Shawkani Approach In The Prevention Of Conflict And Weighting Between The Evidence In Worship Through His Book "Nayl Al Awtar

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Date
2014
Authors
Raed Abdel Jabbar Khadir Mehdawi
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This thesis aims at high lighting the major icons of Shawkani’s fundamental approach in discrepancy resolution and weightings concerning the different worship sections. The thesis aims to achieve so through his book ‘Nayl Al-Awtar’, highlighting the scholarly and personal aspects of Shawkani’s life, analyzing the concepts of discrepancy resolution and weightings’ conditions and the related rules and principles and, comparing the results with other scholars in the field of ‘Origins of Jurisprudence’. For this purpose I have examined the theories of reconciliations, removal, and weightings- located within the limits of the thesis- then sorted, analyzed, and formulated the findings as fundamental laws in Jurisprudence. This thesis consists of five chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter of the thesis, which consists of three sections, served as an overview of Shawkani and his book ‘Nayl Al-Awtar’. The first section is devoted to Shawkani’s era including an observation of the political, social, religious, and scholastic climate at the time. The second section details his personal and scholastic life by specifying his name, ancestry, birth date, childhood, quest of knowledge/scholastic career, his mentors and teachers, his students, his creed and sect, works, jobs, publications, the zenith of his career and death. The third section is devoted at defining and analyzing his book ‘Nayl Al-Awtar Min Asrar Muntaka Al-Akhbar’ including an overview and definition about the origins of the book ‘Nayl Al-Awtar’ by Majd Al-Din Ibn Taymyah’s. The third section also includes defining the features and characteristics as well as the demonstrating the importance, uniqueness, and scholastic appraisal and testimonials of, Al-Muntaka and Nayl Al-Awtar. Lastly, the third section includes an overview and definition of Shawkani’s general approach. In The second chapter of my thesis I defined and demonstrated the semantics and terminology of “Discrepancy” as well as its relation with “Equality”. I also shed light on the nature of discrepancy between the different jurisprudence rulings, its position, conditions, reasons and prevention and resolution methods. The last three chapters were devoted to show the features of reconciliation, replications, and weightings between discrepancies from Shawkani’s point of view. The study is concluded by a series of results, including the following: 1- Shawkani is considered to be a researcher and credible scholar within the Sunni creed. He is known for his large capacity to intake and comprehend various types’ scholastic studies as well as discrepancy resolution among his student. His book ‘Nayl Al-Awtar’ is one of his best publications regarding his topic in terms of, research, rooting and editing. 2- The discrepancy existing among the jurisprudence rulings is a superficial discrepancy, and not a real contradiction among the mentioned evidences. 3- The general fundamentalist scholastic approach is based on the prevention of discrepancies among the different theological evidences by prioritizing reconciliation as much as possible, followed by removal, and lastly, weighting. 4- Shawkani followed the general scholastic approach in discrepancy prevention and resolution among the different evidences in terms of sources and applications. 5- The number of Doctrinal issues that I have reached through the examination of the studied material, including the derivation of ‘The Shawkani Approach’ are: (335) doctrinal conclusions regarding all of worship issues [(234) conclusions regarding reconciliation issues, (19) conclusions regarding removal issues and (82) conclusions regarding weighting issues]. In the hope that serious scholars would reap benefit from the study, I ended my thesis with a number of recommendations which are to be further examined.
تَهْدِفُ هَذِهِ الدِّرَاسَةُ إِلَى إِبْرَازِ مَعَالِمِ مَنْهَجِ الشَّوْكَانِيِّ الأُصُولِيِّ التَّطْبِيقِيِّ فِي التَّعَارُضِ وَالتَّرْجِيحِ فِي أَبْوَابِ العِبَادَاتِ، مِنْ خِلَالِ كِتَابِهِ نَيْلِ الأَوْطَارِ، وَإِبْرَازِ الجَوَانِبِ العِلْمِيَّةِ وَالشَّخْصِيَّةِ فِي حَيَاتِهِ، مِمَّا لَهُ صِلَةٌ بِمَوْضُوعِ الدِّراسَةِ، مَعَ بَيَانِ مَفْهُومِ التَّعَارُضِ وَالتَّرْجِيحِ، وَشُرُوطِهِمَا، وَمَا يَتَعَلَّقُ بِهِمَا مِنْ أُصُولٍ وَقَوَاعِدَ عِنْدَهُ، مُقَارَنًا مَعَ غَيْرِهِ مِنْ عُلَمَاءِ أُصُولِ الفِقْهِ. وَمِنْ أَجْلِ ذَلِكَ قُمْتُ بِاسْتِقْرَاءِ وُجُوهِ الجَمْعِ وَالنَّسْخِ وَالتَّرْجِيحِ - الوَاقِعَةِ فِي حُدُودِ مَادَّةِ الدِّرَاسَةِ – عِنْدَ الشَّوْكَانِيِّ، وَحَصْرِهَا وَتَحْلِيلِهَا، وَصِيَاغَتِهَا عَلَى شَكْلِ قَوَاعِدَ أُصُولِيَّةٍ. وَقَدْ تَكَوَّنَتْ هَذِهِ الدِّرَاسَةُ مِنْ خَمْسَةِ فُصُولٍ، وَخَاتِمَةٍ. أَمَّا الفصل الأَوَّلُ فَقَدْ كَانَ لِلتَّعْرِيفِ بِالشَّوْكَانِيِّ وَبِكِتَابِهِ نَيْلِ الأَوْطَارِ، وَذَلِكَ مِنْ خِلَالِ مَبَاحِثَ ثَلَاثَةٍ، خَصَّصْتُ أَوَّلَهَا لِدِرَاسَةِ عَصْرِ الشَّوْكَانِيِّ، وَإِلْقَاءِ نَظْرَةٍ عَلَى الحَالَةِ السِّياسِيَّةِ، وَالدِّينِيَّةِ، وَالاجْتِمَاعِيَّةِ، وَالعِلْمِيَّةِ فِي ذَلِكَ العَصْرِ، وَعَقَدْتُّ ثَانِيَهَا لِدِرَاسَةِ حَيَاتِهِ الشَّخْصِيَّةِ وَالعِلْمِيَّةِ مِنْ خِلَالِ التَّعْرِيفِ بِاسْمِهِ وَنَسَبِهِ، وَمَوْلِدِهِ وَنَشْأَتِهِ وَطَلَبِهِ لِلْعِلْمِ، وَشُيُوخِهِ وَتَلامِيذِهِ، وَمَذْهَبِهِ الفِقْهِيِّ وَعَقِيدَتِهِ، وَأَعْمَالِهِ وَوَظَائِفِهِ، وَكُتُبِهِ وَمُؤَلَّفَاتِهِ، وَمَنْزِلَتِهِ العِلْمِيَّةِ، وَوَفَاتِهِ. ثُمَّ كَانَ المَبْحَثُ الثَّالِثُ لِلتَّعْرِيفِ بِكِتَابِ نَيْلِ الأَوْطَارِ مِنْ أَسْرَارِ مُنْتَقَى الأَخْبَارِ، وَتَضَمَّنَ التَّعْرِيفَ بِأَصْلِ كِتَابِ نَيْلِ الأَوْطَارِ وَهُوَ: كِتَابُ المُنْتَقَى لِمَجْدِ الدّينِ بْنِ تَيْمِيَّةَ، وَبَيَانَ مَيِّزَاتِهِ وَخَصَائِصِهِ بَيْنَ كُتُبِ أَحَادِيثِ الأَحْكَامِ، وَالتَّعْرِيفَ - أَيْضًا - بِكِتَابِ نَيْلِ الأَوْطَارِ وَبَيَانَ أَهَمِّيَّتِهِ، وَمَيِّزَاتِهِ، وَثَنَاءَ العُلَمَاءِ عَلَيْهِ، ومَنْهَجَ الشَّوْكَانِيِّ العَامَّ فِيهِ. أَمَّا الفصل الثَّانِي فَقَدْ كَانَ لِبَيَانِ مَعْنَى التَّعَارُضِ لُغَةً وَاصْطِلَاحًا، وَصِلَتِهِ بِمُصْطَلَحِ التَّعَادُلِ، وطَبِيعَةِ التَّعَارُضِ بَيْنَ الأَدِلَّةِ الشَّرْعِيَّةِ، وَمَحَلِّهِ، وَشُرُوطِهِ، وأَسْبَابِهِ، وطُرُقِ دَفْعِهِ. ثُمَّ كَانَتِ الفُصُولُ الثَّلَاثَةُ البَاقِيَةُ مُخَصَّصَةً لِبَيَانِ وُجُوهِ الجَمْعِ، وَالنَّسْخِ، وَالتَّرْجِيحِ بَيْنَ الأَدِلَّةِ المُتَعَارِضَةِ عِنْدَ الشَّوْكَانِيِّ. وَقَدْ خَتَمْتُ هَذِهِ الدِّرَاسَةَ بِمَجْمُوعَةٍ مِنَ النَّتَائِجِ، أَهَمُّهَا مَا يَلِي: 1- يُعْتَبَرُ الشَّوْكَانِيُّ عَالِمًا مُجْتَهِدًا مُحَقِّقًا سُنِّيَّ العَقِيدَةِ، وَقَدْ تَمَيَّزَ بِسَعَةِ التَبَحُّرِ فِي العُلُومِ المُخْتَلِفَةِ، وَسَعَةِ التَّآلِيفِ وَالتَّلَامِيذِ، وَكِتَابُهُ نَيْلُ الأَوْطَارِ مِنْ أَحْسَنِ مَا كُتِبَ فِي مَوْضُوعِهِ، تَحْقِيقًا وَتَأْصِيلًا وَتَحْرِيرًا. 2- التَّعَارُضُ الوَاقِعُ بَيْنَ الأَدِلَّةِ الشَّرْعِيَّةِ هُوَ تَعَارُضٌ ظَاهِرِيٌّ بِحَسْبِ مَا يَقُومُ فِي ذِهْنِ المُجْتَهِدِ، وَلَيْسَ تَعَارُضًا حَقِيقِيًّا بَيْنَ الأَدِلَّةِ نَفْسِهَا. 3- يَقُومُ مَنْهَجُ جُمْهُورِ الأُصُولِيِّينَ فِي دَفْعِ التَّعَارُضِ بَيْنَ الأَدِلَّةِ عَلَى تَقْدِيمِ الجَمْعِ مَا أَمْكَنَ، فَالنَّسْخِ، فَالتَّرْجِيحِ. 4- سَارَ الشَّوْكَانِيُّ عَلَى مَنْهَجِ الجُمْهُورِ فِي طَرِيقَةِ دَفْعِ التَّعَارُضِ بَيْنَ الأَدِلَّةِ تَأْصِيلًا وَتَطْبِيقًا. 5- عَدَدُ المَسَائِلِ الفِقْهِيَّةِ الَّتِي تَوَصَّلتُ إِلَيْهَا مِنْ خِلَالِ الاسْتِقْرَاءِ لِمَادَّةِ الدِّرَاسَةِ، وَالَّتِي اسْتَخْلَصْتُ مِنْهَا مَنْهَجَ الشَّوْكَانِيِّ فِي التَّعَارُضِ وَالتَّرْجِيحِ هِيَ: (335) مَسْأَلَةً فِقْهِيَّةً فِي أَبْوَابِ العِبَادَاتِ كُلِّهَا، منها: (234) مَسْأَلَةً لِلْجَمْعِ، و(19) مَسْأَلَةً لِلنَّسْخِ، و(82) مَسْأَلَةً لِلتَّرْجِيحِ. وَقَدْ ذَيَّلْتُ هَذِهِ الدِّرَاسَةَ بِمَجْمُوعَةٍ مِنَ التَّوْصِيَاتِ؛ كَيْ يَسْتَفِيدَ مِنْهَا البَاحِثُونَ الجَادُّونَ، تُنْظَرُ فِي مَوْضِعِها، وَاللهُ المُوَفِّقُ وَالهَادِي إِلَى سَوَاءِ السَّبِيلِ، وَصَلَّى اللهُ عَلَى نَبِيِّنا مُحَمَّدٍ، وَعَلَى آلِهِ وَصَحْبِهِ أَجْمَعِينَ، وَالحَمْدُ للهِ رَبِّ العَالَمِينَ. 
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