Chemistry
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- ItemNANOCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE MELAMINE SCHIFF BASE : SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION FOR LEAD(II) IONS ADSORPTION(2022-05-25) Jomana Jalal Abd-Alkareem YaseenBackground: In recent years, the need for clean aquatic to cover fast growing human need for food and other activities has increased. An alternative source of water could be wastewater, for this reason wastewater has recently received a lot of attention from researchers all around the world. Serval recent studies were directed toward developing new methods toward wastewater purification, taking into consideration that these methods should be nontoxic, affordable and with high number of turnovers. In this study, modified cellulose was selected as a metal absorbent that can be used in the purification of wastewater polluted with heavy toxic metals. Methodology: The modified cellulose was prepared in a multistep process that involves hydrolyzing cellulose isolated from the olive industry solid waste (OISW) to nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC), then oxidize the nano-crystalline cellulose to dialdehyde using sodium periodate (NaIO4), and in the last step, the cellulose dialdehyde was functionalized with melamine as a metal chelating agent. Nan-ocrystalline cellulose melamine Schiff base was analyzed (NCC-Mel) by FT-IR. The efficiency of prepared cellulose-based Schiff base (NCC-Mel) as an adsorbent for lead (II) ions present in wastewater was evaluated. The effect of various variables such as solution pH, adsorbent dose, solution temperature, time and initial ion concentration were evaluated and optimized. Results: The efficacy towards removal lead (II) was the highest shown at an initial concentration of lead ion of about 5.0 ppm, 75 mg of adsorbent, at 25 °C, and a pH value of 7 at a mixing time of ten minutes. Kinetic and thermodynamics obtained data showed that the adsorption of lead (II) ions using the cellulose-based Schiff base polymer (NCC-Mel) follows the second-order kinetics. The calculated qe (calc.) is approximately equal to that obtained experimentally qe. Conclusion: The results indicates that the metal polymer coordination could be the slow step in the water cleaning process. The thermodynamic data showed that the ion removal process is spontaneous and exothermic. The obtained results demonstrate that this studied polymer can be classified as an adsorbent material with high efficiency for toxic metal ions. Keywords: Adsorption, Cellulose, heavy metals, Lead, Nanocrystlline cellulose melamine, Polymer, Water pollution, Water purification,
- ItemVARIATION IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF MYRTUS COMMUNIS ESSENTIAL OILS FROM TWO PALESTINIAN REGIONS(2023-02-05) Sumayyah Salim Mohammad JaberAbstract Background: One of the reasons why interest in medicinal plants is growing daily is the idea that some plants have the ability to treat a variety of illnesses without having any negative side effects. Myrtus has long been used in many conventional treatments in our region. Objectives: In this study, the chemical profiles of the Myrtus essential oils (EO) that were gathered in Jericho and Jenin will be investigated, along with their antioxidant, anti-amylase, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. Methodology: Myrtus essential oils (EO) were created via hydro distillation extraction, and the chemical constituents of the EO were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively using GC-MS. Results: Forty one chemicals were found in Jericho EO, with cis-4-Thujanol (27.37%), 1, 8-Cineole (24.32%), Myrtenol (12.97%), Myrtenal (12.46%), and trans-4-Thujanol acetate (9.48%) being the main contributors. There were 37 different chemicals in Jenin EO, with 1,8-cineole (31.55%), linalool (21.65%), Trans-4-thujanol acetate (11.26%), α-pinene(10.22%), Myrtenal(6.78%) and -terpineol(4.35%) being the most prevalent. The antioxidant activity of the EOs was assessed by blocking DPPH free radicals. Jericho and Jenin ethyl acetate extracts outperformed the positive control Trolox, which exhibited an IC50 of 10.25±1.02 g/mL, and demonstrated dose-dependent free radical scavenging capabilities with IC50 values of 8.55±2.31 and 3.60±0.35 g/mL, respectively. Jenin EO has higher antioxidant activity comparison to the EO from Jericho is presumably brought on by larger amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes, such as 1, 8-cineole and -pinene. The most effective α-amylase inhibitory agents were Myrtus EO and extract from Jenin, with IC50 values of 950.48±2.54 and 795.43±1.88µg/mL, respectively, whereas EO and extract from Jericho had no effect. The antitumor activity was tested using the MTS assay. Four cancer cell lines—the human cervical (HeLa), breast (MCF-7), mouse embryo fibroblasts (3T3), and normal hepatic (LX-2) cell line were employed as normal cell lines to test the anti-proliferative activity. Jenin EO has IC50 values between 215.25±1.07 and 597.01±3.11 g/mL, while Jericho EO has values between 644.47±2.89 and 914.54±3.05 g/ml. The antibacterial activity was examined using the microdillution technique. Gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive to both EOs than Gram-negative bacteria. The two EOs have less antifungal efficacy against C. albicans than any other extract under study. Keywords: Bioactive Components; Chemical Composition; Essential Oil; Myrtus; Palestinian.
- ItemINVESTIGATION OF THE RADIATION BEHAVIOUR OF FLUOROAPATITE CRYSTALS AS MATRICES FOR NUCLEAR WASTE IMMOBILIZATION(2023-01-19) Rand Ghassan HazzamThe increasing generation of radioactive waste from economic applications and radioactive elements presents a significant challenge in terms of safe disposal and storage. Fluorapatite crystals have been proposed as a potential solution for nuclear waste immobilization due to their ability to form a solid and insoluble matrix that can effectively contain radioactive elements. However, as a relatively new technology, further research is required to fully evaluate its long-term effectiveness and safety. Aim: This research aims to understand the effect of radiation induced by the decay of actinides in fluorapatite crystals (Ca5(PO4)3F), and to investigate the crystalline defects in natural apatite and their healing rates. Additionally, it is aimed to determine whether apatite can be used as a potential alternative matrix for embedding high-level radioactive waste (HLW), such as fission products and minor actinides, currently stored in nuclear glasses. Methods: An ex-situ ion implantation technique was used in this study, where pre-prepared natural fluoroapatite crystals (Ca5(PO4)3F), sourced from the Durango mine in Mexico, were implanted with 500 keV Bi3+ (heavy-ions) at the JANNuS facility located at IJCLab to simulate the decay of actinides. Different fluences ranging from 1012 to 1014 cm-2 were applied at different temperatures especially at room temperature and at 100 °C. The samples were then characterized using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy/channeling (RBS/C) on the Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) beam line of the platform using 1.4 MeV He+ ions in channeling conditions. The RBS spectra data were simulated by using Mont Carlo simulations (McChasy RBS/C code). This adopted approach allows for a comprehensive analysis of the structural and compositional properties of the apatite crystals before and after irradiation, providing insight into the effects of heavy recoil nuclei and the simulation of actinide decay. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was employed to monitor the evolution of damage induced by Bi3+ ions. Results: The RBS spectra data simulated by using Mont Carlo simulations (McChasy code) clarified the damage formation in the crystal induced by bombarding with Bi3+ ions, at different fluences. The damage distribution and its kinetics were extracted from RBS/C experiments and compared to transmission electron microscope (TEM) images to monitor the evolution of damage induced by Bi3+ ions, which deduced the presence of amorphous regions in apatite single crystals, supporting the main idea that apatite can be used as an alternative matrix for embedding HLW. Conclusions: The effect of radiation of alpha decay of actinides, on the crystalline structure of natural fluorapatite crystals Ca5(PO4)3F was studied using Bi3+ ions as a model of recoil nuclei. The ex-situ RBS/C technique was used to characterize 500 keV Bi implanted crystals at increasing ion fluence, simulating the effect of the damage generated by heavy recoil nuclei. The Monte Carlo McChasy code simulation fits very satisfactorily the Rutherford Backscattering by channeling mode experimental results. As the ion fluence increases the amount of damage that was modelled as RDA (Randomly Displaced Atoms) up to the final amorphization of the crystal at a fluence in the range 1014 cm-2. TEM characterization showed that the induced defects for the selected apatite samples increase with the increase in ion fluence, this is in accordance with RBS/C results. Keywords: Fluoroapatite crystals; Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy/channeling (RBS/C); ex-situ RBS/C; Monte Carlo simulation McChasy code; high level waste (HLW); Bi3+ ions.
- ItemSYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF COPPER COMPLEXES WITH ORGANIC LIGANDS BASED ON (E)-3-(4-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PHENYL)-1-(PYRIDIN-2-YL)PROP-2-EN-1-ONE(2023-05-28) Qais Awad Mohammad WawiBackground: Chalcone is an organic compound found in a variety of plants and fruits; it is classified as a phytochemical, specifically a polyphenol. Chalcone is important in the synthesis of many compounds, especially polyphenol derivatives. In addition, it has great medical importance as it is used as an antibiotic to treat cancer. What distinguishes it is that it is non-toxic or has very little toxicity towards normal cells, depending on the source of synthesis. Organic compounds and chalcones, in particular, with metals form complexes with greater activity from their origin; these properties can be used in many fields. Objectives: The thesis aims to synthesize new organic compounds and their copper complexes formed based on (E)-3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (102), then evaluate them biologically. Methodology: Under basic conditions, the condensation reaction was used to prepare compounds. Chalcone (102) was prepared and then reacted with compounds (106, 108, 110, 112 and Dichloromethane) to prepare organic compounds (105, 107, 109, 111, and 118). It then reacted with a solution of copper (II) to prepare the copper complexes. The reactions were monitored using TLC. The prepared compounds were purified and then characterized using NMR, IR, and UV/VIS spectroscopies. In the end, their toxic activity was examined on MEF-1 and B16F10 cells. Results: The results show that most of the compounds possess pigment properties. Chalcone (102) and its complexes were found to be more bioactive. While the other compounds were toxic to normal cells. Conclusion: • Chalcone (102) and compound (105) are produced in basic conditions, but (107, 109, and 111) require acidic conditions. • The interaction of dichloromethane with chalcone (102) has been confirmed. • All organic compounds that are synthesized have a conjugated chemical system that enables them to bind and interact with copper II, normal cells, and cancer cells. • The best anticancer is chalcone (102) and its copper complex (113). • The activity of copper complexes is greater than that of their constituent organic ligands. • This research advances our understanding of the reaction conditions required for the synthesis of the aforementioned compounds. Keywords: Chalcone, Chemical synthesis, Organometallic Complexes’, Copper (II) complexes, Cancer, Anticancer.
- ItemORIGANUM SYRIACUM AND ALOYSIA CITRODORA ESSENTIAL OIL: CHEMICAL PROFILE, ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY(2022-11-21) Lina Tayseer HamdanAbstract Objectives: The belief that some plants have the power to treat many illnesses without side effects is one of the reasons why interest in medicinal plants is increasing day by day. In our area, two common plants Origanum syriacum "Za'atar" and Aloysia citrodora have long been employed in numerous traditional treatments. This study aims to explore the chemical profiles of the essential oils (EO) of Origanum syriacum collected in Jerusalem and Aloysia citrodora gathered in Jericho and Qalailya, as well as their antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anticancer properties. Studying the synergistic impact of their combination on cell proliferation of various cancer cell lines is another goal. Materials and methods: Using hydro distillation extraction, Origanum syriacum EO and Aloysia citrodora EO were produced, and the chemical components of the EO were identified qualitatively and quantitatively using GC-MS. By inhibiting DPPH free radicals, the antioxidant activity of the EOs was evaluated. The MTS assay was used to examine the anticancer activity. The micro-dillution method was used to test the antibacterial activity. Results: 11 compounds were identified in O. syriacum EO, Carvacrol(79.46%), thymol (15.87%) and cuminol(3.25 %) were the major components. 37 compounds found in A. citrodora EO from Jericho, the most abundant compounds were α-curcumene(26.94%), spathulenol(13.69%), geranial(10.79%), caryophellene oxide(8.66%), neral(7.59%) and ẞ-caryophyllene(6.14%); whearas 31 compounds identified in A. citrodora EO from Qalqilya, geranial(37.00%), neral(29.00%), α-curcumene(7.76%), ẞ-caryophyllene (6.00%), and bicyclogermacrene(2.79%) were the main constituents. The IC50 value of O. syriacum was 9.29±0.52 µg/mL while A. citrodora IC50 was 31.35±0.33 µg/mL. IC50 values of A. citrodora EO against the cancer cell lines were between 13.5±1.41 and 87.6±3.17 µg/mL, while O. syriacum EO ranging from 32.5±1.20 ̶ 84.9±3.41 µg/mL. The MIC values for O. syriacum EO ranged from 48.7 ̶ 25000 µg/mL, whereas those for A. citrodora EO were between 3125 and 10000 µg/mL. Conclusions: The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of O. syriacum exceeded that of A. citrodora EO. A. citriodora EO had more growth-inhibitory effects on all cell lines than O. syriacum EO. Their mixture (1:1 w: w) doesn’t show an enhancement on the anticancer activity. Keywords: Aloysia citrodora essential oil Antibacterial; Anticancer; Antioxidant; Chemical profile; Origanum syriacum essential oil; Synergistic effect.