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NablusBus
(Dr. Anas Toma, 2025-02-04) Omar Ratrout; Maen Khader
IV Acknowledgment As a start, we thank God for blessing us and entrusting us with our task. wish to use the information we have gained through the kindness of God to benefit our religion and country. We would like to thank our project supervisors, Dr. Anas Toma & Dr. Ashraf Armoush, for her invaluable advice and continuous encouragement. The accomplishment of the best results and the success of this project were significantly influenced by his guidance and assistance. Also, we would want to express our gratitude to the An Najah National University Computer Engineering Department lecturers for building a supportive learning environment and dispensing profound knowledge. Lastly, we would like to extend our heartfelt thanks and appreciation to our family and friends, who stood by us throughout this journey, offering unwavering support and continuous encouragement. Their support assisted us in overcoming obstacles and challenges.
MINORITY RIGHTS AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW: PALESTINIANS WITHIN THE GREEN LINE
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2026-01-10) Ibrahim Ali Atalla Salah
This study aims to highlight the rights of minorities and indigenous peoples according to international law, focusing on the situation of Palestinians within the Green Line as a case study (Israeli citizens of Palestinian origin). The researcher used the deductive method in this study, whereby the study initially addressed the distinction between the concepts of minority and indigenous peoples, and examined the extent to which each of the two concepts applies to the situation of the Palestinian community within the Green Line, under the current Israeli political and legal system, and the individual and collective rights resulting from this classification in light of relevant international agreements, especially the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), and others. The study reached several conclusions, including that Palestinians within the Green Line are considered a national minority because they constitute a numerically and politically non-dominant majority within the borders of the State of Israel, despite historically being part of the Palestinian people. At the same time, they are described as an indigenous people due to their deep connection to their land and their continuous presence there before the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. They face legal, political, social, economic, and other challenges that impede the full exercise of their legitimate rights. These challenges range from being treated merely as an ethnic and religious minority, to the enactment of numerous discriminatory laws in employment and housing, to restrictions on their educational and cultural rights, and ultimately, the lack of full recognition of their collective identity. Although Israel is a party to several international conventions prohibiting discrimination, their implementation on the ground remains significantly inadequate, necessitating more effective and binding international intervention to ensure the protection of these rights from any violation.
محددات المخاطر التشغيلية للمصارف الإسلامية العاملة في فلسطين
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2026-02-17) دانية ماجد عبد اللطيف جانم
مخاطر تشغيلية، مصارف إسالمية، فلسطين، معايير شرعية
THE IMPACT OF AN ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM ON BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC USE, BACTERIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS, AND ANTIBIOTIC COSTS IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT OF A LARGE TERTIARY HOSPITAL: A PRE-POST INTERVENTION STUDY
(An-Najah National University, 2026-03-11) Hasan, Shorooq
Introduction: Antibiotics are the drugs most often used in intensive care units (ICUs). More than two-thirds of critically ill patients receive antibiotics, which lead to increasing rates of resistant pathogens, along with a few new antibiotics, making the ICU an ideal setting for carrying out antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs). The implementation of ASPs is crucial because they facilitate the rational use of antibiotics, leading to reduced utilization, lower rates of antibiotic resistance, and alleviation of the financial burden. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ASPs on broad-spectrum antibiotic utilization, direct costs, and antibiotic sensitivity before and after ASP implementation. Method: A retrospective, prepostintervention study design was utilized to evaluate the impact of an ASP over two years prior to and two years following its introduction at An-Najah National University Hospital, a tertiary care facility in the West Bank, Palestine. Data on antibiotic consumption metrics, such as DDD and DOT/1000 patient days, direct cost/1000 patient days and antibiotic sensitivity, were compared between the two groups. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in the number of patients who consumed meropenem, tigecycline, colistin, ceftriaxone and quinolones after ASP. The mean total DDD/1000 patient-days decreased from 517.74 to 481.67 (6.97%), and the mean total DOT/1000 patient-days also decreased from 612.31 to 519.27 (15.19%). However, ceftriaxone DDD significantly decreased, whereas vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and levofloxacin consumption significantly increased. Furthermore, a significant increase in the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae to meropenem, imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and amikacin after ASP, levofloxacin and linezolid susceptibility significantly decreased for Enterococcus faecalis. The total direct cost/1000 patient-days decreased by 40.99% after ASP implementation. There was also a significant reduction in the median cost per 1000 patient-days for meropenem, tigecycline, piperacillin/tazobactam, vancomycin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and quinolones. The median length of stay decreased significantly, by 18.18% (p=0.010); however, the mortality rate did not significantly change. Conclusion: In conclusion, introducing an antimicrobial stewardship program in the ICU led to clearer, more appropriate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Overall, antibiotic use and related costs went down, and improvements in the susceptibility of several key pathogens were observed. Importantly, these benefits were achieved without compromising patient safety, as hospital mortality did not change and the length of hospital stay was noticeably shorter. Together, these findings underscore the importance of antimicrobial stewardship in promoting more responsible antibiotic use, enhancing microbiological outcomes, and mitigating avoidable costs in intensive care settings, even in resource-constrained environments.
AI-BASED CRACK DETECTION AND EVALUATION IN HISTORICAL BUILDINGS
(An-Najah National University, 2026-01-25) Abu Shqair, Leen
Artificial intelligence and computer vision techniques have emerged as powerful tools for automating crack detection in historical buildings. In the context of ensuring the structural integrity of historical masonry buildings, these techniques offer a robust solution. This task is important for safety and maintenance, where proactive detection of cracks can prevent damage and risks. However, detecting cracks within masonry structures remains a challenge. This thesis explores effective automated crack detection methods where three different computer vision approaches are studied. The first approach is focused on deploying a statistical-based model that depends on mathematical fixed formulations and local textural features to separate cracks from background. This approach is evolved into an enhanced ML-based model, where statistical and textural features are extracted to predict optimal detection thresholds. Finally, the third approach deployed deep learning models using transfer learning, leveraging pre-trained architectures to perform feature extraction. To support the data-intensive requirements of the deep learning model, the research involved extensive data collection conducted in the Old City of Nablus. Efforts were devoted to gathering data from multiple locations across the city to ensure diversity in structural conditions and crack patterns. In addition, pre-processing steps were implemented to standardize the dataset prior analysis. As a result, a dataset of 2794 images of masonry structures was constructed. All methods were evaluated on a consistent test set to ensure unbiased comparisons. The evaluation methodology was designed in collaboration with civil engineering experts to assess performance across two main dimensions: F1-Score, and detection rate. The F1-Score reflects the reliability and detection rate reflects safety assurance. The results demonstrated a clear hierarchy in performance. The statistical-based crack detection model achieved a baseline F1-Score of 0.4775. The ML-based model improved upon this with an F1-Score of 0.5151, confirming the advantage of data-driven parameter optimization. In the deep learning domain, the single class YOLOv8 model showed good reliability, achieving the highest F1-Score of 0.6116, effectively balancing precision with sensitivity. However, when evaluated on the detection rate, the single class Mask R-CNN proved superior performance, identifying 89.23% of all potential cracks.