UNVEILING THE CHEMICAL PROFILING, ANTIOXIDANT, ANTICANCER AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS DERIVED FROM FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE), M. FRUTICOSE AND ALYOSIA CITRIODORA
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Date
2023-09-17
Authors
Moataz Abu Alrub
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Abstract
Background: Essential oils (EOs) are defined as natural plant products that have been applied for their benefits since ancient times such as local anesthetics, sedatives, anti-inflammatories, antimicrobials, and flavoring agents. This research aimed to describe the chemical constituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity effects for three types of essential oil which are extracted from Micromeria fruticosa, Aloysia citrodora and Foeniculum vulgare.
Methodology: The three extracted EOs chemical profiles were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), while the antioxidant ability of the investigated EO was established utilizing the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) method. Moreover, the broth micro dilution assay was used to determine the antibacterial activity against several microbial strains. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of the EO was evaluated using the MTT assay against two types of cancer cell lines.
Results: The GC‐MS investigation revealed that Micromeria fruticosa essential oil contains mainly pulegone (81.77%), caryophellene (2.95%), isomenthone (2.1%), Piperitenone oxide (1.78%), and trans-anethole (1.36%), while Foeniculum vulgare essential oil primary chemicals were trans-anethole (93.69%), fenchone (3.93%), sylvestrene (0.83%), and methyl chavicol (0.57%). For A. citrodora essential oil the essential components were trans-anethole(18.91%), neral (8.12%), geranial (10.35%), 1,8-cineole (7.46%), limonene(6.51%), alpha-curcumene (6.50%), beta-caryophellene (3.38%), methyl chavicol (2.91%) and fenchone(2.33%). All oils were founded to exhibit effective in scavenging the DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 10.11±0.20, 12.022±0.18 and 19.49±0.11 µg/mL for A. citrodora, M. fruticosa and F. vulgare EO, respectively, compared to Trolox the standard compound which had IC50 equal to 3.09±0.23. The A. citrodora EO showed most potent antibacterial activity against all the tested microbes with MIC values ranging from 3.125-25 µg/mL except Pseudomonas aeruginosa which was resistant, while M. fruticosa EO showed only moderate antimicrobial properties with MIC values ranging from 6.25-25 µg/mL, for antifungal effect the most potent against Candida albicans was A. citrodora oil with MIC equal to 3.125µg/ml followed by M. fruticosa and F. vulgare oils with MIC equal to 6.25µg/ml. On the other hand F. vulgare oil was not active against the tested bacterial strains. For cytotoxicity the results showed a potent anti-cancer effect when the two oils from M. fruticosa, F. vulgare were mixed in (1:1) ratio, both essential oils seemed to have higher inhibitory effect on epidermoid carcinoma (A431) compared to skin cancer (B16-F1) cell lines. On the other hand A. citrodora EO from different rejoins in Palestine effects on B16F10 melanoma cell line, the results showed that it is the most inhibitory effect.
Conclusion: This study can be considered as evaluable investigation of the phytochemicals and chemical profiling of the EO of Micromeria fruticosa, Aloysia citrodora and Foeniculum vulgare. The collected results demonstrate that these three plants can be considered as a rich origin of bioactive natural compounds in treating oxidative stress conditions, microbial infections and some types of carcinoma, so further validation for these three types of essential oils must be carried out especially in vivo tests to evaluate the medicinal potentials.
Keywords: Essential oils, GC-analysis, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic.