History

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Browsing History by Author "Abdul-jabbar Raja Mahmoud Al-odeh"

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    The Land Ownership In Tulkarm District During The British Government (1918-1948)
    (2007) Abdul-jabbar Raja Mahmoud Al-odeh; D. Nezam Ezat AL-Abbasi
    The Origin of the name (Tulkarm) is (Tur-Karm) which is named after Al-Karm Mountain. The district of Tulkarm has been known as (Tur- Karm) since the 18th Century; then, the name was became into Tulkarm. Tulkarm is situated in the mid-eastern part of the coastal plain- 17km from the beach of the Mediterranean. Haifa and Jenin districts are located to the north of Tulkarm; districts of Jenin and Nablus from the East, and the Mediterranean from the west. This district of (Tulkarm) was presented by the Ottomans in 1892 which was then named, as the district of (Bani Saa'b) after the name of Bani Saa'b tribe who lived in the area at that time. This location was classified to have a special military and economic importance due to the fact that the fertile coastal plains are located to the western part. This location also helped much in developing the judiciary much in a short time. The total area of (Tulkarm) was (835.61km2), 17% of which was owned by the Jews for the district. After the Nakba, the total size of the district was 333km2 which means that the total of lands that the Jews had stolen equals 835.61-333=502.361km2. According to the statistics of British Government the population of the district in 1922 was about (34.972); according to the statistics of 1931, the population of the district was about 140.000. The first tribes who had lived in the district are the Jaradat and the Barqawi. The Ottoman's law of land ownership divided the land as follows: 1- Al-mamloki lands: all the lands owned by persons or groups who have the freedom over it to be in herited or donated. 2- Al-Matroka lands: Those lands are classified as natural reserves, those lands that cannot be owned such as roads, free lands which are granted to the people of a village, and the law explained how they can be used. 3-Al-Mawat lands: those lands that are not cultivated and far away, dead lands can be granted by the government. 4-Al-Mawqoofa lands: those lands that the government donated to spend on the religious institutions. Or personal donations which their owners donated in order to spend on the poor. 5-Al-Ameria lands: those lands that include forests and pastures; lands such as these can be owned by persons or by groups either through reclamation or buying. 6-Al-Masha' lands: those lands that are owned by persons or groups, the income out of which is normally returned to the government, but keeping in final that all were allowed to get benefit out of which without any clines of discrimination. From the early start, the Jews have focused on the issue of owning more and more lands, to prepare the ground for carrying out their project of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine. Shortly after 1878 the Jews sent a delegation to Palestine to buy and own land as the chance was good because during that period there was a group of big owners most of whom lived in cities or other Arab states like Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and others. The properties of this group grew due to the poverty of the villagers who had to get loans to support their families. Because of being unable to pay back the loans, they had to sell this land. In this way, the big owners managed to control and own most of the land and in some cases, they owned whole villages. The relations between the authorities and the big owners were good and this helped them to register the land. When the Jewish delegation came to Palestine, they found the big owners willing to sell land to them. These owners met the Jewish delegation and there were secret deals between them. They were secret to show the big owners as national people. The selling of land was at first in the coastal areas. The Jews followed cunning methods in buying land and founded societies and funds for this purpose among which is Kerens Kayemet in 1901 and Karen Haisud in 1920, Beika, Land Developing Company, Histadrut and other organizations that were entitled to buy the Arab land. The national movement faced the danger, which was caused by the land sold to the Jews, In addition to the Arabic newspapers to face this danger and its fighting for the existence of Palestinian people and their future in this homeland. The Palestinian national movementt did its best to face this danger through: 1. announcing in the newspapers about the middlemen, sellers and land buyers, to expose them, and to force on them to leave it. 2. Speaking against this crime in mosques and churches, religious leaders spoke against this group of middlemen and land sellers and described them as spies and deserved to be boycotted. 3. Scientists and religious men trips in Palestine villages. The Islamic High Council took interest in these, so it made many efforts in land buying. So Palestinian scientists made several visits to warn against selling land to the Jews. 4. Founding funds and companies to buy Arab lands among which are Sundouk Al-Omma, which was established on the donations for buying? Lands which were for sale, Alsharika AL-Arabia lenkath Al-Aradi, which was established in 1932 to buy land and investin it. 5. Meeting and conferences: the Islamic High Council played an important role in this issue, and this rule produced many conferences, which were held in Palestine. These conferences achieved positive results in people's attitudes about land selling. Among from these conferences are: Muslim scientists' conference. The national movement's activity in resisting the land selling, gave fruitful in the fierce attack of the Zionist movement with its different tools and its financial temptations. In the light of economic crises from which the Palestinian people suffered, and because of the poverty of all the homeland resulting from the policies folled by the British government which aimed at putting the country under conditions that guaranteed the establishing of the Jewish national homeland.