Clean Energy and Conservation Strategy
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- ItemENERGY MANAGEMENT IN THE HOSPITAL SECTOR: A CASE STUDY OF JENIN GOVERNMENTAL HOSPITAL(2022-10-16) Abedalrahim Hilme KhrawishThe hospital sector can be described aslarge energy-consuming buildings, especially in the form of electrical energy, so, this energy is utilized in many forms in order to provide comfort, treatment, and safety for human beings by relying on energy management and renewable alternatives to produce energy. This studyis based on rationalizing energy consumption and exploits solar energy in providing energy to the hospitals in Palestine, specifically in the West Bank, where the electrical energy consumption in the hospitals can be reduced from 4057.7 MWh/year to 2888.6 MWh/year. Also, there is thereduction ofthe production of one of the most greenhouse gases that are responsible for global warming in the world. Researched CO2 production has been reduced by 1,292,134 kg of CO2/year. A set of detailed data was given regarding the proposed building, such as annual costs, annual cost per unit floor area, component cost as a percentage of total cost, annual energy and emissions summary (annual costs, annual energy consumption, annual emissions, annual cost per unit floor area, component cost as a percentage of total cost), annual energy costs - heating and cooling system, annual energy costs - new heating system, annual energy costs - new economizer system, annual energy costs - old cooling system and annual energy costs - old heating system, all these data appear in detail as shown in the Appendix (c). It is worth mentioning that energy consumption in the air conditioning system has also been rationalized from 2178.7 MWh/year to 1167.4 MWh/year, which results in reducing CO2 production to 1,092,139 kg/year. Using diesel to operate the heating system, 340,20 kg of CO2/year was produced, and the production of carbon dioxide gas was reduced to 31,069 kg of CO2/year as a result of modernizing the heating system. Depending on the design of the solar cell system, 148.8 Mwh/year of solar energy has beensaved and carbon dioxide emissions were reduced as a result of generating this energy from a non-renewable source 160,766 kg of CO2/year. Keywords: Energy Consumption, Energy Consumption, Greenhouse gases.
- ItemCONVERSION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES INTO FUELS AND CHEMICALS BY PYROLYSIS: TULKARM TRANSFER STATION AS A CASE STUDY(2023-08-03) Sabreen Mousa Eshtawi IbrahimThe implications of MSW accumulation and continuing fossil fuel consumption on the environment and human health have increased the importance of alternative energy sources around the world. Pyrolysis of MSW is regarded as an innovative method for producing biofuels that can be used in many applications, not only to produce electricity, where power production in the Palestinian territories (PT) is constrained by the political situation. Also, it is a solution of the global rise in oil prices, the lack of fossil fuel reserves in the Palestinian territories. Our case study is the Tulkarm transfer station, which in 2021 received more than 200 tons of MSW per day. The results were obtained using the simulation program Aspen Plus, and the equations it used were developed based on numerous real-world experiments documented in the literature. Four scenarios presented in this study in order to find the best way to produce biofuels from MSW, and to understand the effect of co-pyrolysis on the process yields. The intended MSW was subjected to a simulation of the pyrolysis process in the first scenario, with a maximum bio-oil production of 21.3wt.%. In the second scenario, pyrolysis simulation was only run for the projected MSW's biomass portion, which would yield 60.5 wt.% bio-oil. The maximum bio-oil yield was 67.82 and 82.32 wt.%, respectively, for the third scenario (50 % plastic with 50 % biomass) and the fourth scenario (100 % plastic feedstock). These findings, along with the performed economic and environmental assessment, demonstrated that pyrolysis may be the best option for resolving the MSW and energy issues. Economically, this project has a 3-year payback period and a 31% internal rate of return. environmentally, using biofuels can significantly reduce carbon footprint. While fossil fuels emit 95.5 g of CO2 eq per MJ in the transportation sector, transportation bio-oil emits only 9.5 g. In comparison to fossil fuels, which produce 182.8 g CO2 eq per MJ to produce the same amount of electricity, for producing 1 MWh of energy, integrated AD and pyrolysis-gasification technologies might decrease GHG emissions by an average of 237.42 g CO2 eq per MJ. Keywords: Pyrolysis, MSW, bio-oil, fossil fuel, energy, carbon footprint.
- ItemGEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS IN PALESTINE(An - Najah National University, 2023-05-28) Aref Rashad Aref AbdulkarimAlmost 40% of energy consumption worldwide is associated with buildings. Thus, the construction sectors are essential to achieving energy and environmental targets for decarbonization by 2050. However, the majority of buildings in Palestine are built with low energy efficiency standards which results in buildings with high energy consumption. In recent years, a lot of studies and applications on energy-saving renovation of existing buildings have been carried out to properly address the above problems in various countries. Geothermal energy, as one of the most popular renewable energy technologies, has been used and explored to build heating and/or cooling transitions and carbon neutrality put it into practical application. Geothermal energy means geothermal resources less than 200 meters deep, also is defined as surface geothermal energy. This energy is not geographically restricted, and this energy is available continuously and reliably almost everywhere in the world where its temperature ranges from 5 - 30 (C˚) . It is worth mentioning that, this renewable energy resource in Palestine has not been extensively explored with few studies on its feasibility. However, this technology is different from common energy-saving technologies (for example, photovoltaic solar panels), solar panels and wind energy can produce electricity only at day time and when there is wind, also approval and contract is required from the authorities to install it, and the area to install these systems is not always available. But, in Geothermal energy case, it’s available all year long and utilizing this renewable energy source require no contracts or approvals from authorities. Moreover, it’s available every were on earth and it require less space and less maintenance. All these advantages over other renewable system makes Geothermal energy one of the most promising renewable energies. In this research, two types of applications of geothermal energy were studied; “Ground Heat Assisted Heat Pump Technology (GAHP) and “Earth Tube Technology (ET)” for various climatic regions in Palestine, which are hot dry summer and warm winter in Jericho city, hot and dry summer and cold winter in South-Hebron, hot-humidity summer and moderate winter in Gaza and Tul-Karim, finally moderate summer and cold winter in Jerusalem city, the capital of Palestine. It was found that energy consumption for heating and cooling can be decreased by (42% in heating to 58.8% in cooling) when implementing GAHP system, and when applying ET system this reduction ranges between 33.7% to 50.1% in heating, and 26% to 35.7% in cooling%). This proves that the use of this permanent and clean energy is feasible in Palestine, and can effectively reduce energy consumption, provide better comfort and reduce the environmental impact of buildings for heating and cooling.
- ItemSustainable Power Solution by Monolithic Integrated PV-Battery(An-Najah National University, 2019-01-08) Jaber, MohammedThe global energy crisis and energy conservation for sustainability the most concern of the scientific community and solar energy is one of the leading solutions to this crisis. Improve the efficiency of solar cells and energy storage systems the most important topics, where efficiency record of (26.6%) of c-Si solar cells. Also find an efficient energy storage system from solar cells ensure provided energy at times of absence of a light source. Solid-state battery most common component used to store and reuse electrical energy. By combining these two systems (high efficient solar cells and solid-state battery) to get integrated photovoltaic-battery (PV-battery) will be founded a sustainable solution. This study will review the accurate description for design stages of the PV part of the proposed Integrated system and design three terminal/triple-junction solar cell (3T-device). Deposit multi-junction TFSC composed from amorphous (a-Si:H) as top subcell, and microcrystalline (μc-Si:H/μc-Si:H) as bottom tandem subcell, with (p-i-n/n-i-p/n-i-p) configuration respectively, through PECVD technology. Upgraded 2T-device which had deposited to 3T-device to solve mismatching current problem by inserting new terminal between the top and bottom tandem subcell. Also, developed voltage of 3T-device to solve mismatching voltage occur between the top and bottom tandem subcell. As a result of that, has been achieved matching voltage reach to 95.67% (0.853, 0.816, 0.841 V, top, bottom, and total cell respectively). In addition, spectral response for 3T-device under different light sources (AM1.5, LED, fluorescent-tube, halogen), and different levels of light intensity (1sun to 0.0000194sun) had been studied. Measure and analysis of cell parameters (VOC, ISC, FF, η) as a function of current intensity (JSC) shown 16.4% efficiency under LED light source. likewise, analysis parameters of 2T-device, Perovskite, and SHJ under different light sources and light intensity to hold comparison between them with 3T-device. Clearly shown good performance of perovskite under LED and SHJ under AM1.5 which recorded efficiency reach about 29% and 15.4% respectively. Studied behavior of light beam through window cell and determination of the parameters causing the optical losses shown the main effect of a (ZnO/Ag/ZnO) as back contact of top subcell. In the final stage, check the ability of 3T-device to charging of a commercial battery model (135mAh, 3.7V) which recorded solar energy to charge conversion efficiency around (10%) under (AM1.5) light source.
- ItemANALYSIS OF PALESTINE ENERGY POLICY PROGRESS ON ACHIEVING SDG7(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2022-01-19) Daoud, SalimCountries worldwide devote a great interest in energy policies due to their significant effect on the international budget and global environmental issues. Most importantly, Energy policies are directly reflected in the population's lifestyles, welfare, and behaviour. This thesis discusses the Palestinian accomplishment of fulfilling the seventh goal of the sustainable development goals (SDG 7). The UN's five targets for (SDG7) have been reviewed and evaluated, along with their associated indicators considering the following: Proportion of population with access to electricity, access to clean fuels for cooking, renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption, community awareness of the necessity of energy-saving devices, and the state's policies towards energy efficiency. According to the findings, Palestine has made significant progress toward achieving the first, third and fourth targets but has fallen short of accomplishing the second and fifth targets. Moreover, the political situation in Palestine is taken into consideration, and thus the resulting challenges posed by the Israeli occupation. Furthermore, the energy situation in terms of production and consumption, renewable energy, and energy policy are all carefully evaluated. To be more specific, further clarifications were provided for the political, economic, and social difficulties that Palestine confronts, such as population growth and its impact on energy consumption.