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- ItemEFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF DATE PALM (ELAEIS QUINEENSIS JACQ.) LEAVES ON THE PERFORMANCE AND SOME PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF CROSSBRED EWES(An-Najah National University, 2025-02-27) Shakhshir, Ali Abdo AliAbstract This research comprised two experiments. The first experiment aimed to examine how various preparations of date palm leaves (DPL), including chopped, ensiled, and alkali-treated forms, affected the performance and reproductive efficiency of crossbred ewe lambs. A total of twenty female ewes were used at age of 6-7 months were fed the DPL at 15% of their diets for a period of 6 weeks. DPL was replaced similar percent of wheat hay in the control diet. The ewes were split into four experimental groups, with each group consisting of five ewes, and each ewe treated as a separate replicate. Ewes were fed as the following: Group 1 (G1) served as the control, consisting of 70% concentrate and 30% wheat straw, for the experimental groups G2 to G4, various forms of date palm leaves (DPL) were incorporated into the diets to replace half of the wheat straw. A digestion trial was conducted after 28 days of the feeding trial. Ewes were exposed to rams were conception rates and other reproductive traits were recorded. Prior to conception ewes were examined for blood parameters and a digestibility trial was performed. The results indicated that form of DPL had no significant effects on all study parameters. The second experiment consisting of 28 cross bred lactating ewes were used to examine the DPL forms on milk yield and quality, blood parameters and nutrient digestibility. The ewes were organized into four experimental groups, with each group containing seven ewes, and each ewe regarded as an individual replicate. Ewes were fed similar diets as in experiment 1. Results of experiment 2 indicated the lack of effects of forms of DPL on the tested parameters. In experiments 1 and 2 the economic efficiency of feeding DPL was examined. In conclusion, incorporating date palm leaves (DPL), whether in their raw or treated forms (ensiled or alkali-treated), offers significant benefits by lowering feed costs and contributing to environmental protection. However, further research is needed to determine the optimal treatment and inclusion levels for these diets.
- ItemEXPLORING THE STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, ELECTRONIC, MAGNETIC, OPTICAL AND THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF QUATERNARY HEUSLER ALLOYS FEMNSCGA, FEMNSCAL AND FEMNCRGE(An-Najah National University, 2025-04-27) Masri, HasanThis dissertation presents a comprehensive analysis of the structural, electronic, magnetic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of three quaternary Heusler compounds: FeMnCrGe (Iron-Manganese-Chromium-Germanium), FeMnScAl (Iron Manganese-Scandium-Aluminum), and FeMnScGa (Iron-Manganese-Scandium-Gallium), using first-principles theoretical frameworks. This research relies on the density functional theory (DFT). The calculations use the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE) functional. This approach uses a generalized gradient approximation. It ensures precise electronic structure analysis. Additionally, it uses the modified Becke-Johnson (mBJ) functional. These approaches help to evaluate the material's potential applications in spintronics and energy conversion devices. All three compounds have a face-centered cubic structure with adherence to the Fm-3m space group. A negative formation energy characterizes their stable configurations. This confirms their stability. Moreover, they comply with mechanical stability conditions. FeMnCrGe (Type 1 structure), FeMnScAl, and FeMnScGa (Type 2 structures) all meet mechanical stability requirements and exhibit structural stability through a hybrid ionic-covalent bonding framework. The electronic structure analysis depicts strong half-metallic behavior for all compounds studied, with 100% spin polarization. The FeMnCrGe compound has a spin-down bandgap value calculated as 0.974 eV with a modified Becke-Johnson potential, compared with a 0.1574 eV bandgap for FeMnScAl and 0.442 eV for FeMnScGa. As per the Slater-Pauling rule, magnetic moments have been calculated. The FeMnCrGe compound illustrates a magnetic moment value per formula unit as 1.00 μB, with FeMnScAl and FeMnScGa having magnetic moments of 3.00 μB each. Such a fluctuation is attributed to strong ferromagnetic behavior, which is substantiated through strong magnetic interactions from manganese. Investigation of the thermoelectric properties reveals high efficiency in energy conversion. The material FeMnScAl has a peak value for ZT of 0.689 at 150 K, and FeMnCrGe has a value of 0.42 at 500 K. Also, the optical properties of all three compounds demonstrate high ultraviolet absorption, with FeMnScGa having absorption coefficients above 180 × 10⁴/cm. Additionally, all materials exhibit a high refractive index, and large interband transitions are present. These characteristics suggest excellent potential for optoelectronic devices. Their impact could be significant in advanced applications. These materials offer significant potential. They could advance spintronic, thermoelectric, and optoelectronic technologies. These materials exhibit half-metallicity, stable magnetism, and strong thermoelectric properties. This unique combination creates new opportunities. It helps to address challenges in conventional electronics and energy harvesting. The theoretical framework as a whole presents a solid foundation for future empirical research, as well as for real applications of these flexible materials for constructing novel technological advancements.
- ItemDESIGN, SYNTHESIS, BIOACTIVITY AND MOLECULAR DOCKING OF IMIDAZOLONE DERIVATIVES HAVING HYDROPHILIC AND LIPOPHILIC FUNCTIONALITIES(An-Najah National University, 2025-05-07) Fares, Oswa MarwanThe currently used chemotherapies showed negative side effects that can lead to permanent damage to human organs. Therefore, finding an effective anticancer therapy with minimum side effects is considered a major challenge for scientists. In this work, two new series of imidazolones were prepared, one containing phenyl group (3a-g) and the other containing thiophene group (5a-g). Both of these imidazolones were combined with different substituents including lipophilic and hydrophilic moieties. The synthesis was performed via condensation cyclization of vanillin-based oxazolones with various amines. The anticancer activity of the synthesized imidazolones was analyzed against four different cancer cell lines: liver cancer cells (HepG2), cervical adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa), colon cancer cells (CaCo-2) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Among the prepared imidazolones, it was found that imidazolone 3f with dodecyl chain exhibited the highest anticancer activity with IC50 value of 65.26 ± 3.2 µM against HepG2 and 20.02 ± 3.5 µM against MCF-7. Imidazolone 3d with amino alkyl group displayed an IC50 value of 36.57 ± 4.1 µM against the Hela cell and 24.68 ± 3.8 µM against the CaCo-2 cell line. Imidazolone 5g with thiophene and pyridyl group showed the highest efficiency among all tested derivatives with an IC50 value of 18.44 ± 2.3 µM and 5.96 ± 2.3 µM against Hela and CaCo-2 cell lines, respectively. Imidazolone 5b with chlorophenyl moiety displayed an IC50 value of 2.18 ± 0.7 µM and 5.51 ± 1.1 µM against HepG2 and Hela cell lines, respectively. Computational tools were also used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, and the antitumor potential of imidazolone molecules with the highest activities through ADME analysis and molecular docking. ADME properties, estimated by the Swiss ADME server, emphasize favorable drug-likeness under Lipinski’s guidelines, with molecular weights ranging from 357.43 (5d) to 468.65 g/mol (5f). Molecules 3g, 3f, and 5f show optimal hydrogen bonding, moderate bioavailability (0.55), and synthetic accessibility scores from 3.78 to 4.76. Docking studies with proteins 4MAN and 1HNJ highlight strong interactions for 3g, 3f, and 5f, with molecule 3g showing the best binding for 4MAN (-52.13 kcal/mol) and 5f for 1HNJ (-38.63 kcal/mol). These results recognize 3g and 5f imidazolones as promising candidates for targeted cancer therapy. In addition, antibacterial activity was studied for the prepared oxazolones. It was noticed that oxazolone 8 containing 2-thiophenyl moiety was the most potent to stop the bacterial growth of all types of bacteria, even the most resistant Staphylococcus aureus with MIC of 500 µg/mL. A combination of these oxazolones with commercial antibiotics can provide a synergetic effect to inhibit the bacterial growth at lower MIC values.
- ItemDECISION TREE TO CLASSIFY JETS OF PARTICLES IN HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS(An-Najah National University, 2025-04-10) Khaled, MarwaThis study investigates the application of Decision Tree and Random Forest models to tackle the challenge of jet classification in particle physics, focusing on categorizing jets into five key particle types: light quarks (q), gluons (g), W and Z bosons, and top quarks. Using a dataset from Zenodo comprising list of 53 High-Level Features derived from jet events, we explored Decision Tree and Random Forest models within the machine learning framework to enhance classification accuracy. Our approach involved building and comparing various Decision Tree and Random Forest models, assessing configurations such as tree depth, the minimum number of samples leaf, and the number of trees in the Random Forest ensemble to optimize performance. In our jet classification research, the Random Forest model outperforms the Decision Tree model in classifying particle physics events, achieving higher precision, recall, F1-scores, and an overall accuracy of (85.32%) compared to (81.32%). Optimal Random Forest performance was obtained using 100 trees, maximum depth = 10, and top 20 selected features, which also reduced training time by 36.8%. In contrast, the best Decision Tree configuration used maximum depth = 8 and maximum features = 40. This research highlights the potential of Random Forest to achieve high jet classification accuracy and offers insights into optimizing Random Forest models for similar tasks in particle physics research.
- ItemON SOME PROPERTIES OF UU AND UJ RINGS(An-najah National University, 2025-01-15) Hantouli, MaisoonIn 2015, Grigore Calugareanu introduced and studied UU-rings as a new class of rings. He named a ring R by a UU-ring if each unit element x of R is of the form, x = 1 + n, for some t ∈ N il(R) (N il(R) denotes the set of nil-potent elements of R). He discussed some basic properties of these rings and provided some basic examples of UU and nonUU-rings. More properties and characterizations of UU-rings were provided by Peter Vassilev Danchev and Tsit-Yuen Lam in 2016. The first part of this thesis aims to reproduce and validate the work done in the literature about the UU-ring property, as well as discuss more properties of such rings. For example, in Chapter 2, we study the transfer of the UU-ring property in different ring extensions; such as the product of rings, the matrix ring, the polynomial ring, and the trivial ring extension. In 2017, M. Tamer Kosan, Andre Leroy, and Jerzy Matszuk investigated another new ring concept and called it UJ rings. They defined a ring R to be a UJ ring if each unit element x of R can be written in the form x = 1 + j, for some j ∈ J(R) (J(R) denotes the Jacobson-radical of R). It is well known that in the commutative case N il(R) ⊆ J(R) and so that the class of UU-rings is a subclass of the class of UJ rings. The second part of this thesis is devoted to studying the UJ ring property and discussing some of its relations with other ring concepts such as UU-rings, clean rings, and nil-clean rings, ..., also to determine the transfer of UJ property in the polynomial ring and its relation with Kothe’s problem.