Production and Utilization of Biochar from Municipal Solid Waste Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Supervisors: Dr. Abdelrahim Abusafa Dr. Abdelhaleem Khader Content 01 02 03 04 05 INTRODUCTION Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Methods BIOCHAR METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION & Recommendation Rustle & Discussion 06 INTRODUCTION The Problem statements 01 02 Objective Solid waste management is a significant concern in Palestine, posing environmental and health challenges due to the accumulation of waste. One potential solution involves converting municipal solid waste into biochar through pyrolysis. The Problem statements Reviewing the Literature regrading biochar production. Objectives Investigate the pyrolysis process of biochar using cooked rice as the feedstock. Explore the impact of varying pyrolysis temperatures and residence times on biochar yield and quality. Analyze the physical and chemical properties of the produced biochar. Study the adsorption capacity of biochar for methylene blue (MB) dye. Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Methods 01 02 03 04 LANDFILLING Composting Incineration Pyrolysis Pyrolysis Pyrolysis is the heating of an organic material in the absence of oxygen. Biomass pyrolysis is usually conducted at 400°C and 450 °C . pyrolysis of produces three products: syngas BIO-OIL BIOCHAR Biochar Objectives Production Characterization Applications Production Collect &Separate Solid Waste Pre-drying Chop Dried Materials Prepare the Reactor Enter Biomass into the Oxygen-Free Reactor Steps Post Pyrolysis Cooling in Biochar Production Place Biochar in Special Bags Biochar is a charcoal-like material that is produced by burning organic waste through a process called pyrolysis. BIOCHAR BIOCHAR In this project, rice was used to produce biochar It is a carbon-rich product that is manufactured at temperatures ranging from 350 to 700 ° C. 400 ° C 450 ° C 300 ° C Characterization PH Biochar pH varies from slightly acidic to alkaline, influenced by factors like organic material source, initial acidity, and pyrolysis conditions. The ash content and composition of biochar are critical factors, often expressed on a dry basis, excluding water. Understanding biochar's ash content is vital as it influences potential applications. Ash Content: Chemical Physical The surface area property of biochar refers to the total area of the external and internal surfaces within its structure. Surface Area: Water Holding Capacity Water Holding Capacity (WHC) is a key property of biochar that impacts soil moisture, irrigation needs, and plant growth. Adsorption indicating its ability to adsorb pollutants, is influenced by factors like biomass type, pyrolysis temperature, activation method, solution pH, and adsorbate properties. while higher pyrolysis temperatures and activation methods increase surface area and porosity. Methodology Ash content: prepare the samples 1 g by drying and grinding the original materials place them in a high-temperature furnace 750c for the incineration process for 7-10 min Once cooled, measure the weight of the remaining ash using a precision balance. Methodology PH: 2 g of the sample were added to 50 ml distilled water then the pH was measured using a pH meter. Methodology Water Holding Capacity: A 5-gram from crushed biochar was placed in a funnel addition of 30 milliliters of water. Test Method: Percolation Methodology The biochar was dried in the oven at 105 C for one-hour acetic acid solution (0.1 M) was prepared with known concentration and NaOH solution (0.1 M) for titration was prepared 1 g of biochar was weighted and 50 mL of the acetic acid solution were moved to the flask The 1 g biochar was moved to the flask and left in the solution for 24 hours closed in the shaker After 24 hours the acetic acid solution was filtered and titrated with NaOH prepared solution (0.1 M) Surface area: Methodology Adsorption: A stock solution of methylene blue (200 mg/L) was prepared and diluted to concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/L. 0.2 gram of crushed biochar was weighed using a sieve and placed in a 10 ml tube containing a solution (distilled water with methylene blue dye) for all concentrations that were diluted. The solutions were centrifuged at 200 rpm for 24 h in a shaker. Results and Discussion Production Results Production Biochar Sample Temperature (°C) Duration (h) Initial weight(g) Final weight(g) Difference 1 300 1 109.81 93.63 16.18 2 300 2 104.69 78.68 26.01 3 400 1 97.53 79.75 17.78 4 400 2 99.53 68.82 30.71 5 400 3 104.02 72.69 31.33 6 450 1 113.13 81.88 31.25 7 450 2 110.44 73.51 36.89 8 450 1.5 108.21 72.06 36.15 The samples at 300°C did not undergo complete pyrolysis and were therefore completely disregarded Temperatures of 400°C and 450°C were used to obtain the best sample for studying its characterization and application. PH The results range between 7.36−5.46 for biochar samples and 9.72 for the commercial activated carbon. Sample PH 2 hr-400c 7.09 1hr-450c 5.46 2hr-450c 7.28 3hr-400c 7.28 1.5hr-450c 7.36 Activated 9.72 The samples were weighted before and after incinerating and no ash had appeared. Ash Content WHC Surface Area Sample Weight(g) Volume 1 volume 2 v2-v1 WHC% 1 hr-450c 5 30 21 9 180 1.5hr-450c 5 30 25 5 100 2hr -450c 5 30 26 4 80 Activated carbon 5 30 22 8 160 Sample name surface area(m2) 2h (400) 109.79 3h (400) 307.40 1.5h (450) 219.57 2h (450) 285.45 activated carbon 1,317.45 calibration curve Adsorption Empty y = 0.0896x R² = 0.9932 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 0.442 1.1000000000000001 1.236 1.6679999999999999 2.3220000000000001 conc Abs Adsorption 22 2 hour 400 oC 0 1.3863636363636365 2.875 3.5340909090909092 8.295454545454545 11.090909090909092 28.19318181818182 110.90909090909092 160 0 0.18068181818181817 0.35625000000000001 0.5732954545454545 0.58522727272727271 0.69545454545454544 -0.5 Cf Qe 1.5 hour 450 oC 0 1.3522727272727273 3.2840909090909092 5.9659090909090917 11.897727272727273 11.215909090909092 38.93181818181818 59.431818181818187 390.4545454545455 0 0.18238636363636362 0.33579545454545451 0.45170454545454541 0.40511363636363634 0.68920454545454546 Ce Qe 2 hour 450 oC 0 3.4772727272727275 3.6363636363636367 5.2500000000000009 8.875 10.022727272727273 47.727272727272727 213.63636363636363 244.54545454545456 0 7.6136363636363613E-2 0.31818181818181812 0.48749999999999999 0.55625000000000002 0.7488636363636364 Ce Qe 3 hour 400 oC 0 1.6477272727272727 6.4659090909090908 9.3409090909090917 13.931818181818182 43.56818181818182 117.72727272727273 153.18181818181819 0 0.16761363636363635 0.17670454545454545 0.74999999999999989 0.53295454545454535 0.55340909090909085 Ce Qe commercial activated carbon 0 1.1477272727272729 1.2613636363636365 1.9090909090909094 1.9431818181818183 2.7613636363636362 9.954545454545455 59.772727272727273 54.88636363636364 0 0.19261363636363635 0.43693181818181814 0.65454545454545443 0.90284090909090897 1.1119318181818181 Ce Qe to select the best biochar sample, it is essential to perform Isothermal Adsorption calculations Isothermal Adsorption Freundlich Langmuir and Freundlich isothermaol adsorption 3h 400 c langmuir R² = 0.5074 0.60689655172413792 0.15465729349736379 0.1070559610705596 7.1778140293637854E-2 5.9661016949152543 5.659163987138264 1.8763326226012798 1.806981519507187 freun R² = 0.6432 0.21688533008480626 0.81062959424490255 0.97038914538988186 1.1440077980322276 -0.77569065183598684 -0.75275227878731232 -0.27330982943508547 -0.25695371093553432 Langmuir and Freundlich isothermaol adsorption AC lang R² = 0.7447 0.87128712871287117 0.79279279279279269 0.52380952380952372 0.51461988304093564 0.36213991769547327 5.1917404129793514 2.2886866059817947 1.5277777777777781 1.1076148521082443 0.89933571793561584 freun R² = 0.8409 5.9838701632474026E-2 0.10084030663648884 0.28082660957569427 0.28851343824198522 0.44112360144814355 -0.71531296961106772 -0.35958632801271884 -0.184060188726 95665 -4.4388770606770329E-2 4.6078157843851303E-2 Isothermal Adsorption Langmuir  Langmuir and Freundlich isothermaol adsorption 1.5h 450 c langmuir R² = 0.9384 0.73949579831932777 0.30449826989619377 0.16761904761904758 8.4049665711556823E-2 8.9159067882472132E-2 5.4828660436137078 2.9780033840947548 2.2138364779874218 2.4684431977559607 1.4509480626545754 freundlich R² = 0.7976 0.13106428924236213 0.5164151706063792 0.77567663125578834 1.0754640095286738 1.0498344805194681 -0.73900763540927772 -0.47392518693289448 -0.34514553915767959 -0.39242313796228429 -0.16165186694757686 Langmuir and Freundlich isothermaol adsorption 2h 400 c langmuir R² = 0.938 0.72131147540983598 0.34782608695652173 0.28295819935691319 0.12054794520547946 9.0163934426229497E-2 5.534591194968554 2.807017543859649 1.7443012884043609 1.70873786407767 1.4379084967320261 freun R² = 0.6128 7.0483509142647094 2.1803695489250279 1.8238932008702129 1.0883285397093856 0.95696788582353354 -1.3457400738321941 -2.2309221892265185 -4.1387045170743182 -4.2978321503899855 -6.3398977689632794 Langmuir and Freundlich isothermaol adsorption 2H 450 c langmuir R² = 0.9286 0.27499999999999997 0.19047619047619044 0.11267605633802817 9.9773242630385478E-2 3.1428571428571432 2.0512820512820515 1.797752808988764 1.3353566009104703 freundlich R² = 0.8711 3.6363636363636367 5.2500000000000009 8.875 10.022727272727273 -0.49732464080794947 -0.31202537996544438 -0.25472997601101199 -0.12559725755615875 Data Analysis Following our characterization study, the biochar was selected to be chemically and physically activated at 450°C for 2 hours. Physical activation The prepared biochar samples were heated at 450 °C for 2 h using an oven at 750 °C for 1 h. The biochar's surface area increased from 285.45 m² to 807.47 m² after physical activation. Chemical activation Phosphoric acid was used to activate biochar prepared at 450°C for 2 hours. Two grams of biochar were immersed in 50 mL of 0.1 M phosphoric acid solution and stirred for 24 hours. The biochar was then washed to adjust the pH to 5.73 and dried at 105°C for 2 hours to remove residual moisture. The biochar's surface area increased from 285.45 m² to 346.06 m² after chemical activation. APPLICATION 2.Soil: Biochar, derived from biomass pyrolysis, enhances soil by: Improving physical properties and aeration. Retaining nutrients and preventing water contamination. Providing habitat for microorganisms, enhancing soil quality. Adjusting pH and increasing Cation Exchange Capacity. Removing heavy metals, contributing to soil remediation. Sequestering carbon, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Increasing water retention, nutrient availability, and reducing soil erosion 1.Water Purification Recommendation Experiments may have errors due to using a single sample; at least three are needed for reliability. Higher pyrolysis temperatures (e.g., 800°C) improve biochar's water holding capacity (WHC). Physical activation significantly increases surface area compared to chemical activation and is recommended for better adsorbent and catalyst performance. Further studies should examine the effect of pyrolysis temperature on pH. Explore alternative chemical activation agents (e.g., KOH, NaOH, ZnCl2, H2SO4) and control activation parameters. Applying biochar to soil can enhance soil health and crop yield. Conclusion Team Members Eng.Fatima Abujash Thank you Eng.Suzan Shnity Eng.Dima Shnity Eng.Dana Qamhiyeh image1.png image2.svg image3.jpeg image4.png image5.svg .MsftOfcThm_Text2_Stroke_v2 { stroke:#1F497D; } image6.png image7.svg .MsftOfcThm_MainLight1_Fill_v2 { fill:#FFFFFF; } .MsftOfcThm_Text2_Stroke_v2 { stroke:#1F497D; } image8.png image9.svg .MsftOfcThm_Accent2_lumMod_75_Fill_v2 { fill:#953735; } image10.png image11.svg .MsftOfcThm_Accent2_lumMod_75_Fill_v2 { fill:#953735; } .MsftOfcThm_Text2_Stroke_v2 { stroke:#1F497D; } image12.png image13.svg image14.jpeg image15.jpeg image16.jpeg image17.png image18.svg image19.png image20.svg image21.jpeg image22.jpeg image23.jpeg image24.jpeg image25.jpeg image26.jpeg image27.jpeg image28.png image29.svg .MsftOfcThm_Text2_Stroke_v2 { stroke:#1F497D; } image30.gif image31.jpeg image32.jpeg image33.jpeg image34.jpeg image35.jpeg image36.jpeg /docProps/thumbnail.jpeg