Methods of Teaching English

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Browsing Methods of Teaching English by Author "Abu Saa, Shafiq"

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    Improving the Efficiency of Spark Ignition Engines by Optimizing Injected H2/O2 Ratio
    (An-Najah National University, 2021-07-29) Abu Saa, Shafiq
    In this thesis, focus will be placed on increasing the engine's efficiency as well as reducing the proportion of exhaust gases by saturating the oxygen in the air entering the engine. After analyzing the air flow sensor (MAF) reading, the correct air-fuel ratio has been modified using ECM program to ensure that there are no knocks. This was done to prevent any interference in the readings of the sensors responsible for monitoring the efficiency of fuel combustion, such as the Lambda sensor. This procedure was used to increase the combustion efficiency and to alleviate the harmful exhaust gas concentration (CO, CO2, VOC, NOX). Hydrogen and oxygen were obtained through an alkaline cell that separates oxygen and hydrogen from the water using electrical separation, where the cell is fed with a vehicle voltage of 13.5 volts and a sodium hydroxide solution is added to catalyst the water to separate. The two gases pass separately through one-way valves that are controlled by a microcontroller to injected appropriate amount of hydrogen and oxygen according to the number of engine revolutions (RPM). Results were monitored using several devices such as (VCDS, DELPHI) that were used to measure sensors output voltage, engine torque and NOX concentration, in addition to using devices to measure exhaust gas concentration. AS8700A (Air quality detector) and ECM Titanium program were also used to reduce the amount of fuel injected into the engine to ensure that no disturbances occurred in the engine’s operation. The results show that adding oxygen and hydrogen to the combustion chamber resulted in decreasing the CO, CO2, VOC, and NOX concentrations by 8.4%, 5.4%, 13.2% and 20%, respectively.