Women's Studies

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The difficulties that Palestinian women face as heads of families in Tulkarem Governorate
(2014) Abdel Hakim Ahmad Hassan Bawaqneh; Dr. Julia Droeber
This study discusses the difficulties that Palestinian women face as heads of household in Tulkarem Governorate from their own perspective. It aims at uncovering the existence of economic, social, educational, psychological, and health difficulties that these women are facing in Tulkarem Governorate. It furthermore aims at measuring the degree of the difficulties they face. Moreover, the study tries to show the impact of the variables of age, marital status, nature of work, number of family members, place of residence, monthly income, and number of years as household heads upon the degree of difficulties they face. The research population is made up of all women who are heading a household in Tulkarem Governorate, around 2390 women. From this number a random sample of 250 women was chosen, which represents about 10% of the study population. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical research method to gather data. In order to fulfil the aims of the study, the researcher prepared a questionnaire based on theoretical literature and relevant studies. This questionnaire was then evaluated by a committee of judges in order to ensure its validity. The stable factors for the categories of the questionnaire were extrapolated by using Cronbach Alpha. The total stable factor for the categories of the questionnaire was 95%. The answers were analysed by using SPSS through Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests. The study yielded the following results: Firstly: the existence of economic, social, educational, psychological, and health difficulties that Palestinian female heads of household in Tulkarem Governorate are facing; economic difficulties appeared to be the most evident and noteworthy as all answers in this area indicated a high or very high degree (64.34%). The social, educational, psychological, and health difficulties appeared to be natural, ordinary and not particularly noteworthy, as all answers in those areas ranged from 40.43% to 50.43% from the perspective of the study sample. Secondly: the overall degree to which Palestinian female heads of household face problems in all categories is medium, while the degree of economic difficulties is high, and the degree of social, educational, psychological, and health problems is medium. Thirdly: the existence of a statistically relevant difference between the average degree of problems the Palestinian female heads of household are facing in Tulkarem Governorate in all categories of difficulties, i.e. regarding the variables of monthly income of less than 1,000 Shekel over 1,000-3,000 Shekel and more than 3,000 Shekel. Also, in the category of economic difficulties with regard to the variable of marital status of wives of political prisoners over divorced or separated women and widows. Also, concerning the variable of the nature of employment of permanent employment over self-employed, intermittent income, and unemployed. In the category of social and educational problems, regarding the variable of number of family members of less than 3 over 3-6. Also, regarding the variable of place of residence of rural over urban areas. With regard to the variable of the nature of employment of permanent employment over self-employed, intermittent income, and unemployed; of self-employed over intermittent income, and unemployed; of intermittent income over unemployed. Regarding the variable of number of years as head of household of 2-5 years over more than 5 years. In the overall category of difficulties concerning the variable of the nature of employment of permanent employment over self-employed, intermittent income, and unemployed; of self-employed over intermittent income, and unemployed; of intermittent income over unemployed. Regarding the variable of number of years as head of household of 2-5 years over more than 5 years. Fourthly: non-existence of a statistically relevant difference between he average degree of difficulties that Palestinian female heads of household are facing in Tulkarem Governorate in all categories of difficulties regarding the variable of age and monthly income between 1,000-3,000 Shekel and more than 3,000 Shekel and in the category of economic difficulties regarding the variable of number of family members and place of residence and number of years as head of household and marital status among the divorced and separated women and widows, and in the category of social and educational difficulties regarding the variable of marital status, the number of family members between 3 and more than 6 and between 3-6 members and more than 6 members, as well as the place of residence between urban and rural areas or between rural areas and camps, and the number of years as head of household between less than two years over 2-5 and more than five years, and in the category of psychological and health difficulties regarding the variables of marital status, nature of employment, number of family members, place of residence, and number of years as head of household, and in the overall category of difficulties regarding the variables of marital status, number of family members, and place of residence. Based on the results of this study, the researcher recommends the following, details of which can be found in the fifth chapter: Greater attention should be paid to the class of women who are heading a household from an economic angle, working towards a decrease in the economic difficulties they are facing, working towards dealing with the social, educational, psychological and health difficulties they are facing, conducting similar studies in other governorates of Palestine, examining the effect of other variables on the degree of difficulties they are facing, such as the educational level, the kind of residence, the marital status as singles, wives of disabled people, wives of the infirm, and conducting research in Palestine to find ways and means to help women who are heading a household and facing difficulties in their lives.
Obstacles for Wwomen's Participation in Voluntary Work – from the Perspective of Volunteers and workers in NGOs in Nablus governorate
(2014) Hasan Fakhri Ibrahim Aqtam; Dr. Julia Droeber
This study investigated the degree to which women face obstacles in their participation in voluntary work in Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Nablus governorate. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach to understand the degree of such obstacles, gathering information from the study population by using a questionnaire and interviews for this purpose. The questionnaires were distributed and interviews carried out among the study sample in NGOs in Nablus governorate. They were selected by purposive sampling. The results regarding the degree of obstacles faced by women in voluntary work were as follows: social and cultural obstacles, economic and political obstacles, administrative and organisational obstacles, and personal obstacles. As for the results related to the research hypotheses: There was no statistically significant difference (on the level a=0.05) in the degree to which women face obstacles in their participation in voluntary work in Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Nablus governorate with regard to the variables of social status, age, educational level, first-time volunteers. There was, however a statistically significant difference (on the level a=0.05) in the degree to which women face obstacles in their participation in voluntary work in Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Nablus governorate with regard to the variables of gender and place of residence
Influence of socialisation institutions on women access into Senior administrative positions in public sector of the northern west bank
(2014) Shaima’ Anwar Ahmed Ibrahim; Dr. Sameh Al.Atout; Dr. Alia’ Al.Asaly
This study aimed at recognizing the influence of socialization institutions on women access into senior administrative positions in the public sector of the governorates of the West Bank from the point of view of the employees. In order to achieve the aims of the study, the researcher employed the descriptive methodology by using a questionnaire, which consisted of 39 questions in 5 areas. In addition, this questionnaire was proven to valid and stable. The population- pool of the study comprised (47300) employees in the public sector of the northern governorates of the West Bank. Thus, the sample of the study comprised 384 employees, who were chosen by employing the random sample stratified method. After collecting and analyzing data, the researcher concluded that the socialization institutions influence on women access to senior administrative positions that the percentage reached 75%. Thus, the most influential socialization institution was Al.Rifaq Group since it got the first rank with an arithmetic average of (3.84). After that, the order of the socialization institutions was the institutions of the civil society, family, media and school to the extent that there were no statistically significant differences among the responses of the participants in the questionnaire. This was because of many factors such as gender, social status or marital status, educational qualifications and years of expertise, but there was a statically significant difference in the influence of socialization institutions on women access to senior administrative positions in the public sector due to the governorate- factor. Based on the previously mentioned results, the researcher recommended to develop training programs to build a media cadres women leaders who can change women stereotypes to wards their decision-making role, and to expand their participation in policy planning to determine the needs of women and highlight their role in society. In addition, the responsible departments should reconsider the planning of the Palestinian curriculum and highlight the significance of the gender. It is also essential that the civil society institutions cooperate with the governmental institutions to develop social policies supporting women in order to ease their access to senior administrative positions.
Obstacles that face nurses working inthe Palestinian hospitals in Nablus City
(2014) Aya Fawwaz Aqel; Dr. Faisal Al Zaanoon
This study aimed to identify the obstacles that face nurses working in government and private hospitals in the city of Nablus, and to identify the impact of the variables of the study on working nurses. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method for the completion of the study. The researcher has developed a questionnaire to collect information and data after a review of the literature, studies, and articles related to the study. The questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of nurses in government and private hospitals. The number of nurses working in hospitals in Nablus is (471) nurses. The study also showed that there are social, economic, administrative, and psychological obstacles that affect the employment of women, such as work (nigh shifts), the work in men's section, and the lack of incentives. There was a disparity between married nurses and unmarried nurses responses. In light of the findings the researcher recommends: The openness of nursing education programs to the community to define the community on the nursing profession, and to improve salaries, providing opportunities for promotions, making a lot of meetings between administrators and nurses. Increase the attention of patients, doctors, and Administrators to the humanitarian sentiments of the women who work in the nursing profession. The researcher also recommended conducting comparative studies with other provinces, as well as studies with neighboring countries, and conducting in-depth studies that tackle nurses’ job satisfaction and productivity (level of service).
The Islamic Feminism Role in Political in Palestine
(2014) Kholood Rashad Almasri; Dr. Julia Droeber; Dr. Raed Neirat.co-supervisor
This study examines the subject of Islamic Feminism and its role in political development in Palestine, the understanding of the concept of Islamic Feminism, as well as its formation, the controversy around its designation, and the conditions under which it appeared in Palestine. In its first chapter, the study discusses the understanding of feminism in the West, its formation and the intellectual trends the feminist movement is based upon in its defense of women and demand for women’s social and political rights. It mentions some exemplary trends as well as the image of women in Western thought with its theological and philosophical origins in different historical periods, including the European Renaissance and women’s situation in it. The study further examines, in its second chapter, the term feminism from an Islamic perspective as well as the understanding of Islamic feminism, its meaning, formation, and the controversy around its designation. Furthermore, it discusses the Western impact on this label as a new and contemporary term, which is surrounded by great controversy in Islamic circles, ranging from acceptance to complete rejection. The study, moreover, examines the image of women in some Islamic movements and the differences between them. It illustrates the position of women in the Qur’an and the Hadith as well as in Islamic history between discourse and practice, and its relation to Islamic feminist thought. The study then moves on to examine Islamic feminism in the Arab world, the activities of Islamic feminists to assure their existence since the beginning of the 21st century, the qualitative leaps that occurred in the situation of Islamist women on the political level, and what happened after the Arab Spring in terms of the participation of Islamic feminists in official political organisations during elections. In the third chapter the study makes space for the history of the Palestinian women’s movement, describing the components of the movement and the roles of Palestinian women from the beginning of the 20th century to the present, divided into periods labeled according to the nature of the respective period. It then discusses the appearance of Islamic feminism in Palestine represented by organisations that bear the label Islamic as well as the relationship between secular feminism, whose point of reference are the decisions and documents of the United Nations, and Islamic feminism, whose point of reference is Islamic Law. The conclusion provides a summary of the differences in feminist ideologies in the Palestinian context, which is epitomized in the Islamic Association of Palestinian Women as an Islamic feminist body analogue to the General Union of Palestinian Women. The study concludes that Palestinian Islamic feminism was able to impose its existence in the Palestinian context and in the work of organisations, and that it was able to enter the political system in tune with the general Islamic feminist movement in the Arab world, except for the political situation that was caused by the split between Fatah and Hamas, which has later led to a situation without continuity for the work of Islamic feminists under official titles.
Effectiveness of the Training Conducted by Women Institutions on the Empowerment of Palestinian Woman Economically from the Beneficiaries Points of View
(2014) Tamam Jameel Omar Draghmeh; Dr.Majeed Mansour; Dr.Sameh Atout
This study aimed at identifying the effectiveness of introduced training by women institutions on the empowerment of Palestinian woman economically from the beneficiaries points of view. In addition to show the differences in their points of view about training effectiveness due to the variables of woman job, age, educational level and number of training workshops. The population of study consisted of all beneficiaries women which joined the training introduced by the women institutions in North of West Bank and their number is (1228). The researcher selected a stratified random sample consisted of (265) beneficiaries women. To achieve the study aim, the researcher prepared a questionnaire based on literature and related studies. The questionnaire validity was achieved by a panel of referees. The reliability coefficients was computed by Cronbach Alpha equation. The reliability coefficient was (0.944). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) with T-test and ANOVA. The study revealed the following results: First: There is a high degree of the effectiveness of introduced training by women institutions on the empowerment of Palestinian woman economically as it achieved mean of (4.01) and standard deviation (0.46). Second: There are no significant differences at the level (α = 0.05) between the means of study sample responses toward the effectiveness of introduced training by women institutions on the empowerment of Palestinian woman economically due to the variables of woman job, age, educational level and number of training workshops. Accordingly to the findings of the study results, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations, including the necessity of building training programs in the economical empowerment for woman as this study results showed a high effect of economical empowerment. The work of increasing the training workshops on economic planning among women as it may contribute in strengthening her economic empowerment.
The Social Provision for women in the Personal Status Laws in the West Bank from the Perspective of the Law and the Women's Movement
(2015) Randa Fisal Abd AlKareem Qadri; Dr. Julia Droeber
The subject of this dissertation is the extent to which Personal Status Laws ensure social protection for women, and the main obstacles of this ensurance, be they in the legal texts or in the means of their implementation. Social protection or safety here is understood as what women are looking for when psychological stability is guaranteed, which in turn leads to familial stability. This study was carried out to find out the extent to which Personal Status Laws guarantee social protection for women as well as to show the obstacles that prevent this guarantee, be they in the texts of the law or in the means of implementation. The introduction outlines the importance of the study, especially the contradictions and differences between the text of the Personal Status Laws and international documents, on the basis of which many feminist organizations demanded amendments; it also explores the obstacles of such amendments and of the law in ensuring social protection for women. The study is built on a historical methodology in order to detail the historical developments of the Personal Status Laws and legal rules; it further employed a descriptive methodology using interviews as a tool. The second chapter discusses the importance of social protection or safety, its understanding and forms; it defines Personal Status Laws and describes its historical establishment with its characteristic as a primary engineer of family relations. It also describes the motivation of the feminist movement and the reasons that led to their demand of amendments of the Law. It further discusses the main obstacles they faced in amending the Law, referring to a study that of the feminist legal organisations carried out to assess women’s legal knowledge and what they want from the Law. The third chapter details the issues, around which most differences and contradictions exist between the Personal Status Laws and international documents and agreements, such as marriage age and divorce. The most important demands for amendment concerned marriage age, the effects of early marriage, and the reasons and effects of divorce on the family in general and women in particular, the negative societal effects on women in case of divorce and the loss of economic protection after a divorce. The fourth chapter discusses the understanding of legal issues, its history, characteristics, and adjunct departments with the purpose of implementing the Law in a better way. It shows the aims of its foundation and the effects of its existence in legal courts. This chapter furthermore explores the obstacles that legal courts are facing in implementing the Law in the sense of ensuring social and psychological protection and safety for women, be they material, social, or organizational obstacles, through the executing departments or the lawyers. This was discussed from a legal and a feminist point of view. The chapter also discusses a number of cases of women who have suffered and continue to suffer from the poor implementation of Personal Status Laws, be that through the legal courts or the work of the executing departments. The dissertation concludes with a number of results and recommendations, as well as agreements with previous studes, such as the absence of a legislative body as the biggest obstacle for the amendment of laws that ensure the protection and safety of women as well as the non-existence of a clear vision for the amendments. The study stands out in terms of other results, such as the basic obstacles for the ensurance of protection, namely a means of implementing the Personal Status Laws rather than the texts in general, although this should not prevent a reconsideration of a renewal of the Law. The most significant obstacle for implementation goes back to societal obstacles, which goes back to customs and traditions, the culture of a patriarchal society, women’s lack of knowledge in general about the Law, their rights and duties. The most important recommendations were the necessity of finding a unified strategy and a comprehensive view among all organisations concerned, legislators, judges, and feminists, so that a unified vision can be found to amend some texts in order to conform with the demands of our time; to find out about the obstacles that stand in the way of implementing the Law in a way to ensure the societal protection in general and the social protection and safety of women in particular.
Breast Cancer Screening Barriers among Women in Nablus Governorate
(2015) Dina Zayed Younes; Dr. Mariam Al-Tell
Introduction: Breast cancer is still one of the major health problems not only in Palestine but also all over the world. It is one of the Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) that form a biggest challenge and major public health problem that most countries especially the developing countries face. Knowing the breast cancer screening barriers that prevent women from performing breast cancer early screening can increase the chance of early detection and this can be minimize the occurrence of disease and related deaths. Objectives: The main objective was to assess the barriers that prevent women from performing breast cancer screening tests. Method: A convenient sample method including 269 women aged from 30-60 years old who lived in Nablus Governorate was used. Also a purposive sample method was used to select women’s social centers from Nablus city, two villages (Beit Furik, Beita) and Askar refugee camp. Participants filled in self-administrated questionnaire, and data analysis was done by using SPSS. Results: The percentage of the participants who knew mammogram, CBE and BSE tests (59.5%), (47.6%) and (67.3%) respectively. Moreover, the percentages of participants who did not perform mammogram and CBE tests were (60.2%) and (74.0%) respectively. The most common barriers that prevented women from performing breast cancer screening tests were “fear of suffering cancer pains” and “changing physical appearance”, “financial cost”, “afraid of having cancer”, “shy of applying the tests” and “it takes time to conducting regularly” and “test may cause pain”. Also, there were a significant relationships between mammogram barriers and place of residency (P values .046), between BSE and educational status (P values .021), between the age and geographical and financial barriers (p value.012), (p value.001) respectively, and between the educational status and geographical and financial barriers (p value.002), (p value.001) respectively. Recommendation: increase women’s knowledge about breast cancer screening tests, and to have a female physician in every clinic.
Attitudes of Female Students At-Anajah National University Towards Work in the Palestinian Security Forces
(2015) Lana Hashem Mahmoud Muqallalaty; Dr. Faysal Za'noun
An-najah expected female graduates trends to join Palestinian Security Services: research paper The aim of this thesis is to investigate the trends of an-najah expected female graduates to join Palestinian Security services. This thesis composed of six chapters. each of them dealing with different aspects . Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis, the researcher highlighted the most important parts and the main elements of this research and its importance, therefore it was necessary to identify the problem of the study to identify the relevance and importance of the subject and justification for that choice, therefore, the researcher has to define the questions. As well as determining the objectives and methodology of the study, determine the assumptions and the research time frame. The researcher reviewed the most important Palestinian, Arab and foreign previous studies which revolved around the subject, as well as commented briefly on them to reveal the extent of the benefit and importance of this study, with an attempt to define some of the terms that will be used in the context of the search. In the second Chapter, researcher particularize the theoretical framework of women trends to join the security services, to clarify this it was important to review the historical development of the role of women based on the theory of the position, role and function, and then review the international and the Arabic development and progress which women's achieved in the field of security services units and then review the historical development of the role of Palestinian women and the beginning of their involvement in the security services field. In the third chapter the researcher enlightens the development process in Palestinian Security service, she discussed the Palestinian security departments development and gender inclusion in the security services institutions, therefore, it was necessary to study the Palestinian security services institutions and women participation in these institutions, through clarifying and highlighting the Palestinian security system and discussing the structure of this system and all the security fields and departments included under its umbrella like Interior security, General inelegance department, National security departments, and national security council indicating duties and job description for each and its boundaries. The researcher foresees the importance of discussing the Palestinian security Authorities and the beginning of women involvement in these institutions till we achieve the mile stone of Palestinian police women forces, to understand the full situation and have the complete view, the researcher decided to involve the urges and future of the women participation in the security services and to discuss the social dimensions of their participation in the security institutions focusing on the importance of gender inclusion in the security units. In the forth chapter the researcher discussed the tools, data collections methods and the procedures that she adopted on her research. She discussed her tools, sampling approach strategy to clarify the integrity and reliability of her tools, and to produce a research of high standard, at which the results will be regarded as credible. The researcher Provided a statistical treatment of the questionnaire which was adopted in this research . In the fifth chapter the researcher discussed the findings of her research questionnaire, the demographical, social and economic elements that played a major impact on the research. The researcher reviewed the findings of research questions and assumptions, as results hypothesis concerning variable specialization, the results of the hypothesis concerning the variable marital status, the results of the hypothesis concerning the variable cumulative grade point average, the results of the hypothesis concerning the variable place of residence, the results of the hypothesis relating to variable degrees of religiosity, as well as the results of the hypothesis relating to variable political direction. In the sixth chapter the researcher discussed the most important findings along with suggestions and recommendations. Through the discussion of research findings, specifically discussing the results on the question of the degree of students' attitudes and trends towards work in the security services, as well as discuss the findings relating to the question about urges and directions of the students to join the security services . Then the researcher discuss the results related to the study assumptions, as she discussed the results related to the first hypothesis, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth. The researcher put forward the findings and recommendations reached, then reviewed the search results with previous studies indicating the extent of agreement or disagreement with them, giving them a chance to reach conclusions and make recommendations which concluded it. Suggestions and recommendations: The researcher highlighted the recommendations and conclusions of the research as follow: 1. highlighting the urgent need for the community to recruit girls to work in the security services due to the social transformations, by highlighting the leading role of the workers in the various security agencies in the face of rising crime rates, delinquency and violence increase. 2. Conducting a Media Campaign. Making people aware of the importance of women's role in Security Services, so as to create changes in the orientation of society, especially the traditional view and stereotypes in order to reduce the social constraints. Highlighting the security media role in clarifying the image of women in the security services, and their role in highlighting successful models. 3. To reduce the significant obstacles which hinder women's involvement and advancement in security service institutions. i.e. "equal treatment in front of laws and regulations, opportunities for training and promotions, hierarchy structure and chain of command, and to eliminate routine and inertia in the administrative structures. 4. Modern Technology insertion and its impacts on women's involvement in security services, as well as the distinctive training courses for workers and attracting the different high-level scientific disciplines.
Palestinian Journalists’ Consciousness in The West Bank Of Women's Issue
(2015) Amal Azzat Othman Qwareq; Dr. Farid Abu Dheir
The study aimed at identifying the extent of awareness of women's issues among Palestinian journalists who work as correspondents in the West Bank, and the extent of their interest in these issues and familiarity with axes related. The study population in terms of media all Palestinian correspondents working in the Palestinian media within Nablus, Ramallah and Hebron areas, totaling (271)correspondent, was appointed researcher in a comprehensive study of each chosen correspondents, an intentional sample covers areas that have been selected, To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher prepared a questionnaire depending on scientific standards, have been confirmed the veracity of the questionnaire during the presentation to the committee of arbitrators, Reliability coefficient was extracted by Cronbach's alpha equation, reaching reliability coefficient (%72), data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) through Sky square test, The study found the following results as the following: In total reporters have very little knowledge of treaties and international Conventions pertaining to women, As well as follow-up of women's issues And the interest in it also there they have little interest in the media Coverage, They are also involved minimal participation in courses pertaining to gender ,And they have a weakness in terms of knowledge pertaining to women's issues, little interest in developing their knowledge of women's issues in general, As shown in the tables statistical treatments, despite the presence of a large number of them do not know that international conventions never, and do not care about women's issues, or display it in the media, or follow-up it, or the development of their knowledge of them through courses and seminars in absolute terms. There is no impact to the place of business reporter on his knowledge of international conventions and treaties related to women, (CEDAW, Copenhagen, Nairobi, and document the Palestinian women's rights for 2008), It also does not have the effect of gender and follow-up reporter to the issues of women in society Or raised in the media , alsoThere is no effect of gender and journalist keen to participate in training courses on gender issues reporter or Support international treaties which provided for freedom of women, Nor on his opinion on the inclusion of women's issues in the curriculum adversely affect students, There is also no relationship between age and priorities reporter to cover issues related to women, Results also showed no effect of experience on the press reporter knowledge empowerment of women (Economically, politically, and socially). and There is an impact on the knowledge of domestic violence, and equality and social justice, and women's work and Women's quota,but there is impact and relationship between age and the knowledge of reproductive health, in there resalt also has no effect on the salary Reporter interest in participating in the courses and seminars that discuss women's issues, And confined to put those issues on the journalist or news article, But there is impact of his salary on media coverage of issues related to women. We can explain that influence the level of income to do media coverage of women's issues, That the higher the income of the Palestinian reporter increased coverage of women's issues and vice true, This is due to several reasons, including the cost of labor, as any coverage of gender issues, followed by the cost of material, This cost is deducted from the employee's salary, If Reporter they was Low income so will avoid cover such issues, If his salary is high it does not affect about covered that, also if the work was special it is less coverage , and the Reporter work under the framework of a particular institution is a higher coverage. Another explanation is also That psychological comfort for the press reporter coming from the economic well-being make him looking for deep things such as gender issues, The reporters with higher salary They are the owners of fame So them are targeted by other institutions To invite them to cover through media Away from low-income reporters who are novices to work and are not the owners of fame in the media field. In addition to another interpretation is that reporters they may avoid any media coverage of gender issues ,or for Events belonging to the feminist women's organizations, The reporter is exploits in the additional work of it at no charge , This exhausted them in physically , time and effort also. These explanations as stated in the words of reporters, When asked them about the interpretation, Behind the coverage of women's issues from reporters with high incomes by more than others. And also study found that the Women issues raised in the media it is of a social nature, It is taken from the door of the family and health and others.
Violence Against Women in the Workplace in the Governmental and Private Sector in Jenin City
(2015) Ruba Anan Sa’ed Sa’ed; Dr. Farid Abu Dheir
The study aims to know the level of the violence and it's forms in work against woman in the private and public associations in Jenin city and to know the effect of those variables (years of experience, age, the educational level and marital status) in the level of the occurred violence in career positions in Jenin city. The community of the study consists of all the employees (males and females) in the private and public associations, which they are (500). The study is conducted on a sample of (266) employees in the sample method. The researcher applied the procedures of the descriptive analytic method which describes the phenomenon as it happens in reality precisely and it clarifies its qualities and reasons. And to achieve the aims of the research, the prepared questionnaire was distributed in the aimed associations after it was designed according to LEKART (four dimensions) and after it was checked of the instrument credibility depending on the credibility of arbitrators and finding the steadiness of the instrument in its two parts by using Cronbach's alpha. The researcher concluded these main results: The widespread violence against woman in the private and public associations is invisible. It is in the inferior look towards woman, in the gestures and sexual signals against woman. The physical violence isn't spread in those associations. The variables of the education, experience and the level of the career don't affect the level of the violence occurred against woman in the work. Married people were more acceptable for the violence against woman in the work than non – married ones (83%). The family which has seven or more were more acceptable for the violence (83%) which concluded that the percentage of the number of sample who is less than 20 years were practicing violence against woman in the associations. When the researcher measured the effect of the income factor, it was clear that the individuals of the sample whose their salaries less than 4000 shekels, were refusing to women work, that indicates that they are more acceptable for the violence against woman. It was also clear that the individuals of the public associations got the highest percentage in the field of the relationship between man and woman (72%) compared with the private associations (68%) as it was shown in (table 15) from the results of analyzing the answers of the sample – the percentages are nearly equal and simple, which is more acceptable to exceed the formal relation, and it is more acceptable to practice the violence against woman. According to the results of the study, the researcher recommend these important things: 1- It is important to protect the woman who works in the associations from the invisible violence especially from the pressure of the collective blocks in the association, and contempt her achievements and sometimes insulting her. 2- It is important to hold training courses for the staff of the public and private associations to enhance the team soul and group work and to elaborate the level of relation between man and woman. 3- It is important to have a kind of credibility in the associations by evaluating the work of the individuals regularly and to listen more for the complaints of the female employees. 4- It is important to care about the psychological health in associations and to deal with the psychological side of the effects of the violence against woman. 5- It is important to focus on the self-awareness for the woman and to vanish "faking self – pretending" and to elaborate the achievements of woman inside the association. And to vanish the attitude which says the man is better than woman. The woman also has to be confident of herself and her role and her achievements.
The Perspectives of the University Staff Members in the Palestinian Universities Towards the Woman’s Different Leadership Roles
(2016) Suhad "Mohammed Osama" Khayyal; Dr. Hassan Tayyem
This study sought to identify the attitudes of the faculty members at Palestinian universities towards the leadership roles of women. To this end, the researcher used the descriptive method. To collect data, she developed and administered a 40-item questionnaire distributed among four domains. The questionnaire was also tested for validity and reliability. The population of the study was all faculty members(No. 1947 ) at Palestinian universities in the West Bank: An-Najah, Hebron, Bethlehem and Bir Zeit. The sample of the study consisted of 300 faculty members, selected randomly. After data collection and analysis, it was found that, on the four domains, the score of impact of the attitudes of the faculty members towards the leadership roles of omen was high. The general average was 74.6%. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the means of responses of the study participants pertaining to the four domains and in the overall score which could be attributed to variables of university, experience , academic rank and college. It was also found that there were statistically significant differences (α ≤ 0.05) between the means of responses of the study participants concerning the leadership roles of women on the four domains and on the overall score of the items which could be attributed to variable of gender in favor of the female faculty members. In the light of the study results, the researcher recommends continuation of developing women’s technical skills in order to be invested and used, thus guaranteeing their continuation of assuming leadership positions in their communities. The researcher also recommends that universities hold training courses for the sake of educational awareness and reinforcement of culture of equality between men and women. Furthermore, government and civic society institutions in Palestine should offer rehabilitation and training programs to improve the situation of women and make selection of leaders on objective basis instead of ambiguous criteria followed upon appointment of people in leadership positions. This would be in line with the principle of equal opportunities, thus increasing women’s confidence in themselves to assume leadership positions.
Investigating the degree of conformity between the content of the higher basic Arabic textbooks in the Palestinian curriculum and the Gender Robrics from a world perspective
(2016) Hekmah Fawaz Shbitah; Dr. Alia Assali
This study aims to investigate how much the content of Arabic textbooks for the higher basic grades reflect Gender robrics from a global perspective. To achieve the goals of this study, the researcher followed the analyt;2ical descriptive methodology, The study is based on different headings (the nature of titles lessons, the nature of the topics dealt with, the main issues used for discussion, reading and comprehension), writing topics, visual tools, and what roles and careers both men and women have. Each topic was put in a separate table which was built on three different levels: sensitive to make gender, sensitive to female gender and sensitive to both. All the data was taken from the Palestinian textbooks curriculum for the scholastic year 2014/ 2015 The study is built on data taken from seventh, eighth and ninth grades for the whole scholastic year. The study excluded the teacher guidance, The study pointed significantly to many results and most importantly was the issue of gender. Those textbooks show an emphasis on the conventional stereotypical role a woman has in the Palestinian community, Other roles which are as important as men roles weren't considered. The content of the textbooks didn't consider the spiral curriculum which represents the principle of sequence and balance between the two genders at the end of the study, the researcher recommended that the Palestinian curriculum has to follow the spiral aspect and to focus on balance when women are mentioned in the textbooks, The roles women play in the Palestinian community are as important as the roles taken by men and for this reason social gender must be taken more seriously in our curricula. key words: Content Analysis, Arabic Language, Palestinian curriculum, Higher Basic stage, Gender Robrics.
The impact of the level of education of both spouses on the degree of participation in family mdecision making in Tulkarem Governorate
(2016) Hussein Ibrahim Shaker Khaleel; Dr. Julia Droeber; Dr. Omar Ayed
This study discussed the effect of the level of education for both spouses on the degree of participation in family decision making in Tulkarem Governorate. The study also aimed to investigate the relation between, on the one hand, other study variables (spouses' age, spouses' age at marriage, family's place of residence, monthly income of both spouses, employment status of both spouses) and, on the other hand, the degree of participation in the decision making among the spouses, and when this participation is weakened and when it is strengthened depending on these variables. The study population is made up of the families that live in Tulkarem Governorate. From this, the study sample was chosen randomly, resulting in a sample of 262 families. The study used the method of analytical description for its suitability for such kinds of research. In order to collect data, to come to results, and to be able to generalize from the results on all individuals of the research population, the study employed the tool of questionnaire for data collection. The study found that there was a positive relationship between the variable of the level of education for both spouses and the participation in decision making on procreation, family planning, economic decisions concerning the family, some other crucial decisions, and some other social decisions. Moreover, the study found that the variable of spouses' age does not affect the spouses' participation in decisions of procreation, family planning, and economic decisions concerning the family. Furthermore, the study found that the variable of the husband's age has a greater impact on participation in making crucial and social decisions than the wife's age in these areas. The study found that among the spouses that married between the ages of 31-40 years there was more participation in decisions of procreation and family planning. Among those who married between the ages of 21-30 and 31-40 years participation in economic decisions and crucial decisions was greater than among others. Participation in social decision making was greatest among those who had married between the ages of 41-50 year. Furthermore, the study found that the variable of place of residence (city, village, refugee camp) does not have a noteworthy impact on spouses' family decision making. The study found that there is a relationship between the wife's level of monthly income and the spouses' participation in decisions concerning procreation and family planning. This gap in participation decreases when the wife's monthly income increases in favour of an increase of her participation in such decisions. There is no significant effect of the husband's monthly income on these decisions. Moreover, the study found that a positive relationship between spouses' level of income and their participation in economic, crucial, and social decisions, and that the effect of the wife's income was greater than the effect of the husband's income in these decisions. The study also found that the variable of the wife's work status has an obvious effect on the spouses' participation in decisions of procreation, of family planning, in economic and crucial decisions. The wife's participation in decision making in these areas increases when she is in paid employment. The variable of the husband's employment status is weak in these areas. The study recommended to : Increase the interest from official sides and decision makers to focus on the quality of education rather than the numbers of the educated people in the Palestinian society in general and in Tulkarem governorate in particular, Work and focus on newly married couples in awareness programs to raise awareness about the importance of both spouses' participation in decision making and about sound strategies to take family decisions, Importance of fair distribution of educational dividends for both sexes, by decreasing the gap in the education ratio of both males and females, to increase the social return from education, Work on the increase of attention in the quality of education in rural areas and the refugee camps to increase the participation among the spouses in family decision making.
The Impact of Civil Instituions on the political participation of Palestinian woman project as case of study
(2016) Ra'ed Yousif Ahmad Sanaqra; Dr. Julia Drober; Dr. Alia Assali
This study aimed to identify the effect of the social civil institution on the political participation of the Palestinian women "The political empowerment of the Palestinian women project". The study also aimed to identify the effect of the study variables (age, social status, place of residence, the academic degree, field of work and the income), and to achieve the main study objectives, the study was performed on the whole society containing a number of (200) trainee, and (160) surveys were collected with an 80% percentage from the study society. The sample was chosen in an organized way. The following results were obtained from the study: The effect of the civil society institutions on the political participation of the Palestinian woman was the total degree of (3.83) and is considered a high degree; which means that the civil society institutions plays a main role in this field, and the political participation of women plays an important role in the long term in making the political decision. The study concludes that the political participation is performed by proving the woman's ability in managing the general issues, and the woman's education affects the increment of women's political participation, which means that as the education of women increases, the chances of women's political participation increases, and the chances for them in representing high political roles increases. The civil society institutions consider the women's political participation a first step in permanent society improvements. The study also found that the Palestinian traditions and cultures limits the women's political participation. Accordingly, the researcher recommends the following: It is necessary to work on correcting the visions that will decrease the chances of women's political participation, and to open the field for a real partnership in order to achieve social justice, which fulfills the requirements of full development. It is also necessary to work on expanding the range of women's political participation outside the womanhood institutions, which is done through showing its real role to the Palestinian society, especially the struggling role. It's also important to open the field for the women to participate in the NGOs and governmental institutions, and taking senior positions. Key Words: Civil Society Institutions, Political Participation, Political Empowerment, Palestinian Women.
Divorce: Reasons and Consequences from the Perspective Of Divorced Women A Field-Based Study in the Area of Nablus City
(2016) Mahitab Ahmad Abuzant; Dr. Faisal AL-Za’noun
Successful marriages improve the socio-economic conditions of communities. Meanwhile, communities with phenomenal high divorce rates, suffer from serious socio-economical problems. The main goal of this study is to have a divorce-cause analysis and to evaluate its passive socio-economic consequences from the perspective of divorced women in the area of Nablus city. In addition, and based on the obtained results and conclusions, this study aims to have several recommendations that attempt to minimize the divorce rate as well as its passive socio-economic impact on our society. The study consists of seven sections: The first section includes the problem statement, study hypothesis as well as description of the used methodology, which included designing the questions that demonstrate both the importance and the goals of the study. Moreover, this part includes surveillance of the previous literature of the most important studies conducted on the same subject in other societies. The second section is assigned to review and analyze the theoretical framework of divorce in terms of historical perspective, reasons, and theories that attempt to explain its socio-economic consequences. The third section is devoted to discuss and analyze the impact of social changes that occurred during the twentieth century on the divorce rate in the Palestinian society in comparison to regional and global divorce rates during the same time period. The fourth section includes the procedure and methods used to analyze the obtained data as well as the statistical tools used to evaluate both the credibility and the statistical importance of the obtained results. The fifth section focuses on the analysis and interpretation of various aspects of divorced individuals by using simple statistical tables based on the duplicates and cross-tables. The sixth section is used to have answers that scientifically support the main points of the study hypothesis. Finally, the seventh section summarizes the most important results, conclusions and recommendations of the study among which are the following: • Rapid and continuous modern changes in Palestinian society have a significant effect on increasing the divorce rate in this society. • More than half of the divorce cases happen during the engagement period (before the wedding). • Most of the divorce cases occur among educated young couples. • The economic status plays a vital role on affecting the level of divorce rate. • In most cases, interventions by the family of both couples have passive effects that ultimately result in couple divorce. • The socio-economic impact has a significantly more passive influence on females than males due to the patriarchal nature of the Palestinian community. Based on the results and conclusions of this study, it is recommended that: • Serious and deep studies must be conducted to assess the main reasons behind the continuously-increasing divorce rate that occur during the engagement period. • Specialized institutions must be established to educate people and raise their awareness about the passive social and psychological impact of divorce. • Other institutions must also be founded for the purpose of providing divorced individuals, especially females, with psychological and social support and certain career skills that guarantee a financial income to help them have an honorable life. • Finally, it is strongly recommended to modify the legislation and laws of women organizations and other non-governmental social organizations in such a way that guarantees further protection of the humanitarian, social, and economic rights of divorced individuals.
Job Satisfaction at Social Affairs Offices in the Southern West Bank As Perceived by Female Employees Themselves
(2016) Maysoon M. A. Shroof; Dr. Julia Droeber; Dr. Hassan Tayyem
As the title indicates, this study sought to identify the level of job satisfaction of female employees at the social affairs offices in the Southern West Bank as they perceived it. The study also aimed at determining the role of the academic qualification, age, marital status, place of living and salary variables in the degree of job satisfaction of these female employees in these government- run social affairs offices. To these two ends, the researcher used the descriptive method and developed a (45) items questionnaire distributed among six domains. The instrument used in the study was tested for validity and reliability. The population of the study (83) female employees, included all female employees working in the social affairs offices in the Southern West Bank. The sample of the study was purposefully chosen. After data collection and analysis, it was found that the total score of job satisfaction of female employees in the social affairs offices was (3.20), while the standard deviation was (0.59). This indicates that level of job satisfaction of the female employees was moderate. It was also found that there was a disparity in this score. It was high in the domain of relationships with colleagues, with work management, and local community. In contrast, the score averaged in the domains of nature of work, and its circumstances, incentives, promotions and salary. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found at (α ≤0.05) between the averages of job satisfaction domains which could be attributed to variables of academic qualification, age, place of living, marital status. However, there were statistically significant differences in the relationship with the local community. These differences were in favor of females who were single. There were also no statistically significant differences at (α ≤0.05) between the job satisfaction domains of female employees at social affairs offices in the Southern West Bank which could be attributed to variables of monthly income in shekels, in the domains of relationship with work management, with colleagues, and with the local community. However, there were statistically significant differences in the averages of responses in the domains of incentives, promotions, nature and conditions of work, salary, and total score of job satisfaction domains. In the light of these study results, the researcher recommends the following: • Giving greater importance to financial incentives( salary) • Spelling out the rules of promotion and taking into consideration competency and efficacy in promotion away from favoritism and connection when it comes to promotion. • Creating a conducive environment (cleanliness, ventilation, etc.) for the female employees to raise their levels of satisfaction.
Challenges faced by wives of disabled husbands in Tulkarem governorate
(2016) Sameera Mostafa Jazmawey; Dr. Julia Droeber; Dr. Fisal Zanoon
The woman faces big challenges and problems due to gender differentiation which is built on traditional culture. These problems would clearly appear if the concentration was on disabled men's wives. These problems vary between social, psychological or financial problems according to disability type and its level. These problems were being analysed according to different group changes among of them those which are concerned with disability circumstances or the reality of disabled family and the type and the level of the disability. Analysing different problems that disabled men's wives suffer from, challenges and difficulties show the role of different organisations such as family organisation, governmental and civil organisations in financial and moral support issues (social and psychological) to help disabled men's wives in adaptation, minimizing those problems and difficulties, and the failure aspects in support processes. Therefore, for this study's purposes, the researcher employed the descriptive analytical research method by using some analytical methods such as average degree, repeated charts and intersected charts as well as using some analytical exams to test the hypotheses. However, a random sample which represents 50% of men's wives of the study population in Tulkarem was chosen. Thus, the population of the study was formed from all married members of disabled Union in Tulkarem, meetings and questionnaires were used to collect required information. The study yielded the following results: . Disabled men's wives suffer from difficult and increasing economical, social, cultural and psychological problems. . Family members of disabled persons live in difficult economical circumstances, low average income and high average of unemployment. . Financial support which was offered by the institutions of disabled people is not enough to meet the minimum basic needs. Moreover, most institutions don't offer neither social nor psychological help. . Neither disabled persons and their wives and sons nor their get their human rights which were declared by local and international law. . Many women think of escaping from the cruelty of life and the hardness of social, economical and psychological pressures that threaten family structure. . There isn't enough interest by the mass media to spread social awareness of disabled people's issues and their families in order to find beneficial solutions for their problems. . There is a big failure in governmental and civil organisations in supporting men's wives psychologically and socially which worsening the problems that they suffer from and minimizing the possibility of their adaptation and enablement. . Test of prepared hypotheses in advance showed that many of independent variables don't play a major role in the difference and the variability of psychological, social and cultural trends such as the variable age of the wife, her job, her level of education and the size of the family in addition. But some of these independent variables had an effect in the difference like the level of disability and the place of living on some of these problem fields. The study yielded the following recommendations; The following were the most important of them: . The necessity to focus on social awareness of disability to create social culture that respects the humanity of man and his rights. . Granting disabled men's wives the priority to employment and work to enable them to play the extra role to protect the family and meet its needs. . The necessity to activate the role of different care institutions working in disability field to minimize the rising problems. . Focus should be on social and psychological dimensions not only on economic and financial sides, because the social and psychological sides are not less important, but their results need longer time to bear fruit ,support processes shouldn't only concentrate on the disabled person but also his wife,too. . Professional and voluntary teams should be formed in psychological and social supporting processes for disabled men's wives especially persons with skill and experiance.
Agendered Analysis of Technical and Vocational Training and Education in Palestine
(2016) Heba Taleb Abd Allateef Jeetawi; Dr. Saida Affouneh
This study aimed to recognize the gendered analysis of technical and vocational training and education in West Bank and Gaza Strip. The study followed the descriptive analytical method, because it is appropriate to the nature of this study, by qualitive and quantitive tools, such as the interview and the questionnaire. The study population consisted of all students of government vocational schools, vocational training centers and technical government colleges in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, they reached to (8206) for the year (2015), the students were distributed to (14) government vocational schools, (8) technical government colleges and (12) vocational training centers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The study sample was (433) students, were selected by a stratified random manner to vocational training institutions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and to the interview tool a sample of (15) the was selected sample of fifteen of vocational institutions principals' and deans, distributed between the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The interview results showed that, the institutions principals' and deans believe that the specializations and programs offered for females are appropriate, and the demand for Beautation and sewing specializations are still great, this demand linked with the culture of the society, which hinders females to be upon new aspects. The principal's of the professional institutions have no objection in teaching and training without being as a main course, but as a form of one lesson or a unit. The questionnaire results showed that the gendered analysis of technical and vocational training and education from students point of view, for the study domains, was among medium and large, the percentages for response were (65.7%) between domains, machines infrastructure, (78.22%) for the second sector, creating job opportunities, so it was big in comparison with the common rate of the whole sections. The results showed that there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the students responses about a gendered analysis of technical and vocational training and education in West Bank and Gaza Strip, according to the six sectors, on the total score of the questionnaire paragraphs depending on (Vocational Institution Type, and the governorate) variables, and there are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the students responses about a gendered analysis of technical and vocational training and education in West Bank and Gaza Strip, according to the responses of females and males students about the situation of technical and vocational education and training according to (Gender) variable, for the benefit of male students. According to the study findings, the researcher recommended, the necessity of curriculum and training programs developing to be suitable for gender, to change the stereotype of women's work in the vocational fields, in addition to holding awareness courses in gender for principals and deans of the vocational institutions and encourage them to transfer this awareness to the students.
A study of to what extant The National Early Childhood Development Strategy and kindergarten in public school in regard to gender sensitivity in West Bank
(2016) Nesreen Salih Mohamed Jarrar; Dr.Saida Affouneh
The purpose of this study is to identify the extent that The National Early Childhood Development Strategy and Preliminary Grade have regarding Gender in the West Bank public schools. This study uses descriptive-analytic approach to qualitative research. Two study instruments, which were developed to meet the goal of the study, were used for data collection: analysis the early childhood development from Gender perspective, and both structured and semi-structured interviews. These two instruments were applied on the study population, all female workers in the West Bank public schools’ kindergarten; The head of kindergarten department at the Ministry of Education and Higher Education, preliminary teachers (33 female teachers), preliminary supervisors from all the directorates in the West Bank (16 female supervisors). The results of this analysis show that the Ministry of Education and Higher Education strategy regarding early childhood development issued in 2013, although its main contents, aims and vision are in line with the Ministry’s policy regarding Gender, is still a draft and has room for improvement. The results also show that there's a weak inter-ministerial coordination between Ministry of Woman Affairs and both Social Gender Unit and Kindergarten Department in the Ministry of Education and Higher Education. Workers at early childhood sector have no Gender-based training, which affects how Gender is considered inside preliminary public classes. However, it was noted that the head of kindergarten department at the Ministry of Education and Higher Education is aware of Gender issues, and there is a possibility of taking it into consideration in the future. The results show that there is lack of awareness about Gender and the importance of taking it into consideration. The Macho culture as well as sex-role stereotypes in our society hinder the application of Gender at preliminary classes. That affected the way teachers think and behave around children, the way they treat them, how they assign roles in games, or the way they limit and distribute them based on gender and even the stories they chose for each child. In some ways they spontaneously achieve "gender" justice, and in others such treatment doesn't exist. The study came up with several recommendations mainly to work on bridging the gap between theory and practice regarding Gender in all stages of education , which can be done by increasing the Ministry of Education and Higher Education interest in the subject, applying the policies, organizing gender-based training, raising awareness of the issue and including it in the Curriculum.

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