THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXTENDED REALITY ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ENGAGEMENT AND SATISFACTION: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF LEARNER CHARACTERISTICS
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Date
2025-06-19
Authors
Hmoud, Mohammad
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Publisher
An-Najah National University
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Extended Reality (XR) technologies are currently being integrated into high school education, aimed at higher learner engagement and satisfaction. However, their effectiveness and the moderating role of learner characteristics remain under-examined. Specifically, the study focused on examining AI and XR-enhanced learning environments on high-school-level learner engagement and satisfaction whilst accounting for any moderating effects of learner characteristics such as gender, technology proficiency, self-efficacy, and motivation. A mixed-methods experimental design was employed, integrating quantitative survey data and qualitative interviews. Eight hundred eighty-eight high school students (N=888) were taught in four distinct environments: traditional learning environment (control), AI-assisted learning, XR-immersive learning, and AIXR combined. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses and regression analyses were used for quantitative data. In contrast, thematic analyses were used to gather qualitative data for richer insights. AI and XR significantly increased engagement and satisfaction relative to traditional environment, with combined AIXR environments yielding the highest gains. Increases in engagement were key drivers of improved satisfaction. Gender and technology proficiency moderated effects, with specific subgroups benefitting more from the AI and XR interventions. Results suggest that AI and XR have great potential to improve high school students' learning experiences and outcomes. Educators and policymakers should deliberately and strategically incorporate AI and XR to enhance engagement and satisfaction and cater to students' diverse needs and learning profiles. These conclusions would also direct future research into personalized, technology-enhanced learning strategies.