Arts

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Ab-U`baidah Ibn El-Muthana "D.209 A.H" and his Role in the Historian Writing
(2005) Eihab Fawzi Tawfiq Fawzi Al-Haji; Dr. Adnan Milhim
Abu U`baidah is Mu`mar Ibn El-Muthana, the sponsor of Tayim Ibn Murrah who was from Quraish mainly the branch of Abu Baker El-sideeq who was also of Jew origin from Bajorwan. He was born in 110 A.H at the time of Abd-Allah Al-Mamun "D.218 A.H." Abu-Ubaidah was grown up in Al-Basra, then from there he travelleal to Persia then to Baghdad. He was with good relation with the Men of the Abasi state whom they had a role in arriving him to Baghdad. He went to their places read at them his books. His classifications were 158 books. Eight books remained: "El-Naqa`d", "Majaz El-Qura`n", "El-Khail", "Al-A`qaqah and Al-Bararah", "Tasmeyah Azwaj Al-Nabi", "El-Muhadarat and Al-Muhawarat", "Al-Ma`alim "and a peom for Abu- Ubaida ending with "L" Letter. He was treated from El-khawarij scholars. He took care of collecting their news, he maintioned their characteristics and titles, and he justified their protrusion on the state and he gave it a religious protrusion. I paid attention in this study for collecting their historical narrations which was narrated by Abu-U`baidah and which are kept in heritage books. He narrated about seventy six scholars who were distinct by their varied sciences. He took care also in predication; he used both the collective and the singular predication. Some of his marrtions were unpredicated. Fifty six pupils, who were distinct in their varied sciences, narrated about Abu-U`baidah, and he used to have a special seminar at Al-Basra Mosque in which he read on his pupils and answered their questions. Abu-U`baidah wrote the history from linguists points of view. He used to collect the narrations connected with a special event in one book, and he mentioned more than a narration about one subject. Not only was he a pure collector of narrations but he was also a critic of the text or the teller in which he interfered to reject or substitute or illaburate ice text. His way of writing was literate and narrative, his language was easy and clear, he used dialogue and illusion and so that gave his narrations attractive literate aspect. He took care throughout his narrations time, sites, Quran verses. Prophet's says, saying, reconcilement treaties, he tops, speeches and poetry elements. He studied widely he nor them Arab filed of narration comprehensively which left an effect on the choice school in that era and so most of the historians like Al-Tabari "D.310 A.H" and Ibn Al-A`thir depended upon him a lot "D.630 A.H.
Abdul – Lateef Aqel As Apoet
(2003) Muaath Abullah Ishtaey; Prof. Adel Mustafa Al-Osta
In this study, I tried to recognize the poetic character of Abdu-Latif Aqel through his works. I investigated the most prominent issues related to his poetic production. However, this does not mean that I have given the final word about the poet’s character and his creativity since the investigation of the poetic character of Aqel needs research of literary production related to three decades of the history of the Palestinian cause. Findings Among the most prominent findings that I have reached through my study of the poetic experience of the poet are the following: -The suffering that Abdul-Latif Aqel experienced at the personal level had an impact upon forming his poetic character and crystallizing his creativity. He led a life that lacked balance after losing his father and sister and the fact that his mother got married. -Deprivation of the woman seemed to be a major cause of her possession of the poet’s feelings during the early productions of his poetic experience. The image of the woman in his early poems seemed to comprise a part of his poetic readings. -The poet experienced the sufferings of his nation that included banishment, Judaization, expulsion, eviction, torturing, land confiscation, colonization, discrimination, and ignorance policies. All of those measures had a great impact on fostering his resistance attitude. -The poet took the commitment path in most of his poetic production as he realized the role of the word in the struggle movement. He implemented his talents and artistic abilities to defend the cause of his people. In his poetry, he discussed the political worries, the issues, and all the events of his homeland, expressing his love for his land, and calling for steadfastness in it. -The poet took great care in representing the Palestinian in various types as a refugee, a prisoner, and a martyr. These types seemed to reflect one side or another of the homeland embodying its hopes and pains. -The poet unveiled the misleading deceptive image of the occupation. Not only was he able to express the Palestinian refusal of the occupation, but he also urged the Palestinians to resist it. He seemed to believe that the revolution is the way of salvation. He expressed his enthusiasm towards the revolution and declared his yearning for the coming revolutionist.In his poetry, he portrayed a negative image of the Arab reality as a result of the defeatist political stands that some of the formal Arab regimes adopted regarding the Palestinian cause. -The poet depended on various poetic forms in constructing his artistic structure which included the following forms: the traditional poem, the metric poem, the long poem, and then back to the traditional poem. -The poet seemed to realize the important role of the language in the artistic work. Therefore, his linguistic lexicon reflected not only the resistance spirit in himself, but it was also in harmony with the reality that he expressed and the nationalistic soul that interacted inside himself. He implemented some linguistic phenomena such as repetition and symbolism in constructing his poems. -The poet exploited various linguistic styles in constructing his poems. He was influenced by the dramatic construction and employed some of them such as quotation, sarcasm, interrogation, and vocative. -The poet was especially interested in the image which he formed from vocabulary that had Palestinian characteristic. In his poetry, he employed various styles in constructing his individual and compound images including personification, abstraction, and embodiment in building a lot of his individual images. He employed the dramatic and syllabic construction in forming his compound images. -The external music in his poetry was in harmony with the music of modern poetry. Al-Ramal metre occupied the first rank in his poetry. -The poet depended on various linguistic phenomena in forming his internal music including repetition of letters, words, and phrases.
Abdul-Aziz Bin Marwan (27 AH \ 649 AD - 85 AH \ 707 AD) - Historical, Analytical Study
(2010) Dalal Mohammad Anes Mesleh; Prof. Jamal Juda
The study examined an important Umayyad personality that belongs to the Marwani house who is Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan and this person appeared when the Narwani's took over the Islamic Caliphate, he had a role to consolidate power in the western past of the Islamic state whereas he was appointed ruler of Egypt, and continued ruling for twenty years. Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan belongs to Abed Shams Ben Abd Manaf Ben Qusay Ben Kalab, one of the sons of Quraish Masters who are Banu Abd Elmanaf (Banu Hashim, Banu Abd Shams,Banu Elmutaleb and Banu Noufal), they had all worked to raise the status of Quraish commercially and religiously which helped them to obtain the leadership of Quraish by uniting and Pilgrimage. Banu Abd Shams who Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan Belongs to played an important role in leading Quraish for the Arab through their doings, so they became powerful masters and leaders, and appeared on the scene of sovereignty and honor Umya Ebn Abd Shams Aby Ala'as and Alhakam, who ruled until the advent of Islam, he had the qualifications of leadership, and in Islam Marwan Ben Al-hakam the son of Abdul Aziz who played a role in highlighting the role of Bany Ummaya after Mecca's conquest, he was close to Uthman Ben Afan until he became shaikh Bany Umayyah and one of it's leaders in the late Rasheedah period and during the Sufyanyah period in this historic momentum and the role played by Marwan in policy his son Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan grew and was raised in the house of the royal family in Medina, And he was known for his interest in naorating Hadeth of Prophet Muhammad Peace Be Upon Him tell he was considered from the third layer of personnel as he was also known for his love for science, literature and poets sitting and when his father took over the Caliphate he involved his son Abdul Aziz to eliminate Ebn Al Zubayer and appointed him covenant after his brother and entrusted him with the task of supervision on the western flank of the State of the Caliphate (Egypt and Africa) by ruling Egypt. And he also played an important role in establishing the roots of islam in Egypt and to rise with it in Economic, social and political fields and he was also known for his tolerance with the people of Egypt from the Copts, adding to this the conquest movement in North Africa through supervising over them and appointing the leaders with experience. Abdul Aziz took over the mandate of Egypt for twenty years, and the most important things that were accompanied through his term (65AH- 85AH), the appearance of the crises of treasury because of the conversion of Ahel AlThema into Islam and the expansion of Arab monarchies at the expense of the land of the abscess not to mention the immigration of farmers away from their lands because of the attraction of the cities and large taxes. So Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan under the guidance of his brother the Caliphate to solve these problems and reforming taxes and administrative issues in Egypt. And Abdul Aziz also worked on recovering the economical life in Egypt by caring for encouraging internal and external trade, and he also participated in building lots of Qusaryat in AL fustat and Helwan and that had positive effects on Egypt's treasury what was obtained from the taxis of trade that was sent to the house of treasury. Big economical potential was shown for Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan and there is no harm in that being one of the members of the royal family, he had the land in Hijaz and Al Sham before being a ruler of Egypt, He had increased his financial potential in Egypt by purchasing new land by buying or the revival of the disused or building trading markets.
Abdul-Rahman Ibn Awf (580Ad-32Hijri/652Ad) A study in his Religions, Economic and Political Role in the State of Islam During its Emergence and Formation
(2014) Rahmah Abd Alrauf Awad Awad; Prof. Jamal Jodeh
This thesis is about the religious, economic and political role of Abdul Rahman bin Auf (580-655 AD) during the establishment and formation period of Islam state. The thesis spots lights on his religious character. Abdul Rahman bin Aufis close sahabi (companion) of prophet Mohamad – peace be upon him -, prophet’s Hadith narrator and the premier economy man in Islam state, the owner of gigantic money and properties that reflects his political role on caliphate (Islamic governmental regim). The thesis has been limited periodically to pre-Islam era until the death of Abdul Rahman bin Auf in (32 Hijri/655AD). Abdul Rahman bin Auf belongs to Bani Zuhra tribe which was one of Quraysh tribes reside Bitah (a place in Meca). It abode around Kaba (the hiliest place in Islam) after coming an setting of Qusay bin Kilab. Bani Zuhra tribe made Alliances with some Mecan tribes until the appearance of Islam especially with Abdu-Manaf tribe. His tribe, to which the mother of messenger of Allah, Aminah bint Wahb, Belongs, has gained spiritual position. Narrators and Historians have study the character of Abdul Rhman bin Auf from religious, social, economic and political Aspects. They interested in showing his kin and his social relationships which were most often strengthened with affinity. This reflects his trade and his economic setting. They also interested in showing how peoples love and commiserate him. Abdul Rahman bin Auf was characterized with economy intelligence which he gets from Mecan environment where he grew up and worked in trade with his father, Auf, before Islam. It was apparent when he emigrated to Almadina Almonawara, where he directly went to business in the biggest muslem merchants who have had the greatest impact in supporting Islam state economy in formation stage by supporting muslims in their general life and their wars and conquests that he was given the name of minister of economy. This reflected positively after islame on Bani Zuhra – his tribe – which was neglected by the historian references dealing with pre-island Arab history. It is obvious that Abdul Rahman bin Auf is close to messenger of Allah-peace be upon him-because he (Abdul Rahman) is from prophet’s mother tribe on one hand and he is among early people who belive in his invitation asking people to turn away from worshipping idols to worshipping Allah the only God) and narrate Hadith (accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of prophet Mohammad) which deals whith muslims everyday life on the other hand. Abdul Rahman bin Auf played a political role during Rashidun caliphate because of his economical position. Omar Ibn Al-Khatab put his name among the six candidates to success caliphate after him. But abdul Rahman didn’t want that, yet he preferred Othman bin Affan (35H/658AD) to take it. He also worked hard to collect mass agreement to Othman bin Affan Inspite of the tension between them before the death of Abdul Rahman bin Auf. The tension was because of Othman biased policy to his relatives which was objected by Abdul Rahman bin Auf.
Abu- Dib 's Translation of Orientalism: A Critical Study
(2006) Nadia Ali Khalil Hamad; Dr. Nabil A'lawi; Dr. Abdelkarim Daragmah
Despite the flourishing movement of translation in the Arab world throughout the 20th century, few studies, if any, were produced, as hoc, on criticism and evaluation of such translations. Among these translations, the translation of Edward W. Said's Orientalism deserves special attention: it was translated into 36 languages including Arabic. The Arabic translation by the famous poet, critic and translator, Kamal Abu-Dib, was reprinted many times after its first edition in 1981. yet, concern was shown regarding some problems in the translation of this excellent work by some readers and translators. Drawing on the progress, achieved in the last few decades, in linguistics studies, especially in text-linguistics and related studies in translation, this study aims to ascertain salient problems in the Arabic translation of Orientalism, on the graphical, lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels, and to suggest solutions where possible. The study will also investigate the consistency of the methodology adopted by the translator, evaluated the translation, and give recommendations that may benefit new Arabic editions of the book and Arabic translation, in general.
The Actions of Transitional Movement of the Human Being in the Holy Quran: A Semantic and Syntactic Study
(2010) Emad Abdul Rahman Shalabi; Prof. Yahia Jaber
This research is a semantic statistical study to whole transitional movement for the human being in the holy Quran .This study has been done in three chapters. In the first one , verbs semantic groups the researcher has firstly studied according to the type of movement and secondly to its velocity .In the second one , a group of linguistics issues which is related to the subject. While in the third one ,a statistical study that the researcher has mentioned the verb and its types . Finally , the researcher has written the conclusion which has the most important results that he has reached.After that , a list of resources.
The Administrative, Economic and social life in Jenien district between 1799-1831AD /1214-1247
(2011) Hala Idrees Mostafa Ibraheem; Prof. Nezam Al- Abbasi
During the starting years of the 19th century Jenien district got great importance as a result of the effective role that the residents of the district had played in fighting the French forces that were moving towards Acre to occupy great Syria after the occupation of Egypt headed by Napoleon Bonaparte. People were very consolidate in the face of this eminent danger, and their consolidation was based on the idea that their enemy is atheist and foreigner who must be stopped. This spirit was enriched by a series of “Fatwa’s” and Sultani decrees that called for jihad. Sheikh Al- Islam and the “Wali” of Acre (Ahmed Basha Al Jazar) passed these rules to the heads of Jerusalem Nablus and Jenien districts. The period of this study Jenien district included lands that starts from the east between Biesan’s hollow- in the south of Tabarya lake- and Al- Fara’a valley, and in the north it includes lands that are below a line that is drawn between Tabarya lake passing through Ibn- Amer plain in the south of Nazareth city till the western north near Haifa that is located in the coastal plain then moving from Haifa with the coast to the influx of Iskenderun river will form the western borders of the district it’s southern borders are formed by the line that moves from al Fara’a valley in the east passing from a number of villages such as Aseera Al Shamalya, Yaseed, Talooza, Tamoon, Tubaas, Dair Al- Gusoon, and Silat Al- Daher. Then moving again with Al- Iskenderun. The district was named after it’s administrative center; namely Jenien city which was established on the ruins of the Canaanite Arabian city “Ain Ganeem” which means orchards’ springs. This city was mentioned in the Assyrian and Babylonian resources under the name of “Ain Ganiem”. Byzantines mentioned it by the name of “ Gina”. in the AD 17Th century the city was ruled by Muslims and then it was called “jeeneen” then the name was altered to be finally “ Jenien”. Administrationaly the district was dependant to Damascus “ wilaya” during most of the period of the study while in certain times the district was moving from the power of Damascus “ wilaya” to be part of acre “ wilaya”; especially in the reigns of strong “walis”, such as (Ahmed Bash Al- Gazar), (Sulaiman Basha Al- Adel) and (Abdullah Basha Al- Khazendar); because they used their power to take the district from the rule of Damascus “walis”. Juridically the district followed the “sharie” judge of Nablus city who chooses a vice judge in Jenien city who has the authority of the “sharie” judge to solve the problems and settle the quarrels between people. But people used to refer in the first place to their “ sheikhs” to settle their quarrels, because they feel most of the time that it is difficult to go to the court. Socially the district contained a great number of families, and tribalism had a great influence on the social life during the period of this research as a result of the absence of official authority. This research will focus on the families that had a special and important role in the political arena. It will focus also on the families that kept administrative and military positions exclusive on its members. In addition to controlling massive possessions; in contrary to other families. These families are: Jarar family, Abdel Hadi family, Irsheid family. These families also played a great role in defending the country in the face of the French campaign that was heading towards Acre. As a result these families got great position in the eyes of the ottoman authority which granted them great titles. These strong families were competing over the leadership of the district; specially Jarar family, and Abdel Hadi family. The power of these families extended to the extent that they were also competing strong families especially Tooqan family over the rule of Nablus mountain. These families got the position of “ motasalimya” –head– of Nablus during the rule of sheikh Yousef Al- Jarar and his sons Ahmed and Abdullah. This caused very fierce wars between the two families which concluded in the weakening of Jarar family and strengthening Abdel Hadi family specially after Jarar family was defeated when Abullah Basha Al- khazendar attacked Sanoor the capital of Jarar family and destroyed it’s castle in 1831 AD /1247AH. This high position of Jarar family got strengthened by the situation of this family towards the Egyptian military campaign especially when it supported it’s competitor Abdel Hadi family and its leader Husain Abdel Hadi, who was a supporter of the new rule. All this lead to strengthening the family at the expense of other families. Agriculture was the main economic resource in the district, because it possesses wide plains such as marg (plain) of Ibn Amer which is the most important intrinsic plain in Palestine, in addition to Arraba plain and Sanoor plain. The farmers in the district planted many crops such as olive trees(the main product in the area) , serials and various kinds of vegetables. Jarrar family, Abdel hadi family and Irshied family controlled wide spaces of the agricultural lands in the district. They distributed the lands among the peasants to farm the lands in exchange of one third or one fourth of the crops, or in the shape of warranty. Those peasants were supposed to look after the land and pay taxes to the government. Farmers used to raise many kinds of animals specially camels to use it as a means transportation; in addition to ovine and bovine animals and they used to take their herds to surrounding pastures in the near mountains. Agriculture in that period suffered of many problems such as: poverty, draught, and the radical changes of raining rates from one year to another, diseases, locust attacks, bedouin attacks, fierce wars that the district witnessed which lead to the destruction of agriculture and resulted in spreading defamation among the residents. During the period of the research Jenien district didn’t know a developed kind of industry. People only had simple crafts and careers such as black smith, carpentry, pottery, and other simple crafts. In terms of commerce, the district had a very special location, because the main road connecting great Syria with Egypt- that crosses Nablus, Jerusalem and Gaza- passes through the lands of the district; as a result residents of the district invested this road to market their products in the surrounding cities especially Nablus. Socially the district constituted of two main classes landlords class, which included a limited number of people who controlled a wide space of lands in the shape of Fiefs. They invested these lands by distributing it among peasants who will farm it in return of a part that is agreed upon and to pay it’s taxes to the government. The second class is peasants class, they are the great majority of population. Residents had very strong relations that are based on family, tribe and village. they often had quarrels with competitor families over district’s lands and water resources and important administrative positions. But these families always got united to face extrinsic danger; for example they cooperated in spite of all their quarrels to face the attacks of Napoleon Bonaparte. The residents of the area of the research had many of good traditions and conventions, such as hostage, help those in need, cooperation in catastrophes, and helping each other to finish their works especially farming chores. Any one of them would help his relatives and neighbors without waiting for any return. Women in that period were very mannered and polite in their clothes; because they followed the society traditions and the Islamic conventions. The clothes of those women were very simple with little decorations, because they did not have enough time to embroider or decorate their clothes, as they spent all their times working in fields. They used simple make up such as kohl (eye liner), henna and they wore some golden and silvery accessories. Men wore different kinds of clothes according to their political or social status or their administrational and scientific positions. In general their clothes are not different from people’s clothes in the surrounding places. Peasants wore simple and dark clothes that enable them to move easily. The area of the study had very poor health and education system. Because the ottoman government neglected such issues considering itself a military country in the first place, and considering these things as out of its duties. The education in the district was a religious one, as students went to “ kattateeb” which were established In mosques or in separate places near them. The curriculum focused in the principles of reading and writing and calculating. The shieks focused on making their students recite holly Quran and memorize it. Finally students graduate from these “ kattateeb” after completing their study of the whole holy Quran. They used to make a graduation party differs according to the social and economic situation of the family. Hygienically, people were exposed to many diseases from time to time such as Malaria. Patients often consulted local doctors, and their prescriptions were based on medical herbs such as Chamomile, thyme and Siege, in addition to Cupping. Also they used to cure some diseases by Mascots and beads, especially the blue ones to prevent envy.
The Administrative, Economic, Social and Cultural Situations in Palestine over the Eleventh and the Twelfth Hijri Centuries /the Seventeenth and Eighteenth AD Centuries through the books of biography
(2016) Mervat Awad Abdullah Abu Awwad; Dr. Mohammed Al-khatib
This study highlights the Administrative, Economic, Social and Cultural Situations in Palestine over the Eleventh and the Twelfth Hijri Centuries / the Seventeenth and Eighteenth AD Centuries through the books of biography. The scientific material has been drawn from the interior chapters of biographies belonging to that period. The study investigates the administrative side in Palestine in terms of the administrative divisions and the most important administrative functions, including the military and the civil ones. The study also deals with the manifestations of economic life (agriculture, industry, trade), combined with the various manifestations such as markets, measure , scales, taxes, currencies, crops and livestock and other economic manifestations. In addition, it deals with some aspects of social life and its different vocabularies starting with the most important families, customs, traditions, foods , drinks, clothing and environmental disasters, epidemics, and finally the study highlights the cultural conditions such as the educational institutions with their various types such as schools, mosques and zawiya (prayer room; small mosque) and Ktatib (institutions for educating pupils) ,in addition to, the teachers, the various methodologies and curricula, besides the most important connectivity and educational functions.
Adoption of in Heritance in the Poetry of Zain-Ad-Deen ibn-al-Wardi, Died in (749) Higreyah
(2013) Maha Ahmad Nayef Tarbosh; Dr. Raed Mustafa AbduAlrahim
This study discussed the issue of the adoption of in heritance in the poetry of Zain El-Din Al-Wardi 749 Hijri. Its importance lies in the fact that Ibn El-Wardi who was one of the poets of the Mamluki era and was a very educated man whose knowledge was manifested in his poetry which led to the diversity and abundance of the adoption of in heritance in his work. Despite the importance of this subject and the many previous studies that addressed that era, the researcher has not found any specialized or extensive study that addressed the adoption of in heritance in the poetry of Ibn El-Wardi. Based on this comes the importance of this study since it focuses on the patterns the adoption of in heritance of in Ibn El-Wardi’s work and the manifestations of his education in his poetry. The study consisted of a preface and three chapters in which the researcher relied on the Descriptive and Analytical Aesthetic Approach. In the preface the researcher talked about the poet in terms of his name, lineage, relationships, his literary status, his publications and death. In the first chapter, the researcher discussed the religious the adoption of in heritance in Ibn Al-Wardi’s poetry and divided it into three parts. The first part was the adoption of in heritance with the Holy Quran. The second being the adoption of in heritance with the Hadith, while the third part dealt with adoption of in heritance with other religions. Additionally, she included examples for each of the three parts. In the second chapter, the researcher focused on the most important type of literary adoption of in heritance in Ibn Al-Ward’s poetry, and divided it into two parts. The first one was the adoption of in heritance with the old Arabic poetry that included (Implication and contradictions). The second part was the adoption of in heritance with the old Arabic proverb. In the last chapter, both the scientific and historical adoption of in heritance were discussed in Ibn Al-Wardi’s poetry and were divided into two parts. The first one was the scientific adoption of in heritance which is related to terminology, characters and publications. The second part was the historical adoption of in heritance which is related to characters and religious and historical events. At the end of her study, the researcher included a conclusion in which she presented all the results that this study has come up with.
The Adverbs in Al-A'sha Divan of Poems
(2007) Basheer Radi Ahmad Rawajbeh; Prof. Ahmad Hasan Hamed
In the name of Almighty Allah the Beneficent the merciful in whom we seek help, and pray and peace be upon the most honorable missionary our master Muhammad and upon his dynasty and his friends, and then. In front of our eyes, a research entitled with "The Adverbs in Al-A'sha Divan of Poems" appears to us "and it is a research in which I made a study of the time and place adverbs mentioned in the divan as an applied study. "This research has been completed in three chapters, starting it with a preliminary in which I spoke about the poet "Maimon Ibn Qais" (Al-A'sha) and his name his kinship, nickname, his native place, his age, his poetry, projecting the importance and eloquence of this poetry and how feared on poet was because of it. In the first chapter, I made a general study for the time and place adverbs, collecting what the grammar books contained of rules concerned in the adverb. I started in its definition linguistically and idiomatically and halting in this at the names which attached it, and the kofian and busrian difference in this. Then I spoke abut its importance in the Arabic sentence confirming that it is not because of his favour as some grammarians considered him, but he plays an important role in the Arabic sentence. Then I spoke about the types and parts of the adverb through ambiguity, specification, structure construing inflection and non-inflection, declinable and indeclinable, ending the speech about the words substitute of the adverb. In the second chapter, I handled the time adverbs mentioned in the divan of poems (then, if never nearer, yesterday, after, while, periond, epoch, hour, month, morning, forenoon last year evening substitute, tomorrow, before, long age, when, at night since, daytime, time, day. I studied the rules in particular at the grammarians through their derivation, structure construing genitive and indication. Then I moved to the applied stage by numerating the numbers of the adverbs mentioned in the divan of peons and studying then through construing and genitive mentioning the manners that occurred in them and connecting this with the rules that the grammarians mentioned concerning these adverbs and showing the way of employing Al-A'sha to these adverbs. Then I spoke about substituting time adverb that was like the following manner "all middle bigger number six demonstrative noun "I followed up this by statistical tables illustrating in them the percentage of each adverb to the remainder of the time adverbs. Upon this image the third chapter in which I studded the place adverbs motioned in the divan of poems which are "under, in front of, where from, where between under, around, whereas, through behind, before, at above at with, with, place at the bock middle". I did studies of the rules characterized in them at the grammarians through derivation structure, construing, genitive, applying this on the adverbs mentioned in the divan of poems and the manner of employing Al-A'sha for these adverbs. I followed up this in statistical tables illustrating in them the percentage of each adverb comparative to the other place adverbs, then I ended my research with termination including the most important results which were reached to. I'm asking good for my research this to be a ripe fruit for the reader to enjoy and to make me and you of the science and knowledge fruit reapers and to make this process in the scale of advantages on the day when avery self finds what it and done of right, and what it had done of evil where it which's and proffers to be a great distance between them.
Agricultural Land Use in Qalqilia District
(2004) Ghazi Abdelfatah Ali Mohmmad; Dr. Ahmad Ra’fat Ghodieh
Lying at the feet of Nablus hills, and within the Palestinian inland coastal area, Qalqilya Governorate, home to 35 localities, has witnessed in the past years significant changes in the uses of agricultural land. There was a change in the use of agricultural land from an unirrigated pattern to a modern irrigated protected pattern (green houses). This study sought to identify both the human and natural factors affecting agricultural land use and distribution. It also aimed at identifying the social and economic characteristics of agricultural land owners as well as the role of the farmers in developming the agricultural patterns. Furthermore, the researcher examined the most important changes in the structure crop in the past, and analysed the current use of agricultural land in the Governorate.
Agriculture on the Alluvial Fans in the Jordan Valley
(2008) Abd Al Mounam Zaky Alsaady; Dr. Mansour Hamdi Abu Ali
The study deals with the agriculture on the alluvial fans in the Jordan Valley in the lowest and middle region that extends from the village of Bardala in the north to the south of Jericho, where the study addressed the geographical characteristics of the area that forms a unique phenomenon on Earth. Due to its location in the Jordan Valley, the lowest parts of the earth, it is surrounded by high mountains from the east and west, the thing which prevents the arrival of psychotropic marine winds and the coming rainy winds from the Mediterranean. This means that this region lies in the rainy shadow that makes it classified within dry environments. Because of the steep valleys and the presence of the valley from the west, alluvial fan has been formed near the mountains as a result of the sediment carried by those valleys in periods of flood. Therefore, a group of alluvial fans has been monitored in the study area in terms of size but relatively similar in terms of substance and development of growth. Those fans are formed in the period between Pleistocene and Holocene era, in which it has followed this era of rainy periods of drought limiting the ability of valleys to reach the Jordan River. As a result, the Sediments are a constituted at the feet of the mountains, causing the alluvial fans to reach the current form. Alluvial fans are considered the best agricultural areas as it contained flood fertile soils and abundant water, which come from the valleys and groundwater. Moreover, the high temperature and warmth are some of the characteristics of that region leading to the natural growth of the crop in a short period of time compared with the rest of the Palestinian Territories. Therefore, the area was called food basket of Palestine, but this region is suffering from desertification problems of soil and water due to the increased salinity which limits the ability of its production. There are other obstacles such as the problem of land confiscation by Israel; the establishment of checkpoints; the segregation wall that creates problems in the investment of those Agricultural regions; the difficulty in marketing products, and finally the increasing number of buildings on the ground of the alluvial fans. The study presented some reforming proposals that enable the development of alluvial fans territories through the improvement of dealing with it and know the characteristics of this region and the establishment of agricultural projects, and putting clear development policies for the development of alluvial fan areas and prevent urban extent ions. Where the study aimed to publicize the economic importance of fans flood in the Jordan Valley to identify problems experienced by those fans and the ways in which to reduce the impact of these problems on agricultural production on fans flood. The researcher followed in this study the scientific analysis and theoretical and practical field through books, periodicals and pamphlets related to the subject matter, also adopted a statistical analysis of data through a program (SPSS), mapping and forms using geographic information systems (GIS) The study group focused on the results confirm the presence of problems relating to agricultural land and water quantity and quality, as well as the problems of salinization of soil and contain elements that reduce their productivity, then the problems related to production and its internally and externally marketing in addition to the problems of guiding services and scientific research. The study has presented some reforming proposals in which the ministry of agriculture and the ministry of environment have the role of establishing scientific research centers, detecting the environmental issues on the fan areas, and giving the farmers perfect experience regarding how to develop the agricultural sector. It is also recommended that farmers should develop alluvial fans territories by improving them; learning the characteristics of this region; establishing appropriate agricultural projects, developing policies for clear development zones of alluvial fans, and above all preventing establishing buildings on such agricultural areas.
Ahmed Shawqi: A Study in His Novelistic Works
(2010) Aseel Abdel Wahhab Yusif Ata'oot; Prof. Adel Abu Amsheh
This study has shed the light on the Arab poet, Ahmed Shawqi,(Amir Al al- Sho’araa’) or Prince of Poets, whom, besides being a poet, had made great contribution in the field of novel writing. His first experience in this genre was his first novel (The Virgin of India) which is considered as one of his first novels which he wrote in 1897. In 1898, Shawqi wrote his second novel (Ladias, or the Last of Pharaoh) while in 1899 he wrote the third novel (Del and Timan or the Last of Pharaohs). Then in 1901, Shawqi wrote (Benta'oor Devil) conversations which is considered closer to Al Muqama than to a novel. Finally, his last novel was (Al-Aas Leaf) which he wrote in 1911 and in which he talked about the pre-Islam history of Arabs. I have started this study by introducing Ahmed Shawqi, his birth, his early years as well as his relationship with the Castle and AL-Khedive family. I also pointed out to the impact of politics on him and his view of colonialism and foreign interventions. The study also discussed the most important prose works, especially novel writing. Moreover, the study discussed the Arab novel and its origin in addition to the conflicting opinions regarding its origins and development. Some scholars considered it an extension of Al-Muqama art and Arab folk tales, while others saw it as an alien product from the West. After that, I shifted to the practical aspect of the study in which I managed to study the novelistic contents in Ahmed Shawqi's novels in terms of their date of release: (Virgin of India, civilization of the Pharaohs), (Ladias, or the last of Pharaohs), (Del and Timan, or the Last of Pharaohs), (Benta'oor Devil, Luqman Labad or Solomon Hoopoe) and (Al-Aas Leaf). Through this I was able to access to Shawqi's novelistic work elements and the most important artistic aspects in this field. I have addressed each one of these novelistic contents each in every novel due to their multiplicity. Among the most significant contents that are included in Shawqi's novels are: The political aspect and the conflicts between the national Egyptian element and the foreign elements. Furthermore, he focused on the foreign greed towards Egypt. Also, he discussed and depicted the ancient Pharaonic civilization in the brightest way. The Egyptian magic is present in Shawqi's novels in that he amplified in depicting pharaohs' rituals and beliefs, add to this the strong and influential presence of women in his novels. Then the study shifted to the analytical side in which I analyzed the elements of the novelistic work in Shawqi's novels which included events, time, place, characters and conflict. The analysis relied on a careful study of each novel individually add to this the examples that have been taken from the novels themselves in order to support the study. Furthermore, the study has also discussed some artistic aspects in the novels such as : The title and its implication and relationship with the text. After that, I have discussed Al-Muqama art by Shawqi, language and its various patterns as well as the symbolic aspect in the novel in Shawqi's works.
Akram Hanyah:A Study in his Short Stories
(2003) Abdullah Mohammad Mustafa Al-Awad; Prof. Adel Mustafa Al- Osta
This study aims at shedding light on the side of art pertaining to Palestinian nanator Akram Haniyeh, being considered as one of the most important story writers in Palestine; and the dissertation has been divided into four sections as follows: Section one includes three subjects: the first of them tackled with his life; whereas the second dealt with studying the reality of Palestinian short story until the publishing of his group; and the third of them was concerned with the most important studies of analysis in pertinence with the author’s books. And I found out that most of them took place about the motif of the story since it is worth noting that the studies that tackled the title; or the technical form; or the language; or the place are actually few. Concerning the second section, I have taken in it the study of the titles in groups of stories. I have saved a special space in it for the study of titles in groups of stories; and titles in his stories; as well as another side in which I have taken the ingredients of the titles and their features. Thus, I have found that the writer chooses a title of a story in his stories so as to influence on the whole group according to considerations special for him; whereas the title ranges between the traditional form and the modernized one. In respect of the third section, it dealt with the most important subjects that appeared in the writer’s stories. I have found that the national subject is the dominating on them. And I have divided it into four axes: I have tackled in the first axis of them the Arab subject; in the second, the Palestinian reality under the occupation; in the third, the woman in the stories of the writer; whereas the last axis has shown the image of the Jew. In fact, I have found that the author has depicted the reality of oppression and chasing in the Arab World. He showed his negative position in this reality; and he described the hardness of life and its harshness under occupation. He revealed the atrocities of occupation for the purpose of usurpation of the Palestinian land. For this purpose, he has emerged a negative image for the Jew, which was restricted on the soldier who pulls out his weapon in the face of the Palestinian and destroys the land or captures it. This type of imagery in the his stories never changed even until after the signing of agreements with the Israeli side. The fourth section dealt with the study of the technical traits. It actually included two topics: The first of them, the ways of narrating. The second of them specialized with the study of technical phenomena in his stories. I have found that the writer has diversified in the methods of narration. He did not depend on the conventional pattern in the structure of his stories. He has in fact searched out for modern, good formulas and ways. Therefore, he has aimed for experimentation throughout the pattern of cutting and benefiting from his work in press. fle has employed history and legacy. He used an austere style in directing attention for what might occur. Pertaining to the language of story-telling, the writer has varied in its implementation and usage between classical, ordinary language and the romantic, transparent one which comes closer and closer to the spirit of poetry. Concerning the place in the stories of the writer, I have found that the city and urban life have come into existence more than that in the village and rural one. The space of the camp was absent; and the place, to which the author is affiliated to intimately and positively, has actually emerged; whereas the place, to which the writer is not affiliate with, has been shown in a negative shape. I hope that my study has added something to the Palestinian literature. I wish it might be an inception for a return to the interest in the Palestinian short story; i.e. the narrative in general after the apparent retreat by writers, literary people at present in contrary to the stage of the 1980’s; especially it, I mean the narrative, is more capable to cope with the drastic events that the Arab & Palestinian region witnesses in specific.
AL Farra` Morphological Efforts
(2004) Ayman Abdel Fatah Abdel Hadi Asa`ad; Prof. Ahmad Hamid
This research deals by means of study and analysis the grammatical efforts of one of the most famous grammarians of Alkufa school. He took over his teacher Alkissaei to complete the formation of this school. This grammarian is called Abu Zakariya Yahya Ben Ziyad Al Ferra`a Al Daylami. Previous researches and thesis concentrated very much on the bright side, of the lives of the ancient, whereas the less famous aspect, whose importance shrank by the great fame of the bright side, was neglected. But this study can be considered as a good step in the study of the ancients. The study of Al Farra`s grammatical effort was a good beginning for the future studies for some Arab figures in phonology, semantics, syntax and style. To acomplish this aim I have tried to cover the subject from all its sides. So I collected all the material that is related to Al Farr`a in both ancient and modern books - I have analysed this material, divided it and put it in index. Some times I compared Al Farra`s opinions with others. In the introduction of this study I dealt with the cause and objective of the study, its importance, his previous studies and the methodology. In the preface I dealt with the life of Al Farr`a, his birth and background, the resources of his knowledge and other scientists, caliphates, political parties and readings. I talked about his students, his books, the opinion of other scientists and finally his death . The first chapter bears the title "The Resource of Al Ferra`s Morphology". I have found that these resources include the Glorious Quran and its reading.The prophet`s teaching, Arab saying and poetry. The second chapter is "Morphology'. Here, I studied Morphology on which Al Farra" opposed the Basra school. In chapter three. I handeld his morphological efforts which include: the definition of morphology, parts of speech, verbs, gerunds, derevation, word coin, nouns and other phono- morphological cases. The ancient headed by Al Farra` didn’t differentiate between phonology and morphology, so phonology was studied under mor phology. By this research I intended to make it an easy reference that includes the mor pholoyical efforts of Al Ferra` so that other scholars can benefit from, especiallay the beginners. It includes some worke reading and studying morphological cases. Al Farra` was the brightest and the most Kufa mor phologist because all the morphological issues and subject were included under the topic "Morphology'.
Al-Anbari’s “Al-Bayan Fe Ghareb E’rab Al-Qura’an” andAl-O’kbari’s” A-Tibyan Fe E’rab Al-Qura’an”:A Comparative Study: A Syntactic DisagreementinTreating the Quranic Script
(2014) IhtiramSaed Ahmad Qarmash; Prof. Hamdi Mahmud Al.Jabali
This study tackled the syntactic disagreement in examining the Quranic script in two masterpieces, namely: Al-Anbari’s “Al-Bayan Fe GharebE’rab Al-Qura’an” and Al-O’kbari’s” Al-Tibyan Fe E’rab Al-Qura’an”. Furthermore, many studies tackled the same theme;however,this study is significant as itspots the disagreement between both scholars in examining the Quranic script. Besides, it focused on dealing with the syntactic casesupon which both disagreed trying to provideexplanation for such matters and preferring some views at the expense of the views of others by presenting convincing and solid explanation and Quranicverses. It also elaborated on this disagreementleading to its reasons classifying them into the dealt with syntactic themes. Because of such disagreement, the introduction of this study presented the aim of the study, its components, its methodology, a prologue to a reasonable translation to Al-Anbari and Al-O’kbari and six chapters, which determined the key views’ disagreements between them including three case endings in Arabic, namely: nominative, accusative and genitive. It also included sentences, articles and gerunds. Finally, the results of this study showed that there is a huge disagreement between Al-Anbari and Al-Ok’bari in dealing with the Quranic script. This disagreementis due to having a different reading for the script and a different syntactic school. Besides, each scholar stuck to one of the views, depended on different sources and treated the interpretation of the sign differently since their disagreementleads to many syntactic cases. Finally, their disagreementis not absolute because they did not include all the syntactic aspects, which signifieda relative agreementon some linguistic cases among them.
Al-Andalus during the Rule of Al-Wolah H 91 – 138, A. D 711 - 756
(2004) Ashraf Ya'qoub Ahmed Ishteiwi; Dr. Hisham Abu Irmeilah
This research studies and analyses an important period of Al-Andalus's history known as the age of Alwolah which (92-138/711-756). The one who rule in Al-Andalus Wali or The Prince and so was the age called. Those Wolah followed the governor of Africa and he appointed them. In some other cases the Umayyad Caliphate interfered directly in appointing some of them, and sometimes the people of Al-Andalus appointed their rules and waited for the official agreement either from the government of Africa or from Damascus the center of the Caliphate then. Those Wolah reaches 20 and the ruled for a period of 42 years. This shows the instability and the confusion which Al-Alandus witnessed. Their capital at first was Ishbilia then Corduba which remained their capital all their rule. Although the sources don't give and precise information about this age, we find that the Wolah did their best to control the country financially and politically. Many of them cared for the architectural buildings specially the military ones since this age was the age of establishment and futooh. This age wasn't an infertile or a dark one as much as some sources picture it, but it laid the first steps for organizing Al-Andulas. This organization becomes a foundation for every administrational organization hereafter. Those Wolah also raised the Flag of Al jihad and was committed to spreading Islam in Al-Andalus and the neighboring countries. This age, which is the subject of this research, witnessed confusion and internal troubles which occurred between the Arabs and the Barbar and between the Arabs themselves which leaded to confusion in Al-Andalus. The enemies of Muslims used his to stop the Islamic Fath which was doing their direction, and the Christian groups who lived in the northern parts started to expand and advance their borders At the expense of the Muslims being occupied with their disputes and leaving the Jihad and the protection of the borders of the Islamic stare. The Islamic Fath was reason for the appearance of new groups which were not known before like the Arabs, the Barbar, the Musalimah the Musta' riboon, the Slaves and the Saqalibah. These groups played an important role in what infected the Muslims in this age and the ages to follow. The Andalus also witnessed in this period some economical and agricultural activities, which were influenced by the internal actions that dominated in that age.
AL-Andalus Grammarians Efforts in Facilitating Arabic Grammar
(2006) Fadi Saqer Ahmad Aseedi; Prof. Wael Abu Saleh
This study is considered one of the fundamental studies in the linguistic and syntax research studies in Arabic language history as it tries to reveal the cultural and scientific legacy of the Islamic culture in Spain. This study, which consists to five chapters, aims to investigate the endless efforts of the grammarians in Al-Andalus (Spain) to simplify Arabic grammar and solve many related problematic issues. Thus, this study tries to shed light on the different styles and methods followed to achieve the above mentioned goals. In the introduction, the researcher in this study clarifies the importance of the subject, justifies why it was chosen and explains the methodology followed throughout the study. Chapter one discusses the introduction of syntax to Spain, the most famous grammarians and their roles in the development of this science, the reasons behind the publicity of the science of syntax in Spain and how this science was affected by jurist writings and their different approaches mainly the apparent doctrines and the various factors that motivated the grammarians is Spain to simplify the rules and principles of syntax. Chapter two targets three Spanish grammar books written mainly to simplify grammar. I introduced the most popular methods used to simplify grammar in three resource books. Those books are "Al-Wadih" written by Abu-Bakr Al-Zubaidi, Al-"Tawti'a" written by Abu-Ali Ashlobin and "Al- Tasheel" written by Ibn-Malik Al-Jiyyani. Chapter three discusses the efforts of the Spanish grammarians in explaining and illustrating grammar books that come from the East which were considered a basic tool in simplifying grammar for the Spanish Muslims .In this study I introduced the most popular books well-known for the people of Spain among which are 'Sibawayh book', "Al-Jamal" written by Al-Zujaji, "Al-Iedah" written by Abu-Ali Al-Fasi. Those books were explained by great scholars like Al-Shantamri, Ibn-Al-Batlayousi, Al-Labli and Al-Saffar. Chapter four tackles the rejection of the linguists in Spain to some of the grammar issues mainly Al-thawani and Al-Thawalith and their rejection to the theory of the (Doer) like Ibn-Al-Mada'Al-Qortobi and Ibn-hazm who rejected such doctrines. In addition to that I presented the opinions of many Spanish linguists who rejected the idea of linguistic cause and its linguistic effects and the impact of that on grammar. Chapter five introduces poetry used for teaching grammar in Spain used as a significant tool to simplify grammar and lessen the problem of syntax. A representative selection was chosen by the researcher as an example of the most popular types of poetry composed for that purpose. The findings and recommendations come at the end of this research.
Al-Andalus Physicians Poets in the Sixth Hijri Century Analytical Critical Study
(2009) Salsabeel Mohammad Mahmoud Noufal; Dr. Wael Abu Saleh
This study aimed to submit an analytical and critical study about Al-Andalus physicians' poets in the sixth Hijri century. The study spotted the light on eleven physicians (doctors), who had, beside their medical practice as physicians, another side; that was poem, in which their poems had covered twelve different and diverse poetry's fields. The research involved an introduction, preface, and two main chapters, in addition to a conclusion and a references' list. In the introduction section, I offered a brief summary about the research methodology, previous studies, and the reasons behind my choice and preference of this interesting topic. This part (the introduction section) had, also, pointed out the main challenges and difficulties that faced me during carrying out the research, in the stage of collecting data and clarifying poems. The second part of the research, the preface, was an informative section that endeavored to prepare the reader for well-recognition of the political and social conditions, as well as, prose and art life in Al-Anduls during the sixth Hijri century, including the spread of medical sciences in this era. The first chapter of this research involved studying the different purposes and aims of poems that had been covered by the doctors, according to the frequency of using these themes.These purposes were: Love, panegyric, asceticism, description, elegizing, complaint and nostalgia In the second chapter, the main significant traits and characteristics of the doctors' poems were discussed.This involved: the linguistics constructions, the art structure and musical rhythm and tune of these poems. For a comprehensive background and revision of the topic, the research introduced a brief but inclusive identification of everyone of these doctors, as well as, a translation of their lives and history. In the conclusion, the research demonstrated the results that have been derived from the findings of this study, including an index of the first part of the poems according to the purposes of these poems. At the end of the research, a list of the research's references were listed. All praise to The God, the most Almighty
Al-Fieyet Ibn Malik Between Ibn A'qeel and Al-Khudari
(2005) Ziad Tawfiq Mohammad Abu Kishk; Prof. Ahmad Hasan Hamed
Thank God who swore with pen and pray and peace by upon who received the Holy Koran, Mohammad peace be up him and upon his dynasty, and his right way until the Doomsday, and then: God honoured his nation with the Islam and strengthened her with the Koran and eased her this eloquent Arabic togue to serve this religion. Ibn Malak classified "Al-Kafyeh Al-Shafyeh" in syntax and etymology into three thousand very, and of them he brought "the summary" which is known with "Al-Fieyyet Obn Malek in about one thousand verses. Scientists took care of it well and explained it and construed its verses for its great importance in the syntactical lesson. Its explanations grew and most connected one was Ibn A'qeel's explanation the used at our universities, in statutes schools, libraries and even our houses as its reputation excelled the others, and it met unique acceptance that gave it unequalled merit. This explanation abundantly inspired the etymologists as they widely used it and took care of it. Of them was Al-Khudari in a margin named in his name, and that was known by those who penetrated in the etymology lesson. Many couldn't get it because of its non-abundance in the libraries and you can not get it but in the university and public libraries. The Researches and studies office superintended its printing and Dar El-Fiqr carried out the correctness of Yousef El-Shiekh Mohammad El-Biqai with its vowel printing and correction in 1995. then Turki Farhan El-Mustafa briefly commented on it in 1998. For the distinction of Ibn Aqeel's explanation from others and Al-Khudari's handling with the Al- Pieyyeh in a margin completely poilowed up, as he beautified and illustrated what he could, I made this research on comparing the explanation with the margin concentrating on the necessity of the Al-Fieyyeh first and showing the explainer's creed in two consecutive chapters then each one's methodology in another chapter, then each one's resources showing their styles through arousing the studiers and etymologists interest with ascertaining to the margins which stood on the explanations. In my research, I followed the method of description analyzing and comparison using the historic chronology for the knights of this field for the sake of arriving to comparison among associates in a parallel comparison study. I divided the research into five chapters: Chapter on: in it I spoke about the importance of the Al-Fieyyeh in the etymologic lesson. Chapter two: in it I handle the etymologist Ibn Aqeel's which he tracked on the his explanation of the Al-Fieyyeh verses. Chapter three: in it I handled Al-Khudari's creed in his margin on the Al-Feyyeh and explanation. Chapter four: I specialized the speech on each one's method and style which he followed in dealing what in his hands. But the last chapter, I rendered it to each other's resources they depended on in serving what they both did linguistically etymologically and symatically and in offering them to the wishers. Of my resources to my research are the Al-Fieyyeh book for the arudite Ibn Malek, Ibn Aqeel's explanation Youse'f El-Shiekh Mohammad El-Buqar's verification and I relied on Al-Khudari's margin through controlling, vowels pointing and correcting, and another more modern edition with Turki Farhan El-Mustafa comment. I stooped on many of the etymology books like El-Nazem and Awdah El-Masalel to Ibn Hisham, and Assalek's method to Al-Ashmuni, and Al-Sattan's margin, and Al-Makudi's explanation, and others. To get information about their resources mentioned in the explanation and margin, were the Holy Koran, the Honourable Hadith and book of interpretation like Bughyet Al-Wi'ah to Al-Seyati and Ghayet El-Nehaya to Ibn El –Jazari, and Al-Alam to Zarkali and Mu'jam Al-Mualifin to Kahala. And what faced me in writing this research was lackness of studies standing on searching in Ibn Aqeel's style widely picted but of what was found of lines in the etymological school books to Salem Makram Shawqi Dief, and Bdu El-Rajhi. The same was with its methodology and resources and non-bundance of study around Al-Khudari's margin which made me to great effort in anaysing penetrating deeply into this line by line and paper by paper to help myself in doing something good in this behalf. At last I ask God for my research to be useful for my compassionate mother (the Arabic) appreciating my love to her and dignity to her status

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