Women's Studies

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11888/3215

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Challenges faced by wives of disabled husbands in Tulkarem governorate
(2016) Sameera Mostafa Jazmawey; Dr. Julia Droeber; Dr. Fisal Zanoon
The woman faces big challenges and problems due to gender differentiation which is built on traditional culture. These problems would clearly appear if the concentration was on disabled men's wives. These problems vary between social, psychological or financial problems according to disability type and its level. These problems were being analysed according to different group changes among of them those which are concerned with disability circumstances or the reality of disabled family and the type and the level of the disability. Analysing different problems that disabled men's wives suffer from, challenges and difficulties show the role of different organisations such as family organisation, governmental and civil organisations in financial and moral support issues (social and psychological) to help disabled men's wives in adaptation, minimizing those problems and difficulties, and the failure aspects in support processes. Therefore, for this study's purposes, the researcher employed the descriptive analytical research method by using some analytical methods such as average degree, repeated charts and intersected charts as well as using some analytical exams to test the hypotheses. However, a random sample which represents 50% of men's wives of the study population in Tulkarem was chosen. Thus, the population of the study was formed from all married members of disabled Union in Tulkarem, meetings and questionnaires were used to collect required information. The study yielded the following results: . Disabled men's wives suffer from difficult and increasing economical, social, cultural and psychological problems. . Family members of disabled persons live in difficult economical circumstances, low average income and high average of unemployment. . Financial support which was offered by the institutions of disabled people is not enough to meet the minimum basic needs. Moreover, most institutions don't offer neither social nor psychological help. . Neither disabled persons and their wives and sons nor their get their human rights which were declared by local and international law. . Many women think of escaping from the cruelty of life and the hardness of social, economical and psychological pressures that threaten family structure. . There isn't enough interest by the mass media to spread social awareness of disabled people's issues and their families in order to find beneficial solutions for their problems. . There is a big failure in governmental and civil organisations in supporting men's wives psychologically and socially which worsening the problems that they suffer from and minimizing the possibility of their adaptation and enablement. . Test of prepared hypotheses in advance showed that many of independent variables don't play a major role in the difference and the variability of psychological, social and cultural trends such as the variable age of the wife, her job, her level of education and the size of the family in addition. But some of these independent variables had an effect in the difference like the level of disability and the place of living on some of these problem fields. The study yielded the following recommendations; The following were the most important of them: . The necessity to focus on social awareness of disability to create social culture that respects the humanity of man and his rights. . Granting disabled men's wives the priority to employment and work to enable them to play the extra role to protect the family and meet its needs. . The necessity to activate the role of different care institutions working in disability field to minimize the rising problems. . Focus should be on social and psychological dimensions not only on economic and financial sides, because the social and psychological sides are not less important, but their results need longer time to bear fruit ,support processes shouldn't only concentrate on the disabled person but also his wife,too. . Professional and voluntary teams should be formed in psychological and social supporting processes for disabled men's wives especially persons with skill and experiance.
The difficulties that Palestinian women face as heads of families in Tulkarem Governorate
(2014) Abdel Hakim Ahmad Hassan Bawaqneh; Dr. Julia Droeber
This study discusses the difficulties that Palestinian women face as heads of household in Tulkarem Governorate from their own perspective. It aims at uncovering the existence of economic, social, educational, psychological, and health difficulties that these women are facing in Tulkarem Governorate. It furthermore aims at measuring the degree of the difficulties they face. Moreover, the study tries to show the impact of the variables of age, marital status, nature of work, number of family members, place of residence, monthly income, and number of years as household heads upon the degree of difficulties they face. The research population is made up of all women who are heading a household in Tulkarem Governorate, around 2390 women. From this number a random sample of 250 women was chosen, which represents about 10% of the study population. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical research method to gather data. In order to fulfil the aims of the study, the researcher prepared a questionnaire based on theoretical literature and relevant studies. This questionnaire was then evaluated by a committee of judges in order to ensure its validity. The stable factors for the categories of the questionnaire were extrapolated by using Cronbach Alpha. The total stable factor for the categories of the questionnaire was 95%. The answers were analysed by using SPSS through Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests. The study yielded the following results: Firstly: the existence of economic, social, educational, psychological, and health difficulties that Palestinian female heads of household in Tulkarem Governorate are facing; economic difficulties appeared to be the most evident and noteworthy as all answers in this area indicated a high or very high degree (64.34%). The social, educational, psychological, and health difficulties appeared to be natural, ordinary and not particularly noteworthy, as all answers in those areas ranged from 40.43% to 50.43% from the perspective of the study sample. Secondly: the overall degree to which Palestinian female heads of household face problems in all categories is medium, while the degree of economic difficulties is high, and the degree of social, educational, psychological, and health problems is medium. Thirdly: the existence of a statistically relevant difference between the average degree of problems the Palestinian female heads of household are facing in Tulkarem Governorate in all categories of difficulties, i.e. regarding the variables of monthly income of less than 1,000 Shekel over 1,000-3,000 Shekel and more than 3,000 Shekel. Also, in the category of economic difficulties with regard to the variable of marital status of wives of political prisoners over divorced or separated women and widows. Also, concerning the variable of the nature of employment of permanent employment over self-employed, intermittent income, and unemployed. In the category of social and educational problems, regarding the variable of number of family members of less than 3 over 3-6. Also, regarding the variable of place of residence of rural over urban areas. With regard to the variable of the nature of employment of permanent employment over self-employed, intermittent income, and unemployed; of self-employed over intermittent income, and unemployed; of intermittent income over unemployed. Regarding the variable of number of years as head of household of 2-5 years over more than 5 years. In the overall category of difficulties concerning the variable of the nature of employment of permanent employment over self-employed, intermittent income, and unemployed; of self-employed over intermittent income, and unemployed; of intermittent income over unemployed. Regarding the variable of number of years as head of household of 2-5 years over more than 5 years. Fourthly: non-existence of a statistically relevant difference between he average degree of difficulties that Palestinian female heads of household are facing in Tulkarem Governorate in all categories of difficulties regarding the variable of age and monthly income between 1,000-3,000 Shekel and more than 3,000 Shekel and in the category of economic difficulties regarding the variable of number of family members and place of residence and number of years as head of household and marital status among the divorced and separated women and widows, and in the category of social and educational difficulties regarding the variable of marital status, the number of family members between 3 and more than 6 and between 3-6 members and more than 6 members, as well as the place of residence between urban and rural areas or between rural areas and camps, and the number of years as head of household between less than two years over 2-5 and more than five years, and in the category of psychological and health difficulties regarding the variables of marital status, nature of employment, number of family members, place of residence, and number of years as head of household, and in the overall category of difficulties regarding the variables of marital status, number of family members, and place of residence. Based on the results of this study, the researcher recommends the following, details of which can be found in the fifth chapter: Greater attention should be paid to the class of women who are heading a household from an economic angle, working towards a decrease in the economic difficulties they are facing, working towards dealing with the social, educational, psychological and health difficulties they are facing, conducting similar studies in other governorates of Palestine, examining the effect of other variables on the degree of difficulties they are facing, such as the educational level, the kind of residence, the marital status as singles, wives of disabled people, wives of the infirm, and conducting research in Palestine to find ways and means to help women who are heading a household and facing difficulties in their lives.
The impact of the level of education of both spouses on the degree of participation in family mdecision making in Tulkarem Governorate
(2016) Hussein Ibrahim Shaker Khaleel; Dr. Julia Droeber; Dr. Omar Ayed
This study discussed the effect of the level of education for both spouses on the degree of participation in family decision making in Tulkarem Governorate. The study also aimed to investigate the relation between, on the one hand, other study variables (spouses' age, spouses' age at marriage, family's place of residence, monthly income of both spouses, employment status of both spouses) and, on the other hand, the degree of participation in the decision making among the spouses, and when this participation is weakened and when it is strengthened depending on these variables. The study population is made up of the families that live in Tulkarem Governorate. From this, the study sample was chosen randomly, resulting in a sample of 262 families. The study used the method of analytical description for its suitability for such kinds of research. In order to collect data, to come to results, and to be able to generalize from the results on all individuals of the research population, the study employed the tool of questionnaire for data collection. The study found that there was a positive relationship between the variable of the level of education for both spouses and the participation in decision making on procreation, family planning, economic decisions concerning the family, some other crucial decisions, and some other social decisions. Moreover, the study found that the variable of spouses' age does not affect the spouses' participation in decisions of procreation, family planning, and economic decisions concerning the family. Furthermore, the study found that the variable of the husband's age has a greater impact on participation in making crucial and social decisions than the wife's age in these areas. The study found that among the spouses that married between the ages of 31-40 years there was more participation in decisions of procreation and family planning. Among those who married between the ages of 21-30 and 31-40 years participation in economic decisions and crucial decisions was greater than among others. Participation in social decision making was greatest among those who had married between the ages of 41-50 year. Furthermore, the study found that the variable of place of residence (city, village, refugee camp) does not have a noteworthy impact on spouses' family decision making. The study found that there is a relationship between the wife's level of monthly income and the spouses' participation in decisions concerning procreation and family planning. This gap in participation decreases when the wife's monthly income increases in favour of an increase of her participation in such decisions. There is no significant effect of the husband's monthly income on these decisions. Moreover, the study found that a positive relationship between spouses' level of income and their participation in economic, crucial, and social decisions, and that the effect of the wife's income was greater than the effect of the husband's income in these decisions. The study also found that the variable of the wife's work status has an obvious effect on the spouses' participation in decisions of procreation, of family planning, in economic and crucial decisions. The wife's participation in decision making in these areas increases when she is in paid employment. The variable of the husband's employment status is weak in these areas. The study recommended to : Increase the interest from official sides and decision makers to focus on the quality of education rather than the numbers of the educated people in the Palestinian society in general and in Tulkarem governorate in particular, Work and focus on newly married couples in awareness programs to raise awareness about the importance of both spouses' participation in decision making and about sound strategies to take family decisions, Importance of fair distribution of educational dividends for both sexes, by decreasing the gap in the education ratio of both males and females, to increase the social return from education, Work on the increase of attention in the quality of education in rural areas and the refugee camps to increase the participation among the spouses in family decision making.
The Islamic Feminism Role in Political in Palestine
(2014) Kholood Rashad Almasri; Dr. Julia Droeber; Dr. Raed Neirat.co-supervisor
This study examines the subject of Islamic Feminism and its role in political development in Palestine, the understanding of the concept of Islamic Feminism, as well as its formation, the controversy around its designation, and the conditions under which it appeared in Palestine. In its first chapter, the study discusses the understanding of feminism in the West, its formation and the intellectual trends the feminist movement is based upon in its defense of women and demand for women’s social and political rights. It mentions some exemplary trends as well as the image of women in Western thought with its theological and philosophical origins in different historical periods, including the European Renaissance and women’s situation in it. The study further examines, in its second chapter, the term feminism from an Islamic perspective as well as the understanding of Islamic feminism, its meaning, formation, and the controversy around its designation. Furthermore, it discusses the Western impact on this label as a new and contemporary term, which is surrounded by great controversy in Islamic circles, ranging from acceptance to complete rejection. The study, moreover, examines the image of women in some Islamic movements and the differences between them. It illustrates the position of women in the Qur’an and the Hadith as well as in Islamic history between discourse and practice, and its relation to Islamic feminist thought. The study then moves on to examine Islamic feminism in the Arab world, the activities of Islamic feminists to assure their existence since the beginning of the 21st century, the qualitative leaps that occurred in the situation of Islamist women on the political level, and what happened after the Arab Spring in terms of the participation of Islamic feminists in official political organisations during elections. In the third chapter the study makes space for the history of the Palestinian women’s movement, describing the components of the movement and the roles of Palestinian women from the beginning of the 20th century to the present, divided into periods labeled according to the nature of the respective period. It then discusses the appearance of Islamic feminism in Palestine represented by organisations that bear the label Islamic as well as the relationship between secular feminism, whose point of reference are the decisions and documents of the United Nations, and Islamic feminism, whose point of reference is Islamic Law. The conclusion provides a summary of the differences in feminist ideologies in the Palestinian context, which is epitomized in the Islamic Association of Palestinian Women as an Islamic feminist body analogue to the General Union of Palestinian Women. The study concludes that Palestinian Islamic feminism was able to impose its existence in the Palestinian context and in the work of organisations, and that it was able to enter the political system in tune with the general Islamic feminist movement in the Arab world, except for the political situation that was caused by the split between Fatah and Hamas, which has later led to a situation without continuity for the work of Islamic feminists under official titles.
Job Satisfaction at Social Affairs Offices in the Southern West Bank As Perceived by Female Employees Themselves
(2016) Maysoon M. A. Shroof; Dr. Julia Droeber; Dr. Hassan Tayyem
As the title indicates, this study sought to identify the level of job satisfaction of female employees at the social affairs offices in the Southern West Bank as they perceived it. The study also aimed at determining the role of the academic qualification, age, marital status, place of living and salary variables in the degree of job satisfaction of these female employees in these government- run social affairs offices. To these two ends, the researcher used the descriptive method and developed a (45) items questionnaire distributed among six domains. The instrument used in the study was tested for validity and reliability. The population of the study (83) female employees, included all female employees working in the social affairs offices in the Southern West Bank. The sample of the study was purposefully chosen. After data collection and analysis, it was found that the total score of job satisfaction of female employees in the social affairs offices was (3.20), while the standard deviation was (0.59). This indicates that level of job satisfaction of the female employees was moderate. It was also found that there was a disparity in this score. It was high in the domain of relationships with colleagues, with work management, and local community. In contrast, the score averaged in the domains of nature of work, and its circumstances, incentives, promotions and salary. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found at (α ≤0.05) between the averages of job satisfaction domains which could be attributed to variables of academic qualification, age, place of living, marital status. However, there were statistically significant differences in the relationship with the local community. These differences were in favor of females who were single. There were also no statistically significant differences at (α ≤0.05) between the job satisfaction domains of female employees at social affairs offices in the Southern West Bank which could be attributed to variables of monthly income in shekels, in the domains of relationship with work management, with colleagues, and with the local community. However, there were statistically significant differences in the averages of responses in the domains of incentives, promotions, nature and conditions of work, salary, and total score of job satisfaction domains. In the light of these study results, the researcher recommends the following: • Giving greater importance to financial incentives( salary) • Spelling out the rules of promotion and taking into consideration competency and efficacy in promotion away from favoritism and connection when it comes to promotion. • Creating a conducive environment (cleanliness, ventilation, etc.) for the female employees to raise their levels of satisfaction.
Obstacles for Wwomen's Participation in Voluntary Work – from the Perspective of Volunteers and workers in NGOs in Nablus governorate
(2014) Hasan Fakhri Ibrahim Aqtam; Dr. Julia Droeber
This study investigated the degree to which women face obstacles in their participation in voluntary work in Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Nablus governorate. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach to understand the degree of such obstacles, gathering information from the study population by using a questionnaire and interviews for this purpose. The questionnaires were distributed and interviews carried out among the study sample in NGOs in Nablus governorate. They were selected by purposive sampling. The results regarding the degree of obstacles faced by women in voluntary work were as follows: social and cultural obstacles, economic and political obstacles, administrative and organisational obstacles, and personal obstacles. As for the results related to the research hypotheses: There was no statistically significant difference (on the level a=0.05) in the degree to which women face obstacles in their participation in voluntary work in Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Nablus governorate with regard to the variables of social status, age, educational level, first-time volunteers. There was, however a statistically significant difference (on the level a=0.05) in the degree to which women face obstacles in their participation in voluntary work in Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Nablus governorate with regard to the variables of gender and place of residence
The Social Provision for women in the Personal Status Laws in the West Bank from the Perspective of the Law and the Women's Movement
(2015) Randa Fisal Abd AlKareem Qadri; Dr. Julia Droeber
The subject of this dissertation is the extent to which Personal Status Laws ensure social protection for women, and the main obstacles of this ensurance, be they in the legal texts or in the means of their implementation. Social protection or safety here is understood as what women are looking for when psychological stability is guaranteed, which in turn leads to familial stability. This study was carried out to find out the extent to which Personal Status Laws guarantee social protection for women as well as to show the obstacles that prevent this guarantee, be they in the texts of the law or in the means of implementation. The introduction outlines the importance of the study, especially the contradictions and differences between the text of the Personal Status Laws and international documents, on the basis of which many feminist organizations demanded amendments; it also explores the obstacles of such amendments and of the law in ensuring social protection for women. The study is built on a historical methodology in order to detail the historical developments of the Personal Status Laws and legal rules; it further employed a descriptive methodology using interviews as a tool. The second chapter discusses the importance of social protection or safety, its understanding and forms; it defines Personal Status Laws and describes its historical establishment with its characteristic as a primary engineer of family relations. It also describes the motivation of the feminist movement and the reasons that led to their demand of amendments of the Law. It further discusses the main obstacles they faced in amending the Law, referring to a study that of the feminist legal organisations carried out to assess women’s legal knowledge and what they want from the Law. The third chapter details the issues, around which most differences and contradictions exist between the Personal Status Laws and international documents and agreements, such as marriage age and divorce. The most important demands for amendment concerned marriage age, the effects of early marriage, and the reasons and effects of divorce on the family in general and women in particular, the negative societal effects on women in case of divorce and the loss of economic protection after a divorce. The fourth chapter discusses the understanding of legal issues, its history, characteristics, and adjunct departments with the purpose of implementing the Law in a better way. It shows the aims of its foundation and the effects of its existence in legal courts. This chapter furthermore explores the obstacles that legal courts are facing in implementing the Law in the sense of ensuring social and psychological protection and safety for women, be they material, social, or organizational obstacles, through the executing departments or the lawyers. This was discussed from a legal and a feminist point of view. The chapter also discusses a number of cases of women who have suffered and continue to suffer from the poor implementation of Personal Status Laws, be that through the legal courts or the work of the executing departments. The dissertation concludes with a number of results and recommendations, as well as agreements with previous studes, such as the absence of a legislative body as the biggest obstacle for the amendment of laws that ensure the protection and safety of women as well as the non-existence of a clear vision for the amendments. The study stands out in terms of other results, such as the basic obstacles for the ensurance of protection, namely a means of implementing the Personal Status Laws rather than the texts in general, although this should not prevent a reconsideration of a renewal of the Law. The most significant obstacle for implementation goes back to societal obstacles, which goes back to customs and traditions, the culture of a patriarchal society, women’s lack of knowledge in general about the Law, their rights and duties. The most important recommendations were the necessity of finding a unified strategy and a comprehensive view among all organisations concerned, legislators, judges, and feminists, so that a unified vision can be found to amend some texts in order to conform with the demands of our time; to find out about the obstacles that stand in the way of implementing the Law in a way to ensure the societal protection in general and the social protection and safety of women in particular.

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