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THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF CRITICAL-CARE PAIN OBSERVATION TOOL (CPOT) IN ASSESSING PAIN IN THE ADULT CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
(An-Najah National University, 2025-12-01) Eid, Aya Waleed Ali
Background: Critically ill patients frequently cannot self-report their pain, which poses a challenge since self-reporting is considered the most reliable indicator of pain. To address this issue, the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) was created specifically for assessing pain in this patient population.
Objectives: The findings reported by Gelinas et al. (2006) are replicated in this study. This study used CPOT to evaluate the interrater reliability (IRR), discriminant validity (DV), and criterion validity (CV) of the CPOT.
Methodology: This quantitative study employed a repeated measures design with a convenience sample of 50 postoperative open-heart surgery patients who received medical care at An-Najah National University Hospital (NNUH), Specialised Arab Hospital, and Specialised Nablus Hospital in Nablus, Palestine. The research duration extended from November 2022 untill December 2025.
Results: The IRR testing for this sample revealed a spectrum of results ranging from fair to perfect, suggesting that while the instrument's IRR is generally acceptable, it varies. DV testing highlighted a significant difference in average scores between nociceptive (painful) and non-nociceptive (non-painful) procedures. CV testing demonstrated moderate to strong significant correlations between patient self-reports and CPOT scores, confirming successful validation of criterion validity.
Conclusion: This replication study reinforces the construct validity, discriminant validity, and internal reliability of the CPOT instrument in evaluating pain among open-heart surgery patients, aligning with the reproducibility of findings from the Gelinas reference study. It also builds on previous research investigating the CPOT's psychometric properties and aids in advancing its implementation in clinical practice.
Keywords: pain; nociceptive; non-nociceptive; CPOT; reliability; validity; intensive care unit.
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TRANSLATION AND SITUATIONALITY: REGISTER ANALYSIS OF MUSTAFA KHALIFA’S “THE SHELL”
(An- Najah National University, 2025-12-14) Hibatollah Samer Aqrouq
This study examines the translation of register as a meaning-determining linguistic phenomenon in Mustafa Khalifa’s The Shell. The novel relies heavily on variation between formal and informal registers, including the Syrian dialect, to construct character voice and identity and to situate the narrative within a specific socio-political context.
Adopting a systemic functional perspective, the study investigates how register functions in the source text and whether these functions are preserved in translation. It addresses the question of how register-based meaning is affected in the target text and what consequences this has for the novel’s overall meaning and reception.
The analysis draws on register analysis, supported by discourse and stylistic analysis, to examine selected examples and the strategies employed by the translator. The findings show that insufficient sensitivity to register in translation can lead to the homogenisation of character voices and the loss of crucial contextual and political meanings. The study concludes that attention to register is essential for preserving the force, authenticity and multidimensionality of politically and socially charged literary texts.
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THE EFFECT OF INTEGRATION OF BIOINFORMATICS EXPERIMENTS WITHIN THE HEREDITY UNIT OF THE ELEVENTH GRADE OF THE PALESTINIAN BIOLOGY TEXT BOOK ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT AND MOTIVATION
(AnNajah National University, 2025-12-31) Safa Ata Mohammad Nazzal
Abstract
This study explored the effect of integration of bioinformatics experiments within the eleventh-grade biology textbook on student's achievement and motivation in Palestine. A non -equivalent quasi-experimental approach was used to conduct the research. The research sample composed of (76) eleventh grade students within the experimental group who were subjected to bioinformatics activity based-intervention and (71) eleventh grade students within the control group. A validated biology achievement test and Biology Motivation Questionnaire (BMQ I) were used to assess student's achievement and motivation among both groups. Quade and two-way ANCOVA were used to analyze the achievement test scores while Bootstrapping ANCOVA was used to analyze BMQ scores. Results showed that the experimental samples had higher significant values of post achievement test scores compared to control sample post achievement test scores. In addition, two-way ANCOVA analysis revealed a significant difference of student's posttest scores due to the interaction of sample type along with learning environment and geographic location. However, no significant differences of student's post High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and post Low Order Thinking Skills (LOTS) scores were found due to the interaction of sample type with gender. In regards to students’ motivation, bootstrapping ANCOVA analysis revealed that the intervention had no significant effect on students BMQ total score and BMQ subscales in regards to sample type and gender.in addition, only intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and self-relevance had a significant difference in regards to learning environment and geographic location within the experimental sample in favor to Qabatya school and face-to-face learning environment. Overall, the findings indicate that the intervention of bioinformatics experiments caused a positive effect on students’ cognitive capabilities but had no obvious significant effect on student's motivation. Further future studies are recommended to apply distinct bioinformatics-based intervention protocols that might enhance student's motivation while sustaining the observed achievement gains.
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EFFECT OF Recycled PET PLASTIC ON THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS
(An Najah National University, 2025-11-16) Seifi, Majdi
The accumulation of plastic waste, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET), poses significant environmental issues due to its durability and detrimental degradation byproducts. The construction industry faces pressure to minimize reliance on natural resources like sand. Utilizing PET as a partial sand replacement in hollow concrete block production in Palestine presents a sustainable solution, reducing plastic waste and conserving natural aggregates.
This research investigated the impact of PET plastic waste as a partial fine aggregate (Sand) substitute in hollow concrete blocks, assessing different replacement ratios on compressive strength, unit weight, and thermal insulation. Four concrete mixtures were created with PET-to-sand replacement ratios of 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Shredded PET was sourced from post-consumer waste, and full-sized hollow blocks were cast. Testing evaluated compressive strength at 7 and 28 days, as well as block mass, specific weight, and thermal conductivity.
Increased PET content consistently decreased block weight while significantly enhancing thermal insulation. Thermal conductivity decreased from 1.12 to 0.47 W/m·°C, and R-values more than doubled. Compressive strength reduced at 10% and 15% PET but recovered at 20%, achieving 6.66 MPa at 28 days, similar to the control mix. PET-modified blocks showed brittle failure patterns. PET waste can be effectively reused in non-loadbearing hollow concrete blocks, enhancing thermal resistance and reducing weight while maintaining adequate strength, supporting sustainable building practices.
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPRESSIVE ART THERAPY ON DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, STRESS, AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG CHILDREN LIVING IN HIGH RISK AREAS IN PALESTINE
(An-Najah National University, 2025-10-23) Deek, Shatha
Current study used quasi-experimental design, to assess the effectiveness of expressive group art therapy in decreasing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, and also in improving quality of life. (79) Students, aged between (7-12) years old were participated in the study. After conducting pre-test and post-test for both experimental and control groups, the results were collected and analyzed.
The findings have shown that symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress for children in the experimental group decreased, and also in their quality of life has improved.
The findings highlighted the role of expressive group art therapy in decreasing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress for the study sample, and also in improving their quality of life. This therapeutic approach could be a valuable tool for parents, teachers, and mental health workers in supporting children’s mental health in risk areas.