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Browsing Arts by Author "Abd Al-Rahim Sa’d Addin Abu Ann"

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    Hiafa’s Fief and it’s Role in the Islamic Franksh Struggle (943-690H/1100-1291 A.D)
    (2004) Abd Al-Rahim Sa’d Addin Abu Ann; Dr. Jamal Mohamd Judeh; Dr. Said Abd Allah Bishawi
    The study of Frankish wars have attracted the attention of modern historians and researchers both in west and east as one conflict between west and east in the middle ages due to their significant influences and results. Although of the many research conducted investigating Frankish wars, they don’t cover all their stages and facts. Therefore this field is still an important field to researchers higlightenning some of its ambiguous aspects. Because the topic of Haifa city hasn’t been studied, I chose this topic to be the central point of my investigations which is titled by “Haifa’s feudalism and its Role In The Islamic Frankish Struggle from 493- 690H11100-1291A.D “ whatever the matter was, the Frankish people captured most of Aisham and Palestine by force, and they applied the European feudal system in the east with some few modifications due to the nature of these countries. The Frankish had established three districts: Alradaha, Antakia, and Tarablus. In addition, they established the Frankish Kingdom of Bait Al-maqdis which was divided to four districts: Saeda baronial, yaffa and Askalan, Al-jalil, and over Jordan. There were also twelve fiefs districts: Haifa, Nablus, Arsuf, Kesareya, Habrow, Beruit, Eskendleyom, and Alkaymon feudalism. There were some cities under the control of the Frankish king. These cities were: Akka, Sour, Deir Al-balah, and Beit Al-makdes. The researchers didn’t study Haifa and everything was mentioned about it was simple references. In addition, Haifa has an economical was military interest and it’ significant role during the period selected to be studied. The study has been divided to five chapters. The first chapter is titled by “ conditions of Haifa since the oldest ages until the Frankish invasion”. This chapter talks about the geography, location, boundaries, climate, water resources, and rural areas of Haifa. Then it discusses why the city was named as Haifa, and the names the city were known by tracking to the conditions of Haifa during the Islamic ages before the Frankish people came to the districts. The second chapter is written under the title of” Haifa under the Frankish control”. The chapter discusses the siege of Haifa in 493m1 11 OOA.D. it indicates the Frankish forces participated in this siege, the conditions of Muslims and Jews under siege, and their resistance. Finally, the chapter talks about the city capture, and what happened to it’ s people as killing, depredation, and leaving the city by force. The third chapter is “The role of Haifa’s military feudalism in confrontation against Islamic power 493-583m/l 100-1 187A.D. It talks about the relationship between the master of Haifa’s feudalism and the Frankish king of Beit Alamkdes. It also indicates the efforts of Haifa feudalism’s master, military services introduced by him supporting Frankish wars. In addition, it illustrates the participations and the efforts of Haifa feudalism in internal activities of Beit Al-makdes kingdom, nad the conflict due to Beit Al-makdes throne. The chapter ends with a description of Hétten Baffle, and the return of Islamic authority on the rural areas round Haifa. Chapter four is titled by “The conditions of Haifa feudalism under Beit Almaqdes kingdom 583- 690m1 1187-1291 A.D “. This chapter indicates Muslims victory in Hetten Battle 583m11 187 A.D, then the reconciliation between Ritchard th Heart of Lion, king of England and sultan Salah Edin Al-ayobi in 588m11 192 A.D, and Frankish control on Haifa feudalism and other Palestinian coastal cities. Then it talks about Haifa feudalism after Al-ramleh truce until the end of Frankish movement in 690m11291 A.D. Chapter five is discussed under the title of” social, economical, constructing, and juridical life in Haifa’s feudalism “. It deals with social life, categories of population, social classes, language, religion, customs, and tradition at that age. It also discusses the economical life as agriculture, industry, trade, establishments, and judicial system in Haifa feudalism during that age. The study ends with the most significant results, and then with a list of appendixes, maps, and arab and foreign references. The most important references were references of history, geography, biographies, and journies. This is added to documents and records of churches, monasteries, and fighting religious boards. Most of the foreign sources were written in old Latin and French with few sources and references being translated to modem European languages as English, German, French, and Italian. Dr. Said Al-bishawi provided me some documents written in Latin added to what I translated in Al eskandareya with the help of Dr .Ibrahim Al-saeh. I conducted a critical analytical study to the most important arab and foreign references I depended on. After the study of Haifa feudalism district, and it’s role in the Islamic Frankish conflict, it becomes evident to us that Haifa city to control to be a marine path to Aljalel Emmara ( district) established by the prince Noormandi Tankrad. Tranked prepared strong marine and over land armies and recoursed Albundoki fleet. People in Haifa firmly defended their city but most of them were killed. The study illustrates that there are more than one the personal interests affected the situation. The feudal master had to perform a group of military responsibilities. It is clear that Haifa’s of knights and infantries although it had a part. The feudal master of Haifa was a member in the Higher Court ( Court of the king) like other feudal masters. In addition, the feudal master by the king against Muslims and also he participated in defending the kingdom. The study illustrates that Vivan ( feudal master of Haifa) presented presents and grants to churches and monasteries like tankard. It indicates the Muslims’ control on Haifa after Hetten Battle. But after four years, the Frankish recaptured the city after the third crusader expedition, and signature of Alramla Agreement between sultan Salah Edeen and Ritchard the Lions’ Heart in 588m11 192 A.D. Haifa feudalism attracted kings of Beit Almaqdes and their feudal masters who constantly worked to enforce it’s fortifications. They established castles of Atlet, and Dosteri in the south, and Almokata’a at the entrance of one of Al-karmal mountain’s values. They built more fortifications and constantly rep aired them. The study shows that Muslims repeatedly tried to recontrol Haifa and other districts through one hundred and ninety years until they succeeded headed by Salah Edeen Khalil bin Mansour bin Kalawon in 690m1l292 A.D.