Clean Energy and Conservation Strategy
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- ItemINTEGRATED PV-BIOGAS SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY FARMING: OPTIMIZING ELECTRICITY AND HEAT PRODUCTION(An-Najah National University, 2025-04-10) Yacoub, TasneemIn response to the growing demand for sustainable and decentralized energy systems in agricultural regions, this study investigates the feasibility of a hybrid renewable energy system combining biogas, photovoltaics (PV), and battery storage to supply the energy needs of a farm in the Jordan Valley, Palestine. Four system configurations were evaluated in terms of technical performance, economic viability, and environmental impact. Among the evaluated options, Scenario 4 demonstrated the most balanced performance, with the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE) at $0.161/kWh, a net present cost (NPC) of $286,212, annual energy savings of $84,708, and a payback period of just 2.3 years. It also achieved CO2 mitigation of 59.28 tCO2/year and integrated biogas use effectively, supporting both waste management and clean energy production. In contrast, Scenarios 1, 2, and 3 exhibited varying trade-offs. Scenario 1 had the highest CO2 mitigation (101.1 tCO2/year) due to its reliance on PV and battery storage, but also the highest LCOE ($0.32/kWh) and capital cost ($347,603), making it the least economical. Scenario 2 and Scenario 3 utilized biogas more effectively and offered better waste management benefits. However, despite higher CO2 emissions, their economic indicators were less favorable than Scenario 4, with Scenario 2 showing an LCOE of $0.348/kWh and Scenario 3 at $0.117/kWh, along with payback periods of 4.2 and 2.4 years, respectively. Based on a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), which included factors like capital investment, energy cost, environmental impact, reliability, and waste conversion, Scenario 4 scored the highest overall, confirming its superiority in delivering sustainable and cost-effective energy for remote farms. This study emphasizes that integrated renewable energy systems, particularly those combining PV and biogas, offer a practical and scalable solution for off-grid energy needs. It supports energy independence, reduces fossil fuel dependence, and enhances environmental sustainability in rural agricultural contexts.
- ItemTHE EFFECTS OF USING SMART BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES ON REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN PALESTINE(An-Najah National University, 2024-10-14) Abodiak, MohsenThe research in this thesis focuses on the potential of various smart building technologies in increasing energy efficiency and rationalizing consumption in buildings in Palestine. Using simulation programs such as DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus, Comprehensive study of the impact of each technology on total energy consumption was conducted. The focus of this research was on lighting systems, shading systems, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Each of these technologies was simulated and more than one procedure was performed for each technology, to reach the best technology and the best energy savings. In lighting systems, occupancy sensors, natural light sensors, and linear control of lighting systems were used, it is found that using these technologies reduces energy consumption by 23% to 24%. In shading systems, smart inside blinds, smart films, and smart louvres were used, and the savings rate was 26%, as the results showed. In heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems(HVAC), smart technologies such as smart economizers and heat recovery were used, it is found a savings rate of 2% to 6%. These results show the great benefit of using these technologies in reducing energy consumption, increasing energy efficiency, and achieving rationalization of consumption. The study also clarified other technologies and methods that would contribute to achieving integrated smart buildings, including integrating smart buildings with the smart grid, which would increase the flexibility of the grid and increase its reliability. As well as integrating photovoltaic energy systems with smart buildings. Also, integrating electric vehicles with smart buildings, through which the building's energy demand can be met during peak periods by taking energy from batteries to the building. Predictive maintenance in smart buildings, and the use of predictive maintenance reduces wasted energy in the building and improves building maintenance and management methods. This study highlights the potential that smart technologies and integrated systems can achieve with smart buildings in terms of reducing energy consumption, achieving sustainability, and occupant comfort, which enables building owners to achieve significant savings by using such systems, reducing operating costs, and greenhouse gas emissions. This thesis provides important insights for architects, stakeholders and policy makers seeking to implement energy efficiency and rationalization solutions in Palestinian buildings. It also helps in a broader understanding of smart building applications in diverse fields and the same environmental conditions. This research encourages the adoption of modern technologies to keep pace with the global wave of energy solutions and encourages moving forward to find other solutions and move towards a more sustainable future.
- ItemTECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID CSP-PV SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH THERMAL STORAGE IN PALESTINE(An-Najah National University, 2024-10-09) Kmail, AhmadThis thesis conducts a techno-economic analysis of a hybrid Parabolic Trough Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and Photovoltaic (PV) system for electricity generation in Palestine. It aims to assess the feasibility, and performance of combining CSP and PV technologies to address Palestine’s energy challenges. The study begins with an assessment of solar power potential in Palestine, adopting the governorate of Jericho as a case study. The hybrid system is, aimed to maximize the benefits provided by both CSP and PV, availability of power around the clock, and increased efficiency. Technical and economic assessments for each technology are performed using the System Advisor Model software to analyze capacity factor, energy production, cost life cycle analysis, and economic parameter analysis including Levelized cost of energy (LCOE), internal rate of return (IRR), and Payback period (PP) for the hybrid system. The analysis is conducted under two scenarios: supplying a baseload and load following, to measure the system performance and economic flexibility under varying conditions. Assessments of environmental impacts are certainly part of the procedure regarding estimating the avoided carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by adopting the hybrid system. The results show that utilizing a hybrid CSP-PV system has advantages over standalone systems in terms of increased energy output, reliability, and cost. In particular, the inclusion of thermal energy storage in CSP enhances the system's flexibility and reliability which makes it a feasible option for developing clean energy in Palestine. The economic analysis reveals that the hybrid system achieves an LCOE of 11.72 cent/kWh, an IRR of 13.35%, and a PP of 7 years under the load following scenario, with similar positive outcomes under the base load scenario. Additionally, the hybrid system is projected to avoid approximately 5,011.01 tons of CO2 emissions annually.
- ItemNET ZERO ENERGY IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN PALESTINE; CASE STUDY: THE ADMINISTRATION OF PALESTINIAN CROSSINGS AND BORDERS – JERICHO(An-Najah National University, 2024-10-09) Qatrawi, AlaaThe electrical demand for public buildings in Jericho is steadily increasing on an annual basis, particularly for cooling purposes and in view of the global warming challenge. Net zero energy aims to achieve balance of annual energy consumption with annual generation under more efficient conditions. Implementing the vision of net zero energy necessitates a comprehensive study for each case as an individual. The primary goal of this research is to highlight various opportunities and measures of energy conservation in Jericho's public buildings, with the goal of reducing annual costs by leveraging sustainable energy practices. The methodology in this work relies extensively on simulation software to evaluate multiple saving measures and scenarios. The findings reveal that implementing net zero energy can achieve about (33 %) as annual energy savings, and (1250 Tons) annual reduction of CO2 after installation of a PV system. Moreover, the analysis shows that the simple payback period for achieving net zero energy status is less than four years, also the levelized cost of energy is about (0.06 $/kWh). These promising results motivate to adopt an effective strategy through the next twenty years in Jericho to support the transition toward the net zero energy building.
- ItemENERGY CONSUMPTION EVALUATION OF ABSORPTION-COMPRESSION HYBRID REFRIGERATION SYSTEM FOR COLD STORAGE(An-Najah National University, 2024-08-20) Amayreh, IbrahimNumerous interrelated variables that affect the environment, the economy, and the welfare of the world at large need the use of renewable energy. Accordingly, the Absorption Compression Hybrid Refrigeration System (ACHRS) is studied in this research. Given the high cost of electrical energy and the climate that is conducive to solar energy collection, it seemed more practical and economically feasible to find a different way to operate cold storage while maintaining system performance. ACHRS merges the Vapor Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS), and Absorption Refrigeration System (ARS), Based on the temperature of the water after it has been heated with evacuated tube solar water collectors, if the water temperature is 90 ℃ and more, the system will operate by ARS, else by VCRS. The study's results demonstrated the annual working hours for the hybrid system will be 2078 by ARS and 6682 by VCRS. The hybrid system payback period is 5.6 years. Net Cash Flow (NCF), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) are other methods to assess the economic viability that have been studied, through these, the system's economic viability was demonstrated.