05] 4. Among teachers of different qualifications on the administration factor [F (3:111)=3.19, α =0.05] 5. Among teachers of different qualifications on the school factor [F (3:111) = 3.04, α =0.05] 6. Among years of different teaching experience on the school factor [F (3:111) = 3.35, α =0.05] other subhypotheses were not statistically significant.
Minority under Occupation: the Sociopolitics of the Samaritans in the Palestinian Occupied Territories
(1996) Hussein Ahmad Yousef; Iyad Barghouti
The Samaritan community is one of the smallest minorities in the world. Most of them live in the City of Nablus in Palestine. As a small minority with a main interest to survive, and to reserve its identity and heritage, the Samaritans do their best to keep their neutrality and good relations with all powers and factions in the region.
The Most Common Punctuation Errors Made by the English and the TEFL Majors at An-Najah National University
(1996) Ahmed Awad
The aim of this study is to investigate the most common punctuation mistakes which the English and the TEFL majors at An-Najah National University make in their writing. To this end, the researcher administered a test to a stratified random sample of 100 students from An-Najah University: 45 males and 55 females from the TEFL Department in the Faculty of Education and the English Department in the Faculty of Arts. The results revealed that the most common errors among the English and the TEFL majors at An-Najah University were: the overuse of comma at the expense of the period, the incorrect use of the capital letter, the wrong use of the quotation marks and the misuse of semicolon respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated that there were no significant differences in the number of punctuation errors due to gender and department; however, the results revealed that there were significant differences in the number of punctuation errors among the participants due to academic level. In the light of the study findings, the researcher recommended that all the teaching staff should overstress the importance of all the punctuation marks in the written and the oral communication courses.
The Semiotics of Comparative Article
(1996) Khalil Odeh
This paper discusses the denotation of the comparative article in a simile. It tries through representation of the points of view of the old and modern researchers to state relationships between the comparative article to the total meaning. This is to be taken in addition to the role it plays in the simile itself. Various studies have shown different roles of the comparative article in two respects: one is its identity, and the second is the relationship of the comparative article to the constitutes of the simile itself.
Sources of Organizational Stress Among Faculty Members in the West Bank Universities
(1996) Abed M. Assaf
The goals of this study were first to determine the main sources of faculty members stress in the Palestinian territories which have been occupied by Israel since 1967. Second to identify the contribution of the demographic variables of age, sex, marital status, degree, college, years of teaching experience, and professional rank on faculty members perception of organizational stressors as independent variables, which accounted for faculty members stress as a dependent variable. The sample consisted of 136 faculty members selected randomly from four universities in the West Bank. To collect the data, a scale of the sources of stress was constructed, validated and administered to the sample. The results of the study showed that the contribution of all the independent variables was (18.6%). The largest contribution was due to sex (6%) followed by years of teach experience (5%), then social status (3.1%), age (3%), professional rank (6.0%) colleges (5.0%), and finally the academic degree 4.0%. The study showed also that there are significant mean differences due to both sex and teaching experience on organizational stressors. The other demographic variables were not statistically significant at .05. Therefore, the results suggest that organizational stressors are the most important factors in determining stress among faculty members. The top four were found to be: 1- Frequent shutdown of the universities and the continuous threat of closure by the Israeli military authorities. 2- Not having the right person in the right person in the right place of position. 3- Lack of feeling of self-security and for their own family, and of the students. 4- Lack of qualifications in the administrators in running the universities.
Ahmad Shawki's Prose Drama
(1996) Adel Abu Amsheh
In this study, the researcher traced the beginnings of Arabic drama and literary drama. He also highlighted dramatists turn out to write history plays. Shawki was a good case in point. He made active use of sources in his composition of The Princess of Andalus, the only prose play composed. He mated between the historical events and the imaginative plot. failing to create eternal prototypes in the theatrical characters, and portray the internal conflict in the heroes themselves. Therefore, the images of these historical heroes have remained, in history books clearer, stronger and more effective. Moreover, Shawki did not commit himself to one of the article disciplines. He clearly sympathized with el-Mu'tamid Ibn Abbad, the hero, not because of his conviction of his just cause but because Abbad was a poet close to Shawki. The Egyptian poet, Shawki, found it an opportunity to identify himself with Abbad. The researcher concluded his study by investigating the reason for writing his play.
The Position of the Palestinian Islamic Movements on the Gulf Crisis
(1996) Iyad Barghouti
The aim of this paper is to study the different attitudes of the Palestinian Islamic Movements towards the Gulf Crisis. This study shows that the presence of different political interests for these movement had more effect than the religious ideology in taking these different positions.
Palestinian Isolate of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus: Capsid and Nucleic Acid Retention in Bemisia tabaci, Transmission, and Field Study of Virus Association with the Vector and Non-Vector Insects
(1996) Hazem Sawalha
Studying the retention of nucleic acid of the Palestinian isolate of the tomato yellow leaf curl virus in the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed, on one hand, that the viral DNA was retained for at least 24 days after the 48-hours of acquisition access on TYLCV-infected tomato plants. On the other hand, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) revealed that the virus's antigen persisted for only eleven days, which is much shorter than the retention of the virus’s genome. This feature proved that there is a close relationship between the capsid’s retention in the whitefly vector and the virus’s transmissibility which remained for eleven days. In addition, In Vitro studies proved that the non-vector insects including whitefly, Trialiorodes vaporariorum, and aphids, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii and Macrosiphum pisi can also acquire both the viral DNA and the capsid, when given 48-hour acquisition access on infected tomato. Furthermore, studying the viruliferous B. tabaci collected from tomato fields in Al-Far'a region revealed high association of both the viral DNA and the capsid compared with those collected from eggplants near tomato fields which showed low association. This research also proved that the above mentioned non-vector insects pointed out above have the ability to acquire the virus under field conditions with various rates. Therefore, the maximum acquisition of the viral DNA recorded in T. vaporariorum collected from Al-Far'a region was found to be 50%.
Foreign Currency Substitution in Jordan
(1997) Taleb M. Awad
The major goal of the study is to investigate the extent of currency substitution and the factors influencing it in Jordan. A theoretical model has been developed and used for econometric analysis covering the period between 1980- 1994. The empirical results lend support to the theoretical model used for estimation. Factors such as domestic interest rate, foreign interest rate, and policy change are significantly affecting currency substitution and accounted for most of its variations. However, the elasticity of currency substitution is found to be low (less than one). Furthermore, the results show that the crises of the JD that started in 1988 and the subsequent floating of the exchange rates had contributed significantly to the phenomena of currency substitution in Jordan. In particular, the policy shift toward floating the JD has almost doubled the elasticity of money substitution. This effect of increasing foreign currency substitution in Jordan has significant impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy. The formulation of monetary policy under floating exchange rates must be reconsidered to explicitly accounts for monetary dependence rather than monetary independence.

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