The Eighth Palestinian International Chemistry Conference (PICC 2015) "Chemical Sciences Towards Knowledge Based Economy "

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Variable range hopping kinetics in CdSe optoelectronic switches under photonic excitations
(2015-04-20) Al-Jammal, Faten
New type of memory switch that can be controlled via photonic excitations is invented and characterized. The optoelectronic switching cell is made of the photovoltaic n-type CdSe thin films. The films which were prepared by the physical vapor deposition technique onto chemically cleaned glass substrates at a vacuum pressure of ~10-6 mbar are characterized by means of temperature dependent electrical conductivity at various illumination intensities. In addition to the thermionic emission, the current transport mechanism of these thin layers are observed to be dominated by the variable range hopping of charged particles through the potentials created mostly at the randomly distributed grains and relative boundaries. The variable range hopping parameters presented by the degree of disorder ( o T ), the density of localized states near the Fermi level ( )E(N F ), the average hopping range (R ) and average hopping energy (W ) are observed to be highly sensitive to the photonic excitations. Particularly, the average hopping energy and the average hopping range were decreased significantly. On the other hand, the density of localized states near the Fermi level increased when the light intensity was increased. Such behavior is attributed to the temporary shift in Fermi level and/or trap density reduction by electronhole recombination. Such type of localized density and hopping range attenuations are promising as they indicate better performance of memory switches under photonic excitations. In other words, the ability of data storage, the data recall, the power consumption and the response time are highly improved via photo-hopping control.
Determination and Assessment of Heavy Metals in Tobacco Sold and Smoked In Palestinian Market
(2015-04-21) Jodeh, Shehde
Through smoking, important flux of heavy metals and many other toxins reaches smokers ' lungs. This project reports the heavy metal concentrations in tobacco from samples of 25 cigarette products, sold in Palestine. Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) contents were determined in 25 brands of tobacco cigarette commonly available in Palestine by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The concentration of trace metals in the cigarettes ranged, Cd: from 0.85 to 2.11 μg/g with mean 1.20±0.15 μg/g, Pb: 2.21 to 5.06 μg/g with mean 3.12±1.33 μg/g, Co: 0.18 to 2.61 μg/g with mean 1.09±0.28 μg/g, Ni: 3.42 to 6.23 μg/g with mean 4.92±0.53 μg/g, Cu: 11.86 to 20.35 μg/g with mean 15.21±0.34 μg/g, and Zn: 30.55 to 114.43 μg/g with mean 51.15±0.14 μg/g. Comparable results of trace metals are obtained in both imported and Palestinian cigarettes. The average trace metal contents of cigarettes available and sold in Palestine are Cd:0.82 μg/cigarette with range (0.60– 1.70) μg/cigarette, Pb: 2.13 μg/cigarette with range (1.41 – 3.54) μg/cigarette, Co: 0.74 μg/cigarette with range (0.12– 2.02) μg/cigarette, Ni: 3.37μg/cigarette with range (2.57– 5.66) μg/cigarette Cu: 10.42 μg/cigarette with range ( 7.80– 20.11) μg/cigarette, Zn: 35.02 μg/cigarette with range (20.10- 88.80) μg/cigarette. The results indicate that smoking and exposure to cigarette smoke is a serious problem to be taken into account when carrying out epidemiological studies on human exposure to trace metals.
Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial Activities of Novel Polydentate Schiff’s Bases and Their Transition Metal Complexes
(2015-04-21) Aldomere, Yasmeen
The work described in this contribution concerns the synthesis of novel new polydentate Schiff's bases and the formation of their Metal Complexes with Copper Bromide and Cadmium Chloride. The Schiffs' bases ligands were prepared by the condensation reaction of primary amines with aldehydes in absolute ethanol under reflux conditions. The Schiff-base metal complexes were prepared by coordinating Copper Bromide and Cadmium Chloride with the corresponding ligand in solvent and inert system. The ligands and their metal complexes were characterized by IR, UV-VIS spectroscopy, EA, 1H-NMR,13C- NMR, TG/DTA. The structure of free ligand (N1E,N2E)-N1,N2-bis((5-bromothiophen-2-yl)methylene)ethane-1,2-diamine analyzed by XRD, is revealed helix zig zag structure suitable for tetra-dentate mononuclear and dinuclear metal complexes. Also the structure of free ligand [(N1E,N2E)-N1,N2-bis(2-chlorobenzylidene)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine] analyzed by XRD, this ligand is racemic, in which the cyclohexane ring adopts the expected bidentate chair conformation suitableonly for mononuclear metal complexes. The potential ofthese ligands and their copper complexes against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosaand MRSA bacteriarevealed promising activities.
Production of Mono-Potassium Phosphate
(2015-04-21) Klaib, Shaymaa
Crystalline monopotassium phosphate is one of the crucial fertilizers that plants need at early growing stages to establish their root system. Its high purity and solubility in water make it a highly efficient source of phosphorous and potassium for plants. In this project, an experimental work has been carried out to find the best operating conditions to produce monopotassium phosphate by reacting commercial potassium hydroxide with white phosphoric acid. Five operating variables were studied, these variables include the: reaction temperature, reaction time, crystallization temperature, crystallization time, and H3PO4 to KOH molar ratio. The size of the obtained crystals in addition to the yield were used as main factors that been used to decide the best operating conditions. It has been found that a reaction temperature of 50oC, a reaction time of 60 minutes, a crystallization temperature of 10oC, a crystallization time of 30 minutes, and a molar ratio of 1 H3PO4 to 1 KOH are the best operating conditions that gave a reasonable yield and a satisfactory monopotassium phosphate crystal size. Depending on the obtained experimental work results, a detailed material and energy balances were performed, followed by a comprehensive equipment’s design. A feasibility study for this project reveals that a profit of $1,601,458 can be achieved annually and a payback period of 3 years is expected.
Status of Chemistry Publications Originating from Palestinian Universities in International Databases
(2015-04-21) Shahwan, Talal
Scientific activities and publications in Palestine have been showing an upward trend since two decades. Chemistry has been one of the most important fields showing such a trend. According to SciMagoJr statistics, in the years 1996-2013, the number of publications originating from Palestine in the field of Chemistry was 527, and the number of citations was 3020, with a corresponding H index of 24. About 80% of these publications came out as a result of international cooperation during the last years. The fields of Chemistry research are also widening and currently encompass organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and others. In the corresponding presentation, quality and quantity aspects of the publications will be addressed, a comparison will be made with other regional and international countries. The publication productivity of Chemistry departments at various Palestinian universities will be considered based on SCOPUS data.
The Optical Band and Optical Constants of Non-Crystalline WO3 Thin Films Doped with Ti Deposited by Dip Coating in Sol-Gel
(2015-04-21) Shwahnaa, Manar
The optical constants and optical band gaps of the non-crystalline tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films doped with Ti deposited by dip coating method onto glass substrates with different atomic concentrations of Ti have been investigated by optical characterization method. The amorphous crystal structure of the films when heated to 160 °C was revealed by XRD. The optical data of WO3 thin film have revealed a direct allowed transition band gap of 3.1 ev, which increases slightly up to 3.6 ev by increasing Ti concentration due to the traces of TiO2 phase that may be introduced within the amorphous structure. The effect of Ti concentration on the film thickness and optical constants (refractive index, absorption coefficient and dielectric constants) of these films has also been investigated. The thickness of films increases with doping concentration increase from 0.373 to 0.757 µm , but above 20% Ti it begins to decrease due to the liquid vapor surface tension and density increase, as expected. The room temperature refractive index, which was calculated from the reflectance and transmittance data, allowed the identification of the dispersion and oscillator energies, static dielectric constant and static refractive index of these films.
Water Soluble Novel Dicationic [Cu(phen)(N3)]Br2 Complexes: DNA-binding and Bio-logical Activities
(2015-04-21) Warad, Ismail
Novel water soluble dicationic copper(II) complexes, of general formula [Cu(phen)(NNN)]Br2 [phen = 1,10-phenanthroline , NNN= diethelenetriamine (dien) and dipropylenetriamine (dipn)], have been prepared. The structures of the desired complexes were characterized by spectroscopic, element analysis, Uvvisible, IR, thermal and X-ray crystallographic techniques. These complexes exhibit a promising antimicrobial effect against an array of microbes at 200 µg/ml concentration. The absorption spectra of such complexes were modeled by timedependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and the absorption maxima around 620 nm and 280 nm are assigned to the d–d and Phen(π) →Phen(π٭) transitions, respectively. Absorption spectral studies revealed that such complexes exhibit strong CT-DNA binding.
Synthesis And Biological Activities of Curcumin Based Heterocylics
(2015-04-21) Shawareb, Nuha
A number of curcumin based heterocyclic derivatives pyrazoles, isoxazoles, and diazepine have been synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized compounds were verified on the basis of spectral and elemental methods of analyses. Investigation of antimicrobial activity of the compounds was done by disc diffusion method using Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) bacteria. All prepared compounds exhibited good antibacterial activities against Gram positive bacteria. Among all tested compounds, derivative 4 exhibited appreciable activity against Gram positive bacteria comparable to reference drugs.
Generation of Silyl Radicals via Photocatalyzed Si-H Bond Activation
(2015-04-21) Qrareya, Hisham
Photocatalytic reactions are those processes that take place by using a catalyst activated by light.1 Photocatalysis by polyoxoanions, in particular by tetrabutyl ammonium decatungstate (n-Bu4N)4[W10O32] (TBADT)2 is emerging as a powerful method for the formation of valuable chemical bonds under environmental friendly conditions. This is based on the capability of TBADT to activate a variety of aliphatic derivatives including amides, aldehydes, oxygenated compounds (ethers, acetals) and even alkanes, via direct C-H activation (X = CR3, see Scheme).2,3 The corresponding radicals (X●) are then trapped by electron-poor olefins to give a radical adduct that accepts a hydrogen atom from the reduced photocatalyst (●P-H), to afford the end product with the concomitant P regeneration. In this work we shifted our attention to Si-H bonds since none of the methods so far described for the generation of silyl radicals is of general applicability. Indeed, the direct silylation of electrophilic -unsaturated nitriles, esters, sulfones and even ketones) has been achieved in the presence of 2% mol TBADT. The reaction was limited to trisubstituted alkyl or aryl silanes (X = SiR3). The presence of at least one phenyl group was mandatory to achieve a clean reaction (36%-90%). By contrast, the reaction on trialkylsilanes gave a mixture of products in moderate yields (40-60%) arising from the competitive Si-H/ C-H bonds activation.4 References: 1. D. Ravelli, D. Dondi, M. Fagnoni, A. Albini. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 1999. 2. M. D. Tzirakis, I. N. Lykakis, M. Orfanopoulos Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 2609. 3 For recent examples by our group, see: H. Qrareya, D. Ravelli, M. Fagnoni, A. Albini. Adv. Synth. Catal., 2013, 355, 2891 and references therein. 4. H. Qrareya, D. Ravelli, M. Fagnoni, A. Albini, manuscript in preparation.
Concentration and Temperature Dependence of Viscosity in Mode-Coupling Theory of Binary Mixture of Water and Phenol
(2015-04-21) Elayyat, Shadia M.
The dynamic shear viscosity of a binary liquid mixture of water and phenol has been measured at different temperatures (32.0 ℃ ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 75.0 ℃) and different concentrations (0.00% up to 100.00% by weight of phenol) by using glass capillary viscometer and Brookfield viscometer model DV-I+. The critical temperature and critical concentration have been determined to be 67.0 ℃ and 33.90% by weight of phenol respectively. The mode coupling theory (MCT) has been used to calculate the value of background viscosity (noncritical part of shear viscosity) 𝜂0 = 0.684 cP, the Debye momentum cutoff 𝑞𝐷 = 0.786 Å −1 and the MCT constant A = 0.050. The intermolecular force range L of water and phenol molecules in a binary mixture has been calculated to be 11.17 Å. The large value indicates that the mutual force between binary mixture molecules can be considered as a week attractive force. The critical amplitude of specific heat under constant pressure at critical concentration and above critical temperature 𝐶𝑝𝑐 has been found to be 259.16 𝐽 𝑘𝑔.𝐾 by using the two scale factor university.
Gas-phase Reaction Kinetics of 1-Methylsilacyclobutane in a Hot-wire Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor
(2015-04-21) Badran, Ismail
Thin films made of silicon carbide (SiC) play an important role in the manufacturing of solar cells, lithium-ion batteries, and microelectronics. Recently, there was a growing interest in fabricating SiC’s using hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD). Particularly, using single-source precursors that contain both carbon and silicon. 1-methyl-1-silacyclobutane (MSCB) is a four-membered ring compound that is characterized by its high ring-strain which facilitate its thermal decomposition on the hot-wire. In order to utilize MSCB in an industrial HWCVD reactor, its reaction kinetics in the gas phase needs to be comprehended. Vacuum ultraviolet laser (VUV) single photon ionization (SPI) in tandem with timeof- flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) was used to study the kinetics of MSCB under typical HWCVD conditions. A new analytical method was developed solely for this study. MSCB was synthesized in situ. The steady state approximation was assumed in order to derive rate constants formulations, in which the kinetic data were analyzed and fit. Results: The rate constants for the individual decomposition routes along with their respected activation energies were determined. Both the temperature and pressure dependence on the rate constant were investigated. The activation energies for the HWCVD decomposition of MSCB were lower than the theoretically calculated ones, or the ones obtained from the thermal pyrolysis, indicating a catalytic behavior on the hot-wire. However, the activation energies were slightly higher than the ones obtained from the HWCVD primary decomposition under a collision-free environment. This infer that the reactions inside the HWCVD reactor were a mix between a heterogeneous decomposition on the hot-wire, followed by homogeneous secondary reactions in the gas-phase. The study shapes a new methodology to study the kinetics of the complex reactions involved in the HWCVD reactor.
Mononuclear Novel Copper(II) Complexes with Dipropylenetriamine/Diamine N5- Ligands
(2015-04-21) Abu Saleema, Fatima
The coordination chemistry of Cu(II), involving tridentate and bidentate amines ligands, attracted considerable interest due to their chelating properties. Complexes containing the analogous dipropylenetriamine ligand have not received much attention, interestingly no report on the synthesis of copper(II) complexes containing the dipropylenetriamine, along with any daimine is found in literature.Several new mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes, [Cu(dipn)(N~N)]Br2 [dipn = dipropylenetriamine, with several types of diamine N~N have been synthesized. These complexes were characterized by spectroscopic and thermal techniques partially. Crystal structure of such complexes showed a distorted trigonal– bipyramidal geometry around Cu(II) ion with one solvate water molecule. Antimicrobial and antiproliferative assays will be conducted to evaluate the biological activities of these complexes.
Optimizing Photo-Mineralization of Aqueous Methyl Orange by Nano-Zno Catalyst Under Simulated Natural Conditions
(2015-04-21) Zubi, Amani
Photo-degradation of organic contaminants into non-hazardous mineral compounds is emerging as a strategy to purify water and environment. Tremendous research is being done using direct light for these purposes. In this paper we report on optimum conditions for complete mineralization of aqueous methyl orange using lab-prepared ZnO nanopowder catalyst under simulated solar light. The prepared ZnO powder was characterized using electronic absorption spectra, Photoluminescence emission (PL) spectra, XRD, and SEM. The powder involved a wurtzite structure with ~19 nm particles living in agglomerates. Photodegradation progressed faster under neutral or slightly acidic conditions, which resemble natural waters. Increasing catalyst concentration increased photodegradation rate to a certain limit. Values of catalyst turn over number and degradation percentage increased under higher light intensity, whereas the quantum yield values decreased. The photocatalytic efficiency of nano-ZnO powders in methyl orange photodegradation in water with solar light has been observed under different working conditions. More importantly, the process may be used under natural water conditions with pH normally less than 7, with no need to use high concentrations of catalyst or contaminant. The results also highlight the negative impact of possible high concentrations of CO2 on water purification processes. Effects of other added gaseous flows to the reaction mixture are also discussed. ZnO nano-particles are useful catalyst for complete mineralization of organic contaminants in water. Photo-degradation of organic contaminants with AnO nano-particles, methyl orange being an example, should be considered for future large scale water purification processes under natural conditions.
New [CoX2(dmdphphen)] Complexes and their CT-DNA Binding Affininty
(2015-04-21) Barakat, Assem
1,10-Phenanthroline ligands and their derivatives are very attractive in metal complexes [1–3]. Two new neutral mixed-ligand cobalt(II) complexes, [CoCl2(dmdphphen)]1 and [Co(NCS)2(dmdphphen)] 2, where dmdphphen is 2,9dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline were made available in very good yields and simple way. These complexes were characterized by an elemen-tal analysis, UV-Vis, IR, TG/DTA, cyclic voltamme-try CV, and single X-ray diffraction. Complex 2 crystallized as monoclinic with a space group P21/c. Co(II) ions are located in a distorted tetrahedral environmentas. TG/DTA result shows that these complexes are very stable and decomposed through one-step reaction. The two complexes exhibit a quasireversible one-electron response at −550 and 580mV. Absorption spectral studies reveal that such complexes exhibit
Application of Nano Iron in the Remediation of Cr-Contaminated Soil and its Effect on Plant Growth and Soil Bacteria
(2015-04-21) Zedany, Shireen
Recently, a huge amount of laboratory-scale research and field tests are being carried out internationally in order to assess the effectiveness of iron nanotechnology in environmental cleanup. Published results have shown that nano iron is an effective tool for remediation of water and soil from various kinds of organic and inorganic pollutants. Together with this, increasing attention is also paid to the impact of nano iron on the biosphere. In this research, nano iron will be applied to remediate soil samples contaminated with chromium. Hexavalent chromium is a well-known pollutant in water and soil, particularly in the vicinity of industrial regions. In addition to this, the effect of nano iron on plant growth and soil bacteria will be investigated. Nano iron will be synthesized, and its efficiency toward Cr(VI) removal will be tested using laboratory scale experiments at the department of Chemistry. The experiments will be performed under various experimental conditions. The assessment of nano iron impact on plant growth and soil bacteria will be realized.
Critical Behavior of the Density of Binary Liquid Mixture Cyclohexane – Phenol
(2015-04-21) Hussien, Ghadeer
The dynamic shear viscosity coefficients of the binary liquid mixture cyclohexane - phenol for different temperatures and concentrations are measured using glass capillary viscometer. Dynamic shear viscosity anomaly is observed near the critical temperature 𝑇𝑐 = 17.0℃ and the critical concentration 𝑥𝑐 = 2.70% by weight of phenol. Mode Coupling Theory is used to fit our experimental data above the critical temperature. It is found that the value of noncritical part of the dynamic shear viscosity 𝜂0 = 0.8174 cP. The power law isexpected for the mass density above critical temperature. The value of noncritical part of the mass density is found to be 𝜌0 = 0.7357 gm cm3 . The critical isobaric thermal expansion coefficient αp𝑐 was calculated to be 2.07x10-6 0C-1. The critical isobaric specific heat cp was found to be 106.6 J/kg.K, Joule`s constant.Joule′sconstant was found 4.11180 Calori/joule and pressure derivation of the critical temperature Tc′was also calculated to 1.22x10-4 K/Pa.
New Family of Copper(II) Complexes with Diproplenetriamine / Dipyridylamine Polydentate Ligands
(2015-04-21) Fuqha, Muheeb
Many organometallic complexes that found in living organisms, hemoglobin in human and animals blood, chlorophyll pigment in plants play crettical bio-effect. For example, Organometallic complexes are important in chemical and medicinal applications. Novel new four Chemical complexes monocationic and dicationic mixed copper(II) complexes, of general formula [Cu(2.2'-dpa)2Cl]Cl (1) and [Cu(2.2'-dpa)(dipn)]Cl2 (2) [dipn= Diproplenetriamine and dpa = Dipyridylamine] were made available in very good yields and simple way, as in Scheme 1. These complexes were characterized by spectroscopic, element analysis, UV-visible, IRSpectroscopy, thermal analysis TGA/DTA and X-ray crystallographic techniques. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data for complex (1) shows square pyramidal geometry around Cu(II) ions as seen in Fig. 2. Antioxidant, Antimicrobials, Antifungal, IC50 assays and DNA binding were conducted to evaluate the biological activities of these complexes [1-2]. The Bio-application of these desired complexes will be evaluated in future work. The absorption spectrum of complex (1) in water was modeled by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT)
Purification of Agricultural Soil from Organic Contaminants by Solar-Driven Photo- degradation with ZnO Nanoparticles: Laboratory and Pilot-Plant Scale Study
(2015-04-21) Khraim, Razan
Purification of the agricultural soil from toxic organic contaminants using solardriven photo-degradation was studied in the present research. This type of degradation was based on the availability of sunlight as a major source of power, low cost catalyst and possible photochemical degradation processes. The aim of this research is to find an effective and a low cost method for mineralization of chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminating agricultural soils, specifically 3chlorophenol (3-cp). This is a hazardous compound that results from pesticides use, certain factories residues and domestic detergents, and pollutes the soil. The present study involved two types of experiments: The laboratory scale study and the pilot-plant scale study. Two forms of catalysts were used: the lab-prepared ZnO and the commercial ZnO. The effect of certain factors such as, concentration of the contaminant, irradiation time, pH value, catalyst loading and application method on the contaminant degradation had been studied. The results showed an increase in the % photo- degradation when the amount of catalyst and irradiation time were increased. % photo-degradation was influenced by the concentration of contaminant as it showed a decrease. Acidic medium was found to be more suitable for the contaminant degradation than the basic medium. There were no significant differences between the powder form and spray form of the catalyst. Pilot-plant scale results were consistent with the lab-scale results, as the % photodegradation increased with the increase of time overall 4 days of irradiation.
Critical Behavior of Refractive Index of Binary Mixture Cyclohexane - Phenol
(2015-04-21) Bsharat, Heba Yousef
The dynamic viscosity of binary mixture of cyclohexane - phenol was measured over the entire possible range of concentrations and temperatures. The results above the critical temperature and critical concentration were analyzed by the mode coupling theory of one phase. The anomaly of dynamic viscosity was detected as a function of temperature and concentration. Dynamic viscosity anomaly was clearly observed near the critical temperature Tc = 17.0 ℃ and the critical concentration χc= 2.70% by weight of phenol. The value of noncritical part of refractive index was found to be 𝑛0𝐷= 1.4276. The universal critical exponent for refractive index 𝜒𝑛 is also calculated to be 0.00156. The behavior of refractive index of cyclohexane -phenol obeys power law universality above the phase transition. The isobaric specific heat for the critical binary mixture 𝑐𝑝𝑐 was found to be 106.6 𝐽/𝑘𝑔.𝐾 using two-scale factor universality. Joule`s constant for cyclohexane - phenol binary mixture was found to be 4.1 Calorie/J
Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content, and Total Flavonoids Content of Zizphus Spina-Christi Fruits and Leaves from Palestine
(2015-04-21) Al-Rimawi, Fuad
Different samples of fruits and leaves of Zizphus Spina-Christi (sidr in Arabic) were collected from different areas of West Bank (north, middle, and south) at different maturation stages of the year. The samples were dried at 30 °C, grinded with a blender, and the dried powder was extracted with three different solvents: water, ethanol, and 80% ethanol for one hour. The crude extracts were then analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA) using standard assay methods (Folin-Ciocalteau method for TPC, colorimetric assay method for TFC, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) for AA), and compared with vitamin C which is a known chemical antioxidant. Three samples of leaves and fruits of each treatment were independently analyzed in each sampling, and all of the determinations were carried out in triplicate. The results revealed that the maturation stage affected the composition of the leaves and fruits under investigation in terms of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity. Additionally it was found that there is a significant difference in TPC, TFC, and AA of the leaves and fruit samples collected from north, middle, and south of the West Bank. Pearson correlation between TPC, TFC, and AA of samples collected from the three areas in the West Bank showed that antioxidant activity is significantly correlated with total phenolic content, and weakly correlated with total flavonoids. It was also found that no significant correlation existed between TPC and TFC in any sample under investigation.

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