إقطاعية بيسان ودورها في الصراع الإسلامي الفرنجي من سنة 492-690هـ / 1099-1291م
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Date
2001
Authors
أسامة احمد عبد الرحمن حمد
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It was known in many other names such as Beithsan, Skethopolis, Nesa and the Sun city. The (Canaanites) built the city 4000 B.C. many peoples and civilization had controlled it, the Egyptians ruled it 1500 13.C. then the Israelis in 1200 B.C. and in the year 721 B.C. the (Ashories) had controlled it and then in the year 538 B.C. the Persians had their turn and controlled it. Alexander of Macadonia had occupied it in the year 323 B.C. The Greece had rehabileted it and called it Scythopolis. The (al-Batalesah) had ruled it in the year 302 B.C., then of 223-187 B.C. It was destroyed by the John Her Kanos al-Makabi in the year 129 B.C. Then the Romans had rebuilt it in the year of 62 B.C. and was one of the 10 cities alliance (Decapolis) and became the second capital of Palestine in the year 400 A.D. in the era of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantie). It was under the control of the Persians in 614 A.D. then it was recaptured by the Roman Empire in 629 A.D. but their control did not last long so as the Arab Muslims concqured it in 634 A.D. at Fahl Battle, and they moved the capital to Tibries. It remained under the Islamic rule I until 971 A.D., then it was under the rule of Byzantie Emire whose emeror was (Jeant Zimiseces), who took care of it and assigned a military governor and gave it high prestige, but this didn't last long so as the Byzantie emperor had left the area and went back to his country in 976 A.D. The (Saljuks) captured the city in 1070 A.D., and the conflict was flared between them and (fatimids) to control the Syrian Area and so it eas under the control of (Saljuks) and (fatimids) for different times, the situation remained to till the Crusades under the leadership of Tancerd conquered the city at Ashkelon Battle in 1099A.D. Since Beithsan is considered the key point of the Gallil Area to control the remaining provinces, Tancerd prepared an invasion for this purpose in August 1099 A.D. In march 1101 A.D. Beithsan (Constituency) was established by Adam the Bethun governor, it was given to him by the king of Jerusalem Baldwin I. It was big area so as Samaria mountains (Nablus) was its Southern boundry and the delta of Yarmouk and Jordan rivers was the northern boundary, the source of Jalout river and Taboun village the Western boundary and the Jordan river from the east. Its total area was 250 square K.M. , then it was extended to contain the area eastern of the Jordan River and Southern of the Yarmouk River. The (Constituency) followed the Western Constituencies system in which the land lord represent the highest command of authority then the (Feskont) whose responsibility is the security and order. (al-Muhtaseb) help the (Feskont) and act as his deputy in his absence, supervise road ethics, prevent deception, and assume the judge of the count of the city. Every village has mayor, the Crusades had found a judicery system that serve their constituencies system and so they established group of courts among them the high court which was founded in Beithsan in 1149 A.D., also the national court, the capital court and the president court. The Crusades had built the settlements such as al-Beireh and also they built the castles and military towards to defend the constituency in Beithsan, Kawkab al-Hawa, Afarbala, Afula. The Beithsan constituency had joined the King of Jerusalem in fighting the Muslims in 1101- 1187 A.D. , it had provided 15 Knight riders and 125 soldiers, It also participated in the war against (Fatimids) in the first Ramlah Battle in September 1101 A.D. Its role was acknowledged in the second Ramlah Battle whose leader was Adam, he fought the (Fatimids) in May 1102 A.D. It also participated in capturing Arsouf and Cesarea in 1100 A.D. , Akka in May 1104 A.D., Ashkelon in August 1153 A.D. The constituency had played are workable role in the conflict between the kingdom of Jerusalem and Damascus province, it had joined the king of Jerusalem in his repeated raids on al-Sawad province in the years 1105, 1108,1111 A.D. It also took part in the attacks of Damascus since 1148 A.D. as a result of the military high council desecion in the presence of Hugh of Besan. The constituency had faced many attacks as arevenge of the agressions of Baldwin II on al-Sawad and Huran provincies such as the attack by Dakkak in 1103 A.D., Dhahear al Din Taghtakeen in 1105 and 1113 A.D., Bezwash in 1131 A.D. and Nur al Din in 1169 A.D. In the second phase these attack became liberational was when Slah al Din care from Egypt to Syrian and started his raids on Beithsan and Gallili province, these raids carried out by the leaders Ezz al-Din Farukh Shah in 1182 A.D. The aim of these raids was to weaken the enemy and safe storage of supplies area.This was ended when Salah al-Din managed the conqure of the Jerusalem kingdom in 1187 A.D. and the liberation of Jerusalem even before the start of the battle. Slab al-Din took Beithsan after Hitteen Battle in 1187 A.D. as a headquarter base from where he attacks the rest of the castle of the constituency and the Palestinian cities. He appointed Sarem al-Din as his representative who had shared against the third crisades battle in Palestine in 1189 A.D. Which ended in Ramlah cease fire . Accord in September 1192 A.D. in which the Muslims kept under their control Beithsan and the internal cities. The governor of Beithsan Ezz-al-Din Osama had played adecisive role in the conflict among the (Ayyubids) after the death of the Sultan Slah al-Din in march 4,1 193A.D. He sided with the strongest and that encourged the Crusades to attack Beithsan and the Gallil province in 1201 A.D. Al-Moazam Isya put in Jail Ezz al-Din Osama and conflicted all his belongings in 1211 A.D.The Beithsan constituency was attacked by the crussades where leader was (John Brain) in 1217 A.D. he took by force the city and seized Tour castle but failedin conquring it, the leader kanded had defended it so bravely. The citizens of Beithsan togother with the people of Nablus and Hebron had joined in the attack of of the Crusades of Jerusalem in 1229 A.D. Al-Saleh Najm al- Din Ayyub had ruled it in 1239 A.D. then to the rule of alMoazam Turanshah in 1249 A.D. In 1250 A.D. the conflict flared between the (Ayyubids) and (Mamluks) on the control of Suria and as a result Beithsan was under the control of al-Naser Dawood. Beithsan came under the occupation in 1266 A.D. and remained so till Qutoz conqured them in Ain Jalut Battle in September15, 1260 A.D. Mamluks took agreat care of Beithsan so Qutoz appointed prince Shams al-Din as agovernor of the city. Sultan Daher Baibars built the bridges, the post office and land marks as it sided with Mamluken in the war against the Crussedes until! all the Palestinian cities were liberated in 1290 A.D. The people of the constituency were of different desencies of different religions but the political system was based on the (constituent) system of local social norms and habits, and as a result of colonial occupation, every aspect of life had been affected negatively especially sciences because the scientists had departure the city, and only velegous teaching were conducted in the churches. The three pilars of economy were agriculture , industry and trade and they were effected severly by the policies of the colonials through high taxes, and because the constituency was committed to provide horse rides, and supplies for the wars against Muslims in addition to earthquake and diseases. The constituency had been known of architectural structures, building castles and towers, bridges, landmarks.
It was known in many other names such as Beithsan, Skethopolis, Nesa and the Sun city. The (Canaanites) built the city 4000 B.C. many peoples and civilization had controlled it, the Egyptians ruled it 1500 13.C. then the Israelis in 1200 B.C. and in the year 721 B.C. the (Ashories) had controlled it and then in the year 538 B.C. the Persians had their turn and controlled it. Alexander of Macadonia had occupied it in the year 323 B.C. The Greece had rehabileted it and called it Scythopolis. The (al-Batalesah) had ruled it in the year 302 B.C., then of 223-187 B.C. It was destroyed by the John Her Kanos al-Makabi in the year 129 B.C. Then the Romans had rebuilt it in the year of 62 B.C. and was one of the 10 cities alliance (Decapolis) and became the second capital of Palestine in the year 400 A.D. in the era of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantie). It was under the control of the Persians in 614 A.D. then it was recaptured by the Roman Empire in 629 A.D. but their control did not last long so as the Arab Muslims concqured it in 634 A.D. at Fahl Battle, and they moved the capital to Tibries. It remained under the Islamic rule I until 971 A.D., then it was under the rule of Byzantie Emire whose emeror was (Jeant Zimiseces), who took care of it and assigned a military governor and gave it high prestige, but this didn't last long so as the Byzantie emperor had left the area and went back to his country in 976 A.D. The (Saljuks) captured the city in 1070 A.D., and the conflict was flared between them and (fatimids) to control the Syrian Area and so it eas under the control of (Saljuks) and (fatimids) for different times, the situation remained to till the Crusades under the leadership of Tancerd conquered the city at Ashkelon Battle in 1099A.D. Since Beithsan is considered the key point of the Gallil Area to control the remaining provinces, Tancerd prepared an invasion for this purpose in August 1099 A.D. In march 1101 A.D. Beithsan (Constituency) was established by Adam the Bethun governor, it was given to him by the king of Jerusalem Baldwin I. It was big area so as Samaria mountains (Nablus) was its Southern boundry and the delta of Yarmouk and Jordan rivers was the northern boundary, the source of Jalout river and Taboun village the Western boundary and the Jordan river from the east. Its total area was 250 square K.M. , then it was extended to contain the area eastern of the Jordan River and Southern of the Yarmouk River. The (Constituency) followed the Western Constituencies system in which the land lord represent the highest command of authority then the (Feskont) whose responsibility is the security and order. (al-Muhtaseb) help the (Feskont) and act as his deputy in his absence, supervise road ethics, prevent deception, and assume the judge of the count of the city. Every village has mayor, the Crusades had found a judicery system that serve their constituencies system and so they established group of courts among them the high court which was founded in Beithsan in 1149 A.D., also the national court, the capital court and the president court. The Crusades had built the settlements such as al-Beireh and also they built the castles and military towards to defend the constituency in Beithsan, Kawkab al-Hawa, Afarbala, Afula. The Beithsan constituency had joined the King of Jerusalem in fighting the Muslims in 1101- 1187 A.D. , it had provided 15 Knight riders and 125 soldiers, It also participated in the war against (Fatimids) in the first Ramlah Battle in September 1101 A.D. Its role was acknowledged in the second Ramlah Battle whose leader was Adam, he fought the (Fatimids) in May 1102 A.D. It also participated in capturing Arsouf and Cesarea in 1100 A.D. , Akka in May 1104 A.D., Ashkelon in August 1153 A.D. The constituency had played are workable role in the conflict between the kingdom of Jerusalem and Damascus province, it had joined the king of Jerusalem in his repeated raids on al-Sawad province in the years 1105, 1108,1111 A.D. It also took part in the attacks of Damascus since 1148 A.D. as a result of the military high council desecion in the presence of Hugh of Besan. The constituency had faced many attacks as arevenge of the agressions of Baldwin II on al-Sawad and Huran provincies such as the attack by Dakkak in 1103 A.D., Dhahear al Din Taghtakeen in 1105 and 1113 A.D., Bezwash in 1131 A.D. and Nur al Din in 1169 A.D. In the second phase these attack became liberational was when Slah al Din care from Egypt to Syrian and started his raids on Beithsan and Gallili province, these raids carried out by the leaders Ezz al-Din Farukh Shah in 1182 A.D. The aim of these raids was to weaken the enemy and safe storage of supplies area.This was ended when Salah al-Din managed the conqure of the Jerusalem kingdom in 1187 A.D. and the liberation of Jerusalem even before the start of the battle. Slab al-Din took Beithsan after Hitteen Battle in 1187 A.D. as a headquarter base from where he attacks the rest of the castle of the constituency and the Palestinian cities. He appointed Sarem al-Din as his representative who had shared against the third crisades battle in Palestine in 1189 A.D. Which ended in Ramlah cease fire . Accord in September 1192 A.D. in which the Muslims kept under their control Beithsan and the internal cities. The governor of Beithsan Ezz-al-Din Osama had played adecisive role in the conflict among the (Ayyubids) after the death of the Sultan Slah al-Din in march 4,1 193A.D. He sided with the strongest and that encourged the Crusades to attack Beithsan and the Gallil province in 1201 A.D. Al-Moazam Isya put in Jail Ezz al-Din Osama and conflicted all his belongings in 1211 A.D.The Beithsan constituency was attacked by the crussades where leader was (John Brain) in 1217 A.D. he took by force the city and seized Tour castle but failedin conquring it, the leader kanded had defended it so bravely. The citizens of Beithsan togother with the people of Nablus and Hebron had joined in the attack of of the Crusades of Jerusalem in 1229 A.D. Al-Saleh Najm al- Din Ayyub had ruled it in 1239 A.D. then to the rule of alMoazam Turanshah in 1249 A.D. In 1250 A.D. the conflict flared between the (Ayyubids) and (Mamluks) on the control of Suria and as a result Beithsan was under the control of al-Naser Dawood. Beithsan came under the occupation in 1266 A.D. and remained so till Qutoz conqured them in Ain Jalut Battle in September15, 1260 A.D. Mamluks took agreat care of Beithsan so Qutoz appointed prince Shams al-Din as agovernor of the city. Sultan Daher Baibars built the bridges, the post office and land marks as it sided with Mamluken in the war against the Crussedes until! all the Palestinian cities were liberated in 1290 A.D. The people of the constituency were of different desencies of different religions but the political system was based on the (constituent) system of local social norms and habits, and as a result of colonial occupation, every aspect of life had been affected negatively especially sciences because the scientists had departure the city, and only velegous teaching were conducted in the churches. The three pilars of economy were agriculture , industry and trade and they were effected severly by the policies of the colonials through high taxes, and because the constituency was committed to provide horse rides, and supplies for the wars against Muslims in addition to earthquake and diseases. The constituency had been known of architectural structures, building castles and towers, bridges, landmarks.
It was known in many other names such as Beithsan, Skethopolis, Nesa and the Sun city. The (Canaanites) built the city 4000 B.C. many peoples and civilization had controlled it, the Egyptians ruled it 1500 13.C. then the Israelis in 1200 B.C. and in the year 721 B.C. the (Ashories) had controlled it and then in the year 538 B.C. the Persians had their turn and controlled it. Alexander of Macadonia had occupied it in the year 323 B.C. The Greece had rehabileted it and called it Scythopolis. The (al-Batalesah) had ruled it in the year 302 B.C., then of 223-187 B.C. It was destroyed by the John Her Kanos al-Makabi in the year 129 B.C. Then the Romans had rebuilt it in the year of 62 B.C. and was one of the 10 cities alliance (Decapolis) and became the second capital of Palestine in the year 400 A.D. in the era of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantie). It was under the control of the Persians in 614 A.D. then it was recaptured by the Roman Empire in 629 A.D. but their control did not last long so as the Arab Muslims concqured it in 634 A.D. at Fahl Battle, and they moved the capital to Tibries. It remained under the Islamic rule I until 971 A.D., then it was under the rule of Byzantie Emire whose emeror was (Jeant Zimiseces), who took care of it and assigned a military governor and gave it high prestige, but this didn't last long so as the Byzantie emperor had left the area and went back to his country in 976 A.D. The (Saljuks) captured the city in 1070 A.D., and the conflict was flared between them and (fatimids) to control the Syrian Area and so it eas under the control of (Saljuks) and (fatimids) for different times, the situation remained to till the Crusades under the leadership of Tancerd conquered the city at Ashkelon Battle in 1099A.D. Since Beithsan is considered the key point of the Gallil Area to control the remaining provinces, Tancerd prepared an invasion for this purpose in August 1099 A.D. In march 1101 A.D. Beithsan (Constituency) was established by Adam the Bethun governor, it was given to him by the king of Jerusalem Baldwin I. It was big area so as Samaria mountains (Nablus) was its Southern boundry and the delta of Yarmouk and Jordan rivers was the northern boundary, the source of Jalout river and Taboun village the Western boundary and the Jordan river from the east. Its total area was 250 square K.M. , then it was extended to contain the area eastern of the Jordan River and Southern of the Yarmouk River. The (Constituency) followed the Western Constituencies system in which the land lord represent the highest command of authority then the (Feskont) whose responsibility is the security and order. (al-Muhtaseb) help the (Feskont) and act as his deputy in his absence, supervise road ethics, prevent deception, and assume the judge of the count of the city. Every village has mayor, the Crusades had found a judicery system that serve their constituencies system and so they established group of courts among them the high court which was founded in Beithsan in 1149 A.D., also the national court, the capital court and the president court. The Crusades had built the settlements such as al-Beireh and also they built the castles and military towards to defend the constituency in Beithsan, Kawkab al-Hawa, Afarbala, Afula. The Beithsan constituency had joined the King of Jerusalem in fighting the Muslims in 1101- 1187 A.D. , it had provided 15 Knight riders and 125 soldiers, It also participated in the war against (Fatimids) in the first Ramlah Battle in September 1101 A.D. Its role was acknowledged in the second Ramlah Battle whose leader was Adam, he fought the (Fatimids) in May 1102 A.D. It also participated in capturing Arsouf and Cesarea in 1100 A.D. , Akka in May 1104 A.D., Ashkelon in August 1153 A.D. The constituency had played are workable role in the conflict between the kingdom of Jerusalem and Damascus province, it had joined the king of Jerusalem in his repeated raids on al-Sawad province in the years 1105, 1108,1111 A.D. It also took part in the attacks of Damascus since 1148 A.D. as a result of the military high council desecion in the presence of Hugh of Besan. The constituency had faced many attacks as arevenge of the agressions of Baldwin II on al-Sawad and Huran provincies such as the attack by Dakkak in 1103 A.D., Dhahear al Din Taghtakeen in 1105 and 1113 A.D., Bezwash in 1131 A.D. and Nur al Din in 1169 A.D. In the second phase these attack became liberational was when Slah al Din care from Egypt to Syrian and started his raids on Beithsan and Gallili province, these raids carried out by the leaders Ezz al-Din Farukh Shah in 1182 A.D. The aim of these raids was to weaken the enemy and safe storage of supplies area.This was ended when Salah al-Din managed the conqure of the Jerusalem kingdom in 1187 A.D. and the liberation of Jerusalem even before the start of the battle. Slab al-Din took Beithsan after Hitteen Battle in 1187 A.D. as a headquarter base from where he attacks the rest of the castle of the constituency and the Palestinian cities. He appointed Sarem al-Din as his representative who had shared against the third crisades battle in Palestine in 1189 A.D. Which ended in Ramlah cease fire . Accord in September 1192 A.D. in which the Muslims kept under their control Beithsan and the internal cities. The governor of Beithsan Ezz-al-Din Osama had played adecisive role in the conflict among the (Ayyubids) after the death of the Sultan Slah al-Din in march 4,1 193A.D. He sided with the strongest and that encourged the Crusades to attack Beithsan and the Gallil province in 1201 A.D. Al-Moazam Isya put in Jail Ezz al-Din Osama and conflicted all his belongings in 1211 A.D.The Beithsan constituency was attacked by the crussades where leader was (John Brain) in 1217 A.D. he took by force the city and seized Tour castle but failedin conquring it, the leader kanded had defended it so bravely. The citizens of Beithsan togother with the people of Nablus and Hebron had joined in the attack of of the Crusades of Jerusalem in 1229 A.D. Al-Saleh Najm al- Din Ayyub had ruled it in 1239 A.D. then to the rule of alMoazam Turanshah in 1249 A.D. In 1250 A.D. the conflict flared between the (Ayyubids) and (Mamluks) on the control of Suria and as a result Beithsan was under the control of al-Naser Dawood. Beithsan came under the occupation in 1266 A.D. and remained so till Qutoz conqured them in Ain Jalut Battle in September15, 1260 A.D. Mamluks took agreat care of Beithsan so Qutoz appointed prince Shams al-Din as agovernor of the city. Sultan Daher Baibars built the bridges, the post office and land marks as it sided with Mamluken in the war against the Crussedes until! all the Palestinian cities were liberated in 1290 A.D. The people of the constituency were of different desencies of different religions but the political system was based on the (constituent) system of local social norms and habits, and as a result of colonial occupation, every aspect of life had been affected negatively especially sciences because the scientists had departure the city, and only velegous teaching were conducted in the churches. The three pilars of economy were agriculture , industry and trade and they were effected severly by the policies of the colonials through high taxes, and because the constituency was committed to provide horse rides, and supplies for the wars against Muslims in addition to earthquake and diseases. The constituency had been known of architectural structures, building castles and towers, bridges, landmarks.