Educational Administration

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السمات المرتبطة بالمتأخرين دراسياً في المرحلة الأساسية كما يراها المعلمون
(1994) يوسف ذياب إبراهيم أحمد;
Academic Underachievement is considered to be one of the dangerous problems in the teaching-learning process in general, and at the primary stage in particular. In addition, the diagnosis process of these problems is considered one of the basic steps in remedial teaching. This study aims at identifying the extent of the influence of some of the teacher-related variables (sex, years of experience and academic qualification) in determining traits associated with underachievers. This study also aims at identifying the extent of the prevalence of mental, psycho-social and physical traits among underachievers from the teachers' point of view. This is to be done in terms of ordering their degree of prevalence. The study sample consisted of (120) subjects (male and female teachers) representing 39% of the population of the study. It was chosen in a randomly-stratified manner. To identify the traits associated with underachievers from the teachers' point of view, the researcher developed a questionnaire of 44 items, the scales of which were determined in accordance with Likert's scale. The questionnaire included three dimensions: mental, psycho-social and physical traits. The questionnaire validity was checked by submitting it to an arbitration committee composed of 15 experts. It received the approval of the committee with some modifications which the researcher took into consideration. The test re-test method was used for calculating the reliability coefficient. It was found out to be 0.87 The study tested four hypotheses : 1- There were no statistically significant differences (α=0.05) among the averages of teachers' responses in determining the mental traits related to underachievers in the primary stage (1- 6) which were attributed to sex , years of experience and academic qualification variables. 2- There were no statistically significant differences (α = 0.05) among the averages of teachers' responses in determining the psycho-social traits associated with underachievers in the primary stay (1-6) which were attributed to sex, years of experience and academic qualification variables. 3- There were no statistically significant differences (α = 0.05) among the averages of teachers' responses in determining the physical traits associated with underachievers in the primary stage (1-6) which were attributed to sex, years of experience and academic qualification variables. 4- There were no statistically significant differences (α = 0.05) among the averages of the three dimensions of mental, psycho-social and physical traits associated with underachievers, from the teachers' point of view. The hypotheses were processed by using the statistical program set of social science (SPSS). The t-test was used along with the sex variable to test the three hypotheses 1,2,3. The one way ANOVA was also used with the years of experience and academic qualification variables to test the three hypotheses 1,2,3. The fourth hypothesis was dealt with statistically by using the one-way repeated measure design. Scheffe' formula was also used to determine the source of difference or variation. The findings of the statistical analysis revealed the validity of the first hypothesis. There were no statistically significant differences among the averages of teachers' responses in determining the mental traits related to underachievers, which were attributed to sex, years of experience and academic qualification variables. On the other hand, the statistical results showed the invalidity of the second hypothesis pertaining to the identification of psycho-social traits associated with the underachievers, which was attributed to the sex and years of experience variables. The academic qualification variable was in agreement with the hypothesis validity. Pertaining to third hypothesis, the results of the statistical analysis revealed the invalidity of the hypothesis concerning the determining of physical traits related to the underachievers, something attributed to the first, second and third variables : sex, years of experience and academic qualification respectively. Concerning the fourth hypothesis, the statistical results revealed the existence of statistically significant deference among the averages of the three dimensions of traits, mental, psycho-social and physical, related to the underachievers from the teachers' point of view. It was found, through the employment of Scheffe' formula, that the mental traits were highly associated with the underachievers, followed by psycho-social traits. Pertaining to the physical traits, it was found out that they had a weak association. In the light of these findings, the researcher recommends that male and female teachers should be rehabilitated in special education programs. Plans have to be set up to contribute to the upgrading of their efficacy. They have also to be given remedial methods when dealing with underachievers.
The Effectiveness of Academic Practices Among Palestinian Universities' Faculty Members
(1995) Ahmad Abed Rabboh Mousa;
This study tried to investigate the effectiveness of academic practices among Palestinian University faculty members in three domains: 1) Planning Instruction before teaching, 2) Implementing Instruction during teaching, and 3) Evaluating Instruction after teaching. Other academic activities have been investigated too, such as, doing research and attending conferences. A questionnaire of (48) items measuring the academic practices of faculty members in those three mentioned domains has administered to a random sample of (239) of male and female faculty members at Palestinian Universities. The data were manipulating by using descriptive and analytic statistics. • The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1- The overall mean of faculty members' performance on the questionnaire was (4.32) out of (5) points. 2- 90% of the practiced items were located in implementing domain, whereas the 10% of the practiced items were located in planning and evaluating domains. 3- The One-Way Analysis of Variance of repeated measures design using an F-test showed a significant difference (& = .05) Among faculty members' practices in favor of the implementing domain of instruction rather than the planning or evaluating one. 4- With respect to other independent variables, F-test showed a significant differences at (.05) which indicated that: a) the academic practices of Bethlehem faculty members were higher than- the practices of their counter parts in the rest of the Palestinian Universities, b) practices of the Associate Professors were higher than the practices of the Assistant Professors, c) practices of faculty members who attended (15) seminars/conferences or more were higher than the practices of their counter parts who attended less than that, d) practices of faculty members who published (4-6) articles were higher than who published more or less than that number of articles. 5-F-test did not show a significant differences between faculty members' practices in terms of their college, specialization, and years of teaching experience. 6- t-test showed a significant difference between male and female faculty members' practices in favor of females (& = .05). Based on the results of this study, the researcher strongly recommends the Universities administrative staff who are in charge to arrange instructional programs to train their faculty members on planning and evaluating competencies. This kind of training will definitely enhance the quality of faculty members' performance, hence, their students' academic achievements.
الروح المعنوية للعاملين في الجامعات الفلسطينية في الضفة الغربية
(1995) بلال حمودة محمد سلامة;
Owing to the role that Palestinian Universities play in the progress of the Palestinian community and its development through providing it with the scientific qualifications, the need became apparent in the exploration of the specific nature of these Universities . Since the human element, in both administrative and academic sectors share the responsibility of this vital role, the researcher decided upon exploring their functioning situation, especially the morale and influencing factors i.e. administration style, relation with colleagues, motives, salaries and promotions, work conditions, laws and instructions. The research tackled also the influence of sex, years of service, academic qualification, salary, location of work, nature of work, of work on morale level. More specifically , the study came to test the following hypotheses: 1- There is no significant difference ( α = 0 . 05 ) between the mean of responses of workers to the questionnaire of moral - level as ascribed by variables of sex , age , year of service , academic qualification and salary. 2- There is no significant difference (α = 0, 05) between the mean responses of workers to the questionnaire of moral level as ascribed by variable of location of work (the university ). 3- There is no significant difference (α = 0,05 ) between the mean of responses of workers to the questionnaire of moral level as ascribed by variable of nature of work ( academic , administrative ) . The sample of study consisted of 192 subjects , chosen from the population of study from both the academic and administrative sectors in the Palestinian universities ( An -Najah , Al- Quds , Bir-Zeit , Bethlehem , and Hebron ) whose staff counted 960 persons in the academic year 1993/ 1994 . So, the ration of sample to the whole population was 20% which was chosen as a stratified random sample . The researcher composed a questionnaire made of 40 items , and the responses were evaluated according to Lickert five -division scale . Validity of the study was ascertained through the examining by aboard of referees made of nine university professors . The reliability of the study was confirmed through its application to a pilot sample made of 20 subjects from the population of the study and outside it, the value of the coefficient of reliability by test - retest was 0,92 which is fit to the needs of the study . The statistical analysis of the study shows the following results: 1- Acceptance of the first hypothesis I. e .sex ,age, academic qualification , and salary have no effect by the morale level , though years of service shows a significant effect at level (α > o. 05) . 2-Rejection of the second hypothesis i.e. . the location of workers does influence . 3-Acceptance of the second hypothesis i.e. nature of work has no effect upon the moral level (α > 0.05 ). 4- In general , the study shows that the level of moral of workers in the Universities is remarkably low , which indicates the dissatisfaction of workers towards their work . Recommendation In the light of results of the study which indicated a remarkably low Iekel of moral of workers in the Palestinian Universities , the researcher recommends the following : 1- The necessity of applying modern administrative types, exhibiting democracy and equity, by the University administrations . 2- Modernizing the laws of the universities and actualizing them with objective equity . 3- Expanding the basis of participation in decision making , programming and planning in the universities . 4- Reconsidering promotion laws and motives , with the purpose of realizing equity of workers , and giving fair opportunities of proposes and promotion to hard working people . 5- Modifying salaries in proportion to cost of living rise and to requirements of reasonable living in our country. 6- Giving authority to departments of personnel employment to perform the appropriate administrative procedures to guarantee employment on professional bases such that the convenient person be in the convenient place. 7- Provision of necessary services to workers and expanding them.
اتجاهات طلبة جامعة النجاح الوطنية المتأخرين دراسيا نحو عوامل الإهدار التعليمي الجامعي
(1995) غسان محمد نمر داود;
The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of sex , major and the place of residence on the attitudes of An-Najah National University students toward the five factors of attrition , personal, family , social, economic , educational and political factors To find out the effect of sex, major , and place of residence , in this study, the researcher specified the students' population of the study of students at An-Najah National University , who were behind in their study, and those who were admitted in 1985 - 1986 and still study in the first semester of 1994 - 1995. They are 131 students(males and females). The researcher designed and used a questionnaire with help from ( Abdulkader's questionnaire 1993 ). The researcher tested and determined its validity and reliability .86 and they were judged to be accepted from the mean and standard of deviation of the students' response . The results of the statistical analysis are as follows : 1- The students , regardless of sex , major and place of residence , have all agreed that the political factors had the greatest effect on the educational attrition at the university. The uprising and the university compulsory closure by the Israeli authorities were of the first importance among the other political factors . 2- All students , regardless , of sex , major and place of residence agreed that the psychological side had the greatest effect among the other personal factors on their attitudes toward educational attrition . 3- The responsibility toward the family occupied the first place among the other attitudes toward educational attrition . 4- The financial factor came first in its influence on students' attitudes toward educational attrition from the males point of view while the sources and references occupied the first place on female student attitudes toward educational attrition . 5- The material benefit and job market had their greatest impact , among the social and economic factors , had on students' attitudes toward the educational attrition factors , regardless of sex , major and place of residence. - Based on the findings and conclusions previously mentioned, and the information offered in earlier chapter of this study . Thes recommendations are offered: 1- Establishing a center for psychological consulting at the An-Najah National University to treat the psychological tense, and emotions that students suffer from . 2- Enriching academic advising at the university. 3- Developing and activating the students' fund by means of grants and loans for the needy students as well as conducting field surveys to identify them. 4- Expanding and developing the university library for each college.
Relationshio Between Intelligence Level and Degree of Text Anxiety Feeling Regarding the Diploma Exam of Private Community College in the West Bank
(1995) ماهر "محمد زكي" عبد السلام قمحاوي;
The study problem is limited to identifying the nature of the relationship between intelligence and test anxiety of students of private community colleges who are able to sit for the community college Diploma Examination (comprehensive ) diploma at the end of the scholastic year 1993/1994, and inquiring about the influence upon the feeling of test anxiety by the two variables of the study i.e. sex ( male and female ) and academic streams (scientific and literary) . The study aimed at achieving the following objectives: 1- Identifying the strength of the correlation and its direction between the two variables of sex and academic streams and the degree of intelligence or the degree of feeling of test anxiety. 2- Identifying the degree of effect that the two variables of sex and academic streams might have on the degree of intelligence and the degree of feeling of test anxiety. 3- Identifying the relation between the three levels of intelligence (high, medium, low) and the degree of feeling of test anxiety of male or females. 4- Identifying the effect of interaction between sex or academic streams and the degree of feeling of test anxiety. 5- Determining if sex or academic streams had any effect on the degree of intelligence. 6- Identifying the relationship between sex or academic streams and the two components of anxiety (degree of worry , degree of emotionality) After determining the community of study , totaling 915 students (males and females ), stratified random sample was chosen of (183) students (males and females), which included 112 males and 71 females, 92 students were in the scientific stream and 91 in the literary stream . The necessary data for the study was collected by the following means: High intelligence test :prepared by Dr. Elsayyed Mohammed Khairy for finding the degree and level of intelligence for each student tested. 2- Attitude measure toward , the test: prepared by Dr. Laila Abdulhamed Abdulhafiz , which was used to determine the degree of test anxiety of the test students and the degree of emotionality of each. The researcher was keen on insuring the fitness of both test to the Palestinian environment , and their reliability and validity. For the achievement of the objects of the study and testing of its hypotheses the researcher used the following statistical procedures and methods. 1- Regression analysis. 2- Analysis of variance(one way and two way ). 3- T-test for independent means. The results of the study indicate the following: 1- No significant correlation was shown between the degree of intelligence and the degree of feeling of the test anxiety of study subjects regardless of their sex or academics streams , significance level (α =0.05) where : F=2.300, Fev = 3.89j t=1.517 ,tcv= 1.961 r= -0.1120 . 2- No statistically significant effect was found between sex and the degree of feeling of test anxiety significance level (α =0.05) where [F=0.842, Fev= 3.8911 t=0.917,tcv=1.96 r=0. 06801 . 3- No statistically significant effect of' academic stream on the degree of feeling of test anxiety significance level (α =0.05) where : IF=0.012,Fey=3.8911t=0.108,tey=1.9611r=0.00811 4- Degree of feeling of male students of test anxiety did not change with change of intelligence. [F=1.777 , Fey= 3.09 , α =0.051 . 5- Degree of feeling of female students of test anxiety did not change with change of intelligence level 1F-1.552 , Fey— 3.11 α=0.05 1 6- No significat interaction between sex or academic streems and degree of feeling of test anxiety significance level (α =0.05) where : sex f=-0.801 academic stream F= 0.0386 Interaction F =2.003 ,sex Fcv=3.89 , academic stream Fev 3.89 ,Interaction Fev=3.89 7- There is significant interaction between sex and academic streams and degree of Intelligence the academic stream had an effect on the degree of intelligence , the results of oral tests showed a difference to the benefit of scientific stream students versus literary stream students, while the sex had not a similar clear effect. As for the interaction between the two, it had a large effect on the degree of intelligence (α =0.05) where : sex F=0.86 academic stream F= 23.458 Interaction F =24.154 ,sex Fcv=3.89 ,academic stream Fcv= 3.89 ,Interaction Fcv=3.89 8- there is a difference between males and females in the degree of emotionality for the benefit of females (α =0.05)where : 1t=-2.4135 ,tcy= 1.961 9- No statistically significant difference was found between males and females in the degree of worry (oc, 0.05) where : [t=0.6333 , t ev = 1.96 10- No statistically significant difference between academic streams (scientific and literary) in the degree of emotionality (α =0.05) where: [ t=0.7779 , to, = 1.96 11- No statistically significant difference was found between scientific stream students and literary stream students (α =0.05) where : [t=0.7163 , tcv =1.96.
اتجاهات طلبة جامعة النجاح الوطنية نحو ممارسة الأنشطة الطلابية
(1995) سمير عبد اللطيف لطفي محسن;
ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate An-Najah National University the students' attitudes of towards involvement in students' activities . It attempted , in particular, to answer the following questions: 1. what are the students' attitudes towards involvement in students' activities ? 2. Do the students' attitudes differ according to demographic factors as sex , faculty , study level and place of residence during study ? 3. what are the most important activities practiced at An-Najah National University? 4. What are the students' suggestions regarding efficacy of students' activities ? Accordingly , the study hypotheses were drawn up as follows : 1. There is no significant difference amongst An-Najah National University students' attitudes involvement in students' activities at the 0.05 significance level , attributed to sex , faculty , study level and residence during study. 2. The correlation matrix amongst the students' activities equals the placed matrix of Ho : R = [I) H1 : R = The stratified , random study sample consists of 298 students ( 10 % of the study population - 2nd , 3rd and 4th year students at An-Najah National University ) in the second semester , 1993\94 . The descriptive method is used . The researcher prepared a questionnaire with reference to the educational literature and Al-Ajjour questionnaire , (1985) , after being verified by the reviewers. Then , the questionnaire was applied to an experimental sample - other than the study sample - to test reliability and after using Pearson coefficient , the reliability coefficient obtained was 86. The data were processed by computer using the SPSS , and the statistical methodology is employed to verify reliability of hypotheses : the one - way analysis variance to test the first four hypotheses , Pearson Correlation Coefficient and the factorial analysis to test the fifth hypothesis . The findings showed : 1. There was A statistically significant difference amongst An- Najah National University students' attitudes towards participation in the students' activities at 0.05 significance level attributed to sex and faculty. 2. There was no significant diference amongst the students' attitudes towards participation in the students' activities at 0.05 significance level attributed to study level and residence during study. 3. There was a significant positive correlation amongst the students' activeties at = 0.01 significance level . 4. It was found that the scientific, sports , social , political and cultural activities were the most prevoided one. 5. As for efficacy of the students activities , the students suggested : a. Support of the university administration through allocating sufficient financial resources for students' activities. b. Providing places , equipment and other facilities required for the students' activities, c. Neutralizing students' activities from political idiologies. d. Holding cultural and scientific seminars , e. Encouraging cooperation between all students to enhance and support activities In the light of the findings , the researcher recommends that the University should: 1. Provide the facilities and places required for practicing the students activities. These facilities and places should cope with the number of the students at the University . The absence of these facilities is considered a discouraging factor. 2. Study , along with the students' affairs dean, the convenient time for the students activities to enable the students to participate in these activities. 3. Provide the students' affairs dean with the qualified personell to supervise the activities , and establish sub-departments for cultural , social , artistic and student service-related activities to help the students understand the educational value of the students' activities. 4 Carry out studies that deal with bigger populations and test other variables like the economic status and cumulative average and their relation with the students' activities.
The Administrative Practices of the Principals of the Secondary Schools in the West Bank
(1996) رايق مصطفى سلام عامر; Dr. Mahmoud Kuri
The administrative Practices of the Principals of the Secondary Schools in the West Bank. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the actual administrative practices of the principals of the secondary schools in the West Bank ? Methodology: The population of the study consisted of all the principals of the secondary school in the West Bank while the sample of the study consisted of 40 principals (18% of the original population) selected randomly. A questionnaire made up of 58 items was constructed and distributed over ten administrative domains. Validity and reliability measures were taken to ascertain its appropriateness for use in the study. The test-retest method was used to measure the -reliability of the instrument. Validity was checked by having a group of experts review the instilment for content (face) validity. The data were analyzed by conducting t - tests on the scores. Findings: 1 - There is no significant difference (α=0.05) between the means of secondary school principals who are academically qualified or non-qualified. 2- There is no significant difference (α =0.05) between the means of secondary school principals according to administrative experience. 3- There is no significant difference (α =0.05) between the means of secondary school principals according to gender. 4- There is no significant difference (α =0.05) between the means of secondary school principals according to location (village or the city ). 5- There is no a significant difference (α =0.05) between the means of experienced and non-experienced of secondary schools principals. Recommendations: 1. Improve administrative processes of school principals through their involvement in service training and participation in school administration related conferences. 2- Improve administrative processes like organization of Ides, records and coordination of services between school and society. The ministry of Education should initiate training courses in school administration for those purposes. 3- Reduce the work load of school principals to enable them to improve their administrative skills. 4- Conduct further research on the principals role in organizing school. 5- Conduct further research on criteria for principals, selection.
العلاقة بين مفهوم الذات ومركز الضبط لدى الطلبة الجامعيين في الجامعات الفلسطينية في الضفة الغربية
(1996) عبير إبراهيم سرحان;
This study aimed at investigating modes that practiced by elementary and secondary school principals in Nablus Governorate area, by determining the dominant supervisory mode from teachers' points of view. It also aimed at investigating effects of variables of sex, major, qualification, experience, and location of school on those supervisory modes. More specifically, this study attempted to answer the following question: What is the dominant supervisory mode for elementary and secondary school principals in Nablus Governorate area as seen by teachers, and whether these supervisory modes differ according to variables of sex, major, qualification, experience, and location of school? In order to achieve the goals of the study, the researcher designed a questionnaire based on studies in supervision of instruction, and in the related literature. The questionnaire constructed from (49) questions distributed on five modes, which were: Autocratic mode (12) questions, diplomatic mode (9) questions, laissez-fair mode (11) questions, democratic mode (8) questions, and collaborative mode (9) questions. The questionnaire was validated by a committee of specialists, whereas the reliability was assessed by using Cronbach's Alpha equation, which was (0.96). The population of the study consisted of (2253) male and female public school of Nablus Governorate area. A sample of (460) was chosen randomly which represents approximately (20%) of the original population. After analyzing the results, the study revealed the following: 1- Democratic supervisory mode was seen by teachers to be the dominant mode, so that it ranked the first with mean of (4.21), followed by the collaborative mode with mean of (4.16). Whereas the diplomatic and the laissez fair modes ranked moderate with means of (2.99, 2.4) respectively. The autocratic supervisory mode ranked lastly with mean of (1.99). 2- There were no statically differences in supervisory modes scale attributed to variable of sex, major, qualification, experience, and location of school. 3- There were statically significant differences in autocratic supervisory mode between male and female teachers in favor of male teachers. Also there were statically significant differences in laissez fair supervisory mode between elementary and secondary school teachers in favor of secondary school teachers. The finding also revealed that there were statically significant between teachers with (1-10) years of experience and above (10) years of experience in favor of above (10) years of experience. In the light of these finding, the researcher recommended the necessity to train principals accomplish their supervisory tasks effectively in schools, with special attention and focus toward the importance of human and constructive relationship between teachers and principals in schools. Further studies of this nature is also recommended on country level as well.
Organizational Health of the Governmental and UNRWA Basic Schools in Nablus City as Perceived by the Teachers
(1996) محمد علي خليل عطا الله;
A school characterized by organizational health puts a great emphasis on the academic aspects of the school . It puts a great effort in providing the necessary resources for fulfilling its academic programs. Teachers of such a school enjoy their work, and perform it in the best possible way, they feel proud for their belonging to the school, and have a deep sense of respect for each other. The principal of such a school, establishes patterns of organization, channels of communication, and relationships based on respect, confidence, and friendliness. The leadership of such a principal will have the appreciation of superiors, teachers, and the community at large. (Feldman, 1985) The aim of this study, was to compare between the organizational health-as perceived by the teachers-of the governmental, and the UNRWA basic schools in Nablus city . The study aimed at revealing the differences between these two types of schools, in the seven different dimensions of the Organizational Health Questionnaire (O.H.Q). These dimension are : Institutional Integrity Principal Influence, Consideration, Initiating Structure, Resource Support, Morale, and Academic Emphasis. The effect of sex, and experience, on the teachers perceptions of the organizational health of their schools was also investigated. The sample of this study, consisted of (156) teachers (n=156) ; (82) male and (74) female teachers, distributed among (53) governmental and UNRWA schools in Nablus city. This sample represents, 25% percent of the whole population (N=625). The study used the (O.H.Q) (Al /Kaisi, 1989). This as a tool. The researcher has introduced some slight modifications on this tool, to make it more relevant to the Palestinian setting. The tool was tested for its validity, and reliability. It was content validated by eight faculty members of the College of Education, at An-Najah National University . As for the reliability of the (O.H.Q), Cronbach-Alpha was used and found out to be (93, 38%). The collected data was analyzed by the computer. The following statistical methods were used, in testing the hypotheses of the study : 1- T. test . 2- Scheffe test . 3- One-way Repeated Measures Design. 4- Two-way Repeated Measures Design . The result of the study revealed the following : 1- There are significant differences among the means of seven dimensions of the (O.H.Q) - as perceived by the government teachers - in favors of following dimensions consideration, initiating structure, and morale . 2- There are significant differences among the means of the seven dimensions of (O.H.Q) - as perceived by the UNRWA teachers - in favour all dimensions but the resource support dimension. 3- No significant differences were found between the perceptions of the teachers of the government schools and those of the teachers of the UNRWA schools on six of the seven dimensions of the (O.H.Q). The only significant difference between these perceptions, was on the dimension of the resource support, in favour of the government teachers. 4- Among UNRAW school teachers, significant differences were discovered between the (O.H.Q) scores of male and female teachers, in favors of female teachers; also more experienced teachers yielded significantly higher (O.H.Q) scores, than their less experienced colleagues. 5- It was found out that male teachers in the governmental schools have scored significantly higher on the dimension of institutional integrity . It was also found out that female teachers in the governmental school have scored higher on two dimensions of the (O.H.Q). i.e., consideration, and resource support. 6- Less experienced government school teachers have had significant higher scores on the resource support dimension of the (O.H.Q) than less experienced UNRWA school teachers . We did not find significant difference between the scores of the long experience government teachers, and UNRWA teaches on any of the dimensions of (O.H.Q). 7- UNRWA teachers in the cities showed higher positive attitude towards the (O.H.Q) than UNRWA teachers in the Refugee-Camps . 8- When we compares the one period group of UNRWA teachers, with the two periods group, it was found out that the morning subgroup of the two periods group have got significantly better results than the one period group. However , no significant differences was found out between (O.H.Q) scores of the afternoon subgroup and the one period group . Upon discussing and analyzing the results the researcher recommends further research to be carried out in order to investigate the reality of the organizational health in other education situations such as, kindergartens, private schools, and Palestinian universities.
كفاية المكان التربوية في المدارس الثانوية الحكومية في الضفة الغربية: دراسة مسحية
(1996) عبد الرحمن عودة الترك;
This study aims at identifying the status quo of the adequacy of elements of schooling space and the extent of their availability in West Bank government secondary schools. This would allow the setting up of a comprehensive perception of the extent of school physical needs in terms of development, modernization, and renovation, thus rendering secondary schools capable of assuming their educational and teaching role properly. The target population of this study comprised all government secondary schools in the West Bank. Some 210 schools were covered in this study. The researcher conducted the comprehensive survey of the target population by using a questionnaire. In designing it, the researcher made use of education literature that tackled the relationship between the elements of adequate schooling space and the efficacy of the teaching process in general . Before the questionnaire took its final shape, the researcher ensured its validity by showing it to 18 referees of specialty and expertise . To test questionnaire constant, the researcher got the coefficient constant for this questionnaire by using T. Retest and Person correlation coefficient. The percentage of the questionnaire coefficient constant was 82%, a high percentage for the purposes of a scientific research . The study endeavored to answer five questions. After data collection and computer analysis, the results showed that the elements of schooling space adequacy are partly available. That is to say, some elements are available in some schools while lacking in others. Such elements included, inter alia, modern heating, cooling (air-conditioning) arts and music halls as well as closed playgrounds. Moreover, the study revealed the school principals' negative attitude toward their school premises in terms of their schooling adequacy. Additionally, the study revealed the physical needs necessary for the schools to become good and adequate as schooling places . In the light of the above findings, the researcher recommends the necessity to set up plans, allocate the necessary budgets to make elements of schooling space available, let alone improving the state of the existing elements so that they become appropriate for the educational process in accordance with standards, and criteria used in modern schools.
Level and Sources of Psychological Tension Among Educational Inspectors and Principals in the West- Bank Public Schools
(1997) Abu- Eisheh. Zaheda;
The psychological tension is considered as one of the important subjects treated by the psychology generally and the psychological guidance particularly. The researchers efforts varied in defining the term of psychological tension . However, we can define it as the psychological reaction against all the effects and pressures imposed on the individual by his society . This would forme an obstacle for the individual in satisfying his personal needs . The aim of this study was to decide the level and the sources of psychological tension among school inspectors and principals working in public schools in the light of the variables of sex , age , supervision experience or administration , qualification , place of work ( city or village ), school level ( primary or secondary ) , type of school ( coeducational / segregated ) and district . To achieve the aforementioned goal , the researcher put forward two questions , and four hypotheses . The two questions : 1. What is the level of psychological tension among West - Bank public school inspectors . 2. What is the level of psychological tension among West - Bank public school principals . The hypotheses: 1. There are no significant statistical difference at (0.05) in the level of psychological tension among both inspectors and principals of West - Bank public schools . 2. There are no significant statistical difference at (0.05)in the sources of psychological tension among educational inspectors of West - Bank school principals. 3. There are no significant statistical deference , at (0.05) level , in the sources of psychological tension, among educational inspectors, that can be attributed to the variables of age , sex , supervision experience , academic qualification and district. 4. There are no significant statistical deference , at (0.05) level , in the sources of psychological tension, among public school principals , which can be attributed to the variables of age , sex , administration experience , academic qualification , place of residence ( village , city ) , school level ( primary , secondary ) , type of school ( coeducational , segregated )and district. The subjects of the study comprised 95 inspectors of both sexes and (915) principals and headmistresses .A random sample of ( 35 ) inspectors (30% of the total target population) , and (230) principals and headmistresses were selected (25 % of the total target population ) , of these (24) school principals and headmistresses and (7) inspectors from all of the districts were excluded because they failed to return the questionnaire. Thus , the sample included ( 28 ) inspectors and ( 206 ) principals of both sexes . The data for the study were collected through a questionnaire designed for this purpose , to test the validity of the study instruments , the researcher presented the questionnaire to ten specialists in education working in the faculty of Education at An - Najah National University. The researcher received feedback and suggestions from all of them. The total coefficient of validity of the three questionnaires was calculated by the method of Test - Re - test which reached 0.913 , and the validity coefficient of psychological tension features questionnaire reached 0.9491 while that of the two psychological tension sources was 0.887. To achieve the aims of the study in answering the two questions and testing it's hypotheses , the researcher used the following statistical processes : 1. Percentages and arithmetic averages in order to answer the two questions . 2. T - test to test the first and second hypotheses . 3. T - test and One - Way Analysis of Variance to test the third and fourth hypotheses. After the analysis of findings , the researcher came up with the following conclusions : 1. Educational inspectors and principals of both sexes , in the West - Bank public primary and high schools , are subjected to a high degree of psychological tension in the form of emotional , behavioral , physiological and informational reactions . 2. The most serious sources of psychological tension that greatly affect as well as principals the inspectors , in a descending order, are as follows : work pressure , school pressure , burden of role , method of inspection or administration , ambiguity of role and finally job satisfaction . 3. Age , inspection experience and district variables have no effect on the sources of psychological tension and on the interaction among them pertaining to educational inspectors. 4. Female inspectors suffer more from psychological tension which had resulted from lack of job satisfaction when compared with their male colleagues . 5. Educational inspectors , who have M . A . degrees , have more psychological tension than their counterparts who have B . A. degrees . 6. Age , sex and place of residence ( village /town ) , school level ( primary / high) , type of school ( coeducational / segregated ) , administrative experience and academic qualification these variables have no effect on sources of psychological tension and the interaction among them concerning school principals in comparison with the principals at segregated primary schools. 7. Principals at coeducational primary schools suffer more than those of primary segregated schools , from psychological tension resulting from ambiguity of their roles , lack of job satisfaction , method of administration and the interaction among sources of psychological tension . 8. a district which a principal joines has an effect on the burden of role and the work pressure , but according to Scheffe test , the slight differences between the districts didn't reveal any considerable distinction between them.
Training Needs for Primary School Principals and their Impact on Decision- Making
(1997) Ibrahim A. Al- Nuri; Dr. Ali Habayeb
This study aimed at identifying the training needs of primary school principals and their importance in decision making. The study endeavored to answer the following questions: 1. What is the extent of training needs for primary school principals in the northern district of the West Bank according to the principals themselves? 2. Are there any statistical significant differences in the principals' estimates for training needs which can be attributed to : A. Sex. B. Academic qualification. C. Supervising authority. D. Monthly income . E. Number of students in the school. F. The number of teachers in the school. G. Location of the school. FL Administrative experience. The subjects of the study comprised of government primary school principals and headmistresses run by the Palestinian National Authority, and UNRWA primary schools in the West Bank northern districts : Nablus, Tulkarm, Jenin and Qalqilya. The subjects of the study totaled 236 principals and headmistresses. Eighty one principals' and headmistresses were chosen and stratified randomly and regularly. The questionnaire, used in this study, was taken from Ruth E. Randal and was modified to fit the objective of this study . The researcher checked the validity of the questionnaire by presenting it to eight specialists in the field of education from different Palestinian universities. Ile also tested its reliability by applying Alpha - Cronbach formula . The coefficient reliability amounted to 0.89. r The inventory consisted of 27 training needs. It was used to identify the training needs and the degree of their availability. The inventory of needs was divided into five dimensions according to the steps followed in taking administrative decision. These domains are as follows: 1. Clear understanding of the objective or purpose which the decision will serve ( statement of the problem ). 2. Gathering facts, opinions, ideas related to the problem ( data collection ). 3. Analysis and interpretation of the data. 4. Decision making stage by favoring and choosing one of the probabilities as the most appropriate in terms of results (decision making ). 5. Informing the concerned parties of the decision to implement It. The data were analyzed at An - Najah University Computer Center by using means, percentages, T- test and Analysis of Variance one way ( ANOVA ). The findings of study showed the percentage of response to the domains, covered in the study, according to principals and headmistresses, in ( Training Needs and Degree of Availability ) ranged between 71.6% - 78.7% ,and it shows the high degree for training . The " subject identification "received the highest percentage ( 78.7%) received the lowest percentage ( 71.6%) . The study revealed that there were no significant statistical differences at α = 0.05 due to the variables of sex, academic qualification, supervising authority, type of school , marital status, monthly income, number of students in school, number of teachers in school, school location, and years of experience in administration concerning " Training Needs and Extent of their Availability ". 11V The study recommended that : 1- contact be established with the local community when it comes to decision making. 2-students be engaged in the decision - making process and selection of possible alternatives and refraining from postponing decision making. 3- The researcher also recommended that the Ministry of Education hold training courses, and improve principals' economic conditions. 4- Teachers also need to be involved in the decision - making process . 5- There is also a need for future studies in this subject to cover all West Bank districts and the Gaza Strip.
Attitudes of Mathematics and Science Teachers Toward Classroom Visits at UNRWA Schools in the West Bank
(1997) Fayeq Mahmoud Tayyeb Abu Kishek; Dr. Mahmoud Kuri
One of the direct supervisory methods is the classroom visit which held by the school supervisor , to observe the classroom teaching learning process to be aware of how the teacher organizes and facilitates the students learning , for improving the teaching learning process . Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of the Mathematics and Science teachers toward classroom visits which held by the school supervisors at UNRWA schools in the West Bank to develop the supervisory competencies , especially in the classroom visits. The effect of sex , specialization , qualification , and experience on the teachers attitudes toward classroom visits was also investigated . Methodology: The sample of this study consisted of (82) teachers (41 males , 4 I females) representing 30% of the study population A questionnaire of (48) items was used in this study to measure the teachers attitudes toward classroom visits in four dimensions (pre-meeting , classroom observation , post-meeting , and evaluation report) . Teachers ranked their attitudes toward each question on a live point Likert scale . The content validity was assessed by seven educators and a pilot study was conducted to determine the reliability of the study instrument . 1. The reliability coefficient was (0.97) by using half-splitting method while it was (0.89) by using test-retest method. The collected data was analyzed by the computer , and the following statistical methods were used in testing the hypotheses of the study t-test . 2. One Way Repeated Measures Design. 3. Scheffe. test . ii Findings & Conclusions : The results of the study revealed the following : 1. Mathematics and Science teachers had positive attitudes toward classroom visits with statistically significant level (0.05). 2. No significant differences were found between the attitudes of mathematics teachers and science teachers on the last three dimensions of the attitudes scale. The only significant difference between these attitudes, was found on the first dimension (pre-meeting), infavour of mathematics teachers. 3. No significant differences were found among the means of the four dimensions of the attitudes scale as perceived by the mathematics teachers, except the two dimensions (post-meeting and evaluation report) infavour of post-meeting. 4. No significant differences were found between the means of the following dimensions , as perceived by the science teachers. 1- pre-meeting and evaluation report. 2- Classroom observation and post-meeting. 3- Classroom observation and evaluation report. Significant differences were found between the means of the Following dimensions as perceived by the science teachers : 1- Pre-meeting and classroom observation . infavour of classroom observation. 2- Ike-meeting and post-meeting infavour of post-meeting. 3- Post-meeting and evaluation report infavour of post-meeting 5. No significant differences were found between the attitudes of mathematics and science teachers. on the general attitudes scale in respect of the variables : sex, specialization and experience. Significant difference was found on the qualification variable in favour of diploma holders. Recommendations : I) Conducting further research to investigate the teachers attitudes toward classroom visits at UNRWA schools in the West Bank in other specializations rather than mathematics and science . 2) Conducting comparative studies on teachers attitudes toward classroom visits between UNRWA & Government school teachers . 3)Inviting the UNRWA department of education at the West Bank to evaluate the educational supervisory process , especially in the classroom visits . 4) Increasing the supervisory staff members to make the classroom visit more useful to achieve its aims.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Education
(1997) Imade E-Deen Ibrahim Abd El- Fattah Said; Dr. Mahmoud Kuri
The psychological tension is considered as one of the important subjects treated by the psychology generally and the psychological guidance particularly. The researchers efforts varied in defining the term of psychological tension . However, we can define it as the psychological reaction against all the effects and pressures imposed on the individual by his society . This would forme an obstacle for the individual in satisfying his personal needs . The aim of this study was to decide the level and the sources of psychological tension among school inspectors and principals working in public schools in the light of the variables of sex , age , supervision experience or administration , qualification , place of work ( city or village ), school level ( primary or secondary ) , type of school ( coeducational / segregated ) and district . To achieve the aforementioned goal , the researcher put forward two questions , and four hypotheses . The two questions : 1. What is the level of psychological tension among West - Bank public school inspectors . 2. What is the level of psychological tension among West - Bank public school principals . The hypotheses : 1. There are no significant statistical difference at (0.05) in the level of psychological tension among both inspectors and principals of West - Bank public schools . 2. There are no significant statistical difference at (0.05)in the sources of psychological tension among educational inspectors of West - Bank school principals. 3. There are no significant statistical deference , at (0.05) level , in the sources of psychological tension, among educational inspectors, that can be attributed to the variables of age , sex , supervision experience , academic qualification and district. 4. There are no significant statistical deference , at (0.05) level , in the sources of psychological tension, among public school principals , which can be attributed to the variables of age , sex , administration experience , academic qualification , place of residence ( village , city ) , school level ( primary , secondary ) , type of school ( coeducational , segregated )and district. The subjects of the study comprised 95 inspectors of both sexes and (915) principals and headmistresses .A random sample of ( 35 ) inspectors (30% of the total target population) , and (230) principals and headmistresses were selected (25 % of the total target population ) , of these (24) school principals and headmistresses and ( 7 ) inspectors from all of the districts were excluded because they failed to return the questionnaire. Thus , the sample included ( 28 ) inspectors and ( 206 ) principals of both sexes . The data for the study were collected through a questionnaire designed for this purpose , to test the validity of the study instruments , the researcher presented the questionnaire to ten specialists in education working in the faculty of Education at An - Najah National University. The researcher received feedback and suggestions from all of them. The total coefficient of validity of the three questionnaires was calculated by the method of Test - Re - test which reached 0.913 , and the validity coefficient of psychological tension features questionnaire reached 0.9491 while that of the two psychological tension sources was 0.887 . To achieve the aims of the study in answering the two questions and testing it's hypotheses , the researcher used the following statistical processes : 1. Percentages and arithmetic averages in order to answer the two questions . 2. T - test to test the first and second hypotheses . 3. T - test and One - Way Analysis of Variance to test the third and fourth hypotheses . After the analysis of findings , the researcher came up with the following conclusions : 1. Educational inspectors and principals of both sexes , in the West - Bank public primary and high schools , are subjected to a high degree of psychological tension in the form of emotional , behavioral , physiological and informational reactions . 2. The most serious sources of psychological tension that greatly affect as well as principals the inspectors , in a descending order, are as follows : work pressure , school pressure , burden of role , method of inspection or administration , ambiguity of role and finally job satisfaction . 3. Age , inspection experience and district variables have no effect on the sources of psychological tension and on the interaction among them pertaining to educational inspectors . 4. Female inspectors suffer more from psychological tension which had resulted from lack of job satisfaction when compared with their male colleagues . 5. Educational inspectors , who have M . A . degrees , have more psychological tension than their counterparts who have B . A. degrees . 6. Age , sex and place of residence ( village /town ) , school level ( primary / high) , type of school ( coeducational / segregated ) , administrative experience and academic qualification these variables have no effect on sources of psychological tension and the interaction among them concerning school principals in comparison with the principals at segregated primary schools . 7. Principals at coeducational primary schools suffer more than those of primary segregated schools , from psychological tension resulting from ambiguity of their roles , lack of job satisfaction , method of administration and the interaction among sources of psychological tension . 8. a district which a principal joines has an effect on the burden of role and the work pressure , but according to Scheffe test , the slight differences between the districts didn't reveal any considerable distinction between them .
الضغوط المهنية التي تواجه معلمي مؤسسات التربية الخاصة في الضفة الغربية
(1997) خالد "محمد فائق" رشيد الكخن;
This study aims at finding out the sources of professional stresses facing special education teachers in West Bank. It also aims at identifying if professional stresses as an independent variable affected by dependent variables i.e. sex, age, educational experience, educational level, type of handicap cared by special education, and the supervising party on that directed the institution. More specifically, this study attempted to answer the following questions: 1- What are the professional stresses sources which face teachers of special educational institutions? 2- Do these sources differ according to variables of sex, age, educational experience, educational level, type of handicap cared by special education teacher, and the supervisory that directed the institution? To answer these questions a five-point scale was developed to represent the level of professional stresses, which are selected as follows: unexisting stress source given one point, little stress source given two points, middle stress source given three points, high stress source given four points, and very high stress source given five points. The stress source is considered to be highly stressing when its mean exceeds 205 points. The researcher constructed a questionnaire after investigated its reability, consistency and validity for the purpose constructed for. The questionnaire was then distributed to the whole population of the study, which consisted of (181) special education teachers in the West Bank. In the light of the findings, items of the questionnaire were weighted to find out the mean average of ranking stress sources of the variables, which came as follows : Income was found to be the first ranking stress source (3.47), followed by: students characteristics (2.97), relations with handicap's relatives (2.71), relations with administrators(2.50), curriculum (2.50), professional development (2.38), social status (2.36), work condition with handicaps (2.03), work overload (1.86), and finally relations with colleages (1.68). The final results indicated that there is a difference in the total stress sources level due to the variables of sex for male teachers (2.50); age (41-50) years old; educational level for those who have Bachelor degree (2.51); experience for teachers who worked (5-10)years; type of handicap cared about for hearing handicap (2.59); mental handicap (2.56); finally the variable of supervising party on that institution (2.64) for teachers for local charity institutions.
Teacher Coping Strategies with Pyschological Strss Facing Them in Public Secondary Schools in Nablus Governovate
(1998) Mu'ath M.A El- Arda; Dr. Ahmed Fahim Jaber
This study aimed at identifying the strategies used by secondary school teachers in Nablus Governorate to cope with psychological stress facing them. It also aimed at finding out whether there were statistically significant differences among strategies which may be attributed to sex, academic qualification, experience and, place of work variables. This study endeavored to test the following hypotheses: 1. There are no statistically significant differences at α = 0.05 in teachers' use of coping strategies with psychological stress which may be attributed to sex variable. 2. There are no statistically significant differences at α = 0.05 in teachers' use of coping strategies with psychological stress which may be attributed to place of work. 3. There are no statistically significant differences at α = 0.05 in teachers' use of coping strategies with psychological stress which may be attributed to academic qualification. 4. There are no statistically significant differences at α = 0.05 in teachers' use of coping strategies which may be attributed to experience variable. The sample of the study consisted of 241 teachers : 126 males and 115 females. The sample represented a number of schools in Nablus governorate. The subjects of the study population ( 963 men and women teachers) were chosen randomly. The researcher administered coping strategies inventory with psychological stress on the subjects of the study. The inventory consisted of 49 items distributed among nine strategies: problem-solving strategy, physical exercise strategy, defense means strategy, relaxation training strategy, self-control strategy, isolation and withdrawal strategy, recreation strategy, social support strategy and religious dimension strategy. AV -2- The questionnaire reliability was checked by presenting it to 11 referees at Najah University. Validity of questionnaire was calculated by retesting and by using Pearson correlation coefficient and it was 0.73. Cronbach alpha was also used to calculate the questionnaire internal consistency. It was 0.87. To answer the question of the study, the researcher used arithmetic averages and percentages. T-test was used to test the first and second hypotheses. To test the third, fourth, and fifth hypotheses, the researcher used the One-Way Analysis of Variance. Study Findings 1. It was found that teachers' use of coping strategies with psychological stress was high on the problem solving, self-control and religious dimension strategies, moderate on isolation and withdrawal, relaxation training, social support and defense means strategies. However, it was low on recreation and physical exercise strategies. In general, the teacher's use of strategies combined was moderate. 2. There were no statistically significant differences in teachers' use of coping strategies with psychological stress which may be attributed to sex variable. 3. There were no statistically significant differences in teachers' use of coping strategies with psychological stress which may be attributed to place of work variable. 4. There were no statistically significant differences in teachers' use of coping strategies with psychological stress which may be attributed to experience variable. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommends the following: A. Recommendations for researchers A. Conducting further studies that tackle teachers' coping strategies with psychological stress in order to buttress the credibility of the study findings on teachers of other school stages and talking into consideration primary and coeducational schools. B. Conducting studies on Palestinian university faculty members to identify their coping strategies to alleviate psychological stress facing them. ||.Recommendations for concerned authorities in the Palestinian Ministry of Education. A. Concerning those running the pre-service teacher training program in the faculties of education in universities, community colleges in Palestine and the Arab countries in general, there is a need for more interest in physical exercise strategy through the training of teachers on this strategy and consulting specialists in this field. B. The Palestinian Ministry of Education Department of Training and Educational Rehabilitation should hold in-service teacher training courses on how to use the coping strategies discussed in this study. It should also provide them with academic publications that help them in using coping strategies when dealing with psychological stress. |||. Recommendations for teachers A. Teachers should make active use of weekends for recreational activities and leave aside routine work. B. Teachers should adopt problem-solving strategy and get training on how to use it in different mundane situations and affairs. C. Teachers should adopt relaxation strategy and get training on using it in different life situations.
The Leadership Behaviour of Scouts and Guides in Nablus Schools
(1998) رجاء محمد روحي الأحمد; Dr. Ahmad Fahim Jabr
The scouts and guides movement is considered as a distinguished educational movement which completes school education and is good for covering some gaps in the school curriculum . Scouts and guides movement is a school that mends the human sell in its known dimensions :- ( mind, soul and body) and prepares a person to active public life . The subject of leadership and practicing it is a contemporary and distinguished subject which is worth Of being taken into considerations especially in Palestine for if not leading a group, then let it be leading one's sell. The Ninth' tries to answer the followings question: 1- what is the level of the aspects of leadership behavior of students from 6th grade to 12th grade in Nablus schools ? 2- Are there significant statistical differences in the leadership behavior among students organized in the scouts and guides movement as compared to those 'who are not organized? 3- Are there significant statistical differences in the leadership behavior among scouts and guides ? 4- Are there significant statistical differences in the leadership behavior among scouts and guides living in cities and those livings in camps? 5- Are there significant statistical differences in the leadership behavior due to the interaction between membership and sex variables? 6- Are there significant statistical differences in leadership behavior due to the interaction between membership and residence variables? The sample of the study includes ( 106 ) members in the scouts and guides movement 20 scouts and 86 guides and (I 1)6 ) Who are not members in the same movement. all of those where chosen randomly front five schools which were also chosen randomly from Nablus city and its camps : 1 boy public school 3 girls public schools and 1 UNRWA. girls school. The size of the scouts and guides population in Nablus city and surrounding camps in 1995/1996 scholastic year reached 622 members. The members covered in the study were selected randomly from different schools . The selected schools in the scholastic year mentioned above can be classified as follow: -The selected public male school represents 20% of all public male schools. - The selected public female schools represent 21"A of all public female schools - The selected UNRWA ..A. female school represents 50 % of U.N.R.W.A. female schools in the same scolastic year. Nariman Al-Rifai’s leadership scale( 1988 ) is used in the researcher's study of the Leadership behavior . Summer Odeh also used it in her thesis ( 1995 ) "the leadership behavior among 8 grade student in the schools" Ater modifying it to lit in its language the Palestinian environment. The measurement has 32 situations' items- each of them shows one aspect of the leadership behavior . The collected data were analised to examine the hypotheses of the study as follow:- 1-The frequencies and percentages were used to determine the general scope of the leadership behavior among scouts and guides . The frequencies and percentages were also used to identify the level of each aspect of the leadership behavior . 2-The (1 - lest) was used to reveal the significant statistical differences in the aspects of the leadership behavior between students who are members Of scouts and guides movement and those who are not members. 3-The (1 - test ) was used to reveal the significant stalistical differences in the aspects of leadership behavior between scouts and guides. 4-The (t test ) was used to reveal the significant statistical difference in the aspects of leadership behavior between scouts and guides living in the city and those living in camp . 5-Two-way analysis of variance \vas used to determine the significant statistical differences in the leadership behavior due to the interaction between sex and membership variables. 6- Two - way analysis of variance was used to determine the significant statistical differences in the leadership behavior due to the interaction between membership and residence variables . The results of the study had the following indications:- I-The study indicates the details of the levels of the leadership behavior : high level , medium level and low level among the members of the sample ( boys and girls ). 2-There are significant statistical differences at (α=0.05 ) level in the aspects of the general scope of the leadership behavior between those who are members in the scouts and guides movement and those who are not, infavour of who are in the movement 3- There are no significant statistical differences at (α= 0.05 ) level in (he aspects of the general scope of the leadership behavior between scouts and guides . LI-There are no significant statistical differences at (α=0.05 ) level in the aspects of the general scope of the leadership behavior between those who are members in the movement and living in the city and those who are members and living in camp . 5-There are no significant statistical differences at (α= 0.05 ) level in the leadership behavior due to the interaction between sex and membership variables . 6-There are no significant statistical differences at (α= 0.05 )level in the leadership behavior due to the interaction between membership and residence variables . Recommendations: Based on the findings of this study the following recommendations are made : 1-The movement of scouts a guides should sponsored, organized , activated and given full care by school, home, media, ministry of education and all those in charge. 2- More attention and intensive care should he directed to create the leading citizen, develop his abilities, train him through the scouts and guides movement. we should delegate leadership to the capable leaders.
ظاهرة الاحتراق النفسي وعلاقتها بضغوط العمل لدى معلمي المدارس الثانوية الحكومية في الضفة الغربية
(1998) يوسف حرب محمد عودة;
The researchers deep concern about the issue of humanity in work environment and the treatment of workers have a great influence on reducing psychological stress and its results such as burn-out and low moral. This study aimed at : 1) recognizing the extent to which burn-out spread out and its causes among teachers at government secondary school in the West Bank. 2) measuring work stress and recognizing its sources, 3) finding out the relationship between the burn-out phenomenon and work stress and a number of demographic variables (age, sex, experience, educational level, and marital status). To achieve these aims, the researcher formed the following questions: 1- To what extent does the burn-out phenomenon spread among government secondary school teachers in the West Bank'? 2- What is the level of work stress among government secondary school teachers in the West Bank'? The researcher formed the following Null hypotheses to verify the following questions. 1- There are no significant differences at the level (0.05) between the means of government secondary school teachers responses to the burn-out phenomenon in its three dimensions (feeling exhaustion, indol feeling , and lack of feeling of achievement ) attributed to each of the sex, marital status, age, educational level and experience variables. 2- There are no significant differences at the level (0.05) in work stress for government secondary school teachers attributed to each of the sex, marital status, educational level and experience variables. The study population consisted of 5585 teachers. A sample(N.558) was chosen randomly which represents 10% of the original population. The researcher used Maslach Inventory to measure psychological burn-out, The researcher formed work-stress questionnaires form educational literature. Both of these questionnaires were demonstrated to ten qualified referees. The reliability coefficient was estimated by test re-test method. The results on Maslash scale were (0.82) and work-stress questionnaire (0.87). After analyzing the results, the study materialized the following results: 1- Level of psychological burn-out spread among government secondary school teachers was moderate. 2- The findings proved the presence of work stress among government secondary school teachers at medium level. 3- Age, sex, educational level marital status and experience variables have no effects on psychological burn-out and work stress. 4- There was a positive relationship between work stress and psychological burn-out. The study put forward a number of recommendations and suggestions to draw attention of the concerned people to the suffering of the Palestinian teachers in order to do whatever necessary to reduce the pressure severity on the them because of their important role in building the Palestinian society: the society of the independent State of Palestine.
The Effectiveness of the Head Teachers Training Program (HT) in Developing the Practice Degree of Head Teacher's Supervising Tasks from the Point of View of the Headteachers in UNRWA Schools in the West Bank
(1998) Khalid Qasim Abu Sarris; Dr. Ghassan Qasim Abu Sarris
This study aimed at getting acquainted with the views of the Head teachers in UNRWA Schools in the west Bank about the efficiency of the in-Service (HT) program which is organized by the Institute of Education, to develop their practice degree of supervising tasks. The researcher developed a questionnaire consisting of (67) supervising tasks distributed on eight major supervising fields planning, Curriculum, teacher's professional development, pupils affairs, organizing learning and teaching, exams and evaluation, supervisory techniques, and human relations. The questionnaire is based on Likert's scale. Its validity has been tested by eleven professional educational experts. The constancy correlated stood at (0.85) which made it acceptable for this study. The questionnaire was distributed to all the population society individuals 64 head teachers (32 males and 32 females). This study aimed at answering the following questions: 1 . What are the view points of the UNRWA 1. Head teachers of the (HT) program efficiency in developing their practice in the acquired supervising tasks? 2. What are the view points of the UNRWA Head teachers of the importance of the acquired eight supervising fields and their tasks in term of the degree of practice? 3. Do the view points of the UNRWA Head teachers differ towards the (HT) program efficiency in developing the practice degree of their supervising tasks as a result of changing: the sex variable? 4. Do the view points of the UNRWA Head teachers differ, towards the (HT) program efficiency in developing the practice degree of their supervising tasks as a result of changing: the academic qualifications variable? 5. Do the view points of the UNAWA headleachers differ, towards the (HT) program efficiency in developing the practice degree of their supervising tasks as a result of changing: the administrative experience variable? Means , standard deviations and percentages were computed. The study has reached the following findings: 1- The viewpoints of head teachers towards the (HT) program efficiency is positive and it has really developed their supervising tasks practicing. 2- Practicing of the Supervising field from the head teachers viewpoints was as the following: Human relations, pupils affairs, exams and evaluation, organizing learning, teachers professional development, planning, curriculum and supervision techniques. 3- The viewpoints of headteacher, of the (LIT) efficiency were different according to sex variable in favor of females. 4- The viewpoints of head teachers towards (HT) efficiency were different according to academic qualifications variable in favor of the higher academic degree. 5- There were no difference in the view points of head teachers attributed to administrative experience variable. The researcher recommends: 1- To continue the on-going (HT) training program in view of its effectiveness. 2- The local society, the governmental educational sector and head teachers have to be involved in planning and carrying out the plans of (HT) training program. 3- Adopting various styles of training. 4- To include : Computer, Information webs and Periodicals in (HT) plans. 5- To establish the post of school administrative assistant of the education officer. 6- To give awards for distinguished head teachers in the field of supervising. 7- To share head teachers in building curriculum and developing it. 8- To train head teachers in doing researches that served the teaching process. 9- To carry out further studies about the strong and weak points of (HT) plan in training from the point of view of teachers and supervisors.
The Relationship Between Locuc of Control & Problem Solving Ability Among Al- Najah University Students in Nablus in West Bank
(1998) فداء سالم محمد الشافعي;
This Study is one of the most important areas in the field of research. It aims at identifying the relationship between Locus of control & Problem Solving ability among AL- Najah University Students in Nablus in West Bank. It also aims at exploring loucus of control & Problem Solving ability among the students . as influenced by different variables " Sex, specialization, Academic level, area of residency". To achieve these two objectives a stratified random sample was drawn from the students of 2nd, 3rd, 4th year academic levels in At Najah University in Nablus in West Bank. The Sample number was ( n= 231) students. "62 male students, 47 female students from 2nd year level, "40 male students, 34 female students from 3rd year level, "22 male students, 26 female students from 4th year level. It represents All Palestinian area of residency "city, village, camp". In order to measure Locus of control the researcher used Rotter locus of control scale which has been modified to suit the Palestinian environment. The researcher used Happner and Petrson which has been modified to suit the Palestinian environment. in order to measure problems solving ability . After collecting data & analyzing it statistically. The following results were obtained : • The random sample of Al-Najah University students were with an external Locus of control & achieved high degree in problem Solving ability. • Significant statistical differences ( at the level α =0,05 ) in Locus of control scores were found among the random sample of Al- Najah University students due to sex; Female were more external . • Significant statistical differences of the level (α = 0.05) in problem solving ability scores were found among the random sample of AL Najah students due to sex; Male were more effective proplem solvers. • No significant statistical differences of the level (α = 0.05) in Locus of control scores were found among the random sample of AL-Najah university students due to specialization . • No significant statistical differences of the level (α = 0.05) in problem solving scores were found among the random sample of AL-Najah university students due to specialization . • No significant statistical diffrences of the level (α = 0.05) in Locus of control scores were found among the random sample of AL-Najah university students due to academic level • No significant statistical diffrences of the level (α = 0.05) in proplem solving ability scores were found among the random sample of ALNajah university students due to academic level . • Significant statistical diffrences of the level (α = 0.05) in Locus of control scores were found among the random sample of AL-Najah university students due to area of residency ;City residents were more external compared with camps residents . • No significant statistical differences of the level (α = 0.05) in problem solving scores were found among the random sample of AL-Najah among the random sample of AL-Najah due to area of residency. • Negative correlation relationship between Locus of control & Problem solving ability .The results showed that as higher External Louns of control as lower Problem solving ability , but with no significant statistical differences of the level (α= 0.05) among the random sample of AL-Najah university students.

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