Clean Energy and Conservation Strategy
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- ItemTECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID CSP-PV SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH THERMAL STORAGE IN PALESTINE(An-Najah National University, 2024-10-09) Kmail, AhmadThis thesis conducts a techno-economic analysis of a hybrid Parabolic Trough Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and Photovoltaic (PV) system for electricity generation in Palestine. It aims to assess the feasibility, and performance of combining CSP and PV technologies to address Palestine’s energy challenges. The study begins with an assessment of solar power potential in Palestine, adopting the governorate of Jericho as a case study. The hybrid system is, aimed to maximize the benefits provided by both CSP and PV, availability of power around the clock, and increased efficiency. Technical and economic assessments for each technology are performed using the System Advisor Model software to analyze capacity factor, energy production, cost life cycle analysis, and economic parameter analysis including Levelized cost of energy (LCOE), internal rate of return (IRR), and Payback period (PP) for the hybrid system. The analysis is conducted under two scenarios: supplying a baseload and load following, to measure the system performance and economic flexibility under varying conditions. Assessments of environmental impacts are certainly part of the procedure regarding estimating the avoided carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by adopting the hybrid system. The results show that utilizing a hybrid CSP-PV system has advantages over standalone systems in terms of increased energy output, reliability, and cost. In particular, the inclusion of thermal energy storage in CSP enhances the system's flexibility and reliability which makes it a feasible option for developing clean energy in Palestine. The economic analysis reveals that the hybrid system achieves an LCOE of 11.72 cent/kWh, an IRR of 13.35%, and a PP of 7 years under the load following scenario, with similar positive outcomes under the base load scenario. Additionally, the hybrid system is projected to avoid approximately 5,011.01 tons of CO2 emissions annually.
- ItemENERGY CONSUMPTION EVALUATION OF ABSORPTION-COMPRESSION HYBRID REFRIGERATION SYSTEM FOR COLD STORAGE(An-Najah National University, 2024-08-20) Amayreh, IbrahimNumerous interrelated variables that affect the environment, the economy, and the welfare of the world at large need the use of renewable energy. Accordingly, the Absorption Compression Hybrid Refrigeration System (ACHRS) is studied in this research. Given the high cost of electrical energy and the climate that is conducive to solar energy collection, it seemed more practical and economically feasible to find a different way to operate cold storage while maintaining system performance. ACHRS merges the Vapor Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS), and Absorption Refrigeration System (ARS), Based on the temperature of the water after it has been heated with evacuated tube solar water collectors, if the water temperature is 90 ℃ and more, the system will operate by ARS, else by VCRS. The study's results demonstrated the annual working hours for the hybrid system will be 2078 by ARS and 6682 by VCRS. The hybrid system payback period is 5.6 years. Net Cash Flow (NCF), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) are other methods to assess the economic viability that have been studied, through these, the system's economic viability was demonstrated.
- ItemENERGY MANAGEMENT IN THE HOSPITAL SECTOR: A CASE STUDY OF JENIN GOVERNMENTAL HOSPITAL(2022-10-16) Abedalrahim Hilme KhrawishThe hospital sector can be described aslarge energy-consuming buildings, especially in the form of electrical energy, so, this energy is utilized in many forms in order to provide comfort, treatment, and safety for human beings by relying on energy management and renewable alternatives to produce energy. This studyis based on rationalizing energy consumption and exploits solar energy in providing energy to the hospitals in Palestine, specifically in the West Bank, where the electrical energy consumption in the hospitals can be reduced from 4057.7 MWh/year to 2888.6 MWh/year. Also, there is thereduction ofthe production of one of the most greenhouse gases that are responsible for global warming in the world. Researched CO2 production has been reduced by 1,292,134 kg of CO2/year. A set of detailed data was given regarding the proposed building, such as annual costs, annual cost per unit floor area, component cost as a percentage of total cost, annual energy and emissions summary (annual costs, annual energy consumption, annual emissions, annual cost per unit floor area, component cost as a percentage of total cost), annual energy costs - heating and cooling system, annual energy costs - new heating system, annual energy costs - new economizer system, annual energy costs - old cooling system and annual energy costs - old heating system, all these data appear in detail as shown in the Appendix (c). It is worth mentioning that energy consumption in the air conditioning system has also been rationalized from 2178.7 MWh/year to 1167.4 MWh/year, which results in reducing CO2 production to 1,092,139 kg/year. Using diesel to operate the heating system, 340,20 kg of CO2/year was produced, and the production of carbon dioxide gas was reduced to 31,069 kg of CO2/year as a result of modernizing the heating system. Depending on the design of the solar cell system, 148.8 Mwh/year of solar energy has beensaved and carbon dioxide emissions were reduced as a result of generating this energy from a non-renewable source 160,766 kg of CO2/year. Keywords: Energy Consumption, Energy Consumption, Greenhouse gases.
- ItemCONVERSION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES INTO FUELS AND CHEMICALS BY PYROLYSIS: TULKARM TRANSFER STATION AS A CASE STUDY(2023-08-03) Sabreen Mousa Eshtawi IbrahimThe implications of MSW accumulation and continuing fossil fuel consumption on the environment and human health have increased the importance of alternative energy sources around the world. Pyrolysis of MSW is regarded as an innovative method for producing biofuels that can be used in many applications, not only to produce electricity, where power production in the Palestinian territories (PT) is constrained by the political situation. Also, it is a solution of the global rise in oil prices, the lack of fossil fuel reserves in the Palestinian territories. Our case study is the Tulkarm transfer station, which in 2021 received more than 200 tons of MSW per day. The results were obtained using the simulation program Aspen Plus, and the equations it used were developed based on numerous real-world experiments documented in the literature. Four scenarios presented in this study in order to find the best way to produce biofuels from MSW, and to understand the effect of co-pyrolysis on the process yields. The intended MSW was subjected to a simulation of the pyrolysis process in the first scenario, with a maximum bio-oil production of 21.3wt.%. In the second scenario, pyrolysis simulation was only run for the projected MSW's biomass portion, which would yield 60.5 wt.% bio-oil. The maximum bio-oil yield was 67.82 and 82.32 wt.%, respectively, for the third scenario (50 % plastic with 50 % biomass) and the fourth scenario (100 % plastic feedstock). These findings, along with the performed economic and environmental assessment, demonstrated that pyrolysis may be the best option for resolving the MSW and energy issues. Economically, this project has a 3-year payback period and a 31% internal rate of return. environmentally, using biofuels can significantly reduce carbon footprint. While fossil fuels emit 95.5 g of CO2 eq per MJ in the transportation sector, transportation bio-oil emits only 9.5 g. In comparison to fossil fuels, which produce 182.8 g CO2 eq per MJ to produce the same amount of electricity, for producing 1 MWh of energy, integrated AD and pyrolysis-gasification technologies might decrease GHG emissions by an average of 237.42 g CO2 eq per MJ. Keywords: Pyrolysis, MSW, bio-oil, fossil fuel, energy, carbon footprint.
- ItemGEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS IN PALESTINE(An - Najah National University, 2023-05-28) Aref Rashad Aref AbdulkarimAlmost 40% of energy consumption worldwide is associated with buildings. Thus, the construction sectors are essential to achieving energy and environmental targets for decarbonization by 2050. However, the majority of buildings in Palestine are built with low energy efficiency standards which results in buildings with high energy consumption. In recent years, a lot of studies and applications on energy-saving renovation of existing buildings have been carried out to properly address the above problems in various countries. Geothermal energy, as one of the most popular renewable energy technologies, has been used and explored to build heating and/or cooling transitions and carbon neutrality put it into practical application. Geothermal energy means geothermal resources less than 200 meters deep, also is defined as surface geothermal energy. This energy is not geographically restricted, and this energy is available continuously and reliably almost everywhere in the world where its temperature ranges from 5 - 30 (C˚) . It is worth mentioning that, this renewable energy resource in Palestine has not been extensively explored with few studies on its feasibility. However, this technology is different from common energy-saving technologies (for example, photovoltaic solar panels), solar panels and wind energy can produce electricity only at day time and when there is wind, also approval and contract is required from the authorities to install it, and the area to install these systems is not always available. But, in Geothermal energy case, it’s available all year long and utilizing this renewable energy source require no contracts or approvals from authorities. Moreover, it’s available every were on earth and it require less space and less maintenance. All these advantages over other renewable system makes Geothermal energy one of the most promising renewable energies. In this research, two types of applications of geothermal energy were studied; “Ground Heat Assisted Heat Pump Technology (GAHP) and “Earth Tube Technology (ET)” for various climatic regions in Palestine, which are hot dry summer and warm winter in Jericho city, hot and dry summer and cold winter in South-Hebron, hot-humidity summer and moderate winter in Gaza and Tul-Karim, finally moderate summer and cold winter in Jerusalem city, the capital of Palestine. It was found that energy consumption for heating and cooling can be decreased by (42% in heating to 58.8% in cooling) when implementing GAHP system, and when applying ET system this reduction ranges between 33.7% to 50.1% in heating, and 26% to 35.7% in cooling%). This proves that the use of this permanent and clean energy is feasible in Palestine, and can effectively reduce energy consumption, provide better comfort and reduce the environmental impact of buildings for heating and cooling.