Contents
Contents	1
Index  of Figures	5
Index  of  Tables	7
Abstract	9
Chapter 1 : Introduction
1.1 Electrical   Power System:	10
     1.2 Load Flow Study:	10
     1.3 ETAP power station 7 :	11
     1.4 About Our Project :	12
Chapter 2 : Information about Aqraba Network
2.1 Elements  Of  Network:	14
 2.1.1 Electrical Supply:	14
    2.1.2 Distribution Transformers:	14
2.1.3 Over Head Line:	16
2.1.4 Under Ground Cable :	17
Chapter 3 : Load Flow Analysis
3.1 Transformer Loading (At Max. Case ) :	18
Chapter 4 : Maximum Case Improvement
4.1 The Original  Maximum Case:	20
4.1.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	20
4.1.2 The swing bus result:	20
4.1.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	21
4.2 Increasing the swing bus voltage:	23
4.2.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	23
4.2.2 The swing bus result:	24
4.2.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	24
4.3 Improvement the max.  case using tap changing :	25
4.3.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	25
4.3.2 The swing bus result:	25
4.3.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	25
4.4 Power Factor Improvement in the Max. Case:	27
4.4.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	28
4.4.2 The swing bus result:	29
4.3.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	29
4.5 The Voltage Level  Improvement Using Capacitors  in the Max. Case:	30
4.5.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	31
4.5.2 The swing bus result:	31
4.5.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	31
Chapter 5 : Minimum Case Improvement
5.1 The Original Minimum Case:	33
    5.1.1 Transformer Loading  :	33
5.1.2 The Result Of Load Flow:	34
5.1.3 The swing bus result:	34
5.1.4 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	34
5.2 Improvement the minimum case using tap changing :	36
5.2.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	37
5.2.2 The swing bus result:	37
5.2.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	37
5.3 Power Factor Improvement in the Min. Case:	39
5.3.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	39
5.3.2 The swing bus result:	39
5.3.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	40
5.4 The Voltage Level  Improvement Using Capacitors  in the Min. Case:	41
5.4.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	41
5.4.2 The swing bus result:	42
5.4.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	42
Chapter 6 : Low Voltage Analysis In Max. Case
6.1 Low Voltage Side:	45
6.2 The Original Low Voltage Max. Case :	45
6.2.1 Loading For Each Feeder:	46
6.2.2 The Result Of Load Flow:	47
6.2.3 The swing bus result:	48
6.2.4 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	48
6.3 Improvement The Low Voltage Max. Case Using Tap Changing:	50
6.3.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	51
6.3.2 The swing bus result:	52
6.3.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	52
6.4 Power Factor Improvement in the Low Voltage Max. Case:	53
6.4.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	53
6.4.2 The swing bus result:	55
6.4.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	55
6.5 The Voltage Level  Improvement Using Capacitors  in Low Voltage Max. Case:	56
6.5.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	56
6.5.2 The swing bus result:	58
6.5.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	58
Chapter 7 : Low Voltage Analysis In Min. Case
7.1 The Original Low Voltage Min. Case :	60
7.1.1 Loading For Each Feeder:	60
7.1.2 The Result Of Load Flow:	61
7.1.3 The swing bus result:	62
7.1.4 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	63
7.2 Improvement The Low Voltage Min. Case Using Tap Changing:	64
7.2.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	64
7.2.2 The swing bus result:	66
7.2.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	66
7.3 Power Factor Improvement in the Low Voltage Min. Case:	67
7.3.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	67
7.3.2 The swing bus result:	69
7.3.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	69
7.4 The Voltage Level  Improvement Using Capacitors  in Low Voltage Min. Case:	70
7.4.1 The Result Of Load Flow:	70
7.4.2 The swing bus result:	72
7.4.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:	72

Chapter 8 : The Economical Study
8.1 Saving In Panelties  :	74
8.2 Saving In Losses  :	75
8.3 Simple Pay Back Period :	75
Chapter 9 : Solar Energy Station Project
9.1 Solar System:	76
9.1.1 Introduction to Solar System:	76
9.1.2 Solar Building Designs:	77
9.1.3 Solar Photovoltaic Energy:	78
9.2 Consumption Energy Of Network and Solar System Design:	79
9.2.1 Data about Energy Consumption of the Network:	79
9.2.2 Calculations of the power for the Solar System:	80
9.2.3 The Optimization tilt angle Tracking system:	80
9.3 The Design of  the solar station system:	87
9.3.1 Design Of Solar System PV system:	88
9.3.2 Calculations For the Fixed Cost of the investment by PV system:	92
9.4 The Design of  the solar station system by using Power One (Aurora):	95
9.5 The Economical Study For The Solar Station Project:	100
9.5.1 Calculations to determine the Rating of the step up Transformer:	100
9.5.2 Economical Study for the Solar system Project:	101
Chapter 10 : Sag & Tension In Overhead Lines Problem
10.1 Sag In Overhead Lines	102
10.1.1 Introduction:	102
10.1.1 Calculations Of Sag:	103
10.2 Problem of the Sag in Overhead Lines in the Network:	104
10.3 Solutions and Recommendations for Sag  problem:	105
References :	106




Index  of Figures
Figure 1: One Line Diagram Of Aqraba Network.	9
Figure 2: ETAP power station 7.	11
Figure 3: Figure Of Transformer.	14
Figure 4: ACSR Cable.	16
Figure 5:XLPE Cable.	17
Figure 6: The power flow for the network in the original max case.	22
Figure 7: A part of power flow for the network after increase swing buse voltage in max..	24
Figure 8: A part of power flow for the network after increase the tap in max..	26
Figure 9: A part of power flow after adding capacitor banks in max. case..	30
Figure 10: A part of the  power flow after improvement the voltage level in max..	32
Figure 11: The power flow in the min original case..	36
Figure 12 : The power flow after increase the tap in min..	38
Figure 13: The power flow after improvement the P.F in min..	41
Figure 14: The power flow after improvement the voltage level in min..	44
Figure 15: ABC Cable.	45
Figure 16: A part of the low voltage side of original Max. case..	50
Figure 17: A part of power flow for the network after increase the tap in L. V.  max. case..	53
Figure 18: A part of power flow after adding capacitor banks in L. V.  max. case...	56
Figure 19: A part of the  power flow after improvement the voltage level in L. V. max. case..	59
Figure 20: A part of the low voltage side of original Min. case...	64
Figure 21: A part of power flow for the network after increase the tap in L. V.  min. case..	67
Figure 22: A part of power flow after adding capacitor banks in L. V.  min. case...	70
Figure 23: A part of the  power flow after improvement the voltage level in L. V. min. case..	73
Figure 24: Solar Cells Station..	76
Figure 25: Solar Building..	77
Figure 26: Inverter and Photovoltaic cells..	78
Figure 27: Angle in the summer and winter semester..	81
Figure 28: The interface of the link in the internet..	82
Figure 29: Selecting the geographical area..	83
Figure 30: Average  power produced by the solar system per month..	84
Figure 31: Average global irradiation per month..	85
Figure 32: Entering the tilt angle..	85
Figure 33: Irradiation plane at angle 26 deg. For each month..	86
Figure 34: Optimal Inclination angle for each month..	87
Figure 35: The Interface of PV sys. Program..	88
Figure 36: Syetem specifications in PV system..	90
Figure 37: Irradiation per month by PV system..	91
Figure 38: System output energy for each month by PV system..	92
Figure 39: Calculations For the Fixed Cost of the investment by PV system..	94
Figure 40: Choosing the assumption in the Aurora program..	95
Figure 41: Entering the serier module and parallel string in the Aurora program..	96
Figure 42: System configuration in Aurora program..	96
Figure 43: Inverter Specifications in Aurora program..	97
Figure 44: : PV Module Data in Aurora program..	97
Figure 45: : Array Sizing Parameters in Aurora program ..	98
Figure 46: : Voltage and Current Parameter Check in Aurora program ..	98
Figure 47: System  configuration when paralle string = 11 in Aurora program..	99
Figure 48: Voltage and Current Parameter Check when paralle string = 11 in Aurora program.	100
Figure 49: Conductor suspended between two equal level supports.	102
Figure 50: Conductor between two equal level supports.	103
Figure 51: Effect of ice and wind on the overhead line.	104
Figure 52: A picture of one of the towers destroyed	105






















Index  of  Tables
Table 1: The number & rating of Transformers.	15
Table 2: R &X of Transformers.	15
Table 3: R & X of the ACSR.	16
Table 4: R & X of XLPE CU.	17
Table 5: R & X of XLPE AL.	17
Table 6: The Loading Transformer in Max. Case.	18
Table 7: The Original maximum case.	20
Table 8: The swing bus result in the original maximum case.	20
Table 9: Summary of generation ,loading in original maximum case.	21
Table 10 : The results after increase the swing bus voltage.	23
Table 11: : The swing bus result after increase the swing bus.	24
Table 12: : Summary of generation ,loading after increase the swing .	24
Table 13: The results of improvement of max case using tap changing.	25
Table 14: The swing bus result after improvement of max case using taps.	25
Table 15: Summary of generation ,loading after improvement of max case using taps .	26
Table 16: The penalties of power factor.	28
Table 17: The results of improvement P.F in Max Case.	29
Table 18: The swing bus result of improvement the P.F in max case.	29
Table 19: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the P.F in max case .	29
Table 20: The results of improvement the voltage level in max case without increase the taps.	31
Table 21: The swing bus result of improvement the voltage level in max.	31
Table 22: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the voltage level in max case .	31
Table 23: The Loading Transformer in min. case..	33
Table 24: The Original minimum case..	34
Table 25: The swing bus result in the original minimum case..	34
Table 26: Summary of generation ,loading in original minimum case..	34
Table 27: The results of improvement of min case using tap changing..	37
Table 28: The swing bus result after improvement of min case using taps. .	37
Table 29: Summary of generation ,loading after improvement of min case using taps ..	37
Table 30: The results of improvement P.F in Min Case.	39
Table 31: The swing bus result of improvement the P.F in min case. .	39
Table 32: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the P.F in min case .	40
Table 33: The results of improvement the voltage level in min case.	42
Table 34: The swing bus result of improvement the voltage level in min.	42
Table 35: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the voltage level in min case .	42
Table 36: Loading of each feeder in Low Voltage Max. Case.	46
Table 37: The result of low voltage in original Low Voltage max. case..	48
Table 38: The swing bus result in the L. V. original Max. case..	48
Table 39: Summary of generation ,loading in L. V. original Max. case..	48
Table 40: The results of improvement of L. V. max case using tap changing..	51
Table 41: The swing bus result after improvement of L. V. max case using taps..	52
Table 42: Summary of generation ,loading after improvement of L. V. max case using taps .	52
Table 43: The results of improvement P.F in L. V.  Max Case. .	54
Table 44: The swing bus result of improvement the P.F in L. V.  max case..	55
Table 45: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the P.F in L. V.  max case ..	55
Table 46: The results of improvement the voltage level in L. V. max case without icrease taps..	57
Table 47: The swing bus result of improvement the voltage level in L. V.  max. case ...	58
Table 48: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the voltage level in L. V.  max case ...	58
Table 49: Loading of each Feeder in Low Voltage in Min. Case...	61
Table 50: The result of low voltage in original min. case...	62
Table 51: The swing bus result in the L. V. original Min. case...	63
Table 52: Summary of generation ,loading in L. V. original Min. case....	63
Table 53: The results of improvement of L. V. min case using tap changing....	65
Table 54: The swing bus result after improvement of L. V. min case using taps....	66
Table 55: Summary of generation ,loading after improvement of L. V. min case using taps ...	66
Table 56: The results of improvement P.F in L. V.  Min Case....	68
Table 57: The swing bus result of improvement the P.F in L. V.  min case....	69
Table 58: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the P.F in L. V.  min case .....	69
Table 59: The results of improvement the voltage level in L. V. min case....	71
Table 60: The swing bus result of improvement the voltage level in L. V.  min. case .....	72
Table 61: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the voltage level in L. V. min case	72
Table 62: Consumption Energy of the Network per Month in 2013	79
Table 63: Average power produce by solar system	84
Table 64: Optimal inclination angle and irradiation on plane in each month	86
Table 65: Fixed investment for the Solar system project by PV system	93
Table 66: Comprasion between two interest rate (5%  ,10%).	93
















Abstract
Our project is to make a load flow study and analysis for Aqraba Electrical Network using ETAP software to improve the power factor and to reduce the electrical losses in the network and so reducing the penalties in the total tariff  for the municipality, increasing the reliability of the network. More over we want to support the electrical grid by solar cells project to supply the network by electric power by adding a new connection point between the solar cells project and Aqraba Electrical network .

 Figure 1: One Line Diagram Of Aqraba Network.
Chapter 1:
Introduction
1.1 Electrical   Power System:
    Electrical energy is produced through an energy conversion process. The electric power system is a network of interconnected components which generate electricity by converting different form of energy,
(Potential energy, kinetic energy, or chemical energy) are the most common forms of energy converted to electrical energy; and transmit the electrical energy to load centers to be used by the consumer. The production and transmission of electricity is relatively efficient and inexpensive, although unlike other forms of energy, electricity is not easily stored and thus must generally be used as it is being produced.
   
   The electric power system consists of three main subsystems: the generation subsystem, the transmission subsystem , and the distribution subsystem. Electricity is generated at the generation station by converting a primary source of energy to electrical energy. The voltage output of the generators is then stepped-up to appropriate transmission levels using a step-up transformer. The transmission subsystem then transmits the power close to the load centers. The voltage is then stepped-down to appropriate levels.
The distribution subsystem then transmit the power close to the consumer where the voltage is stepped-down to appropriate levels for use by a residential, industrial, or commercial customer.

1.2 Load Flow Study :
   In power engineering, the power flow study (also known as load-flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. Unlike traditional circuit analysis, a power flow study usually uses simplified notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various forms of AC power (i.e: reactive, real, and apparent) rather than voltage and current . It analysis the power system in normal steady-state operation. There exit a number of software implementations of power flow studies.

    In addition to a  power flow study itself , sometimes called the base case, many software implementation perform other type of analysis, such as fault analysis and economic analysis. In practical, some program use linear programming to find the optimal power flow, the conditions which give the lowest cost per KW generated. 

    The great importance of power flow or load-flow studies is in planning the future expansion of power systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems. The principle information obtained from the power flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus  and the real and reactive power flowing in each line, such as ETAP power station program. 

Objectives and Benefits of Load/Power Flow studies:
· Load-flow studies are performed to determine the steady-state operation of an electric power system. It calculates the voltage drop on each feeder, the voltage at each bus, and the power flow(Real and Reactive Power) in all branch and feeder circuits. 
· Determine if system voltages remain within specified limits under various contingency conditions, and whether equipment such as transformers and conductors are overloaded. 
· Load-flow studies are often used to identify the need for additional generation, capacitive, or inductive VAR support, or the placement of capacitors and/or reactors to maintain system voltages within specified limits.
· Losses in each branch and total system power losses are also calculated.
· Necessary for planning, economic scheduling, and control of an existing system as well as planning its future expansion.
1.3 ETAP power station 7 :

Figure 2: ETAP power station.
ETAP offers a suite of fully integrated Electrical Engineering software solutions including arc flash, load flow, short circuit, transient stability, relay coordination, cable ampacity, optimal power flow, and more. Its modular functionality can be customized to fit the needs of any company, from small to large power systems.
      ETAP Real-Time is a fully-integrated suite of software applications that provides intelligent power monitoring, energy management, system optimization, advanced automation, and real-time prediction.
       ETAP is the most comprehensive enterprise solution for design, simulation, operation, control, optimization, and automation of generation, transmission, distribution, and industrial power system.
  ETAP Smart Grid offers comprehensive applications enabling electrical utilities to plan, coordinate, and safely operate their grid. This real-time system has the ability to manage, control, visualize, optimize, and automate power transmission and distribution networks.
ETAP has been design and developed by engineers to engineers to handle the diverse discipline of power systems for board spectrum of industries in one integrated package with multiple interface views such as AC ,DC  networks .cable raceways, ground grid, GIS. Panels, arc flash, WTG, proactive devise coordination\selectivity .and AC and DC control system diagrams.
ETAP users must be proficient of using basic operation of Windows environment. Use of ETAP does not required training. However, to facilitate the learning process. OTI provides workshops throughout the year in several locations. (Refer to www.etap.com for the up-to-date training schedule).
ETAP allows you easily create and edit graphical one line diagrams (OLD),underground cable raceway systems (UGS), three-dimensional cable systems, advanced time-current coordination and selectively plots, geographic information system schematics (GIS) as well as three-dimensional ground grid systems (GCS).
The program has been designed to incorporate to three key concepts:
1. Virtual Reality Operation.    2. Total Integration of Data.   3. Simplicity in Data Entry.  
So we will use ETAP 7.0 in our project to analyze the one line diagram for the network as will be shown later.
1.4 About Our Project :
       Our project goals to  analysis and improve Aqraba electrical network by using the Etap7 software program, and support the grid by solar cells project. 
The network consists of :
· one connection point at Za'tara Street.
· 18 Distribution Transformers.
· 48 bus.  
· 47 branches. 
· 18 loads( residential, industrial, commercial).  
The main goals of the study :- 
· Increasing of voltage levels.
· Reducing the penalties by improving  the P.F.
· Reducing the losses in the distribution level.
· Supporting the grid by solar cells project to see the effect of it on the network.
Methods of improvement the operating condition in electrical network :-
· Swing bus control.
· Change the taps of the transformer.
· Installation of capacitor banks (reactive power compensation).


















Chapter 2:
Information about Aqraba Network
2.1 Elements  Of  Network:
          This section  study the elements of the network such as transformers, over head lines and underground cables.
2.1.1 Electrical Supply:
Aqraba Electrical Network is provided by Israel electrical company (IEC) through an over head transmission line of 33 kV. The max demand is reached (2MW).
The  main supply for Aqraba electrical distribution network   in the Za'tara Street.. And the voltage of the existing distribution networks are 33 KV only.IEC supplies electricity to the electrified communities by 33 KV by overhead lines .
Electricity is purchased from IEC and then distributed to the consumers. Palestine has not yet a unified power system  , the existing network is local low voltage distributions networks connected to Israeli electrical corporation (IEC).
2.1.2 Distribution Transformers:
Aqraba electrical network consists of   18 (33/0.4 KV) distribution transformers.

Figure 3: Figure Of Transformer.




The following Table 1-2 shows the number of transformers and the rated KVA for each one.
	Rated power (KVA)
	Rating
	Transformer number

	160
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr1 (AL-Ghars)

	250
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr2 (Municipality)

	630
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr3(Twin company)

	400
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr4(Ayman)

	250
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr5(Concrete)

	250
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr6(Downtown)

	250
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr7(AL-jwar)

	160
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr8(AL-Qata)

	50
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr9(South Yanoon)

	50
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr10(North Yanoon)

	160
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr11(Bani-Jam'a)

	50
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr12(AL-Gore)

	160
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr13(Club)

	250
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr14(Abu-Hadaba)

	250
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr15(Beta Street)

	250
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr16(AL-krom)

	630
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr17(Bani-Jaber)

	400
	33/0.4 KV
	Tr18(Osaren)


Table 1: The number & rating of Transformers.


	Z(Ω/Km)
	X(Ω/Km)
	R(Ω/Km)
	Transformer rating(KVA)

	0.012
	0.012
	0.002
	630

	0.016
	0.015
	0.004
	400

	0.025
	0.024
	0.008
	250

	0.04
	0.037
	0.01
	160


Table 2: R &X of Transformers.



2.1.3 Over Head Line:
High-voltage overhead conductors are not covered by insulation. The conductor material is nearly always an aluminium alloy, made into several strands and possibly reinforced with steel strands. Copper was sometimes used for overhead transmission but aluminium is lighter, yields only marginally reduced performance, and costs much less. Overhead conductors are a commodity supplied by several companies worldwide. Improved conductor material and shapes are regularly used to allow increased capacity and modernize transmission circuits. Conductor sizes range from 12 mm2  to 750 mm2 (1,590,000 circular mils area), with varying resistance and current-carrying capacity. Thicker wires would lead to a relatively small increase in capacity due to the skin effect, that causes most of the current to flow close to the surface of the wire. Because of this current limitation, multiple parallel cables (called bundle conductors) are used when higher capacity is needed. Bundle conductors are also used at high voltages to reduce energy loss caused by corona discharge.
· The conductors used in the network are ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced).
· The resistance and reactance of the ACSR conductor in the table below:

	ACSR Cable
	R(Ω/Km)
	X(Ω/Km)

	120mm2
	0.219
	0.269

	95mm2
	0.301
	0.322

	50mm2
	0.543
	0.333


Table 3: R & X of the ACSR.


Figure 4: ACSR Cable.


2.1.4 Under Ground Cable :
Electric power can also be transmitted by underground power cables instead of overhead power lines. Underground cables take up less right-of-way than overhead lines, have lower visibility, and are less affected by bad weather. However, costs of insulated cable and excavation are much higher than overhead construction. Faults in buried transmission lines take longer to locate and repair. Underground lines are strictly limited by their thermal capacity, which permits less overload or re-rating than overhead lines. Long underground cables have significant capacitance, which may reduce their ability to provide useful power to loads.
· The underground cable used in the network are XLPE Cu ,XLPE Al .
· The resistance and reactance of XLPE in below tables.
	XLPE CU
	R(Ω/Km)
			X(Ω/Km)

	240mm2
	0.754
	0.109

	120mm2
	0.196
	0.117

	95mm2
	0.41
	0.121

	50mm2
	0.387
	0.138


Table 4: R & X of XLPE CU.

	XLPE AL
	R(Ω/Km)
	X(Ω/Km)

	95mm2
	0.32
	0.542


Table 5: R & X of XLPE AL.


Figure 5:XLPE Cable.


Chapter 3:
Load Flow Analysis
In this semester we do the following steps:
1- Collection of data which consist of :
· Actual loads on transformer and power factor .
· Impedances of transmission lines ( R, X) .
2- Plotting the one line diagram in ETAP .
3- Analysis and improving the network in several cases:
· In maximum case.
· In minimum case.
4- Low voltage analysis.
5- Study the effect of supporting the network by solar cells.
3.1 Transformer Loading  :
We have in the network 18 transformers  .
The following table shows the loading of transformers and the load factor in the max. case:
	# of Transformer
	Rated
Power (KVA)
	Actual currents for each phase (A)
	Actual power (KVA)
	Load
%
	Power factor
(Load)

	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	

	Tr1
	160
	2.2
	8.0
	0.0
	2.3
	1.43
	93

	Tr2
	250
	246.4
	282.8
	247.6
	176.75
	70.7
	88

	Tr3
	630
	390
	395
	263
	240
	38.1
	87

	Tr4
	400
	156
	251
	305
	163.2
	40.8
	86

	Tr5
	250
	155.3
	192
	151
	114.2
	45.6
	86

	Tr6
	250
	290
	215.6
	230
	168.3
	67.3
	88

	Tr7
	250
	88.8
	68.4
	98.1
	58.3
	23.3
	89

	Tr8
	160
	13.3
	0.02
	4.0
	4.00
	2.5
	90

	Tr9
	50
	5.5
	14
	13.1
	7.5
	15
	92

	Tr10
	50
	15.8
	4.9
	4.1
	5.7
	11.4
	92

	Tr11
	160
	188.2
	194.2
	269
	149
	93.12
	88

	Tr12
	50
	0.0
	1.6
	11.8
	3.00
	6.00
	90

	Tr13
	160
	76.5
	54.5
	59
	43.5
	27.18
	89

	Tr14
	250
	64.4
	88.2
	75.6
	52.3
	20.9
	89

	Tr15
	250
	5.2
	8.74
	3.33
	3.94
	1.57
	93

	Tr16
	250
	89.9
	103
	101.9
	67.5
	27
	89

	Tr17
	630
	292
	241.9
	240
	177.5
	28.2
	88

	Tr18
	400
	33
	18.3
	31.2
	18.94
	4.73
	90


Table 6: The Loading Transformer in max. case.

The maximum efficiency of the transformer (98.7%) obtain if the load factor of transformer between (50% - 100%).
As shown in the above table some of the transformer have a load factor less than 50%, so in this case the efficiency is very low.




















Chapter 4:
Maximum Case Improvement  
4.1 The Original  Maximum Case:
4.1.1 The Result Of Load Flow:  
The following table shows the voltage of the buses in medium and low voltage.
	Transformer Number
	Mediam voltage rated (KV)
	Mediam voltage actual (KV)
	Low voltage rated (KV)
	Low voltage actual (KV)
	Power factor
(Tr)

	Tr1
	33
	32.945
	0.4
	0.3991
	93

	Tr2
	33
	32.942
	0.4
	0.3838
	86.2

	Tr3
	33
	32.970
	0.4
	0.3918
	86

	Tr4
	33
	32.937
	0.4
	0.3902
	85

	Tr5
	33
	32.938
	0.4
	0.3891
	84.8

	Tr6
	33
	32.948
	0.4
	0.3847
	86.3

	Tr7
	33
	32.945
	0.4
	0.3945
	88.4

	Tr8
	33
	32.945
	0.4
	0.3988
	89.9

	Tr9
	33
	32.945
	0.4
	0.3962
	91.7

	Tr10
	33
	32.944
	0.4
	0.3970
	91.8

	Tr11
	33
	32.945
	0.4
	0.3787
	85.6

	Tr12
	33
	32.945
	0.4
	0.3980
	89.9

	Tr13
	33
	32.960
	0.4
	0.3938
	88.3

	Tr14
	33
	32.988
	0.4
	0.3955
	88.5

	Tr15
	33
	32.976
	0.4
	0.3994
	93

	Tr16
	33
	32.975
	0.4
	0.3941
	88.4

	Tr17
	33
	32.945
	0.4
	0.3937
	87.3

	Tr18
	33
	32.970
	0.4
	0.3987
	89.9


Table 7: The Original maximum case.

4.1.2 The swing bus result:
The Bus 1 is the swing bus.
The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
Amp
	
P.F%

	
1.280
	
0.743
	
1.480
	
25.886
	
86.51 Lag


Table 8: The swing bus result in the original maximum case.
4.1.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:
The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	1.280
	0.743
	1.480
	86.51 Lag

	Total Demand
	1.280
	0.743
	1.480
	86.51 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	1.021
	0.559
	1.164
	87.73 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.242
	0.132
	0.276
	87.73 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.017
	0.051
	
	


Table 9: Summary of generation ,loading in original maximum case.
There are many problems in the network appears after analysis: 
· From the above  result the P.F of the swing bus=86.51 Lag,which cases high penalities and losses.
· The voltage of the buses  not in the acceptable range 1.05 Vn≤V≤1.1 Vn .
Appendix A shows the load flow results ,the P.F of the buses and the drop voltages.
















The following figures show the power flow for the network

Figure 7: The power flow for the network in the original max case.
There is several methods of improvement the operating condition in  the electrical networks :-
· Swing bus control.
· Change the taps of transformers.
· Installation of capacitor banks (reactive power compensation).

4.2 Increasing the swing bus voltage:
Increase   the   voltage    on   the   swing   bus   up to 5%   from   the original   voltage   (33 KV)  the   new  value   of   the   swing   bus voltage   equal  (34.65KV) the result of load flow as the following.
4.2.1 The Result Of Load Flow:  
The following table shows the voltage of the buses in the low voltage side and the P.F of these buses.
	Transformer Number
	(KV)
	(KV)
	Power Factor  %


	T1
	0.4
	0.4191
	93

	T2
	0.4
	0.4043
	86.4

	T3
	0.4
	0.4121
	86.1

	T4
	0.4
	0.4105
	85

	T5
	0.4
	0.4094
	84.9

	T6
	0.4
	0.4052
	86.4

	T7
	0.4
	0.4147
	88.5

	T8
	0.4
	0.4189
	89.9

	T9
	0.4
	0.4163
	91.7

	T10
	0.4
	0.4171
	91.8

	T11
	0.4
	0.3994
	85.8

	T12
	0.4
	0.4181
	89.9

	T13
	0.4
	0.4140
	88.4

	T14 
	0.4
	0.4156
	88.5

	T15
	0.4
	0.4194
	93

	T16
	0.4
	0.4142
	88.4

	T17
	0.4
	0.4139
	87.3

	T18
	0.4
	0.4187
	89.9


Table 10 : The results after increase the swing bus voltage.

· As shown in the above results the voltage of  the buses increase.
·  But we can't apply this method because the control of swing bus done only by Israel electrical company IEC.
4.2.2 The swing bus result:
The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
Amp
	
P.F%

	
1.305

	
0.754
	
1.507
	
26.36
	
86.60 Lag


Table 11: : The swing bus result after increase the swing bus.

4.2.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	1.305
	0.754
	1.507
	86.60Lag

	Total Demand
	1.305
	0.754
	1.507
	86.60Lag

	Total Motor Load
	1.021
	0.559
	1.164
	87.73 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.268
	0.146
	0.305
	87.73 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.016
	0.048
	
	


Table 12: : Summary of generation ,loading after increase the swing .

The following figure show a part of  power flow after increase the swing buse voltage.

Figure 8: A part of power flow for the network after increase swing buse voltage in max.
4.3 Improvement the max.  case using tap changing :
In this method change the tap ratio of the transformers to 5%.
4.3.1 The Result Of Load Flow:  
The following table shows the results after changing the tap of the transformers.
	Power Factor %
	V(KV) after increasing tap
	V(KV) before increasing tap
	(KV)
	Transformer Number

	93
	0.4190
	0.3991
	0.4
	T1

	86.2
	0.4027
	0.3838
	0.4
	T2

	86
	0.4113
	0.3918
	0.4
	T3

	84.9
	0.4095
	0.3902
	0.4
	T4

	84.8
	0.4084
	0.3891
	0.4
	T5

	86.3
	0.4036
	0.3847
	0.4
	T6

	88.4
	0.4141
	0.3945
	0.4
	T7

	89.9
	0.4188
	0.3988
	0.4
	T8

	91.7
	0.4160
	0.3962
	0.4
	T9

	91.8
	0.4168
	0.3970
	0.4
	T10

	85.6
	0.3972
	0.3787
	0.4
	T11

	89.9
	0.4179
	0.3980
	0.4
	T12

	88.3
	0.4134
	0.3938
	0.4
	T13

	88.5
	0.4152
	0.3955
	0.4
	T14

	93
	0.4194
	0.3994
	0.4
	T15

	88.3
	0.4137
	0.3941
	0.4
	T16

	87.2
	0.4133
	0.3937
	0.4
	T17

	89.9
	0.4186
	0.3987
	0.4
	T18


Table 13: The results of improvement of max case using tap changing.

4.3.2 The swing bus result:
The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
Amp
	
P.F%

	
1.306

	
0.758
	
1.510
	
26.42
	
86.48Lag


Table 14: The swing bus result after improvement of max case using taps.

4.3.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	1.306
	0.758
	1.510
	86.48Lag

	Total Demand
	1.306
	0.758
	1.510
	86.48Lag

	Total Motor Load
	1.021
	0.559
	1.164
	87.73Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.262
	0.146
	0.303
	87.73Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.018
	0.053
	
	


Table 15: Summary of generation ,loading after improvement of max case using taps .

Note:
After changing the taps of the transformers the voltage of the busses increased and they located in the desired range 1.05 Vn≤V≤1.1 Vn, and the transformers the losses in the network decrease and the total current decrease .
Appendix B shows the load flow results and the P.F of the buses.

 The following figure show a part of  power flow in the network.


Figure 8: A part of power flow for the network after increase the tap in max.


4.4 Power Factor Improvement in the Max. Case:

The cosine of angle of phase displacement between voltage and current in an AC circuit is known as Power Factor.
How to improve the P.F?  

                                                  



Where:
Qc: The reactive power to be compensated by the capacitor.

P: The real power of the load.

: The actual power angle.
: The proposed power angle.

Capacitor Banks:

The important of improvement power factor is by adding shunt capacitor banks at the buses at both transmission and distribution levels and loads and there are more effective to add them in the low level voltages.





     Effect of Low Power Factor :
· Higher Apparent Current .
· Higher Losses in the Electrical Distribution network .
· Low Voltage in the network.
Benefits of Improving Power Factor:
The low P.F is highly undesirable as it causes an increase in the current ,resulting in additional losses of active power in all the elements of power system from power station generator down to the utilization devices .In additional to the losses the low P.F causes penalties.
The following table shows the system of the penalties in our companies:
	Power Factor
	P.F Penalties

	P.F≥ 0.92
	No Penalties.


	 0.92>P.F ≥0.8
	1% of total bill for each one under 0.92

	0.8>P.F≥0.7
	1.25%of total bill for each one under 0.92

	P.F <0.7
	1.5%of total bill for each one under 0.92 


Table 16: The penalties of power factor.

Our aim to improvement the P.F in order to avoid penalties and to reduce the current flow in the network which reduce the electrical losses in the network .

4.4.1 The Result Of Load Flow (after adding capacitor banks):

The following table shows the results after adding capacitors in order to improve the P.F. 
	Transformer Number

	 (KVAR)
	Voltage before add capacitor (KV)
	Voltage after add capacitor (KV)
	P.F old %
	P.F after %

	T1
	
	0.4190
	0.4190
	93
	93

	T2
	20
	0.4027
	0.4028
	86.2
	91

	T3
	25
	0.4113
	0.4115
	86
	90.6

	T4
	20
	0.4095
	0.4097
	84.9
	90.5

	T5
	15
	0.4084
	0.4085
	84.8
	90.7

	T6
	15
	0.4036
	0.4037
	86.3
	90.1

	T7
	
	0.4141
	0.4141
	88.4
	88.4

	T8
	
	0.4188
	0.4188
	89.9
	89.9

	T9
	
	0.4160
	0.4160
	91.7
	91.7

	T10 
	
	0.4168
	0.4168
	91.8
	91.8

	T11
	20
	0.3972
	0.399
	85.6
	90.2

	T12
	
	0.4179
	0.4179
	89.9
	89.9

	T13
	
	0.4134
	0.4134
	88.3
	88.3

	T14
	
	0.4152
	0.4152
	88.5
	88.5

	T15
	
	0.4194
	0.4194
	93
	93

	T16 
	
	0.4137
	0.4137
	88.3
	88.3

	T17
	
	0.4133
	0.4133
	87.2
	87.2

	T18
	
	0.4186
	0.4186
	89.9
	89.9


Table 17: The results of improvement P.F in Max Case.

  4.4.2 The swing bus result:

The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
Amp
	
P.F%

	
1.306

	
0.635
	
1.452
	
25.4
	
89.94Lag


Table 18: The swing bus result of improvement the P.F in max case.

4.4.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	1.306
	0.635
	1.452
	89.94Lag

	Total Demand
	1.306
	0.635
	1.452
	89.94Lag

	Total Motor Load
	1.021
	0.559
	1.164
	87.73Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.268
	0.027
	0.269
	99.49Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.016
	0.049
	
	


Table 19: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the P.F in max case .

Note:
After adding the capacitor banks  the losses in the network decrease the total current decrease
- The losses before= 0.018 MW, and the swing current = 26.42 A.
- The losses after=0.016 MW, and the swing current =   25.4 A.
Appendix C shows the load flow results and the P.F of the buses.

The following figure shows where the capacitor banks installed in the network.


Figure 9: A part of power flow after adding capacitor banks in max. case.

4.5 The Voltage Level  Improvement Using Capacitors  in the Max. Case:

In this method added capacitor banks to improve the voltage levels without changing the taps.
4.5.1 The Result Of Load Flow:  

The following table shows the results after adding capacitors in order to improve the voltage levels .
	Transformer Number

	 (KVAR)
	Voltage before add capacitor (KV)
	Voltage after add capacitor (KV)
	P.F old %
	P.F after %

	T1
	
	0.3991
	0.3991
	93
	93

	T2
	20
	0.3838
	0.3860
	86.2
	90.7

	T3
	25
	0.3918
	0.3930
	86
	90.3

	T4
	25
	0.3902
	0.3919
	85
	91.3

	T5
	20
	0.3891
	0.3913
	84.8
	92.1

	T6
	15
	0.3847
	0.3864
	86.3
	89.9

	T7
	
	0.3945
	0.3945
	88.4
	88.4

	T8
	
	0.3988
	0.3988
	89.9
	89.9

	T9
	
	0.3962
	0.3962
	91.7
	91.7

	T10 
	
	0.3970
	0.3970
	91.8
	91.8

	T11
	25
	0.3787
	0.3829
	85.6
	92.2

	T12
	
	0.3980
	0.3980
	89.9
	89.9

	T13
	
	0.3938
	0.3938
	88.3
	88.3

	T14
	
	0.3955
	0.3955
	88.5
	88.5

	T15
	
	0.3994
	0.3994
	93
	93

	T16 
	
	0.3941
	0.3941
	88.4
	88.4

	T17
	
	0.3937
	0.3937
	87.3
	87.3

	T18
	
	0.3987
	0.3987
	89.9
	89.9


Table 20: The results of improvement the voltage level in max case without increase the taps.

4.5.2 The swing bus result:

The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
Amp
	
P.F%

	
1.281

	
0.616
	
1.421
	
24.86
	
90.12Lag


Table 21: The swing bus result of improvement the voltage level in max.

4.5.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	1.281
	0.616
	1.421
	90.12Lag

	Total Demand
	1.281
	0.616
	1.421
	90.12Lag

	Total Motor Load
	1.021
	0.559
	1.164
	87.73Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.243
	0.010
	0.244
	99.91Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.016
	0.047
	
	


Table 22: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the voltage level in max case .

Note:
After adding the capacitor banks  the losses in the network decrease and the total current decrease
- The losses in the original case = 0.017MW, and the swing current = 25.886 A.
- The losses after =0.016MW, and the swing current = 24.86 A.
- The voltage level in some buses increase .
Appendix D shows the load flow results and the P.F of the buses.
The following figure shows where the capacitor banks installed in the network.


Figure 10: A part of the  power flow after improvement the voltage level in max.
Chapter 5:
Minimum Case Improvement  
5.1 The Original Minimum Case:
5.1.1 Transformer Loading  :
The following table shows the loading of transformers and the load factor in the min. case:
	# of Transformer
	Rated
Power (KVA)
	Actual currents for each phase (A)
	Actual power (KVA)
	Power factor
(Load) %

	
	
	
	
	
	
	

	Tr1
	160
	1.5
	4
	0
	1.27
	94

	Tr2
	250
	220
	170
	190
	132.6
	90

	Tr3
	630
	4
	6
	3
	3
	93

	Tr4
	400
	3
	5
	4
	2.8
	95

	Tr5
	250
	4
	10
	8
	5
	94

	Tr6
	250
	320
	17.2
	176
	152.9
	89

	Tr7
	250
	34.5
	27
	28
	20.5
	90

	Tr8
	160
	4
	0
	3
	1.6
	91

	Tr9
	50
	3.1
	2.5
	3
	1.97
	93

	Tr10
	50
	1.6
	1.3
	3.4
	1.44
	93

	Tr11
	160
	115
	144
	121.5
	87.4
	89

	Tr12
	50
	0
	1.6
	6.6
	1.88
	91

	Tr13
	160
	52
	26
	22
	22.9
	90

	Tr14
	250
	42
	30
	37.7
	25.2
	90

	Tr15
	250
	0.5
	0.8
	2
	0.76
	94

	Tr16
	250
	22.2
	58
	53
	30.3
	90

	Tr17
	630
	73
	74
	59
	47.3
	89

	Tr18
	400
	33
	18.3
	31.2
	18.9
	90


Table 23: The Loading Transformer in min. case.

5.1.2 The Result Of Load Flow: 

The following table shows the voltage of the buses in medium and low voltage.



	Transformer Number
	Mediam voltage rated (KV)
	Mediam voltage actual (KV)
	Low voltage rated (KV)
	Low voltage actual (KV)
	Power factor
(Tr) %

	Tr1
	33
	32.977
	0.4
	0.3996
	94

	Tr2
	33
	32.976
	0.4
	0.3887
	88.7

	Tr3
	33
	32.991
	0.4
	0.3998
	93

	Tr4
	33
	32.976
	0.4
	0.3996
	95

	Tr5
	33
	32.976
	0.4
	0.3994
	94

	Tr6
	33
	32.978
	0.4
	0.3867
	87.5

	Tr7
	33
	32.977
	0.4
	0.3981
	89.8

	Tr8
	33
	32.977
	0.4
	0.3995
	91

	Tr9
	33
	32.977
	0.4
	0.3989
	92.9

	Tr10
	33
	32.976
	0.4
	0.3992
	92.9

	Tr11
	33
	32.977
	0.4
	0.3881
	87.7

	Tr12
	33
	32.977
	0.4
	0.3989
	90.9

	Tr13
	33
	32.983
	0.4
	0.3969
	89.7

	Tr14
	33
	32.995
	0.4
	0.3979
	89.8

	Tr15
	33
	32.991
	0.4
	0.3998
	94

	Tr16
	33
	23.991
	0.4
	0.3974
	89.7

	Tr17
	33
	32.977
	0.4
	0.3983
	88.8

	Tr18
	33
	32.991
	0.4
	0.3989
	89.9


Table 24: The Original minimum case.

5.1.3 The swing bus result:
The Bus 1 is the swing bus.
The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
Amp
	
P.F%

	
0.502
	
0.262
	
0.566
	
9.91
	
88.64 Lag


Table 25: The swing bus result in the original minimum case.

5.1.4 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	0.502
	0.262
	0.566
	88.64 Lag

	Total Demand
	0.502
	0.262
	0.566
	88.64 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	0.400
	0.198
	0.447
	89.62 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.069
	0.047
	0.107
	89.63 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.006
	0.017
	
	


Table 26: Summary of generation ,loading in original minimum case.

Note:
There are many problems in the network appears after analysis: 
- From the above  result the P.F of the swing bus = 88.64 Lag,which cases high penalities.
- The voltage of the buses not in the acceptable range V≥ Vn .

Appendix E shows the load flow results and the P.F of the buses .


The following figures show the power flow in main feeders.



	

Part of the power flow of the network :


Figure 11: The power flow in the min original case.

5.2 Improvement the min.  case using tap changing :

In this method increase the tap ratio of  the  transformers to 2.5%.
5.2.1 The Result Of Load Flow:  
The following table shows the results after changing the tap of the transformers.
	Power Factor %
	V(KV) after increasing tap
	V(KV) before increasing tap
	(KV)
	Transformer Number

	94
	0.4096
	0.3996
	0.4
	T1

	88.7
	0.3983
	0.3887
	0.4
	T2

	93
	0.4098
	0.3998
	0.4
	T3

	95
	0.4096
	0.3996
	0.4
	T4

	94
	0.4093
	0.3994
	0.4
	T5

	87.5
	0.3962
	0.3867
	0.4
	T6

	89.8
	0.4080
	0.3981
	0.4
	T7

	91
	0.4095
	0.3995
	0.4
	T8

	92.9
	0.4089
	0.3989
	0.4
	T9

	92.9
	0.4091
	0.3992
	0.4
	T10

	87.7
	0.3977
	0.3881
	0.4
	T11

	90.9
	0.4089
	0.3989
	0.4
	T12

	89.7
	0.4068
	0.3969
	0.4
	T13

	89.8
	0.4078
	0.3979
	0.4
	T14

	94
	0.4098
	0.3998
	0.4
	T15

	89.7
	0.4073
	0.3974
	0.4
	T16

	88.8
	0.4082
	0.3983
	0.4
	T17

	89.9
	0.4089
	0.3989
	0.4
	T18


Table 27: The results of improvement of min case using tap changing.

5.2.2 The swing bus result:

The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
Amp
	
P.F%

	
0.507
	
0.265
	
0.572
	
10
	
88.63 Lag


Table 28: The swing bus result after improvement of min case using taps.

5.2.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	0.507
	0.265
	0.572
	88.63 Lag

	Total Demand
	0.507
	0.265
	0.572
	88.63 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	0.400
	0.198
	0.447
	89.62 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.101
	0.050
	0.112
	89.63 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.006
	0.017
	
	


Table 29: Summary of generation ,loading after improvement of min case using taps .

Appendix F shows the load flow results and the P.F of the buses.

The following figures show the power flow in main feeders.


Part of power flow of the network

Figure 12 :The power flow after increase the tap in min.
5.3 Power Factor Improvement in the Min. Case:

After increase the taps of the transformers we added  capacitor banks to increase the P.F of some buses to avoid the penalties.

5.3.1 The Result Of Load Flow:
  
The following table shows the results after adding capacitors in order to improve the P.F.
	Transformer Number

	 (KVAR)
	Voltage before add capacitor (KV)
	Voltage after add capacitor (KV)
	P.F old %
	P.F after %

	T1
	
	0.4096
	0.4096
	94
	94

	T2
	15
	0.3983
	0.4001
	88.7
	93.1

	T3
	
	0.4098
	0.4098
	93
	93

	T4
	
	0.4096
	0.4096
	95
	95

	T5
	
	0.4093
	0.4093
	94
	94

	T6
	12.5
	0.3962
	0.3990
	87.5
	90.8

	T7
	
	0.4080
	0.4080
	89.8
	89.8

	T8
	
	0.4095
	0.4095
	91
	91

	T9
	
	0.4089
	0.4089
	92.9
	92.9

	T10 
	
	0.4091
	0.4091
	92.9
	92.9

	T11
	12.5
	0.3977
	0.400
	87.7
	93.3

	T12
	
	0.4089
	0.4089
	90.9
	90.9

	T13
	
	0.4068
	0.4068
	89.7
	89.7

	T14
	
	0.4078
	0.4078
	89.8
	89.8

	T15
	
	0.4098
	0.4098
	94
	94

	T16 
	
	0.4073
	0.4073
	89.7
	89.7

	T17
	2.5
	0.4082
	0.4083
	88.8
	91

	T18
	
	0.4089
	0.4089
	89.9
	89.9


Table 30:  The results of improvement P.F in Min Case.

5.3.2 The swing bus result:
The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
Amp
	
P.F%

	
0.507
	
0.221
	
0.553
	
9.78
	
91.65 Lag


Table 31 The swing bus result of improvement the P.F in min case.
5.3.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	0.507
	0.221
	0.553
	91.65 Lag

	Total Demand
	0.507
	0.221
	0.553
	91.65 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	0.400
	0.198
	0.447
	89.62 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.101
	0.008
	0.101
	99.72 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.005
	0.015
	
	


Table 32: : Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the P.F in min case .

Note:
After adding the capacitor banks  the losses in the network decrease in small amount and the total current decrease
- The losses before = 0.006 MW, and the swing current = 10 A.
- The losses after = 0.005 MW, and the swing current = 9.78 A.
Appendix G shows the load flow results and the P.F of the buses.
The following figures shows where the capacitor banks installed in the network .


Figure 13: The power flow after improvement the P.F in min.

5.4 The Voltage Level  Improvement Using Capacitors  in the Min. Case:
In this method added capacitor banks to improve the voltage levels without changing the taps.
5.4.1 The Result Of Load Flow:  

The following table shows the results after adding capacitors in order to improve the voltage levels
	Transformer Number

	 (KVAR)
	Voltage before add capacitor (KV)
	Voltage after add capacitor (KV)
	P.F old %
	P.F after %

	T1
	
	0.3996
	0.3996
	94
	94

	T2
	10
	0.3887
	0.3900
	88.7
	91.6

	T3
	
	0.3998
	0.3998
	93
	93

	T4
	
	0.3996

	0.3996

	95
	95

	T5
	
	0.3994
	0.3994
	94
	94

	T6
	20
	0.3867
	0.3890
	87.5
	92.6

	T7
	
	0.3981
	0.3981
	89.8
	89.8

	T8
	
	0.3995
	0.3995
	91
	91

	T9
	
	0.3989
	0.3989
	92.9
	92.9

	T10 
	
	0.3992
	0.3992
	92.9
	92.9

	T11
	12.5
	0.3881
	0.3903
	87.7
	93.1

	T12
	
	0.3989
	0.3989
	90.9
	90.9

	T13
	
	0.3969
	0.3969
	89.7
	89.7

	T14
	
	0.3979
	0.3979
	89.8
	89.8

	T15
	
	0.3998
	0.3998
	94
	94

	T16 
	
	0.3974
	0.3974
	89.7
	89.7

	T17
	2.5
	0.3983
	0.3984
	88.8
	90.9

	T18
	
	0.3989
	0.3989
	89.9
	89.9


Table 33: The results of improvement the voltage level in min case.

5.4.2 The swing bus result:

The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
Amp
	
P.F%

	
0.502
	
0.218
	
0.547
	
9.57
	
91.71 Lag


Table 34: The swing bus result of improvement the voltage level in min.

5.4.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	0.507
	0.218
	0.547
	91.71 Lag

	Total Demand
	0.507
	0.218
	0.547
	91.71 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	0.400
	0.198
	0.447
	89.62 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.096
	0.005
	0.096
	99.87 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.005
	0.015
	
	


Table 35: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the voltage level in min case .


Note:
After adding the capacitor banks  the losses in the network decrease in small amount and the total current decrease .
- The losses in the original case = 0.006 MW, and the swing current = 9.91 A.
- The losses after = 0.005 MW, and the swing current = 9.57 A.
- The voltage level in some buses (where the capacitor banks installed) increase.
Appendix H shows the load flow results and the P.F of the buses.


The following figure shows where the capacitor banks installed in the network.





Figure 14: The power flow after improvement the voltage level in min.











Chapter 6:
Low Voltage Analysis In Max. Case
6.1 Low Voltage Side :

Most of the problems of the electrical networks are located in the low voltage side ( Low Tension Side ) , and the most important of these problems are : power losses due to the high current value in this side, and the drop voltage.
In this chapter and in the next chapter the network in low voltage will be studied.
We measured the load ( Real Power, Current for each phase, power factor) for each feeder of each transformer in max. and min. case.
The data of the feeders :
- Type of the feeders is ABC cable ( Arial Bundled Conductor )   
- R = 0.308 Ω/Km.
- X = 0.1 Ω/Km.
- Different lengths of the feeders.


6.2 The Original  Low voltage Max. Case:

6.2.1 Loading For Each Feeder  :
The following table shows the loading for each feeder of each transformers in the max. case :
	# of Transformer
	# of feeders
	
feeder
	Current For each phase (A)
	S act (KVA)
	
P.F %

	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	

	T1
	2
	1
	1
	3
	0
	0.92
	92.4

	
	
	2
	1.2
	5
	0
	1.43
	

	
T2
	
4
	1
	63
	65
	62
	43.7
	
86.8

	
	
	2
	50.2
	67.1
	60
	40.8
	

	
	
	3
	60
	73
	70
	46.7
	

	
	
	4
	73.2
	74.1
	70
	50
	

	T3
	1
	1
	390
	395
	263
	241
	86.1

	
T4
	
3
	1
	51
	82.1
	98.9
	53.4
	
85.8

	
	
	2
	56.2
	80.3
	110
	56.7
	

	
	
	3
	49.1
	89
	79.1
	54
	

	
T5
	
4
	1
	51.2
	54.1
	49.2
	35.5
	
85.2

	
	
	2
	32
	48.3
	29.1
	25.2
	

	
	
	3
	64.3
	45.2
	50
	36.7
	

	
	
	4
	20
	15
	25
	13.8
	

	

T6
	

5
	1
	57.3
	64.5
	60.7
	41.9
	

86.9

	
	
	2
	64
	53.1
	51.1
	38.7
	

	
	
	3
	53.4
	51.3
	49.3
	35.4
	

	
	
	4
	68
	61.7
	53.1
	42
	

	
	
	5
	55.1
	63.2
	59.3
	40.8
	

	
T7
	
4
	1
	20.5
	16.1
	26.2
	14.4
	
89.3

	
	
	2
	25
	20
	19.5
	14.8
	

	
	
	3
	30.1
	18.3
	23.5
	16.5
	

	
	
	4
	16.2
	22.3
	26.1
	14.8
	

	T8
	2
	1
	8.1
	0
	3.1
	2.5
	90

	
	
	2
	5.3
	0
	1.5
	1.5
	

	T9
	1
	1
	5.5
	14
	13.1
	7.5
	91.7

	T10
	2
	1
	8.3
	2.1
	2.3
	2.9
	91.8

	
	
	2
	7.4
	2.9
	2.1
	2.8
	

	
T11
	
4
	1
	63.3
	55.3
	75.3
	44.5
	
86.8

	
	
	2
	46.1
	53.1
	63.5
	37.4
	

	
	
	3
	45.5
	56.1
	67.7
	38.9
	

	
	
	4
	27.9
	44.2
	54.1
	29
	

	
T12
	
3
	1
	0
	0.6
	4.5
	1.2
	
90.1

	
	
	2
	0
	0.5
	3.9
	1
	

	
	
	3
	0
	0.5
	5.1
	1.3
	

	T13
	2
	1
	41.1
	32.1
	33.3
	24.5
	88.5

	
	
	2
	35.9
	23.3
	29.1
	20.3
	

	T14
	2
	1
	30
	40.2
	36.3
	24.5
	88.8

	
	
	2
	34.4
	48
	38.5
	27.8
	

	T15
	2
	1
	3
	3.7
	1.5
	1.9
	93.5

	
	
	2
	2.2
	4
	1.9
	1.86
	

	
T16
	
4
	1
	21.3
	23.2
	24.2
	15.8
	
88.7

	
	
	2
	24.1
	26.3
	23.1
	16.9
	

	
	
	3
	18.5
	24.1
	20.3
	14.5
	

	
	
	4
	22.1
	23.2
	25.1
	16.2
	

	
T17
	
4
	1
	77.5
	67.3
	57.3
	46.5
	
89.7

	
	
	2
	73.2
	54.4
	68.1
	45
	

	
	
	3
	67.5
	70.6
	54.3
	44.2
	

	
	
	4
	82.1
	65.3
	77.1
	51.6
	

	T18
	2
	1
	28
	17
	27
	16.5
	90.9

	
	
	2
	5
	1.3
	5.1
	2.6
	


Table 36: Loading of each Feeder in L.V max. case.
Note:
As shown above the loads distributed unsymmetrical which cases high neutral current and so high losses in the network as will be shown later.

6.2.2 The Result Of Load Flow: 

The following table show the voltage at the end of each feeder and the drop voltage
	# of Transformer
	# of feeders
	feeder
	Drop Voltage %
	Low Voltage rated( KV)
	Low Voltage  actual (V)

	T1
	2
	1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.1

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.4
	398.5

	
T2
	
4
	1
	26
	0.4
	276.4

	
	
	2
	5.9
	0.4
	356.8

	
	
	3
	19.5
	0.4
	302.6

	
	
	4
	30
	0.4
	260.5

	T3
	1
	1
	3.1
	0.4
	379.4

	
T4
	
3
	1
	1.2
	0.4
	385.1

	
	
	2
	4
	0.4
	373.8

	
	
	3
	4.5
	0.4
	371.9

	
T5
	
4
	1
	1.6
	0.4
	382.6

	
	
	2
	2.4
	0.4
	379.7

	
	
	3
	2.2
	0.4
	380.5

	
	
	4
	1
	0.4
	385.3

	

T6
	

5
	1
	17.3
	0.4
	311.4

	
	
	2
	8.8
	0.4
	345.4

	
	
	3
	8.9
	0.4
	345

	
	
	4
	6.8
	0.4
	353.5

	
	
	5
	8.1
	0.4
	348.2

	
T7
	
4
	1
	1.7
	0.4
	387.5

	
	
	2
	2.1
	0.4
	385.8

	
	
	3
	3.2
	0.4
	381.5

	
	
	4
	2.5
	0.4
	384.4

	T8
	2
	1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.3

	
	
	2
	0.2
	0.4
	397.8

	T9
	1
	1
	0.5
	0.4
	394

	T10
	2
	1
	0.4
	0.4
	395.2

	
	
	2
	0.3
	0.4
	395.6

	
T11
	
4
	1
	10.4
	0.4
	335.8

	
	
	2
	16.5
	0.4
	311.3

	
	
	3
	8.9
	0.4
	341.7

	
	
	4
	5
	0.4
	357.2

	T12
	3
	1
	0.1
	0.4
	397.3

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.4
	397.5

	
	
	3
	0.1
	0.4
	397.2

	T13
	2
	1
	7.2
	0.4
	364.5

	
	
	2
	3.4
	0.4
	379.9

	T14
	2
	1
	4.1
	0.4
	379

	
	
	2
	9
	0.4
	359.4

	T15
	2
	1
	0.4
	0.4
	398

	
	
	2
	0.3
	0.4
	398.3

	
T16
	
4
	1
	3
	0.4
	382.3

	
	
	2
	3.6
	0.4
	379.8

	
	
	3
	4.2
	0.4
	377.5

	
	
	4
	2.7
	0.4
	383.5

	
T17
	
4
	1
	27.6
	0.4
	282.5

	
	
	2
	15.4
	0.4
	331.2

	
	
	3
	14.4
	0.4
	335.5

	
	
	4
	10.4
	0.4
	351.2

	T18
	2
	1
	0.4
	0.4
	355.4

	
	
	2
	10.8
	0.4
	396.9


Table 37: The result of low voltage in original max. case.

6.2.3 The swing bus result:

The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
P.F%

	
1.434
	
0.794
	
1.639
	
87.48 Lag


Table 38: The swing bus result in the L. V. original Max. case.

6.2.4 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	1.434
	0.794
	1.639
	87.48 Lag

	Total Demand
	1.434
	0.794
	1.639
	87.48 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	1.050
	0.581
	1.200
	87.51Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.206
	0.114
	0.236
	87.53 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.178
	0.100
	
	


Table 39: Summary of generation ,loading in L. V. original Max. case.

Note:
The main problem in  the low level side is the unsymmetrical loads between phases which cases many problems :
- High neutral current.
- High drop voltage in feeder which cases low voltage in the consumers.
- High losses in the network
      -  The losses before adding the low voltage side = 0.017 MW.
      - The losses after adding the low voltage side = 0.178 MW.
Appendix I shows the load flow results ,the P.F of the buses and the drop voltages.

The following figures show the power flow for a part of  the network


Figure 16: A part of the low voltage side of original Max. case.

6.3 Improvement the L. V. max.  case using tap changing :
In this method change the tap ratio of the transformers to 5%.
6.3.1 The Result Of Load Flow:  
The following table shows the results after changing the tap of the transformers.
	# of Transformer
	# of feeders
	
feeder
	Drop voltage % before
	Drop voltage %  after
	Low Voltage rated KV
	Low Voltage actual
(V) before
	Low Voltage actual (V) after

	T1
	2
	1
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.1
	418.7

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.5
	418.4

	
T2
	
4
	1
	26
	24.2
	0.4
	276.4
	302.8

	
	
	2
	5.9
	5.7
	0.4
	356.8
	376.8

	
	
	3
	19.5
	18.4
	0.4
	302.6
	326

	
	
	4
	30
	27.6
	0.4
	260.5
	289.4

	T3
	1
	1
	3.1
	3
	0.4
	379.4
	399.2

	
T4
	
3
	1
	1.2
	1.2
	0.4
	385.1
	404.5

	
	
	2
	4
	3.9
	0.4
	373.8
	393.6

	
	
	3
	4.5
	4.4
	0.4
	371.9
	391.8

	T5
	4
	1
	1.6
	1.6
	0.4
	382.6
	402

	
	
	2
	2.4
	2.3
	0.4
	379.7
	399.2

	
	
	3
	2.2
	1.2
	0.4
	380.5
	400

	
	
	4
	1
	0.9
	0.4
	385.3
	404

	

T6
	

5
	1
	17.3
	16.5
	0.4
	311.4
	333.6

	
	
	2
	8.8
	8.5
	0.4
	345.4
	365.5

	
	
	3
	8.9
	8.6
	0.4
	345
	365.2

	
	
	4
	6.8
	5.6
	0.4
	353.5
	373.3

	
	
	5
	8.1
	7.8
	0.4
	348.2
	368.2

	
T7
	
4
	1
	1.7
	1.6
	0.4
	387.5
	407.3

	
	
	2
	2.1
	2.1
	0.4
	385.8
	405.6

	
	
	3
	3.2
	3.1
	0.4
	381.5
	401.5

	
	
	4
	2.5
	2.4
	0.4
	384.4
	404.3

	T8
	2
	1
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.3
	418.2

	
	
	2
	0.2
	0.2
	0.4
	397.8
	417.7

	T9
	1
	1
	0.5
	0.5
	0.4
	394
	413.8

	T10
	2
	1
	0.4
	0.4
	0.4
	395.2
	415.4

	
	
	2
	0.3
	0.3
	0.4
	395.6
	415.1

	
T11
	
4
	1
	10.4
	10
	0.4
	335.8
	356.1

	
	
	2
	16.5
	15.7
	0.4
	311.3
	333.1

	
	
	3
	8.9
	8.6
	0.4
	341.7
	361.7

	
	
	4
	5
	4.9
	0.4
	357.2
	376.5

	
T12
	
3
	1
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	397.3
	417.2

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	397.5
	417.3

	
	
	3
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	397.2
	417.1

	T13
	2
	1
	7.2
	7
	0.4
	364.5
	385

	
	
	2
	3.4
	3.3
	0.4
	379.9
	399.5

	T14
	2
	1
	4.1
	4
	0.4
	379
	399.2

	
	
	2
	9
	8.7
	0.4
	359.4
	380.4

	T15
	2
	1
	0.4
	0.4
	0.4
	398
	418

	
	
	2
	0.3
	0.3
	0.4
	398.3
	418.3

	
T16
	
4
	1
	3
	2.9
	0.4
	382.3
	402.3

	
	
	2
	3.6
	3.5
	0.4
	379.8
	399.9

	
	
	3
	4.2
	4.1
	0.4
	377.5
	397.6

	
	
	4
	2.7
	2.6
	0.4
	383.5
	403.5

	
T17
	
4
	1
	27.6
	25.7
	0.4
	282.5
	309.7

	
	
	2
	15.4
	14.7
	0.4
	331.2
	353.6

	
	
	3
	14.4
	13.7
	0.4
	335.5
	357.6

	
	
	4
	10.4
	10
	0.4
	351.2
	372.4

	T18
	2
	1
	0.4
	0.4
	0.4
	355.4
	376.9

	
	
	2
	10.8
	10.4
	0.4
	396.9
	416.9


Table 40: The results of improvement of L. V. max case using tap changing.

6.3.2 The swing bus result:

The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
P.F%

	
1.444

	
0.806
	
1.635
	
87.32 Lag


Table 41: The swing bus result after improvement of L. V. max case using taps.

 6.3.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	1.444
	0.806
	1.653
	87.32 Lag

	Total Demand
	1.444
	0.806
	1.653
	87.32 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	1.050
	0.581
	1.200
	87.51 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.231
	0.128
	0.264
	87.53 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.163
	0.097
	
	


Table 42: Summary of generation ,loading after improvement of L. V. max case using taps .

Note:
After changing the taps of the transformers the voltage in the consumers increased, also the voltage drop in the feeders decrease and the losses in the network decrease. 

Appendix J shows the load flow results ,the P.F of the buses and the drop voltages.

The following figure show a part of  power flow in the network.

 


Figure 17: A part of power flow for the network after increase the tap in L. V.  max. case

6.4 Power Factor Improvement in the L. V.  Max. Case:

After increase the taps of the transformers we added  capacitor banks to increase the poor P.F and to reduce the losses in the network .
6.4.1 The Result Of Load Flow (after adding capacitor banks):
The following table shows the results after adding capacitors in order to improve the P.F. 
	# of  Tr
	# of feeders
	
feeder
	
 (KVAR)
	Drop voltage % before
	Drop voltage % after
	
P.F % before
	
P.F % after
	L. V. rated (KV)
	L. V. actual before (V)
	L. V. actual
After (V)

	T1
	2
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	92.4
	92.4
	0.4
	418.7
	418.7

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	418.4
	481.7

	
T2
	
4
	1
	
20
	24.2
	24
	
86.8
	
90.8
	0.4
	302.8
	306.2

	
	
	2
	
	5.7
	5.7
	
	
	0.4
	376.8
	379.5

	
	
	3
	
	18.4
	18.3
	
	
	0.4
	326
	329.1

	
	
	4
	
	27.6
	27.3
	
	
	0.4
	289.4
	293.1

	T3
	1
	1
	25
	3
	3
	86.1
	90.6
	0.4
	399.2
	400.6

	
T4
	
3
	1
	
20
	1.2
	1.2
	
85.8
	
91
	0.4
	404.5
	406.2

	
	
	2
	
	3.9
	3.9
	
	
	0.4
	393.6
	395.3

	
	
	3
	
	4.4
	4.3
	
	
	0.4
	391.8
	393.5

	
T5
	4
	1
	15
	1.6
	1.6
	
85.2
	
91.1
	0.4
	402
	404

	
	
	2
	
	2.3
	2.3
	
	
	0.4
	399.2
	401.2

	
	
	3
	
	1.2
	2.1
	
	
	0.4
	400
	402

	
	
	4
	
	0.9
	0.9
	
	
	0.4
	404
	406.6

	

T6
	

5
	1
	

15
	16.5
	16.4
	

86.9
	

89.9
	0.4
	333.6
	335.9

	
	
	2
	
	8.5
	8.5
	
	
	0.4
	365.5
	367.6

	
	
	3
	
	8.6
	8.6
	
	
	0.4
	365.2
	367.2

	
	
	4
	
	5.6
	6.6
	
	
	0.4
	373.3
	375.3

	
	
	5
	
	7.8
	7.8
	
	
	0.4
	368.2
	370.2

	
T7
	
4
	1
	
	1.6
	1.6
	
89.3
	
89.3
	0.4
	407.3
	407.3

	
	
	2
	
	2.1
	2.1
	
	
	0.4
	405.6
	405.7

	
	
	3
	
	3.1
	3.1
	
	
	0.4
	401.5
	401.5

	
	
	4
	
	2.4
	2.4
	
	
	0.4
	404.3
	404.3

	T8
	2
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	90
	90
	0.4
	418.2
	418.3

	
	
	2
	
	0.2
	0.2
	
	
	0.4
	417.7
	417.8

	T9
	1
	1
	
	0.5
	0.5
	91.7
	91.7
	0.4
	413.8
	413.8

	T10
	2
	1
	
	0.4
	0.4
	91.8
	91.8
	0.4
	415.4
	415.4

	
	
	2
	
	0.3
	0.3
	
	
	0.4
	415.1
	415.4

	
T11
	
4
	1
	
20
	10
	9.9
	
86.8
	
91.9
	0.4
	356.1
	360.3

	
	
	2
	
	15.7
	15.5
	
	
	0.4
	333.1
	337.6

	
	
	3
	
	8.6
	8.5
	
	
	0.4
	361.7
	365.9

	
	
	4
	
	4.9
	4.8
	
	
	0.4
	376.5
	380.6

	T12
	
3
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
90.1
	
90.1
	0.4
	417.2
	417.2

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	417.3
	417.4

	
	
	3
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	417.1
	417.1

	T13
	2
	1
	
	7
	7
	88.5
	88.5
	0.4
	385
	385.1

	
	
	2
	
	3.3
	3.3
	
	
	0.4
	399.5
	399.9

	T14
	2
	1
	
	4
	4
	88.8
	88.8
	0.4
	399.2
	399.2

	
	
	2
	
	8.7
	8.7
	
	
	0.4
	380.4
	380.4

	T15
	2
	1
	
	0.4
	0.4
	93.5
	93.5
	0.4
	418
	418

	
	
	2
	
	0.3
	0.3
	
	
	0.4
	418.3
	418.3

	
T16
	
4
	1
	
	2.9
	2.9
	
88.7
	
88.7
	0.4
	402.3
	402.3

	
	
	2
	
	3.5
	3.5
	
	
	0.4
	399.9
	399.9

	
	
	3
	
	4.1
	4.1
	
	
	0.4
	397.6
	397.7

	
	
	4
	
	2.6
	2.6
	
	
	0.4
	403.5
	303.5

	
T17
	
4
	1
	
	25.7
	25.7
	
89.7
	
89.7
	0.4
	309.7
	309.7

	
	
	2
	
	14.7
	14.7
	
	
	0.4
	353.6
	353.6

	
	
	3
	
	13.7
	13.7
	
	
	0.4
	357.6
	357.6

	
	
	4
	
	10
	10
	
	
	0.4
	372.4
	372.4

	T18
	
2
	1
	
	0.4
	0.4
	90.9
	90.9
	0.4
	376.9
	376.9

	
	
	2
	
	10.4
	10.4
	
	
	0.4
	416.9

	416.9



Table 43: The results of improvement P.F in L. V.  Max Case.
  6.4.2 The swing bus result:

The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
P.F%

	
1.442

	
0.682
	
1.596
	
90.40 Lag


Table 44: The swing bus result of improvement the P.F in L. V.  max case.

6.4.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	1.442
	0.682
	1.596
	90.40 Lag

	Total Demand
	1.442
	0.682
	1.596
	90.40 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	1.050
	0.581
	1.200
	87.51 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.233
	0.010
	0.233
	99.91 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.160
	0.092
	
	


Table 45: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the P.F in L. V.  max case .

Note:
After increasing the tap ratio and adding the capacitor banks  the losses in the network decrease :
- The losses before= 0.178 MW.
- The losses after=0. 160 MW .
Appendix K shows the load flow results ,the P.F of the buses and the drop voltages.

The following figure shows where the capacitor banks installed in the network.



 
                  Figure 18: A part of power flow after adding capacitor banks in L. V.  max. case.

6.5 The Voltage Level  Improvement Using Capacitors  in the L. V. Max. Case:

In this method added capacitor banks to improve the voltage levels without changing the taps.
6.5.1 The Result Of Load Flow:  
The following table shows the results after adding capacitors in order to improve the voltage levels .
	# of Tr
	# of feeders
	
feeder
	
 (KVAR)
	Drop voltage %  before
	Drop voltage % after
	P.F % before (old)
	P.F % after
(new)
	L. V. rated (KV)
	L. V. actual
(V) before
	L. V. actual (V) after

	T1
	2
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	92.4
	92.4
	0.4
	398.1
	398.8

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	398.5
	398.5

	
T2
	4
	1
	
20
	26
	25.8
	
86.8
	
90.7
	0.4
	276.4
	279.7

	
	
	2
	
	5.9
	5.9
	
	
	0.4
	356.8
	359.2

	
	
	3
	
	19.5
	19.3
	
	
	0.4
	302.6
	305.4

	
	
	4
	
	30
	29.7
	
	
	0.4
	260.5
	264.1

	T3
	1
	1
	25
	3.1
	3
	86.1
	90.3
	0.4
	379.4
	380.6

	
T4
	3
	1
	
25
	1.2
	1.2
	
85.8
	
91.9
	0.4
	385.1
	386.8

	
	
	2
	
	4
	4
	
	
	0.4
	373.8
	375.6

	
	
	3
	
	4.5
	4.5
	
	
	0.4
	371.9
	373.7

	
T5
	4
	1
	
20
	1.6
	1.6
	
85.2
	
92.4
	0.4
	382.6
	384.8

	
	
	2
	
	2.4
	2.4
	
	
	0.4
	379.7
	382

	
	
	3
	
	2.2
	2.2
	
	
	0.4
	380.5
	382.8

	
	
	4
	
	1
	1
	
	
	0.4
	385.3
	387.6

	

T6
	5
	1
	

15
	17.3
	17.3
	

86.9
	

89.7
	0.4
	311.4
	313.4

	
	
	2
	
	8.8
	8.8
	
	
	0.4
	345.4
	347.2

	
	
	3
	
	8.9
	8.9
	
	
	0.4
	345
	346.8

	
	
	4
	
	6.8
	6.8
	
	
	0.4
	353.5
	355.3

	
	
	5
	
	8.1
	8.1
	
	
	0.4
	348.2
	350

	
T7
	4
	1
	
	1.7
	1.7
	
89.3
	
89.3
	0.4
	387.5
	387.5

	
	
	2
	
	2.1
	2.1
	
	
	0.4
	385.8
	385.8

	
	
	3
	
	3.2
	3.2
	
	
	0.4
	381.5
	381.5

	
	
	4
	
	2.5
	2.5
	
	
	0.4
	384.4
	384.4

	T8
	2
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	90
	90
	0.4
	398.3
	398.3

	
	
	2
	
	0.2
	0.2
	
	
	0.4
	397.8
	397.8

	T9
	1
	1
	
	0.5
	0.5
	91.7
	91.7
	0.4
	394
	394

	T10
	2
	1
	
	0.4
	0.4
	91.8
	91.8
	0.4
	395.2
	395.3

	
	
	2
	
	0.3
	0.3
	
	
	0.4
	395.6
	395.6

	
T11
	4
	1
	
25
	10.4
	10.3
	
86.8
	
92.7
	0.4
	335.8
	340.5

	
	
	2
	
	16.5
	16.3
	
	
	0.4
	311.3
	316.3

	
	
	3
	
	8.9
	8.8
	
	
	0.4
	341.7
	346.3

	
	
	4
	
	5
	5
	
	
	0.4
	357.2
	361.6

	
T12
	3
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
90.1
	
90.1
	0.4
	397.3
	397.3

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	397.5
	397.5

	
	
	3
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	397.2
	397.2

	T13
	2
	1
	
	7.2
	7.2
	88.5
	88.5
	0.4
	364.5
	364.5

	
	
	2
	
	3.4
	3.4
	
	
	0.4
	379.9
	379.9

	T14
	2
	1
	
	4.1
	4.1
	88.8
	88.8
	0.4
	379
	379

	
	
	2
	
	9
	9
	
	
	0.4
	359.4
	359.4

	T15
	2
	1
	
	0.4
	0.4
	93.5
	93.5
	0.4
	398
	398

	
	
	2
	
	0.3
	0.3
	
	
	0.4
	398.3
	398.3

	
T16
	4
	1
	
	3
	3
	
88.7
	
88.7
	0.4
	382.3
	382.3

	
	
	2
	
	3.6
	3.6
	
	
	0.4
	379.8
	379.9

	
	
	3
	
	4.2
	4.2
	
	
	0.4
	377.5
	377.5

	
	
	4
	
	2.7
	2.7
	
	
	0.4
	383.5
	383.6

	
T17
	
4
	1
	
	27.6
	27.6
	
89.7
	
89.7
	0.4
	282.5
	282.5

	
	
	2
	
	15.4
	15.4
	
	
	0.4
	331.2
	331.3

	
	
	3
	
	14.4
	14.4
	
	
	0.4
	335.5
	335.6

	
	
	4
	
	10.4
	10.4
	
	
	0.4
	351.2
	351.2

	T18
	2
	1
	
	0.4
	0.4
	90.9
	90.9
	0.4
	355.4
	355.4

	
	
	2
	
	10.8
	10.8
	
	
	0.4
	396.9
	396.9


Table 46: The results of improvement the voltage level in L. V. max case without increase the taps.
6.5.2 The swing bus result:

The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
P.F%

	
1.432

	
0.668
	
1.580
	
90.54 Lag


Table 47: The swing bus result of improvement the voltage level in L. V.  max. case .

6.5.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	1.432
	0.668
	1.580
	90.54 Lag

	Total Demand
	1.432
	0.668
	1.580
	90.54 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	1.050
	0.581
	1.200
	87.51 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.208
	0.007
	0.208
	99.94 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.175
	0.094
	
	


Table 48: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the voltage level in L. V.  max case .

Note:
After adding the capacitor banks  the losses in the network decrease :
- The losses in the original case = 0.178 MW.
- The losses after =0.175 MW.
The voltage level in some buses increase.
Appendix L shows the load flow results ,the P.F of the buses and the drop voltages.

The following figure shows where the capacitor banks installed in the network.




Figure 19: A part of the  power flow after improvement the voltage level in L. V. max. case













Chapter 7:
Low Voltage Analysis In Min. Case
7.1 The Original Low Voltage Minimum Case:

7.1.1 Loading For Each Feeder  :
The following table shows the loading for each feeder of each transformers in the min. case :
	# of Transformer
	# of feeders
	
feeder
	Current For each phase (A)
	S act (KVA)
	
P.F %

	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	

	T1
	2
	1
	0.6
	1.3
	0
	0.43
	90.7

	
	
	2
	0.8
	2.8
	0
	0.828
	

	
T2
	
4
	1
	32
	45
	38
	26.45
	
89.6

	
	
	2
	41.1
	37
	44
	29.23
	

	
	
	3
	51
	57
	62
	39.1
	

	
	
	4
	50
	62
	57
	38.87
	

	T3
	1
	1
	4
	6
	3
	2.99
	93

	
T4
	3
	1
	1.1
	1.6
	1.4
	0.94
	
92

	
	
	2
	1.4
	1.7
	1.3
	1
	

	
	
	3
	1.2
	1.5
	1.6
	0.99
	

	
T5
	
4
	1
	0.8
	2.5
	1.9
	1.2
	
92.1

	
	
	2
	1.1
	2.9
	2
	1.38
	

	
	
	3
	1.5
	3
	2.4
	1.58
	

	
	
	4
	0.9
	4
	3.2
	1.86
	

	

T6
	

5
	1
	1.98
	44
	47
	25.4
	

89.6

	
	
	2
	44
	33
	32
	25
	

	
	
	3
	54
	28
	32
	26.2
	

	
	
	4
	49
	50.1
	42
	32.5
	

	
	
	5
	47
	43
	52
	32.6
	

	
T7
	
4
	1
	3.5
	7.7
	3.5
	3.38
	
89.9

	
	
	2
	2
	30
	27
	13.6
	

	
	
	3
	18
	9.4
	8.8
	8.3
	

	
	
	4
	47
	16
	11.6
	17.15
	

	T8
	2
	1
	1.6
	0
	1.4
	0.69
	90.6

	
	
	2
	2.4
	0
	1.6
	0.92
	

	T9
	1
	1
	3.1
	2.5
	3
	1.98
	92.9

	T10
	2
	1
	0.6
	0.6
	1.4
	0.6
	90.5

	
	
	2
	0.8
	0.7
	2
	0.8
	

	T11
	4
	1
	48.5
	12.5
	22.3
	19.2
	88.8

	
	
	2
	32
	21
	59
	25.8
	

	
	
	3
	36
	35
	18.5
	13.7
	

	
	
	4
	25
	40
	19
	19.3
	

	
T12
	
3
	1
	0
	0.6
	2.3
	0.7
	
91.1

	
	
	2
	0
	0.5
	2
	0.6
	

	
	
	3
	0
	0.5
	1.7
	0.5
	

	T13
	2
	1
	26.7
	13
	13.6
	12.3
	91.5

	
	
	2
	16.3
	6
	2.7
	5.75
	

	T14
	2
	1
	28
	19
	41
	20.24
	90.1

	
	
	2
	0.4
	0.7
	1.5
	0.6
	

	T15
	2
	1
	0.5
	0
	0.3
	0.2
	92.2

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.5
	0
	0.13
	

	
T16
	
4
	1
	1
	2.1
	1.3
	1
	
91.5

	
	
	2
	3.2
	8
	8.5
	4.53
	

	
	
	3
	18.6
	42
	26.5
	20.03
	

	
	
	4
	6.2
	6.7
	12.7
	5.88
	

	
T17
	
4
	1
	27.5
	28
	6.5
	14.3
	
90.5

	
	
	2
	36
	50
	26
	25.7
	

	
	
	3
	8.4
	19.5
	59
	19.98
	

	
	
	4
	1.2
	0.3
	6
	1.7
	

	T18
	2
	1
	22
	21
	15
	13.34
	93.2

	
	
	2
	0.1
	2
	1.5
	0.828
	


Table 49: Loading of each Feeder in Low Voltage min. case.

Note:
As shown above the loads distributed unsymmetrical which cases neutral current and so losses in the network as will be shown .

7.1.2 The Result Of Load Flow: 

The following table show the voltage at the end of each feeder and the drop voltage
	# of Transformer
	# of feeders
	feeder
	Drop Voltage %
	Low Voltage rated( KV)
	Low Voltage  actual (V)

	T1
	2
	1
	0
	0.4
	399.4

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.4
	399.2

	
T2
	
4
	1
	13.9
	0.4
	332.3

	
	
	2
	4.3
	0.4
	370.7

	
	
	3
	15.9
	0.4
	324

	
	
	4
	20.9
	0.4
	304.3

	T3
	1
	1
	0
	0.4
	399.7

	
T4
	
3
	1
	0
	0.4
	399.5

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.4
	399.3

	
	
	3
	0.1
	0.4
	399.2

	
T5
	
4
	1
	0.1
	0.4
	399

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.4
	392.1

	
	
	3
	0.1
	0.4
	398.9

	
	
	4
	0.1
	0.4
	398.7

	

T6
	

5
	1
	9.7
	0.4
	348.7

	
	
	2
	5.5
	0.4
	365.4

	
	
	3
	6.5
	0.4
	361.5

	
	
	4
	5.2
	0.4
	366.6

	
	
	5
	6.5
	0.4
	361.4

	
T7
	
4
	1
	0.4
	0.4
	394.7

	
	
	2
	1.9
	0.4
	388.5

	
	
	3
	1.6
	0.4
	390

	
	
	4
	2.9
	0.4
	384.7

	T8
	2
	1
	0
	0.4
	399.4

	
	
	2
	0.2
	0.4
	398.9

	T9
	1
	1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.3

	T10
	2
	1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.8

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.4
	398.8

	
T11
	
4
	1
	4.2
	0.4
	372.5

	
	
	2
	10.6
	0.4
	346.7

	
	
	3
	2.9
	0.4
	377.5

	
	
	4
	3.3
	0.4
	376.2

	T12
	3
	1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.7

	
	
	2
	0
	0.4
	398.8

	
	
	3
	0.1
	0.4
	398.7

	T13
	2
	1
	3.6
	0.4
	383.2

	
	
	2
	0.9
	0.4
	393.8

	T14
	2
	1
	3.4
	0.4
	384.6

	
	
	2
	0.2
	0.4
	397.7

	T15
	2
	1
	0
	0.4
	399.7

	
	
	2
	0
	0.4
	399.8

	
T16
	
4
	1
	0.2
	0.4
	396.8

	
	
	2
	1
	0.4
	393.6

	
	
	3
	6
	0.4
	373.6

	
	
	4
	1
	0.4
	393.6

	
T17
	
4
	1
	6.9
	0.4
	370.1

	
	
	2
	8.4
	0.4
	364.4

	
	
	3
	6.1
	0.4
	373.6

	
	
	4
	0.3
	0.4
	396.6

	T18
	2
	1
	8.7
	0.4
	364.4

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.4
	398.7


Table 50: The result of low voltage in original min. case.

7.1.3 The swing bus result:
The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.

	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
P.F%

	
0.540
	
0.265
	
0.101
	
89.79 Lag


Table 51: The swing bus result in the L. V. original Min. case.

7.1.4 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	0.540
	0.265
	0.101
	89.79 Lag

	Total Demand
	0.540
	0.265
	0.101
	89.79 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	0.404
	0.197
	0.456
	89.88 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.083
	0.040
	0.092
	89.90Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.053
	0.027
	
	


Table 52: Summary of generation ,loading in L. V. original Min. case.

Note:
After the analysis : the losses in the network increase more than the losses in the minimum case at the medium voltage:
- The losses before = 0.00 MW .
- The losses after = 0.53 MW .

Appendix M shows the load flow results ,the P.F of the buses and the drop voltages.

The following figures show the power flow for a part of  the network

Figure 20: A part of the low voltage side of original Min. case.

7.2 Improvement the L. V. min.  case using tap changing :

In this method increase the tap ratio of  the  transformers to 2.5%.
7.2.1 The Result Of Load Flow:  
The following table shows the results after changing the tap of the transformers.
	# of Transformer
	# of feeders
	
feeder
	Drop voltage % before
	Drop voltage %  after
	Low Voltage rated KV
	Low Voltage actual
(V) before
	Low Voltage actual (V) after

	T1
	2
	1
	0
	0
	0.4
	399.4
	409.4

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	399.2
	409.2

	
T2
	
4
	1
	13.9
	13.6
	0.4
	332.3
	343

	
	
	2
	4.3
	4.2
	0.4
	370.7
	380

	
	
	3
	15.9
	15.4
	0.4
	324
	335.7

	
	
	4
	20.9
	20.3
	0.4
	304.3
	316.1

	T3
	1
	1
	0
	0
	0.4
	399.7
	409.7

	
T4
	
3
	1
	0
	0
	0.4
	399.5
	409.5

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	399.3
	409.3

	
	
	3
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	399.2
	409.2

	T5
	4
	1
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	399
	409

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	392.1
	408.1

	
	
	3
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.9
	408.8

	
	
	4
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.7
	408.7

	

T6
	

5
	1
	9.7
	9.5
	0.4
	348.7
	359.1

	
	
	2
	5.5
	5.4
	0.4
	365.4
	375.4

	
	
	3
	6.5
	6.4
	0.4
	361.5
	371.5

	
	
	4
	5.2
	5.1
	0.4
	366.6
	376.5

	
	
	5
	6.5
	6.4
	0.4
	361.4
	371.5

	
T7
	
4
	1
	0.4
	0.4
	0.4
	394.7
	404.6

	
	
	2
	1.9
	1.9
	0.4
	388.5
	398.5

	
	
	3
	1.6
	1.5
	0.4
	390
	400

	
	
	4
	2.9
	2.8
	0.4
	384.7
	394.8

	T8
	2
	1
	0
	0
	0.4
	399.4
	409.4

	
	
	2
	0.2
	0.1
	0.4
	398.9
	408.9

	T9
	1
	1
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.3
	408.3

	T10
	2
	1
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.8
	408.7

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.8
	408.7

	
T11
	
4
	1
	4.2
	4.1
	0.4
	372.5
	382.4

	
	
	2
	10.6
	10.4
	0.4
	346.7
	357.2

	
	
	3
	2.9
	2.9
	0.4
	377.5
	387.3

	
	
	4
	3.3
	3.2
	0.4
	376.2
	386.1

	
T12
	
3
	1
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.7
	408.6

	
	
	2
	0
	0
	0.4
	398.8
	408.7

	
	
	3
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.7
	408.7

	T13
	2
	1
	3.6
	3.5
	0.4
	383.2
	393.4

	
	
	2
	0.9
	0.9
	0.4
	393.8
	403.8

	T14
	2
	1
	3.4
	3.3
	0.4
	384.6
	394.9

	
	
	2
	0.2
	0.2
	0.4
	397.7
	407.5

	T15
	2
	1
	0
	0
	0.4
	399.7
	409.7

	
	
	2
	0
	0
	0.4
	399.8
	409.8

	
T16
	
4
	1
	0.2
	0.2
	0.4
	396.8
	406.6

	
	
	2
	1
	0.9
	0.4
	393.6
	403.5

	
	
	3
	6
	5.8
	0.4
	373.6
	384

	
	
	4
	1
	1
	0.4
	393.6
	403.5

	
T17
	
4
	1
	6.9
	6.8
	0.4
	370.1
	380.5

	
	
	2
	8.4
	8.2
	0.4
	364.4
	374.9

	
	
	3
	6.1
	6
	0.4
	373.6
	384

	
	
	4
	0.3
	0.3
	0.4
	396.6
	406.5

	T18
	2
	1
	8.7
	8.5
	0.4
	364.4
	375.1

	
	
	2
	0.1
	0.1
	0.4
	398.7
	408.7


Table 53: The results of improvement of L. V. min case using tap changing.

7.2.2 The swing bus result:

The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.

	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
P.F%

	
0.543

	
0.267
	
0.605
	
89.75 Lag


Table 54: The swing bus result after improvement of L. V. min case using taps.

7.2.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	0.543
	0.267
	0.605
	89.75 Lag

	Total Demand
	0.543
	0.267
	0.605
	89.75 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	0.404
	0.197
	0.450
	89.88 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.088
	0.043
	0.098
	89.90 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.051
	0.027
	
	


Table 55: Summary of generation ,loading after improvement of L. V. min case using taps .

Note:
After changing the taps of the transformers the voltage in the consumers increased, also the voltage drop in the feeders decrease and the losses in the network decrease.
Appendix N shows the load flow results ,the P.F of the buses and the drop voltages.

The following figure show a part of  power flow in the network.





Figure 21: A part of power flow for the network after increase the tap in L. V.  min. case

7.3 Power Factor Improvement in the L. V.  Min. Case:

After increase the taps of the transformers we added  capacitor banks to increase the poor P.F and to reduce the losses in the network .
7.3.1 The Result Of Load Flow (after adding capacitor banks):
The following table shows the results after adding capacitors in order to improve the P.F. 
	# of  Tr
	# of feeders
	
feeder
	
 (KVAR)
	Drop voltage % before
	Drop voltage % after
	
P.F % before
	
P.F % after
	L. V. rated (KV)
	L. V. actual before (V)
	L. V. actual
After (V)

	T1
	2
	1
	
	0
	0
	90.7
	90.7
	0.4
	409.4
	409.4

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	409.2
	409.2

	
T2
	
4
	1
	
15
	13.6
	13.5
	
89.6
	
93.4
	0.4
	343
	345.2

	
	
	2
	
	4.2
	4.2
	
	
	0.4
	380
	382.3

	
	
	3
	
	15.4
	15.3
	
	
	0.4
	335.7
	337.7

	
	
	4
	
	20.3
	20.2
	
	
	0.4
	316.1
	318.3

	T3
	1
	1
	
	0
	0
	93
	93
	0.4
	409.7
	409.7

	
T4
	
3
	1
	
	0
	0
	
92
	
92
	0.4
	409.5
	409.5

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	409.3
	409.3

	
	
	3
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	409.2
	409.2

	
T5
	4
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
92.1
	
92.1
	0.4
	409
	409

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	408.1
	408.1

	
	
	3
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	408.8
	408.8

	
	
	4
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	408.7
	408.7

	

T6
	

5
	1
	

12.5
	9.5
	9.5
	

89.6
	

92
	0.4
	359.1
	360.7

	
	
	2
	
	5.4
	5.4
	
	
	0.4
	375.4
	376.9

	
	
	3
	
	6.4
	6.4
	
	
	0.4
	371.5
	373.1

	
	
	4
	
	5.1
	5.1
	
	
	0.4
	376.5
	378.1

	
	
	5
	
	6.4
	6.4
	
	
	0.4
	371.5
	373

	
T7
	
4
	1
	
2.5
	0.4
	0.4
	
89.9
	
92.2
	0.4
	404.6
	404.9

	
	
	2
	
	1.9
	1.9
	
	
	0.4
	398.5
	398.8

	
	
	3
	
	1.5
	1.5
	
	
	0.4
	400
	400.3

	
	
	4
	
	2.8
	2.8
	
	
	0.4
	394.8
	395.1

	T8
	2
	1
	
	0
	0
	90.6
	90.6
	0.4
	409.4
	409.4

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	408.9
	408.9

	T9
	1
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	92.9
	92.9
	0.4
	408.3
	408.3

	T10
	2
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	90.5
	90.5
	0.4
	408.7
	408.8

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	408.7
	408.8

	
T11
	
4
	1
	
12.5
	4.1
	4.1
	
88.8
	
94.6
	0.4
	382.4
	384.8

	
	
	2
	
	10.4
	10.4
	
	
	0.4
	357.2
	359.7

	
	
	3
	
	2.9
	2.9
	
	
	0.4
	387.3
	389.7

	
	
	4
	
	3.2
	3.2
	
	
	0.4
	386.1
	388.4

	T12
	
3
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
91.1
	
91.1
	0.4
	408.6
	408.7

	
	
	2
	
	0
	0
	
	
	0.4
	408.7
	408.8

	
	
	3
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	408.7
	408.7

	T13
	2
	1
	
	3.5
	3.5
	91.5
	91.5
	0.4
	393.4
	393.4

	
	
	2
	
	0.9
	0.9
	
	
	0.4
	403.8
	403.8

	T14
	2
	1
	
	3.3
	3.3
	90.1
	90.1
	0.4
	394.9
	394.9

	
	
	2
	
	0.2
	0.2
	
	
	0.4
	407.5
	407.5

	T15
	2
	1
	
	0
	0
	92.2
	92.2
	0.4
	409.7
	409.7

	
	
	2
	
	0
	0
	
	
	0.4
	409.8
	409.8

	
T16
	
4
	1
	
	0.2
	0.2
	
91.5
	
91.5
	0.4
	406.6
	406.6

	
	
	2
	
	0.9
	0.9
	
	
	0.4
	403.5
	403.5

	
	
	3
	
	5.8
	5.8
	
	
	0.4
	384
	384

	
	
	4
	
	1
	1
	
	
	0.4
	403.5
	403.5

	
T17
	
4
	1
	
	6.8
	6.8
	
90.5
	
90.5
	0.4
	380.5
	380.5

	
	
	2
	
	8.2
	8.2
	
	
	0.4
	374.9
	374.9

	
	
	3
	
	6
	6
	
	
	0.4
	384
	384

	
	
	4
	
	0.3
	0.3
	
	
	0.4
	406.5
	406.5

	T18
	
2
	1
	
	8.5
	8.5
	93.2
	93.2
	0.4
	375.1
	375.1

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	408.7
	408.7



Table 56: The results of improvement P.F in L. V.  Min Case.
  7.3.2 The swing bus result:

The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
P.F%

	
0.543

	
0.223
	
0.587
	
92.49 Lag


Table 57: The swing bus result of improvement the P.F in L. V.  min case.

7.3.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	0.543
	0.223
	0.587
	92.49 Lag

	Total Demand
	0.543
	0.223
	0.587
	92.49 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	0.404
	0.197
	0.450
	89.88 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.088
	0.001
	0.088
	99.93 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.050
	0.025
	
	


Table 58: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the P.F in L. V.  min case .

Note:
After increasing the tap ratio and adding the capacitor banks  the losses in the network decrease :
- The losses before= 0.053 MW.
- The losses after=0. 050 MW .
Appendix O shows the load flow results ,the P.F of the buses and the drop voltages.

The following figure shows where the capacitor banks installed in the network.





Figure 22: A part of power flow after adding capacitor banks in L. V.  min. case.

7.4 The Voltage Level  Improvement Using Capacitors  in the L. V. Min. Case:

In this method added capacitor banks to improve the voltage levels without changing the taps.
7.4.1 The Result Of Load Flow:
The following table shows the results after adding capacitors in order to improve the voltage levels .
	# of Tr
	# of feeders
	feeder
	 (KVAR)
	Drop voltage %  before
	Drop voltage % after
	P.F % before (old)
	P.F % after
(new)
	L. V. rated (KV)
	L. V. actual
(V) before
	L. V. actual (V) after

	T1
	2
	1
	
	0
	0
	90.7
	90.7
	0.4
	399.4
	399.4

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	399.2
	399.2

	

T2
	4
	1
	

10
	13.9
	13.8
	

89.7
	

92.2
	0.4
	332.3
	333.4

	
	
	2
	
	4.3
	4.3
	
	
	0.4
	370.7
	371.7

	
	
	3
	
	15.9
	15.7
	
	
	0.4
	324
	325.8

	
	
	4
	
	20.9
	20.8
	
	
	0.4
	304.3
	305.5

	T3
	1
	1
	
	0
	0
	93
	93
	0.4
	399.7
	399.7

	
T4
	
3
	1
	

	0
	0
	
92
	
92
	0.4
	399.5
	399.5

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	399.3
	399.3

	
	
	3
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	399.2
	399.2

	
T5
	
4
	1
	

	0.1
	0.1
	
92.1
	
92.1
	0.4
	399
	399

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	392.1
	398.1

	
	
	3
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	398.9
	398.9

	
	
	4
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	398.7
	398.7

	

T6
	

5
	1
	

15
	9.7
	9.6
	

88.7
	

92.5
	0.4
	348.7
	350.5

	
	
	2
	
	5.5
	5.5
	
	
	0.4
	365.4
	367.1

	
	
	3
	
	6.5
	6.5
	
	
	0.4
	361.5
	363.2

	
	
	4
	
	5.2
	5.2
	
	
	0.4
	366.6
	368.3

	
	
	5
	
	6.5
	6.5
	
	
	0.4
	361.4
	363.2

	
T7
	
4
	1
	
2.5
	0.4
	0.4
	
89.9
	
92.1
	0.4
	394.7
	395

	
	
	2
	
	1.9
	1.9
	
	
	0.4
	388.5
	388.8

	
	
	3
	
	1.6
	1.6
	
	
	0.4
	390
	390.3

	
	
	4
	
	2.9
	2.9
	
	
	0.4
	384.7
	385

	T8
	2
	1
	
	0
	0
	90.6
	90.6
	0.4
	399.4
	399.4

	
	
	2
	
	0.2
	0.2
	
	
	0.4
	398.9
	398.9

	T9
	1
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	92.9
	92.9
	0.4
	398.3
	398.3

	T10
	2
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	90.5
	90.5
	0.4
	398.8
	398.8

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	398.8
	398.8

	
T11
	
4
	1
	
12.5
	4.2
	4.2
	
88.9
	
94.4
	0.4
	372.5
	374.7

	
	
	2
	
	10.6
	10.6
	
	
	0.4
	346.7
	349

	
	
	3
	
	2.9
	2.9
	
	
	0.4
	377.5
	379.7

	
	
	4
	
	3.3
	3.2
	
	
	0.4
	376.2
	378.4

	
T12
	3
	1
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
91.1
	
91.1
	0.4
	398.7
	398.7

	
	
	2
	
	0
	0
	
	
	0.4
	398.8
	398.8

	
	
	3
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	398.7
	398.7

	T13
	2
	1
	
	3.6
	3.6
	91.5
	91.5
	0.4
	383.2
	383.2

	
	
	2
	
	0.9
	0.9
	
	
	0.4
	393.8
	393.8

	T14
	2
	1
	
	3.4
	3.4
	90.1
	90.1
	0.4
	384.6
	384.7

	
	
	2
	
	0.2
	0.2
	
	
	0.4
	397.7
	397.8

	T15
	2
	1
	
	0
	0
	92.2
	92.2
	0.4
	399.7
	399.7

	
	
	2
	
	0
	0
	
	
	0.4
	399.8
	399.8

	
T16
	4
	1
	
	0.2
	0.2
	
91.5
	
91.5
	0.4
	396.8
	396.9

	
	
	2
	
	1
	1
	
	
	0.4
	393.6
	393.7

	
	
	3
	
	6
	5.9
	
	
	0.4
	373.6
	373.7

	
	
	4
	
	1
	1
	
	
	0.4
	393.6
	393.7

	
T17
	
4
	1
	
	6.9
	6.9
	
90.5
	
90.5
	0.4
	370.1
	370.1

	
	
	2
	
	8.4
	8.4
	
	
	0.4
	364.4
	364.4

	
	
	3
	
	6.1
	6.1
	
	
	0.4
	373.6
	373.6

	
	
	4
	
	0.3
	3
	
	
	0.4
	396.6
	396.6

	T18
	2
	1
	
	8.7
	8.7
	93.2
	93.2
	0.4
	364.4
	364.4

	
	
	2
	
	0.1
	0.1
	
	
	0.4
	398.7
	398.7


Table 59: The results of improvement the voltage level in L. V. min case without increase the taps.

7.4.2 The swing bus result:

The following table shows the information of swing bus after analysis.
	
MW
	
MVAR
	
MVA
	
P.F%

	
0.540

	
0.226
	
0.585
	
92.27 Lag


Table 60: The swing bus result of improvement the voltage level in L. V.  min. case .

7.4.3 Summary of total generation ,loading and demand:

The following table shows the summary of total generation ,loading and demand.
	
	MW
	MVAR
	MVA
	P.F %

	Swing Bus
	0.540
	0.226
	0.585
	92. 27 Lag

	Total Demand
	0.540
	0.226
	0.585
	92. 27 Lag

	Total Motor Load
	0.404
	0.197
	0.450
	89.88 Lag

	Total Static Load
	0.083
	0.003
	0.084
	99.95 Lag

	Apparent Losses
	0.050
	0.026
	
	


Table 61: Summary of generation ,loading of improvement the voltage level in L. V.  min case .

Note:
After adding the capacitor banks  the losses in the network decrease :
- The losses in the original case = 0.053 MW.
- The losses after = 0.050 MW.
The voltage level in some buses increase.

Appendix P shows the load flow results ,the P.F of the buses and the drop voltages.

The following figure shows where the capacitor banks installed in the network.



Figure 23: A part of the  power flow after improvement the voltage level in L. V. min. case











Chapter 8:
The Economical Study.
In this chapter we will study another face of the project which is a very important in any project, it's the economical study to the system.
8.1  Saving in penalties:










                                                








8.2  Saving in losses:













8.3  Simple Pay Back Period :









 

Chapter 9:
Solar energy station project 
9.1 Solar system :
9.1.1 Introduction to Solar System:

Energy   from the sun falls on our planet on a daily basis.  The warmth of the sun creates conditions on earth conducive to life.  The weather patterns that occur on the earth are driven by the sun’s energy.  Step outside on a sunny day and one is instantly aware of the power of the sun.  Spend too much timeout in the sun and this energy can actually burn your skin as effectively as an open flame!  The sun drives the process of photosynthesis that all plants depend on.  The sun is essentially an inexhaustible supply of energy. It is a gigantic continuous nuclear reaction that has been ongoing for the last 5 billion years. Humans have recently developed technology to directly tap the sun’s energy, although, in many ways we have been using the sun’s energy all along.  The energy we get from our food is derived directly or indirectly from plants and most life forms on this planet owes their existence to the sun. 

Figure 24: Solar Cells Station.
Solar energy technologies have significantly improved over the last 20 years.  These systems are more efficient, reliable and less expensive. Solar energy systems do not produce air or water pollution during operation, can be applied in remote locations and are a renewable source of energy. Some solar energy systems convert the sun’s radiant energy to electrical power that can be used for heating and cooling and even have applications in our transportation systems.  As our need for energy increases and our ability to use fossil fuels decreases, solar energy will provide a viable option to meet our future energy needs.
9.1.2 Solar Building Designs:
One of the simplest ways to use the power of the sun is in building design. Most homes can be designed or modified to take advantage of sunlight. Half the energy used by an average residential home goes toward heating and cooling needs. Solar energy can be used to heat buildings by using south facing windows designed to let the sun’s warmth in during the winter months. Thick foundations and walls are used to store the sun’s thermal energy and release the heat during the night. During the summer roof overhangs, shutters, glazes and trees can be used to deflect solar heat helping to keep a building cooler. In areas with significant numbers of cloudy days, can still use sunlight for passive lighting needs. Schools, industries and commercial businesses that are occupied mainly during daylight hours can especially benefit from passive solar lighting and heating. Passive solar lighting can be a major consideration in commercial and industrial buildings where over 30 percent of the energy is consumed for lighting  needs.

Figure 25: Solar Building.
Tests conducted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory indicate that passive solar designs use 47 percent less energy than conventional new buildings and 60 percent less energy than older buildings.  In most cases passive solar homes are no more expensive to construct than traditional designs. Such homes often offer a more open and pleasing floor plan, reduced indoor air pollution and significantly reduced energy consumption.





9.1.3 Solar Photovoltaic Energy:


Figure 26: Inverter and Photovoltaic cells.
An easy method to collect the sun's energy is photovoltaic conversion, this consists of the transformation of solar energy to electric energy using solar cells. Solar cells are manufactured  from pure silicon with some impurities of other chemical elements, and they are each able to generate from 2 to 4 Amps, at a voltage of 0.46 to 0.48 V, using solar radiation as the source. They capture both direct and diffuse radiation, this means that energy can be generated even on cloudy days. The cells are mounted in series to form PV modules in order to reach a suitable voltage for electrical applications; the PV modules collect the solar energy transforming it directly in electric energy as direct current, which, in isolated applications, it is necessary to store in batteries in order that it may be used during periods of the day in which there is no sunlight.                                                                                                                          Inverter: Most appliances require alternating current at 220 Volts and frequency of 50 Hz. In order to produce this kind of current, a DC/AC (from DC current to AC current) inverter is necessary to transform the DC current from the battery (12 or 24 Volts), into AC current at 220 Volts and 50 Hz. The kind of inverter to be used depends on the application. For example, if we want AC current to operate a TV or a computer and some small appliances, a square wave inverter can be used. But if the application is to provide energy to appliances such as washing machines, refrigerators, or some AC motors - loads that require a sinusoidal wave form source for their correct operation - a sine wave inverter must be used.                                                                                                                                    Solutions Energetic as produces modified square wave inverters that, apart from producing a wave form suitable for all these applications, have a very high efficiency (higher than 95%), thus minimizing the losses in the DC to AC conversion. In this way, it is possible to have AC current at 220 Volts and 50 Hz to supply the whole installation - appliances and illumination alike - the general efficiency of the system is thereby improved because the voltage drop in 220 Volts lines is much lower than in 12 or 24 Volts.
 We also produce a wide range of sine wave inverters of high efficiency controlled by microprocessors and programmable by the user by means of a display. This display also continuously shows information about the state of the system, including the energy consumed.
9.2 Consumption Energy Of Network and Solar System Design:
9.2.1 Data about Energy Consumption of the Network:
In this network we use electrical energy in industrial facilities , shops and houses lighting. The  table below shown  the monthly consumption of this network in 2013 
	Interval of bill

	Consumption in KWH

	16/12/2012-15/1/2013

	483240

	16/1/2013-12/2/2013

	429930

	13/2/2013-16/3/2013

	480720

	17/3/2013-16/4/2013

	454380

	17/4/2013-18/5/2013

	485460

	19/5/2013-14/6/2013

	426360

	15/6/2013-15/7/2013

	505530

	16/7/2013-17/8/2013

	549450

	18/8/2013-10/9/2013

	400290

	11/9/2013-14/10/2013

	558810

	15/10/2013-17/11/2013

	515910

	18/11/2013-17/12/2013

	426030

	TOTAL

	5716110


Table 62: Consumption Energy of the Network per Month in 2013.
In this project we will support this network through the addition of solar cells (on grid) so that these cells produce 20% of the total consumption of the network in one year and we will work on the design of the station so that we get the largest amount of production, and then we make an economic study. 
9.2.2 Calculations of the power for the Solar System:

The Energy of the network in year = 5716110 KWH/year.
The Energy of the network in day = The Energy of the network in year / the number of day in year.
The Energy of the network in day = 5716110/365 = 15660.6 KWH/day.
The average energy produced  of 1KW solar cells = 5.4KWH/.day.
We use the penetration factor =20%.
Then the total energy of solar system in day = the penetration factor  The Energy of the network in day.
The total energy of solar system in day = 15660.6  0.2 = 3132.1 KWH/day.
Then we calculate the power of the solar system, that will work on the design.
The power of the solar system( in KW) = The total energy of solar system in day/ The average energy produced  of 1KW solar cells.
 (KW) = 3132.1 (KWH/day) /(5.4KWH/m^2.day) = 580 KW.
Then we will design the power of solar system = 580KW. 

9.2.3 The Optimization tilt angle Tracking system:

Before we work design the solar system, We must find a better angle of inclination(tilt) of the solar panels. that to get the biggest solar radiation and the reality on these panels in order to produce the largest amount of electric energy that can be obtained by selecting the best angle of inclination of these panels.
To  Maximizing power output from a solar system is desirable  to increase efficiency.  In order to maximize power output from the solar panels, one  needs to keep the panels aligned with the sun.  As such, a means of tracking the sun is  required.  This is a far more cost effective solution than purchasing additional solar  panels.  It has been estimated that the yield from solar panels can be increased by 30 to  60 percent by utilizing a tracking system instead of a stationary array .  This project  develops an automatic tracking system which will keep the solar panels aligned with the  sun in order to maximize efficiency.
The  picture below shows the optimization angle in the summer and winter semester ,and the tracker system to be obtained the maximum radiation in two axis,

Figure 27: Optimization angle in the summer and winter semester.





And we worked on a link in the internet to determine the optimization tilt angle , the energy produced in daily and monthly , other  Measurements and important curves .
This link:  (http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps4/pvest.php?map)  
The link when we opened on internet as shown in below picture:

	Figure 28:  The interface of the link in the internet.

*How to deal with this link?
1. Select  the geographical area that will be put solar cells in it as shown in the below picture.
2. Choose the optimize slope.
3. Choose the tracking option





	Figure 29:  selecting the geographical area.
After we entered all necessary data,  the results and calculations of this program are shown  below :
*The optimization tilt angle =26 degree, and the optimum azimuth angle = -6 degree 
	Solar radiation database used: PVGIS-helioclim 

Nominal power of the PV system: 1.0 kW (crystalline silicon)
Estimated losses due to temperature and low irradiance: 12.2% (using local ambient temperature)
Estimated loss due to angular reflectance effects: 2.7%
Other losses (cables, inverter etc.): 14.0%
Combined PV system losses: 26.5%

	Fixed system: inclination=26°, orientation=0° (Optimum at given orientation)


	Month
	Ed
	Em
	Hd
	Hm

	Jan
	2.75
	85.3
	3.48
	108

	Feb
	3.25
	91.1
	4.19
	117

	Mar
	3.91
	121
	5.19
	161

	Apr
	4.47
	134
	6.11
	183

	May
	4.94
	153
	6.89
	214

	Jun
	5.32
	159
	7.51
	225

	Jul
	5.20
	161
	7.39
	229

	Aug
	5.09
	158
	7.22
	224

	Sep
	4.74
	142
	6.63
	199

	Oct
	4.02
	125
	5.49
	170

	Nov
	3.29
	98.8
	4.34
	130

	Dec
	2.70
	83.7
	3.44
	107

	

	Yearly average
	4.14
	126
	5.66
	172

	Total for year
	1510
	2070


Table 63: Average power produce by solar system .
Ed: Average daily electricity production from the given system (kWh)
Em: Average monthly electricity production from the given system (kWh)
Hd: Average daily sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the given system (kWh/m2)
Hm: Average sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the given system (kWh/m2)

The average power produced by the solar system per month is shown in the below figure 

Figure 30:  Average  power produced by the solar system per month.

The  average  sum  of  global  irradiation  per square meter received by the modules of the solar system is shown in the below picture :




	Figure 31:  Average global irradiation per month.

· The Optimal inclination angle and the irradiation at the tilt angle =26 degree

	Figure 32:  Entering the tilt angle.
The Results :

Optimal inclination angle is: 26 degrees
Annual irradiation deficit due to shadowing (horizontal): 0.4 %

The table below shows the optimal inclination angle and irradiation on plane in each month :

	Month
	H(26)
	Iopt

	Jan
	3470
	54

	Feb
	4210
	46

	Mar
	5210
	34

	Apr
	6110
	20

	May
	6890
	6

	Jun
	7510
	-1

	Jul
	7390
	3

	Aug
	7220
	15

	Sep
	6630
	30

	Oct
	5520
	43

	Nov
	4360
	53

	Dec
	3460
	57

	Year
	5670
	26











Table 64:  the optimal inclination angle and irradiation on plane in each month .
H(26): Irradiation on plane at angle: 26deg. (Wh/m2/day).
Iopt: Optimal inclination (deg.).

The curve below shows the Irradiation plane at angle 26 deg. Foe each month:

	Figure 33:  Irradiation plane at angle 26 deg. For each month.
And the below curve shows the Optimal Inclination angle for each month:


	Figure 34:   Optimal Inclination angle for each month .





9.3 The Design of  the solar station system  : 

The Power of this station = 580kw, and we will use two program to design this station .
The first program is PV system .
The second program is power-one(aurora designer)








9.3.1 Design Of Solar System PV system:

How to deal with the PV system?
We designed the solar system as you see in the bellow pictures :

	Figure 35:   The Interface of PV sys. Program .



After select the desired options (as you see in the last picture ), the press OK.
Then  you must select the location ,after that  enter to  the system and select the type  of array specification (nominal power   KWp) and write (580)  to the power of solar system design then  enter the optimization of tilt and azimuth angle ,Then OK.
Then you choose the (Modul type = Standard, Mounting position =Ground based, Tecnology = Polycrystalline, Ventilation Proparty =  Free standing), then OK.
The pictures below shows all these steps :






Figure 36:   Syetem specifications in PV system .

The Results :
After entering all necessery numbers and data and identify options, the program give us the results as shown in the below curves and tables :

The below curves shown the Irradiation per month:


Figure 37:   Irradiation per month by PV system .

The below curve show us the System output energy for each month :

Figure 38:   System output energy for each month by PV system .

9.3.2 Calculations For the Fixed Cost of the investment by PV system:

PV system program can calculate the fixed cost of the investment in dollar ($), by entering the price per watt in dollar($), and it can calculate how we will be pay in each year with interest, and determine the period of this project by entering the period and the intreset rate. And it can determine the total cost energy .
· The estimation for the life span of this project is eaqual to 20 years, and the cost for each watt is equal to 2.2 $/watt.

The Results :

The table below show us the fixed investment for this project :
	Module cost

	1276000 $

	Support cost

	519594 $

	Inverter and Wiring

	454645 $

	Transport/Mounting

	439259 $

	Total investment

	2689497 $


	Table 65:  Fixed investment for the Solar system project by PV system .

And we made a comprasion between two interest rate (5%  ,10%), as we see in the below table:
	Intreset Rate

	5%
	10%

	Annuities

	215812  $/year
	315907 $/year

	Maintenance cost

	23427 $/year
	23427 $/year

	Total yearly cost

	239239 $/year
	339334 $/year

	Energy cost

	0.22 $/kwh
	0.31 $/kwh


Table 66:  Comprasion between two interest rate (5%  ,10%).











The pictures below shows thede redults by the PV system program :


Figure 39: Calculations For the Fixed Cost of the investment by PV system.
9.4 The Design of  the solar station system by using Power One (Aurora):

By using the Aurura program in this project, we designed the solar system =580KW ,and we distributed it into 10 groups each group egual  to 55KW.
How to deal with the Aurora program ?
· Choosing the Assumption as you see in the below picture 

Figure 40: Choosing the assumption in the Aurora program.
· In this design that we work on it, we try to achieve the optimum design                                                (the module in serise to achieve the voltage of the inverter , and the parllel string to achieve the po