Biodiesel Viscosity and Flash Point Determination
Date
2015
Authors
Eman Ateeq
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
In this research, biodiesel samples of different percentages of blend biodiesel (Palestinian biodiesel prepared from waste oil) and petro-diesel were studied. The density, refractive index, flash point and viscosity of the samples were measured.
The flash points were measured as a function of percentage of biodiesel, the results emphasized that the flash points increase as the percentage of biodiesel increases in the sample. Two equations were proposed to obtain more suitable prediction of the flash point. The values of flash points of biodiesel were compared with the standard value of flash point of biodiesel. The comparison shows that samples contain more than 40% biodiesel coincide with standard values.
The values of kinematic viscosity of biodiesel were compared with the Palestinian standard value of biodiesel. The comparison shows that samples contain less than 72% biodiesel coincide with standard value. Taking into consideration results of kinematic viscosity and flash point one can suggest percentage 71% of biodiesel and 29% petro-diesel as the best percentage that the two materials can be mixed and the flash point 115.3 ÂșC according the Palestinian standards.
ŰȘÙ ŰŻŰ±Ű§ŰłŰ© ŰčÙÙۧŰȘ ŰȘŰŰȘÙÙ ŰčÙÙ Ù۳ۚ Ù ŰźŰȘÙÙŰ© Ù Ù ŰźÙÙŰ· ۧÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ (ۧÙŰšÙÙŰŻÙŰČÙ) ۧÙÙ Ű”ÙŰč ÙÙ ÙÙ۳۷ÙÙ Ù Ù Ű§Ű”Ù Ű§ÙŰČÙŰȘ ۧÙÙ ŰłŰȘŰźŰŻÙ ÙۧÙŰŻÙŰČÙ Ű§ÙŰšŰȘ۱ÙÙÙ. ŰÙŰ« ŰȘÙ ŰŻŰ±Ű§ŰłŰ© ۧÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ÙۧÙÙ۫ۧÙŰ© ÙÙ ŰčŰ§Ù Ù Ű§ÙۧÙÙ۳ۧ۱ Ùۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶ ŰčÙŰŻ ÙÙ Ù۳ۚ۩. ŰȘÙ ŰŻŰ±Ű§ŰłŰ© ۧÙÙ۫ۧÙŰ© ÙŰčÙۧÙŰ© Ù Űč ŰČÙۧۯ۩ Ù۳ۚ۩ ۧÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ű§ÙŰčÙÙŰ© ÙÙ Űč ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩ ÙŰŁŰžÙ۱ŰȘ ۧÙÙŰȘۧۊۏ ŰŁÙ Ű§ÙÙ۫ۧÙŰ© ŰȘŰČÙŰŻ Ù Űč ŰČÙۧۯ۩ Ù۳ۚ۩ ۧÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ű§ÙŰčÙÙŰ© ÙŰȘÙÙ Ù Űč ۧŰČŰŻÙۧۯ ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩. ÙÙ Ù Ű«Ù ŰȘÙ Ű§Ù۶ۧ ۯ۱ۧ۳۩ Ù ŰčŰ§Ù Ù Ű§ÙۧÙÙ۳ۧ۱ ÙŰčÙۧÙŰ© Ù Űč ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩ ÙŰȘŰšÙÙ Ű§Ù Ù ŰčŰ§Ù Ù Ű§ÙۧÙÙ۳ۧ۱ ÙÙÙ Ù Űč ŰČÙۧۯ۩ ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩. ÙÙŰŻ ŰȘÙ ŰŻŰ±Ű§ŰłŰ© ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶ ÙŰčÙۧÙŰ© Ù Űč Ù۳ۚ۩ ۧÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ű§ÙŰčÙÙŰ© Ùۧ۞Ù۱ŰȘ ۧÙÙŰȘۧۊۏ Ű§Ù ŰŻŰ±ŰŹŰ© ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶ ŰȘŰČۯۧۯ Ù Űč ۧŰČŰŻÙۧۯ Ù۳ۚ۩ ۧÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ű§ÙŰčÙÙŰ©Ű ÙŰȘÙ Ű§ÙŰȘŰ±Ű§Ű Ù ŰčۧۯÙŰȘÙÙ ŰȘŰŰȘÙÙ ÙÙ Ù ÙÙÙ Ű§ ŰčÙÙ Ű«Ű§ŰšŰȘÙÙ ÙÙŰȘÙۚۀ ۚۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶. ÙŰȘÙ Ù Ùۧ۱ÙŰ© ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶ ÙÙŰčÙÙۧŰȘ Ù Űč ۧÙÙ ŰčۧÙÙ۱ ۧÙÙÙ۳۷ÙÙÙŰ© ÙÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙŰ Ùۧ۞Ù۱ŰȘ ۧÙÙ Ùۧ۱ÙŰ© Ű§Ù Ű§ÙŰčÙÙۧŰȘ ۧÙŰȘÙ ŰȘŰŰȘÙÙ ŰčÙÙ Ù۳ۚ۩ ŰŁŰčÙÙ Ù Ù 40% Ù Ù Ű§ÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ ŰȘŰȘÙۧÙÙ Ù Űč ۧÙÙ ŰčۧÙÙ۱ ۧÙÙÙ۳۷ÙÙÙŰ©. ÙŰȘÙ Ű§Ù۶ۧ ۯ۱ۧ۳۩ ۧÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ÙŰčÙۧÙŰ© Ù Űč ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩ Ùۧ۞Ù۱ŰȘ ۧÙÙŰȘۧۊۏ Ű§Ù Ű§ÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ŰȘÙÙ ŰšŰ§ŰČŰŻÙۧۯ ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩ ÙÙŰŻ ŰȘÙ Ű§ÙŰȘŰ±Ű§Ű Ù ŰčۧۯÙŰ© Ù Ù Ű«Ű§ŰšŰȘÙÙ ÙÙŰ”Ù Ű§ÙŰčÙۧÙŰ© ŰšÙÙ Ű§ÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ۧÙŰŻÙÙŰ§Ù ÙÙÙŰ© ÙۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩. ŰȘÙ Ù Ùۧ۱ÙŰ© ÙÙÙ Ű§ÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ۧÙÙÙÙÙ Ű§ŰȘÙŰ© ÙÙŰčÙÙۧŰȘ Ù Űč ÙÙÙ Ű§ÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ۧÙÙÙÙÙ Ű§ŰȘÙŰ© ÙÙ Ű§ÙÙ ŰčۧÙÙ۱ ۧÙÙÙ۳۷ÙÙÙŰ© Ùۧ۞Ù۱ŰȘ ۧÙÙ Ùۧ۱ÙŰ© ŰȘÙۧÙÙ Ű§ÙÙÙÙ Ű§ÙÙ Ùۧ۳۩ Ù Űč ÙÙÙ Ű§ÙÙ ŰčۧÙÙ۱ ÙÙŰčÙÙۧŰȘ ۧÙŰȘÙ ŰȘŰŰȘÙÙ ŰčÙÙ Ű§ÙÙ Ù Ù 72% ÙÙÙŰŻ ŰÙÙÙ . ÙŰšÙ Ùۧ۱ÙŰ© ÙŰȘۧۊۏ ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶ ÙۧÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ۧÙÙÙÙÙ Ű§ŰȘÙŰ© ŰȘÙ Ű§ÙŰȘŰ±Ű§Ű Ù۳ۚ۩ 71% Ù Ù Ű§ÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ Ù29% Ù Ù Ű§ÙŰŻÙŰČÙ Ű§ÙŰšŰȘ۱ÙÙÙ ÙŰŁÙŰ¶Ù Ù۳ۚ۩ ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙۧ ŰźÙŰ· ۧÙÙ Ű§ŰŻŰȘÙÙ Ùۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶C Âș 115.3 ÙۧÙÙŰ”ÙÙ Ű§ÙÙ ÙÙÙŰŻ ŰÙÙÙ Ù Ùۧ۱ۚ ÙÙÙ Ùۧ۔ÙۧŰȘ ÙۧÙÙ ŰčۧÙÙ۱ ۧÙÙÙ۳۷ÙÙÙŰ©.
ŰȘÙ ŰŻŰ±Ű§ŰłŰ© ŰčÙÙۧŰȘ ŰȘŰŰȘÙÙ ŰčÙÙ Ù۳ۚ Ù ŰźŰȘÙÙŰ© Ù Ù ŰźÙÙŰ· ۧÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ (ۧÙŰšÙÙŰŻÙŰČÙ) ۧÙÙ Ű”ÙŰč ÙÙ ÙÙ۳۷ÙÙ Ù Ù Ű§Ű”Ù Ű§ÙŰČÙŰȘ ۧÙÙ ŰłŰȘŰźŰŻÙ ÙۧÙŰŻÙŰČÙ Ű§ÙŰšŰȘ۱ÙÙÙ. ŰÙŰ« ŰȘÙ ŰŻŰ±Ű§ŰłŰ© ۧÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ÙۧÙÙ۫ۧÙŰ© ÙÙ ŰčŰ§Ù Ù Ű§ÙۧÙÙ۳ۧ۱ Ùۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶ ŰčÙŰŻ ÙÙ Ù۳ۚ۩. ŰȘÙ ŰŻŰ±Ű§ŰłŰ© ۧÙÙ۫ۧÙŰ© ÙŰčÙۧÙŰ© Ù Űč ŰČÙۧۯ۩ Ù۳ۚ۩ ۧÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ű§ÙŰčÙÙŰ© ÙÙ Űč ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩ ÙŰŁŰžÙ۱ŰȘ ۧÙÙŰȘۧۊۏ ŰŁÙ Ű§ÙÙ۫ۧÙŰ© ŰȘŰČÙŰŻ Ù Űč ŰČÙۧۯ۩ Ù۳ۚ۩ ۧÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ű§ÙŰčÙÙŰ© ÙŰȘÙÙ Ù Űč ۧŰČŰŻÙۧۯ ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩. ÙÙ Ù Ű«Ù ŰȘÙ Ű§Ù۶ۧ ۯ۱ۧ۳۩ Ù ŰčŰ§Ù Ù Ű§ÙۧÙÙ۳ۧ۱ ÙŰčÙۧÙŰ© Ù Űč ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩ ÙŰȘŰšÙÙ Ű§Ù Ù ŰčŰ§Ù Ù Ű§ÙۧÙÙ۳ۧ۱ ÙÙÙ Ù Űč ŰČÙۧۯ۩ ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩. ÙÙŰŻ ŰȘÙ ŰŻŰ±Ű§ŰłŰ© ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶ ÙŰčÙۧÙŰ© Ù Űč Ù۳ۚ۩ ۧÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ű§ÙŰčÙÙŰ© Ùۧ۞Ù۱ŰȘ ۧÙÙŰȘۧۊۏ Ű§Ù ŰŻŰ±ŰŹŰ© ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶ ŰȘŰČۯۧۯ Ù Űč ۧŰČŰŻÙۧۯ Ù۳ۚ۩ ۧÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ű§ÙŰčÙÙŰ©Ű ÙŰȘÙ Ű§ÙŰȘŰ±Ű§Ű Ù ŰčۧۯÙŰȘÙÙ ŰȘŰŰȘÙÙ ÙÙ Ù ÙÙÙ Ű§ ŰčÙÙ Ű«Ű§ŰšŰȘÙÙ ÙÙŰȘÙۚۀ ۚۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶. ÙŰȘÙ Ù Ùۧ۱ÙŰ© ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶ ÙÙŰčÙÙۧŰȘ Ù Űč ۧÙÙ ŰčۧÙÙ۱ ۧÙÙÙ۳۷ÙÙÙŰ© ÙÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙŰ Ùۧ۞Ù۱ŰȘ ۧÙÙ Ùۧ۱ÙŰ© Ű§Ù Ű§ÙŰčÙÙۧŰȘ ۧÙŰȘÙ ŰȘŰŰȘÙÙ ŰčÙÙ Ù۳ۚ۩ ŰŁŰčÙÙ Ù Ù 40% Ù Ù Ű§ÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ ŰȘŰȘÙۧÙÙ Ù Űč ۧÙÙ ŰčۧÙÙ۱ ۧÙÙÙ۳۷ÙÙÙŰ©. ÙŰȘÙ Ű§Ù۶ۧ ۯ۱ۧ۳۩ ۧÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ÙŰčÙۧÙŰ© Ù Űč ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩ Ùۧ۞Ù۱ŰȘ ۧÙÙŰȘۧۊۏ Ű§Ù Ű§ÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ŰȘÙÙ ŰšŰ§ŰČŰŻÙۧۯ ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩ ÙÙŰŻ ŰȘÙ Ű§ÙŰȘŰ±Ű§Ű Ù ŰčۧۯÙŰ© Ù Ù Ű«Ű§ŰšŰȘÙÙ ÙÙŰ”Ù Ű§ÙŰčÙۧÙŰ© ŰšÙÙ Ű§ÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ۧÙŰŻÙÙŰ§Ù ÙÙÙŰ© ÙۧÙŰ۱ۧ۱۩. ŰȘÙ Ù Ùۧ۱ÙŰ© ÙÙÙ Ű§ÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ۧÙÙÙÙÙ Ű§ŰȘÙŰ© ÙÙŰčÙÙۧŰȘ Ù Űč ÙÙÙ Ű§ÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ۧÙÙÙÙÙ Ű§ŰȘÙŰ© ÙÙ Ű§ÙÙ ŰčۧÙÙ۱ ۧÙÙÙ۳۷ÙÙÙŰ© Ùۧ۞Ù۱ŰȘ ۧÙÙ Ùۧ۱ÙŰ© ŰȘÙۧÙÙ Ű§ÙÙÙÙ Ű§ÙÙ Ùۧ۳۩ Ù Űč ÙÙÙ Ű§ÙÙ ŰčۧÙÙ۱ ÙÙŰčÙÙۧŰȘ ۧÙŰȘÙ ŰȘŰŰȘÙÙ ŰčÙÙ Ű§ÙÙ Ù Ù 72% ÙÙÙŰŻ ŰÙÙÙ . ÙŰšÙ Ùۧ۱ÙŰ© ÙŰȘۧۊۏ ۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶ ÙۧÙÙŰČÙŰŹŰ© ۧÙÙÙÙÙ Ű§ŰȘÙŰ© ŰȘÙ Ű§ÙŰȘŰ±Ű§Ű Ù۳ۚ۩ 71% Ù Ù Ű§ÙÙÙÙŰŻ ۧÙŰÙÙÙ Ù29% Ù Ù Ű§ÙŰŻÙŰČÙ Ű§ÙŰšŰȘ۱ÙÙÙ ÙŰŁÙŰ¶Ù Ù۳ۚ۩ ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙۧ ŰźÙŰ· ۧÙÙ Ű§ŰŻŰȘÙÙ Ùۯ۱ۏ۩ ۧÙÙÙ Ù۶C Âș 115.3 ÙۧÙÙŰ”ÙÙ Ű§ÙÙ ÙÙÙŰŻ ŰÙÙÙ Ù Ùۧ۱ۚ ÙÙÙ Ùۧ۔ÙۧŰȘ ÙۧÙÙ ŰčۧÙÙ۱ ۧÙÙÙ۳۷ÙÙÙŰ©.