Plant Production

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Identification Of Resistant Sources To Leaf Rust and Powdery Mildew Disease in Oats
(2011) Omar Issam Abed Allah Abu Baker; Dr. Munqez Shtaya
A collection of 120 different accessions of oats from different countries in the region were kindly provided by the National Small Grains Collection, Idaho (NSGC), USA. A local wild accession collected from the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Tulkarm, Palestine was used as a susceptible control. The main objectives of this study are to find new sources of resistance to oat leaf rust, and powdery mildew and to characterize the resistance to rust in oats under controlled conditions to study the components of resistance to the macroscopic level. During the 2008-2009 growing season the susceptible local accession (control accession) showed 56% DS (100% AUDPC) of powdery mildew. DS ranged from very high to very low, and the frequently distribution was markedly skewed towards low DS. During the same growing season the susceptible local accession (control accession) showed 48% DS (100% AUDPC) of rust. DS of rust ranged from very high to very low, and the frequently distribution was markedly skewed towards low DS. Nearly half of the collection displayed AUDPC < 50%. Thirteen of them, with AUDPC ≤ 20% (10.8% of the collection), were selected to study their reaction to leaf rust at seedling stage. These resistant accessions were selected and grown in the field to obtain seeds for further studies.
Effect of Irrigating Pearl Millet with Treated Grey Water
(2012) Raslan Hassan Aziz Shanableh; Hassan Abu Qaoud; Numan Mizyed
This study was implemented in order to examine the effect of reused treated grey water on yield of 10 Pearl millet accessions (Pennisetum glaucum [L ] Leeke). The experiment was conducted in the research station of Faculty of Agriculture, An – Najah University,Tulkarm,Palestine. The seeds were planted in the summer season 2010, in separated plastic containers filled with 45 kg sandy clay soil, ten plants were planted in each container, the distribution of the plots was completely randomized plot design. The plants were irrigated with three types of water (Fresh water as control, raw grey water, treated grey water), with four replicates for each treatment. The collected data were analyzed statistically using two way analysis of variance to examine treatment effects, means were separated by Duncan's multiple range test at P≤0.05. The results show clearly that there are no significant differences of the yield under different water treatments. No significant interaction was observed between water treatments and accessions. At the same time, accessions 1,5,6, and 7 gave high total fresh weight (1152.5 g/plant , accession 1), however , accessions 6,7,8,10 gave significantly the highest root fresh weight (244.67 g/plant , accession 7), for the straw fresh weight , accessions 1 and 5 have the highest straw fresh weight (940.5 g/plant accessions 5). Regarding the plant length, accessions 2,3,4 and 10 gave the highest plant length(70 cm line 2). These results are showing a totally different pattern of production among the accessions, where accessions 1 and 5 significantly have the highest total dry weight, while for the fresh weight in addition accessions 1,5,6 and 7 significantly have the highest fresh weight . The results of seed production indicate that accessions 6,7,8, 9, and 10 gave significantly the highest seed dry weight. It is concluded that lines 1and 5 are the highest productive lines regarding both fresh and dry weight, while accessions 6,7,8,9,10 have the highest seed production
Morphological and Genetical Characterisation of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars
(2012) Ramiz Jawad Omar; Dr. Hassan Abu Qaoud
Abstract A study was conducted to compare morphological, biochemical and genetical characterstics of the main olive cultivars in Palestine. The cultivar studied were; Nabali Baladi , Nabali Mohassan and Souri. Samples were taken from leaves, flowers, fruits and stones for both morphological characters, oil was extracted from the different cultivars for biochemical analysis, for molecular analysis DNA was extracted from leaf tissue and SSR primer analysis was used. Genetic distances between individual trees were calculated using Dice similarity coefficient and the dendrogram based on UPGMA cluster analysis was constructed. Notable significant differences among the cultivars were observed in all characteristics considered,including ; tree canopy, leaves, inflorescence and fruit characterstics. The acidity, peroxide number and the spectro-photometer absorbencies in ultra-violet were low of the oils of all cultivars were very low. Most cultivars had an oleic content of about 60% or higher except for the cultivar Nabali Mohassan. The sterol composition and content were quite different in the cultivars. The Nabali Baladi cultivar had a relatively high value of Δ-7stigmastenol. All of the biochemical values (acidity, peroxide number, absorbencies in ultra-violet, fatty acid composition, sterol composition and content) used to evaluate oil quality were within the IOOC trade standards. Microstalite matker was used for fingerprinting and for evaluation of genetic similarity of eight olive sample which collected from Palestine. Seventeen alleles were revealed with five SSR that were selected based on previous literature. The number of allele per locus varied from 2.0 at GAPU-103 and DCA9 to 5.0 at U99-36 and DCA16. The eight olive samples were classified into three major clusters using UPGMA clustering analysis; cultivar Nabali Baladi represent the first group and consisted of four samples. Some morphological and biochemi¬cal characteristics of cultivar Nabali Baladi were also distinct from those of the other cultivars; the second cluster consisted of three sample that represent Nabali Mohassan; the third cluster contained only one sample that represent Souri cultivars. The similarity coefficients between the eight olive trees samples varied from 1.0 to 0.31. These SSR loci allowed unequivocal identification of all the cultivars and will be useful for future breeding and olive germplasm management efforts.
Resistance of Some Tomato Species to Orobanche Aegyptiaca (Comparative study)
(2012) Mohammad Suleiman Sawafta; Dr. Munqez Shtaya
Abstract This study was conducted to compare the level of resistance to Orobanche aegyptiaca in a collection of wild and cultivated tomato in open field. Sixty tomato accessions (Lycopersicon spp.) and one commercial variety ‘Samara’ were used. The experiment was conducted in Jenin District, Palestine during the 2009 growing season. The experiment was performed in the framework of a complete randomized block design (CRBD), with three replicates. Two plants from each variety per replicate were transplanted into open field by the 20th of April 2009. No artificial inoculation with broomrape seed was done at the time of transplanting since the field known to be heavily infected with broomrape from the previous growing season when the farmer was planted it with the same commercial tomato (Samara). Three traits were studied including days to first appearance of Orobanche, Weakness of tomato plants (vegetative growth) and number of emerged Orobanche per tomato plant. Moderate levels of resistance were found in some species of Lycopersicon. The susceptible tomato check was infected uniformly across the plot with emerged broomrape plants ranging from 5.8 to 6.4 shoots per tomato plant. Broomrape infection on the sixty tomato accessions used in the experiment ranged from 3.8 to 9.2, with an average of 5.7 emerged shoots per host plant compared with the susceptible tomato check, with an average of 6 emerged broomrape shoots per plant. The accessions were divided into three clusters, the first one composed of 22 accessions, the second one composed of 32 accessions and the third cluster composed of 7 accessions. Each cluster was distinguished by one or more of the measured parameters. Accessions within the first cluster could be considered as the most resistant accessions in the collection since the average number of Orobanche shoots per tomato plant was low (4.49) and at the same time tomato plants were very strong (weaknesses value = 2.26). Further histological studies to understand the mechanism of resistance in these accessions would be advisable.
Evaluation of Agricultural Water Management Options in the Lower Jordan Valley – Palestine Using "WEAP"
(2012) Hazem Shuqair; Prof. Marwan Haddad
Water is needed in all aspects of life and it is one of the most valuable resources in the world. Agriculture is the largest user of fresh water. In arid and semiarid areas, water resources are limited. Allocation of limited water resources, environmental quality and policies for sustainable water use are highly concerned. Water resource planning and predicting its availability and managing requires the application of a lot of related sciences. Lower Jordan Valley (LJV) is the most important agricultural area in the West Bank (WB). The objective of this research study is to evaluate the best sustainable water management options for future agriculture in the LJV. For this objective 'WEAP" (Water Evaluation and Planning System) was used as a tool. The study area is dominantly a Mediterranean characterized by long, hot, dry summer and short and moderate winter. Its water resources are restricted with groundwater with 42 MCM yearly. Six scenarios were run (optimal water use, optimal land use, supplementary water resources, food security, Poverty and socioeconomic linkage) under three main Political scenarios. Comparing the scenarios and their assumptions and outcomes, it was concluded that one scenario will not lead to optimal water management in agriculture in the LJV and a combination of scenarios would better achieve this goal. Accordingly a combination of the three scenarios (water and land use efficiency and supplementary water resources scenarios) is the best combination to achieve better water management in Palestinian agricultural area in the LJV (under prevailing situation). Other scenarios or water management options will follow and indirectly will be optimized. Full- state scenario is the most suitable and applicable scenario in water and land management. It is clear that with full-state scenario there will be enough water supply for different agricultural activities and for other sectors at least for the near future. It is noteworthy that the findings of this study are general, local, and partial in nature and are considered as local water management solutions for Palestinian agriculture in the LJV suitable for the current or expected other political situations in Palestine. These findings should help Palestinian decision makers either in the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Authority, or the Ministry of Planning under the prevailing or predicting conditions.
Performance of Watermelon Grafted onto Different Rootstocks
(2012) Hashem Derdah Ahmed Ali; Dr. Hassan Abu Qaoud
The influence of using different rootstocks on the success of grafting, plant growth, fruit yield and fruit quality of two watermelon cultivars ( Crimson Sweet and Jaddoai ) was studied. The experiment was conducted in open field (Low tunnel) in Bardalla (Palestinian Northern - Ghor region). The rootstocks used were 'Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), Gladioter watermelon(Citrullus lanatus var. Gladioter), Al-kamari squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo), and Ein-senna squash(Cucurbita maxima) '. One cotyledon (splice/slant-cut) grafting method was used. In addition to, the above combinations both self grafted and non-grafted of the two cultivars were involved. The seedlings were then hand planted in the field. The combination treatments were arranged as a factorial treatment in a completely randomized design. The results revealed a high percentage ranged from 90-100% of successful grafting combination for both cultivar scions and rootstocks. The total fruit yield of grafted plants was significantly higher than that of non-grafted plants onto both rootstock cultivars. The highest total production was obtained when both Pumpkin and Gladioter rootstocks were used (15.1 and 14.2 kg/plant respectively). On the other hand, both Ein-senna and self-grafted plants resulted in the lowest production (10.4 and 11.3kg/plant respectively). Grafted plants in both Pumpkin and Gladioter rootstocks were more vigorous than the grafted Ein-senna rootstock ones. Plants grafted onto ‘Pumpkin’ and ‘Gladioter’ produced 8.363 kg/plant and 8.050 kg/plant more vegetative fresh weight than the grafted Ein-senna rootstock and self-grafted (4.263 kg/plant and5.293 kg/plant), respectively, whereas non-grafted (control) plants had a lower vegetative fresh weight in both treatments. Both control and self-rooted plants showed earliness in their production. Grafting improved stem length, number of lateral branches per plant, number of leaves per branch, root length and vegetative fresh and dry weights of stem, leaves and root. Ein-senna was significantly poor for biomass characteristics than the other rootstocks. An increase in brix% in the rind of the fruit was obtained in all grafting combination excepted with Ein-senna rootstock (4.5%), the higher brix value was obtained inside the fruit when Gladioter was used as rootstock(12.5%).
Phenotypic characterization of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) landraces grown in Palestine
(2012) Talal Hassan Mosa Al Barri; Dr. Munqez Shtaya
This study was conducted to investigate the morphological and agronomical variations and the level of resistance to leaf rust Uromyces visiae - faba among nineteen Palestinian faba bean (Vicia faba L.) landraces. And analyze their traits including: days to flowering, days to fruit setting, plant height, number of branches on main stem, lowest pod height, pod length, pod width, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and total pod weight per plant were studied. Leaf rust severity calculated as the percentage of leaves covered by the pathogens was estimated three times during the growing season. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for all characters. The nineteen faba bean lines were clustered into four groups based on six morphological and agronomic traits (pod length, pod width, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and total pod weight per plant). Several genotypes could be considered as promising material for pod production. A significant variation of leaf rust disease severity was observed. Accession VF-13 showed the lowest disease severity (18%), but VF-6 showed the highest disease severity (69%) while the control (susceptible genotype) showed 59.7%. These accessions could be used as a valuable source for leaf rust resistance. Further studies are needed to compare the productivity of these genotypes with international varieties and identify QTL controlling the productivity of these genotypes and to study the variation between and within these genotypes at the molecular level.
Salinity Management for Barley Productionin Brackish and Treated Effluent Irrigated Agricultural Systems
(2013) Maher Abd Allah Ahmed Salahat; Prof. Dr. Marwan Haddad; Dr. Numan Mizyed
Marginal water resources such as brackish, and treated waste water are promising water resources as alternatives for fresh water to be used in agriculture specially crops with high tolerance to salinity such as barley. This study aims to; evaluate the effect of five different water concentrations on the behavior and productivity of five different barley varieties to demonstrate the salinity tolerance of each variety. Five barley varieties Hordium Vlgure were cultivated under five different water applications, the applications included fresh water(Fw) as a control with TDS concentration of 442 ppm , treated wastewater (Tww) with salinity of 1200 ppm, and three levels of water salinity. The levels of salinity were: S1 (1080 ppm), S2 (3240 ppm), and S3 (9720 ppm). The experiment was designed under CRBD by split plot design with 3 replications. The results of the experiment showed that in all cases there is a significant (p≤0.05) difference between the high concentration (S3) and other concentrations, causing a reduction in the grain and straw yields of barely. Also, the analysis show that straw yield and height of plants were significantly smaller for the high salinity concentration (S3). Results also showed that there is a significant increase in yield when using Tww compared with other treatments. When treated wastewater was used, the grain yield, straw yield and height of plants were significantly higher than those in the other treatments for all varieties of barley. On the other hand, concentrations S1, S2 and Fw didn't show significant differences among them in terms of grain yield. However, S1 and S2 didn`t give significant differences in straw yield, and there was no significant difference between S2 and Fw. For height, S3 treatment produced significantly shorter plants. Tww treatment produced plants higher than those of other treatments. According to varieties, variety 4 and variety 1 gave the highest yield of grains and there are significant differences among variety 4 and varieties 2,3,and5 while there was no significant difference among varieties1, 2, 3, and 5. On the other hand it was observed that there was no significant differences between varieties 4 and 1 For straw yield, varieties 1 and 4 showed the highest yield so, there were significant differences between variety1 and varieties 2,3, and 5. There was a significant difference between variety 4 and varieties 2, 3, and 5. It has been concluded no significant differences between 4 and1. For interaction between salinity and variety, the environmental conditions should be the main reason for selecting the suitable variety. Its clear that the use of brackish water and Tww in irrigating such crops will be promising and saving traditional water sources for domestic uses. which couldn't use Tww and brackish water for that.
In Vitro Regeneration of selected local Tomato Cultivars in Palestine
(2013) Fedaa Hazem Jamous; Dr. Hassan Abu Qaoud
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different growth factors on shoot multiplication and regeneration on some tomato cultivars planted in Palestine. Cultivar 593 and Baladi landrace were involved in these experiments with four explants (hypocotyl, cotyledon, stem, and leaf). The effect of different levels and combinations of auxin Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and cytokinin Benzyl adenine (BA), Kinetin (Kin) and N-1,2,3-Thiadiazol-5-yl-N’-phenylurea (TDZ) on shoot multiplication and regeneration was examined in this study. Shoot tips from established seedlings were used as source materials for shoot multiplication. The shoot tips were cultured on Murashige and Skoog media (MS medium) with (2.2, 4.4 µM) BA, (9.2, 18.4 µM) Kinetin combined with 0.0, 2.7 µM NAA. The higher shoot number (8.4) was obtained with MS medium supplied with 18.4 µM Kinetin. Low shoots number were observed on MS medium supplied with 18.4 µM Kinetin and 2.7 µM NAA in Baladi cultivar. Direct regeneration with four different explants was obtained on MS basal medium supplemented with TDZ at (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 µM) and NAA at (0.0, 2.7 and 5.4 µM), as well as BA at (0.0 or 2.2 µM) and Kinetin at (0.0, 2.3 µM) in two separated experiments. The highest shoot percentage (62.25%) was obtained with Kinetin and BA at (2.3 and 2.2 µM) respectively. However, when NAA and TDZ were combined, 46.9% shoot regeneration was achieved with 2.7 and 4.0 µM, respectively. Very low shoot regeneration was observed with all NAA levels combined with 1.0 and 2.0 µM TDZ. High rooting percentage (100%) was obtained when NAA was added to the media at (2.7 and 5.4 µM).
In Vitro Regeneration of Local Chickpea Varieties in Palestine
(2013) Rozan Irfan Al-Tanbouz; Dr. Hassan Abu Qaoud
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different factors on shoot multiplication and regeneration of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Three varieties (HUDAS, FLIP03-147c and FLIP05-100C) and two Palestinian landraces 'Ein Al Bayda' and 'Baladi' were used in this study. The effect of different levels and combinations of the auxin 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and the cytokinins Benzyl adenine (BA), Kinetin (Kin) and N-1, 2, 3-Thiadiazol-5-yl-N’-phenylurea (TDZ) on shoot multiplication and regeneration was examined in thisstudy. Shoots tip from in vitro established seedlings were used as a source material for shoot multiplication. The shoot tips were cultured on MS medium supplied with 0.0, 2.2 and 4.4 µM BA, or 0.0, 9.2 and 18.4 µM Kinetin, both cytokinins were combined with 0.0 or 2.7 µM NAA. The highest shoot number (8.0) was obtained on media without hormone or media supplied with 2.2 µM BA in the Baladi landrace. However, Low shoots number wereobserved on MS medium supplied with 9.2 or 18.4 µM Kin and 2.7 µM NAA in both landraces. For shoot regeneration stem and leaf explants of the studied cultivars and landraces were cultured on MS media supplied with different combinations of TDZ, Kinetin and NAA. The highest shoot percentage (62.0%) and number of shoots (3.0) was obtained with leaf explant using 2.0 μM TDZ with ‘FLIP05-100C’, stem explants exhibited no shoot regeneration in all five chickpea varieties. Very low shoot regeneration was observed with all NAA level combined with TDZ. However, regeneration percentage was highly reduced with higher cytokinin levels. No shoot regeneration was observed with any Kinetin level.
Reuse of Treated Wastewater to Produce Legume Grains (case study alfalfa and vetch)
(2014) Ahmed Jabri Mohamed Lebdi; Dr. Numan Mizyed; Dr. Hassan Abu Qaoud
This study was conducted to evaluate the production of two fodder crops; common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) irrigated with treated wastewater. The study was implemented during summer 2012. Five water regimes were used in the experiment including: Irrigation with fresh water (control), fresh water supplied by 10 ppm N–P–K fertilizers, treated wastewater, treated wastewater supplied with 10 ppm N–P–K fertilizers, and treated wastewater supplied with 40 ppm N–P–K fertilizers. The crops were planted in 5 liters plastic pots in 4:1 v/v sandy to clay soil. The soil was analyzed before and after planting. The following plant parameters were recorded: Plant high, fresh weight, dry weight, leaves number per plant, fruit number per plant and fruit weight per plant. The results show that using treated wastewater significantly increased production parameters; the highest production was obtained with treated wastewater supplied with 40 ppm fertilizers (plant height was 81.5 cm for vetch and 112.5 cm for alfalfa). Plant fresh weights for both vetch and alfalfa were higher in treated wastewater treatments than those of fresh water treatments. Regarding the dry weight, irrigation with TWW produced (33.83 g/plant and 44.67 g/plant ) compared to 22 g/plant and 24.5 g/plant for irrigation with fresh water for vetch and alfalfa respectively. The results of soil analysis show an increase in soil content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as an increase in the soil salinity and SAR values in pots irrigated by treated wastewater alone and in treated wastewater plus 10 and 40 ppm N-P-K fertilizer.
Morphological and Agronomic Traits Characterization of Local Durum Wheat (Triticum turgadum var. durum) Varieties Under Different Environmental Conditions in Palestine
(2015) Nasser Mohammad Mahmoud Abbadi; Dr. Hassan Abu- Qaoud; Dr. Aziz Salameh
Wheat (Triticum turgadum var. durum) is one of the most important field crops in Palestine with an area exceeds 220000 dunum and an average productivity of 136 kg/dunum that represents less than 45% of average world productivity. This shortage is due to the effect of unfavorable local environmental conditions for used cultivars. The introduction of high yielding and well adapted cultivars could be one of the best resolutions. The establishment of national breeding program will fascilate this task through the collection and evaluation available of genetic resources. Palestine is rich with wild relatives of durum wheat and many landraces are still grown in different regions in Palestine that could be considered as a genetic resurve. Little information is available about the phenotypic description and agronomic performance of these landraces. Moreover, synonyms and antinomy are existed among farmers, agronomists and scientists when dealing with wheat landraces. The need to identify landraces and common varieties is a priority. The published data on morphological and agronomic identification for genetic resources of durum wheat landraces in Palestine are very scarce and not sufficient. The main objective of this investigation was to make clear identification of fifteen durum wheat varieties grown in Palestine through the characterization of the phenotypic traits and agronomic performance under different environmental conditions. The fifteen genotypes of durum wheat under the study included eleven local landraces (Kahatat, Heitia safra, Heitia beda 1, Heitia beda 2, Heitia soda, Heitia, Debbiya, Soori, Noorsi, Kahla and Nabeljamal), and four introduced varieties (Horani 27, Numra 8, Cham 5 and Anbar). All studied genotypes were grown in randomized complete block design (RCBD) trials at five different climatic locations (Beit- Qad station, Tubas, Tulkarm station, Za'tara and Arroub station) during two growing seasons (2012-2013 and 2013-2014). Forty morphological and agronomic traits were evaluated. Data were collected according to UPOV (Union for the Protection of new Varieties of Plants) guidelines and analyzed using GENSTAT statistical program. The results revealed the presence of high variations among the genotypes in thirty eight traits. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes in five main clusters according to relatedness and variation for all studied trait. The performance of landraces was not stable under different environmental conditions as most of them showed high straw but low grain yield as Nabeljamal variety (922 Kg/du straw and 201 Kg/du grain yield). The results obtained from this study led to a clear morphological identification of studied varieties, especially for local landraces at levels with synonyms and antinomy problem removed. Genetic variation revealed that, local landraces could be considered as a primary step to launch a national breeding program for the development of new wheat cultivars adapted to harsh climatic conditions.
The effect of harvesting date on the oil chemical properties of Nabali baladi olive cultivar
(2016) Nihad Said Qasid Ibrahem; Dr. Hassan Abo Qaoud
Palestine is considered one of the original olive agricultural sites around the world. Harvesting date is one of the most important factors that contribute to oil quality. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of harvesting date of olives on oil chemical properties using Nabali Baladi (NB) cultivar. The study was conducted in a commercial olive orchards of NB planted in the Asira al Shamaliya village. Nine samples were taken starting from the September 20th 2014 of 10 days interval, each sample was tested for fruit characteristics including maturity index, moisture content ratio, fruit weight, length and width. The oil extracted by mechanical method was tested for acidity, peroxide, UV Light extinctions K, oil fatty acids composition, pigments, polyphenols and oxidative stability index. The oil content ratio was significantly increased during the harvesting dates, clear correlation was observed between the color index and each of the rate of fruit weight, oil content (85% and 98% correlation coefficient) respectively. Acidity, peroxide values were increased during harvesting dates. K232, K272, ΔK were within the limits of the International Oil Council specifications for extra virgin oil. Increasing of the linoleic acid ratio from 7.38% to 14,38% was observed, however, stearic ratio was decreased from 6.53% to 4,47%. Oleic and palmitic ratio was ranged between 71%, 14.7% respectively. Both chlorophyll and carotenoid were decreased from (27.4, 10.9) mg/kg to (14.1,6.3) mg/kg respectively. Total polyphenols have no significant differences during the harvest dates. The lowest value was observed in the last sampling date (129 mg/kg) and the highest value in the 1/11 date (445 mg/kg). The results obtained could be useful for determining the proper harvesting date .
The Effect of Bacillus megaterium on Barley Tolerance to Salinity
(An-Najah National University, 2018-01-15) جردانه, هناء محمد محمود; عبدالله العمري, هبة الفارس
Barley is the forth important cereal crop in the world, and salinity is one of the most limiting factor for crop productivity. This research aimed to study the impact of Bacillus megaterium inoculation to three varieties of barley under 5 different salinity level (0, 50, 100, 150 & 200 mM). This study revealed that B. megaterium have positive impact on agronomic traits of barley such as on leaf length, width and number, root weight, shoot weight and plant height and chlorophyll B. megaterium inoculation show increasing in the level of awn roughness slightly. At moderate salinity level the response of plants to bacterial inoculation was positive on K+, Ca+, N+ and P accumulation this indicate that B. megaterium increase uptake of nutrient under saline condition to certain degree. The study indicates that B. megaterium improve the growth of Nabawi and Icarda5 barley’s varieties under saline condition and reduce the accumulation of Sodium and Chlorides compared to non-inoculated plants.
Growth enhancement and alleviation of deleterious effects induced by salt stress in Faba Bean (Vicia Faba) by PGPB
(An-Najah National University, 2018-02-01)
The present investigation was led to evaluate the impact of various levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) on Faba Bean plant in the presence or absence of Bacillus megaterium bacteria. Pot experiments were conducted on two varieties of Faba Bean plant under different salinity levels (0, 2,4,6,8 ds/m) with and without B. megaterium. The pots were irrigated with different concentrations of NaCl, each salinity level had both inoculated and non-inoculated B. megaterium. Salt stress in pots without B. megaterium caused reduction in growth parameters (shoot height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight, root mass…), reduction in yield parameters, increased sodium and chloride percentage in leaves and reduced the absorption of other important chemical elements which indicates the deleterious effects of salinity. Plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can improve plant growth, development, and stress adaptation even that the mechanism is still largely un clear. Application of B. megaterium mitigates the effect of sodium chloride stress and improved the growth and yield in the present study. The inoculation with remarkably B. megaterium increased plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers, plant biomass, early flowering, improved chlorophyll content, root system and in contrast, alleviated sodium chloride accumulation in leaves, increased the absorption of K, Ca, P . Inoculated plants with B. megaterium displayed stronger ability to tolerate salt stress than non-inoculated plants. Result revealed that incubation led to higher induction of plant height 39 % at 8ds/m of salinity, the noticed increase in the height of the stem could be due to the positive changes in enzyme activity and growth hormones. The maximum fresh weight was 159.27 g at 8 ds/m in plants with B. megaterium compared to plant without B. megaterium the fresh weight 85.77 at 8 ds/m. The effect of B. megaterium increase Faba Bean root fresh weight 35.99%. In relation to flowering periods, results revealed that salinity slightly reduced the days to flowering in non-inoculated plants, in contrast Vicia Faba inoculated with B. megaterium revealed early flowering by 19 % at 6 ds/m which combined with highest nodule formation 5, pod weight 38.7 g, seed number 27.8, pod number 11.66, seed fresh weight 11.06g and dry weight 1.85g. . Potassium and Calcium content increased by 5% in plants treated with B. megaterium compared to non-inoculated plants. Many studies claimed that salinity negatively affects soil bacterial activity by high osmotic strength and toxic effects by salts, but that salt-tolerant bacteria (B. megaterium) can survive and proliferate in the soil and in the rhizosphere in a harsh environment. The study revealed that the soil salinity could be reduced by using B. megaterium with plants, this led to reduction in about 10% of soil salinity compared to soil without B. megaterium.
Evaluation of Pearl Millet Ecotypes Under Saline Conditions
(Ihsan Abu Ali, 2018-10-04) Abu Ali, Ihsan
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of differential saline levels on the growth and development of nine Pearl millet accessions (Pennisetum glaucum). The experiment was conducted at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, An Najah University, Tulkarm, Palestine. The seeds were planted on 4th of April 2016; seeds of the nine accessions were planted in plastic containers filled with sandy soil. Five plants were placed in each container. The plants were irrigated with three salinity levels (fresh water as a control, 75 mM , 150 mM NaCl), with three replicates for each treatment. The results demonstrated that germination percentages, radical and coleoptile length were significantly affected by increasing salinity level. Highest germination percentages at 0 salinity level (control) were observed in accessions IP 6104. The germination percentage for all accession decreased significantly for 100 mM , 150 mM and 200 mM except IP 6104 accession . in the high level 250 mM the germination percentage decreased significantly, the highest germination percentage IP 19612 accession. the lowest germination percentage was recorded with Sudan pop III, Sudan pop I, ICMS 7704, MC 94 C2 and ICMV 155 accessions. Shoot length was found to be significantly reduced when salinity level was increased. However, the average tillers number was not affected by salinity. And significant differences were observed among accessions on shoot length and tillers number. Chlorophyll content was found to be significantly affected by salinity. were the chlorophyll content decrease when salinity level increase. No significantly different was conducted between accessions. the nine accessions exhibited statistically different root fresh and dry weight and shoot fresh weight but shoot dry weight not affected significantly . Ash content decrease significantly per salinity treatment and at all accessions Ash content was differ. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of the different accession was not significantly affected with salinity treatment. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the ability of pearl millet to grow under saline condition. As such, indicating that this forage crop has a good potential for planting in areas with high soil salinity. Additionally, cluster analysis show that the MC 94 C2 accession provided the best results in germination and field experimentation.
Study of Morphological and Agronomic Variation of Local and Improved Barley Lines
(Tariq Abu Baker, 2018-12-09) Abu Baker, Tariq
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)is one of the most important field crops in Palestine. The area Planted with barley exceeds 9270 ha. The average productivity in Palestine is about 1.7 ton/ha, which is less than 56% of average world productivity. This shortage is due to the effect of unfavourable local environmental conditions for used cultivars. Introducing high yielding and well-adapted cultivars could be one of the best solutions to overcome the low productivity of barley in palestine. Eighty-four accessions of landraces and cultivated varieties of barley were collected from different countries, mainly from the Fertile Crescent. A field experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture – An-Najah National University during two growing seasons 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 to evaluate several agronomical traits and to test the agronomic performance of the barley varieties under rain-fed conditions. The traits that were analysed are days to stem elongation, days to heading, days to maturity, tiller number, spike number, plant height, total grain yield, thousand kernel weight and vegetative biomass. The results obtained from this study led to a clear morphological identification of studied varieties. Also the results indicated high genetic diversity among barley varieties, which make them potential sources for selection and hybridization programmes. The results also show that there are clear differences in most of the varieties between season 2015-2016 and season 2016-2017. These differences are due to the different climatic conditions between the two seasons in addition to the biotic and abiotic factors. The results also indicated that many of these genotypes are promising for grain yield as MK_RB_269 (409 g/m2) variety, and others for vegetative biomass yield as MK_RB_113 (2062g/m2) variety. Further studies are needed to compare the productivity of these genotypes with international varieties and identify QTL controlling the productivity of these genotypes and to study the variation between and within these genotypes at the molecular level.
Characterization of novel sources of Fusarium resistance in Faqous (Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. flexuosus) by phytopathological approach
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2019-02-07) صبحي ابراهيم عيد, عماد
الخلفية: يزرع الفقوس على نطاق واسع في فلسطين ويظهر تكيف جيد مع المناخ، بالإضافة الى تحمل بعض الامراض والظروف القاسية. الاهداف: الهدف من هذه الدراسة البحث عن اصول جينية يمكن استخدامها في تهجين نبات شمام مقاوم للفيوزاريوم من خلال التركيز على الاصول المحلية المتكيفة مع المناخ والتي تزرع من قبل المزارعين الذين يملكون حيازات صغيرة. المنهجية: تم فحص 47 سلالة من الفقوس تمثل 47 حقل من الضفة الغربية لمقاومتها للذبول الناجم عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis للسلالات ((0, 1, 2, 37 من هذه السلالات (سلالات الفقوس) تم فحصها لمقاومتها لسلالة الفطر 1.2 باستخدام تركيز 106x 1 ابواغ/مل بطريقة غمس الجذور بمعلق الابواغ، بالاضافة الى سلالات الفقوس تم استخدام Differential Melon Lines ككاشف ((as controls . النتائج: جميع السلالات التي فحصت كانت مقاومة للفيوزاريوم سلالة صفرFOM0) ) و والسلالة 2 (FOM2). لقد كان ادنى متوسط 0.52 للمساحة تحت منحنى تقدم المرض (rAUDPC) للفيوزاريوم FOM1.2 للسلالة RB38. معظم قيم rAUDPC للفيوزاريوم FOM1 كانت قريبه من بعضها حيث كانت اعلى قيمة 0.81 للسلالة AB59 من قرية بردلة بينما كانت اقل قيمة 0.41 للسلالة SD30 من قرية دير بلوت. بالاضافة الى ذلك لم يوجد اي فروقات معنوية في rAUDPC للفيوزاريوم FOM 1.2 بينما وجد فرق معنوي في rAUDPC للفيوزاريوم FOM1 بين السلالات التي جمعت من سلفيت ومعظم السلالات التي جمعت من مناطق اخرى. الإستنتاجات: جميع الفقوس الذي تم فحصة مقاوم للفيوزاريوم FOM 0 و FOM 2 وحساس الى مقاوم جزئيا للفيوزاريوم FOM 1 وFOM1.2 . Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, Differential Melon Lines, rAUDPC سلالة, تركيز الابواغ
Characterization of novel sources of Fusarium resistance in Faqous (Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. flexuosus) by phytopathological approach
(ِAn-Najah National University, 2019-02-07) Eid, Imad
الخلفية: يزرع الفقوس على نطاق واسع في فلسطين ويظهر تكيف جيد مع المناخ، بالإضافة الى تحمل بعض الامراض والظروف القاسية. الاهداف: الهدف من هذه الدراسة البحث عن اصول جينية يمكن استخدامها في تهجين نبات شمام مقاوم للفيوزاريوم من خلال التركيز على الاصول المحلية المتكيفة مع المناخ والتي تزرع من قبل المزارعين الذين يملكون حيازات صغيرة. المنهجية: تم فحص 47 سلالة من الفقوس تمثل 47 حقل من الضفة الغربية لمقاومتها للذبول الناجم عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis للسلالات ((0, 1, 2, 37 من هذه السلالات (سلالات الفقوس) تم فحصها لمقاومتها لسلالة الفطر 1.2 باستخدام تركيز 106x 1 ابواغ/مل بطريقة غمس الجذور بمعلق الابواغ، بالاضافة الى سلالات الفقوس تم استخدام Differential Melon Lines ككاشف ((as controls . النتائج: جميع السلالات التي فحصت كانت مقاومة للفيوزاريوم سلالة صفرFOM0) ) و والسلالة 2 (FOM2). لقد كان ادنى متوسط 0.52 للمساحة تحت منحنى تقدم المرض (rAUDPC) للفيوزاريوم FOM1.2 للسلالة RB38. معظم قيم rAUDPC للفيوزاريوم FOM1 كانت قريبه من بعضها حيث كانت اعلى قيمة 0.81 للسلالة AB59 من قرية بردلة بينما كانت اقل قيمة 0.41 للسلالة SD30 من قرية دير بلوت. بالاضافة الى ذلك لم يوجد اي فروقات معنوية في rAUDPC للفيوزاريوم FOM 1.2 بينما وجد فرق معنوي في rAUDPC للفيوزاريوم FOM1 بين السلالات التي جمعت من سلفيت ومعظم السلالات التي جمعت من مناطق اخرى. الإستنتاجات: جميع الفقوس الذي تم فحصة مقاوم للفيوزاريوم FOM 0 و FOM 2 وحساس الى مقاوم جزئيا للفيوزاريوم FOM 1 وFOM1.2 . Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, Differential Melon Lines, rAUDPC سلالة, تركيز الابواغ,
Screening for Genetic Variation in the Circadian Clock in Diverse Barley Collection
(ِAn-Najah National University, 2020-02-16) Hamdan, Abd Al-Rahim
الساعة البيولوجية هي آلية متكيفة ذاتيا التي تنظم مجموعة واسعة من العمليات الفسيولوجية والجزيئية خلال فترة 24 ساعة وبالتالي تتيح للنباتات خاصية التكيف مع مختلف التغيرات اليومية والموسمية في بيئتها. ومع ذالك هناك معلومات محدودة حول كيفية تأثير الساعة البيولوجية على أداء المحاصيل. في نبات الشعير (Hordeum vulgare), آلية المذبذب الأساسية تتكون من عدة عناصر هي: معامل النسخ في الصباح (CCA1) و معامل النسخ في المساء (TOC1). وتنظيم هذه الجينات هو جزء مهم من الساعة البيولوجية, والكشف عن تلك الآليات التنظيمية يمكن أن يلقي الضوء على كيفية عمل الساعة واقترانها بالبيئة المحيطة. الأهداف الرئيسية لهذه الدراسة هي التعرف على التباين الطبيعي في الساعة البيولوجية في مجموعة متنوعة من الشعير باستخدام تقنية قياس الفلورسنس بالإضافة إلى تحديد اختلاف المعاملات الإيقاعية استجابة للتغيرات البيئية. تم استخدام تقنية قياس الفلورسنس كأداة لدراسة الإيقاعات البيولوجية في مجموعة مختلفة من الشعير, وأيضا باستخدام هذه التقنية تم تحليل العلاقة بين المعاملات الإيقاعية والاختلافات الجغرافية (الارتفاع) في موقع منشأ هذه النباتات. وأشارت النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها من هذه الدراسة إلى أن هناك تذبذبات واضحة ومختلفة بين مختلف نباتات الشعير نتيجةCCA1 التي أحدثت تغيير في تنظيم التذبذبات الإيقاعية للفلورسنس. كما أظهرت النباتات وجود ارتباطا قويا بين المعاملات الإيقاعية للفلورسنس والاختلافات الجغرافية ( الارتفاع) في موقع منشأ النباتات.

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