An Najah National University Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology Department of Energy Engineering and Environment Graduation Project Review of energy conservation studies in Palestinian territories Supervisor: Dr. Aysar Yassin Prepared by: Doaa Salmiya This project is Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor Degree on Energy Engineering and Environment Department, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, A-Najah National University, Nablus – Palestine. August, 2020 ii اإلهداء إذا غامرَت في شرٍف مرومٍ م فال تقنع بما دون النجو ي لجالل وجهك وعظيم سلطانك، الحمد هلل الذي من عليه اللهم لك الحمد كما أنت أهله ووليه وكما ينبغ عىل توفيقه وتيرسه . الحمد هللبفضله الوصل لهذا اليوم ، نجوم ً ي توفير طاقة ي العظماء الذين سعوا دائما ف ي العريقة، نجوٌم تتألأل بضوٍء ساطع إنهم دكاترت جامعت ف الموجه وبيئة محفزة ترنو حولنا، ي كل التقدير د. أيرس المرسر امياسير لك مت لجهدك ودعمك واالحي بالبقاء بالصحة وا ً تنا المستمر . دكاترة القسم الرائعير أدعو هللا لكم جميعا لهناء لما حفزتمونا وأنرتم بصير الرحيم أبو الصفا. د د. عبالسيد و د د. محمبه ،وأخص بالذكر ي ي األقرب لقلت ي وأخوات ي وأمي ( ، إخوت ي الصغير )أت ي الرائعة ، كل الشكر والتقدير لكم يا أعمدة بيت عائلت . أشكركم لما تحملتموه مغي من العناء ، واشكركم عىل تشجعيكم ودعائكم ي كل الشكر والمحبة السد والسند الدائم ، رفيقات عمري المؤنسات الغاليات لكن مت ً وليس أخرا ً ا . وأخير iii Table of Contents Chapter I :Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Problem statement ....................................................................................................................... 9 Project objectives ...................................................................................................................... 10 Scope of the work ..................................................................................................................... 10 Research questions .................................................................................................................... 10 Significance of work ................................................................................................................. 11 Organization of the report ......................................................................................................... 11 Chapter II: Energy situation in Palestine ...................................................................................... 13 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 14 Energy sources in Palestine ...................................................................................................... 14 Energy consumption ................................................................................................................. 15 Distribution of energy consumption by source ......................................................................... 16 Electricity consumption ............................................................................................................ 17 Energy consumption ................................................................................................................. 18 Energy challenges ..................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter III :Constraints and Earlier course- work ........................................................................ 19 3.1 Constraints .......................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Earlier course work ............................................................................................................. 20 Chapter IV :Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 22 Chapter V :Methodology .............................................................................................................. 25 5.1 Review studies evaluating energy saving projects in various sectors ............................... 26 Chapter VI :Sectors overview ....................................................................................................... 28 Education sector ....................................................................................................................... 30 iv Industry sector ........................................................................................................................... 32 Hospital sector .......................................................................................................................... 33 Commercial Sector.................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter VII: Reviewing energy conservation studies in various sectors ..................................... 35 Lighting system ..................................................................................................................... 37 Heating and air conditioning systems ................................................................................... 37 Office equipment .................................................................................................................. 38 Solar Water Heater System ................................................................................................... 38 Improve the power factor ...................................................................................................... 39 The Boiler ............................................................................................................................. 39 Solar energy systems............................................................................................................. 41 Part Two: Identify the gaps and positives of previous studies............................................ 42 Part Three: Work on different sectors.................................................................................. 43 Education Sector ................................................................................................................... 43 Industry sector ....................................................................................................................... 44 Hospital sector ...................................................................................................................... 45 Commercial sector ................................................................................................................ 46 Chapter VIII .................................................................................................................................. 47 Future Studies ............................................................................................................................... 47 Chapter IX: Results & Discussion ................................................................................................ 51 Chapter X: Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 54 Chapter XI: References ................................................................................................................. 56 v List of Figure Figure 1: Balance of Palestine ...................................................................................................... 15 Figure 2: Energy consumption ...................................................................................................... 16 Figure 3: Electricity consumption in different sectors .................................................................. 17 Figure 4: Energy consumption ...................................................................................................... 18 Figure 5: Methodology Evaluating energy saving project ............................................................ 26 Figure 6: Electrical energy consumption breakdown at the School ............................................. 31 Figure 7: Distribution of electrical energy consumption in factories ........................................... 32 Figure 8: Distribution of electrical energy consumption in the hospital ...................................... 33 Figure 9: Electrical energy consumption breakdown at the Commercial ..................................... 34 Figure 10: Systems that will be reviewed ..................................................................................... 36 Figure 11: Points to be reviewed .................................................................................................. 43 Figure 12: Points to be reviewed .................................................................................................. 44 Figure 13: Points to be reviewed .................................................................................................. 45 Figure 14: Points to be reviewed .................................................................................................. 46 Figure 15: Future Studies Algorithm ............................................................................................ 48 List of Tables Table 1: Energy imported or locally generated for Palestine ....................................................... 14 file:///C:/Users/CityComp/Downloads/Doaa-Salmiya-GPP.docx%23_Toc60225005 vi Nomenclature Abbreviation Nomenclature BG British Gas GDP Gross Domestic Product EM Energy Management EE Energy Efficiency kW/Y kilowatt/ Year GWH Gigawatt Hours P a g e | 7 Abstract With the increasing pressure on the political and economic situation in Palestine in general, the increase in electricity consumption in particular, the scarcity of energy sources, and the difficulty of establishing private power plants. All of these have been the primary motivation for searching for more efficient methods of energy auditing. There are many energy audit studies in different sectors, good and bad. Therefore, to achieve higher efficiency in such projects, previous studies had to be evaluated. In this research, the reports of a specific institution were relied upon, as the reports that it provided regarding energy audit studies in different sectors were taken. These reports have been analyzed and their strengths and weaknesses are put on scientific grounds. In the end, the results were clear, as they showed how poorly the reports compared to their peers from research studies on the same topic. In the end, the most important things that future studies must rely on while conducting such studies were laid down to open the way for the institutions and bodies concerned with these studies to present them more Efficiency and achieving higher rates of energy conservation. P a g e | 8 Chapter I :Introduction P a g e | 9 Overview We express Energy Efficiency (EE) by using less energy to provide the same service, and to achieve the best level of energy efficiency, a good Energy Management (EM) strategy should be followed, based on controlling and improving energy consumption to increase profits and enhance competitive positions. This is key to making energy decisions as it balances the input of energy for its use and as a tool for monitoring energy management. The energy audit methodology is summarized in three phases: (Phase 1: Preparing for the audit visit, Phase 2: Conducting the Facilities Survey, and Phase 3: Implementing the audit recommendations). In this study, we will rely on the third stage so that previous reports are evaluated and analyzed, and to clarify the effectiveness of the review in some facilities through simulation questions that explain the success of projects in rationalizing energy consumption in Palestine and present proposals that will achieve higher energy savings. Many agencies have been interested in conducting energy survey studies for several establishments distributed in different ways and making suggestions about the status of the facility to improve the quality of energy consumption. Problem statement Despite the interest of many energy stakeholders in energy audit studies within the various facilities, unfortunately, these works have not been evaluated before, so it was necessary to evaluate these procedures to determine their success rate, impact, and further development. Proposals that did not focus on previous studies to develop research for such projects, in order to help future researchers focus on important points and follow a methodology that provides opportunities for higher energy conservation. P a g e | 10 Project objectives Many studies and activities have been conducted aimed at reducing electricity bills in all sectors, and with the increase in reliance on energy auditing programs and raising efficiency, it has become necessary to conduct an evaluation that clarifies and analyzes the path followed by the concerned authorities. The main objective of the project is to evaluate the reports pertaining to a specific institution, in order to clarify the extent of its weakness or strength compared to the scientific foundations of such studies. In the end, the main differences that make the reports more successful than others are explained, in addition to a simplified explanation of the basics that the researcher should follow in such studies. Scope of the work We will mainly rely on the reports of previous energy efficiency projects, so that these reports are analyzed and weaknesses are identified, along with observations and suggestions to raise energy efficiency at a higher rate and benefit from the procedures of successful projects and apply them to other projects in the future, taking into account the case of each study. Research questions The idea of research stems from the answers to these questions 1. Are data and calculations based on measurements? 2. Has a scientific approach been taken in the calculations? 3. Were the proposed measures effective and comprehensive? 4. Did the report identify the most energy-consuming points within the facility? 5. Are the financial accounts realistic and explained in detail? P a g e | 11 Significance of work In recent years, we have observed an increase in energy consumption in various sectors, and it was necessary to conduct studies that identify the causes of this problem and find solutions to it. Many researchers interested in the energy sector have conducted studies to audit energy consumption in various sectors. Each researcher relied on his conditions and assumptions in analyzing the facility and the causes of high consumption and solutions. However, what was not addressed is the evaluation of these projects and the identification of positive paths. Where it was necessary to conduct a comprehensive research that evaluates what was previously worked on and forms the basis of future research, so that it reduces the effort and time of the future researcher. The final report of the research shows the most important points that must be taken into account to raise energy efficiency and the efficiency of these projects. Organization of the report Chapter One: (Introduction to the project): This chapter talks about the project in terms of importance, scope of work and research questions. Chapter Two: (Energy situation in Palestine): This chapter presents the general energy situation in Palestine. Chapter Three: Obstacles and the previous decision): This section explains the research challenges and what has been relied upon. Chapter four: (Literary reviews): presents a set of previous literature on energy conservation studies to enhance knowledge in researching energy consumption points for the application of an effective review, as the study relied on studies covering various sectors. Chapter Five: (Methodology): This chapter presents the methodology that will be relied upon during the course review process. P a g e | 12 Chapter Six: This chapter generally talks about the sectors that will be worked on. Chapter Seven: (Reviewing energy conservation studies in various sectors): This section forms the heart of the project. Here, studies have been reviewed and appropriate suggestions made for each sector. Chapter Eight: (Future Studies) This chapter presents a blueprint to assist future researchers in applying energy management and evaluation studies in a highly efficient manner. Chapter Nine: (Results & Discussion): This part focuses on presenting the results that we have reached in this research. Chapter Ten: (The Recommendations ( : This section shows some points that would enhance energy efficiency in Palestine Chapter Eleven: (References( The references that were relied upon for the study appear here P a g e | 13 Chapter II: Energy situation in Palestine P a g e | 14 Overview Energy is an important element that determines the level of economic and cultural development of countries. Therefore, countries are generally interested in promoting and developing energy in them. Palestine is one of these countries, but the situation in Palestine is different from other countries, as it is considered one of the poorest countries in traditional energy sources such as oil and electricity. Also, its consumption of solar energy is relatively limited, and wind energy is used in a small way, in addition to the uses of biomass in rural areas with a few percentages in cooking. And heating. Palestine depends on importing energy from Israel and other countries. Energy sources in Palestine Palestine lacks energy sources because it depends mainly on electricity, and uses photovoltaic energy to heat water. Natural gas was recently discovered by the British Gas Company (BG) in December 2000 on the Gaza coast [1]. Gas reserves are estimated at 1.4 trillion cubic feet. The Palestinian Energy Authority sought to develop energy in Palestine, as it built a power plant in Gaza (140 megawatts), but it is now operating at a production capacity (40 megawatts) according to the plan. This plant was supposed to be fed with natural gas, but for political reasons, the plant is dependent on diesel. Palestine imports 95% of its electricity needs from Israel and the rest from Egypt and Jordan as shown in Table 1 . Table 1: Energy imported or locally generated (MWh) for Palestine in 2013 (Source: World Bank own elaboration based on DISCOs data) [2]. P a g e | 15 Energy consumption Energy consumption in Palestine differs from one sector to another. Table 2 shows the energy balance in Palestine for the year 2016, showing different sources of energy and the dependence of the sectors on each source. Figure 1: Balance of Palestine in 2013 (Source: Energy balance for Palestine 2016 – PCBS) [3] The most important thing that can be noted in the energy balance 1. Palestine is highly dependent on energy imports. 2. Electricity represents 27% of final energy consumption. Annual electricity consumption is 10% of GDP. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on rationalizing the consumption of electrical energy. 3. Electricity losses are technical losses or energy produced, but not consumed (transmission and distribution networks P a g e | 16 Distribution of energy consumption by source Figure 2: (Consumption per type of energy – 2013 World Bank own elaboration based on PCBS data) The picture shows the source of energy that is relied on more, as we note ( Diesel, liquefied petroleum gas, electricity, then gasoline), and we also note that the percentage of dependence on solar energy is small, so there must be projects that encourage an increase in this percentage, especially since the climate in Palestine is good for the exploitation of solar energy. P a g e | 17 Electricity consumption Figure 3: Electricity consumption in different sectors[5] (Consumption per type of energy – 2013 World Bank own elaboration based on PCBS data) The attached picture shows that the household sector is the most consuming of electrical energy, as the household sector consumes 57% of electricity. It is followed by the commercial and general services sector, with losses in transmission and distribution estimated at 18%. And 6% for the industrial sector and 1% of the agricultural sector. P a g e | 18 Energy consumption Figure 4: Energy consumption Energy challenges The State of Palestine faces various challenges in the energy sector • The scarcity of traditional energy sources such as oil, gas and electricity and their high prices compared to other countries. • The occupation policy, which is monopoly in energy prices, when it is allowed to enter, when to prevent and determine the percentage of its availability. • Occupation control over different lands in Palestine and dividing it into two geographical areas (Gaza Strip and West Bank). • The restrictions it imposes to limit the work and development of the energy sector. • Energy uses with low efficiency. • High losses (technical, administrative). P a g e | 19 Chapter III :Constraints and Earlier course- work P a g e | 20 3.1 Constraints The project's limitations were the analysis of recorded data for various sectors, as previous reports lacked primary information about energy systems because the information available was public. Here lies the difficulty of writing proposals for each system, so the systems were dealt with in general in all sectors due to the lack of information, and this point has been focused on so that future researchers mention this information that helps in its evaluation. Study and understand the content and results. 3.2 Earlier course work The following courses will be used in the project Energy and Environment - 10656251 This course deals with energy and environmental systems, conventional and renewable energy sources, the energy situation in Palestine, rationalizing energy consumption on the environment and reducing harmful emissions, and the implications thereof. Professional Principles in Engineering - 10626301 From a broad perspective, this course introduces basic concepts related to scientific research and technical writing in an engineering environment. This course covers and explains the importance of scientific research and effective professional technical writing. Energy Efficiency, Auditing, and Laboratory - 10656301 This course forms the basis of this research, as this course included talking about the concepts of energy efficiency, effective management, and rationalization of consumption. Then it provides details explaining the basics of dealing with different systems, calculating their efficiency, and providing them with energy management projects, programs, and equations that help achieve the highest energy efficiency. Heating, air conditioning, and laboratory - 10621440 This course presents the mechanism of effective design for heating and air conditioning systems, the typical numbers and results that must be relied upon, the mechanisms of rationalizing energy consumption in these systems, and the importance of insulation in reducing losses from the facility. Solar and wind energy systems - 10656341 This course deals with renewable energy projects and the foundations for the correct design of a highly efficient system P a g e | 21 Energy Policy - 10656505 This course talks about the challenges of the energy sector in different countries and then focuses on analyzing the energy policy in Palestine. Life Cycle and Sustainability Assessment of Energy Systems - 10656402 This course focuses on studying the economic feasibility of projects, as this course helped greatly in analyzing the available reports, and also helps in understanding the percentage of profit from energy conservation projects, their usefulness, and the payback period. P a g e | 22 Chapter IV :Literature Review P a g e | 23 This study is concerned with identifying the first steps to raise energy efficiency and adopting effective methods. Therefore, it was necessary to study the various effective and clear projects in managing and reviewing energy consumption in the various sectors in Palestine in particular, so that this step would facilitate the establishment of appropriate foundations and standards to raise energy efficiency within each sector and to know the most energy-consuming points and the best ways to address them. Hence, it contributes to increased experience in evaluating energy audit projects. [15] K. Natarajan, (2015) investigated electrical energy conservation strategies and energy management practices and policies, which enhance the conservation of electrical energy in industries. A three-pronged approach to energy conservation was presented: capacity utilization, fine-tuning, and technology up-gradation. [16] Alajlan, Smlai, and Elain, (1998) studied the sharp increase in electrical energy consumption in Saudi Arabia and the need for energy efficiency technology. They divided energy efficiency technologies into three main groups; electrical equipment, energy conservation in building (throw thermal insulation to the building envelope), and energy conservation supporting tools (public awareness and information). The researchers estimated that 25% of the new energy generating capacity will be reduced if the three factors were implemented. [17] Palestinian energy & environment research center, (2011) studied energy consumption for “JACIR PALACE INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL” in Bethlehem, Palestine, and the possible energy conservation, the study was carried out on the lighting system, boilers, HVAC system, and motors load, they found out there was a good energy-saving opportunity with low- cost investment. The saving was estimated at around 30% with an SPBP of 1.31 years. [18] M. Sa'di, (2008). The researcher relied on his studies on universities, where he took a sample to study, An-Najah National University, and focused on large colleges (engineering and information technology, science and optics, pharmacy and medicine, fine arts, law, and higher studies), the results showed that the savings rate in the university sector ranges from Between (15-25%), he focused on the most energy-consuming equipment in universities. The energy conservation measures followed by the researcher showed several savings within colleges, 24% in the lighting system, 7% in the cooling system, 5% in the heating system. In addition to the researchers' design and implementation of an automated lighting control system based on motion sensors And the distribution of daylight and lecture times, this system achieved additional savings of 45%. [19] B. Da'as (2008), The researcher focused on the hospital sector in Palestine as it is considered one of the most energy-consuming sectors, taking Nablus Governorate hospitals as a sample as it combined government and private hospitals (Al Ittihad Hospital, Arab Specialist, Rafidia, Al Watani) The results of his research showed that energy consumption in government hospitals is higher Much on special for several reasons P a g e | 24 The researcher followed in his study on effective standards for energy conservation, as the estimated savings were estimated at (10-25%) in the hospital sector. The researcher was interested in the most energy-consuming equipment in hospitals, as it achieved various savings, 14% in heating and adaptation, 43% in generating units Oxygen, 5% in luminance, 17% in the improvement of power factor. [20] B. Yassin (2008), the researcher Yassin cared a lot in the industrial sector, as it is considered an important sector in which energy consumption must be managed effectively. Eng. Yassin collected in his study several factories such as (Al-Safa Dairy Factory, Carton Factory, Cedar Ice Cream Factory, and Al-Akkad Textile Factory) so he took the factories for different products, each of which has its equipment for the engineer to come out with comprehensive results for effective energy conservation measures in the factory sector in general. The results showed that the savings rate in the industrial sector ranges between (10-20%) of the total energy consumption in the sector. The researcher focused on the most consuming points of energy (lighting, boilers, compressors, and power factor). Electricity consumption was 277.8 MWh, and fuel savings were 66,000 liters [21] A. Tartir (2010), the researcher focused on the trade sector and the Palestinian Telecommunications Company took a sample for the study. This study included most of the energy-consuming devices in the facility such as (lighting, cooling, and air-conditioning systems, office equipment, power factor improvement, rectifiers, and rates), the savings rate reached 15.3%, and the saving in electricity consumption is 1597.76 MWh P a g e | 25 Chapter V :Methodology P a g e | 26 This part presents the methodology that has been relied upon during the review of literature studies to show effective results based on a scientific basis and prior planning. Here, the planning and implementation steps for the research that relied entirely on developing knowledge skills in energy audit studies were summarized from beginning to end. This diagram (Figure 5) presents the methodology followed. Review studies evaluating energy saving projects in various sectors Define a reference for evaluation Study and analyze reports Identify strengths and weaknesses Writing findings and Recommendations Figure 5: Methodology Evaluating energy saving project P a g e | 27 1- Put a reference: In the beginning, the most important focus was on increasing knowledge in energy consumption assessment projects, what the researchers rely on during their studies, and the effectiveness of those studies, as the focus was on increasing knowledge and experience in several aspects: 1. Many different studies have been read for different sectors, whether on the scale of university student projects or other projects. 2. Review the courses that have been studied during the learning phase that will increase experience in matters of energy management, rationalization, and auditing 3. An overview of the status and energy policy in Palestine and the neighboring countries 4. After that, references were drawn up to be relied upon during the review of the studies applied to the various sectors, so that the focus was on the positives of the references that were relied upon. 2- Study reports: In the beginning, everything that includes each sector and the permissible limit for energy consumption in each sector was identified. Then the available studies were read and two or more samples were identified on each of the sectors that will be worked on (industrial, commercial, education, and hospitals. ). 3- Analysis and identification of strengths and weaknesses: After determining the samples that will be worked on, samples are analyzed in detail and the weaknesses and strengths of previous studies are identified and what has been relied upon (hypotheses, values, analyzes, and research methodology). After that, we produced a report explaining the strengths, weaknesses, and deficiencies of each study. 4- Writing results and recommendations: Based on the observations that have been recorded, a report is prepared that clarifies what should be approved and reconsidered in the available projects based on the knowledge that has been focused on raising their level. And points that would achieve more returns in such projects. P a g e | 28 Chapter VI :Sectors overview P a g e | 29 This report focuses on providing an overview of each of the sectors whose studies will be reviewed. So that the concept of what each sector includes in terms of equipment and devices and the General consumption of the different sectors is expanded. Points to focus on within each sector. Sectors that will be worked on Education sector (schools in particular) Industry sector Commercial sector Hospital sector The report focuses in its content on taking two samples or more on each sector and analyzing them in detail so that the points to focus on in the future is known and where to benefit from renewable energy systems in each sector P a g e | 30 Education sector In general, Palestine contains a large number of educational facilities, whether at the level of (institutes, schools, colleges, and universities). Therefore, reviewing energy consumption audit studies in the education sector has a significant positive impact, whether on the level of energy efficiency or the level of awareness-raising of students in these institutions. In this study, the focus will be on the school sector in particular as one of the educational establishments Schools are considered one of the sectors in which energy consumption must be analyzed due to the high rates of consumption and misuse recorded in them. Therefore, we see many studies and projects concerned with the school sector, whether in the field of raising energy efficiency or increasing students' awareness of energy matters. Opportunities to raise energy efficiency are available in schools well, and the nature of school attendance helps to achieve a good increase in efficiency, as schools operate at times of availability of natural light that can be exploited greatly, whether on the scale of solar energy systems or exploitation in the natural lighting of halls and corridors. Therefore, it was necessary to focus on every point that contributes to rationalize energy consumption in schools, large and small. P a g e | 31 Figure 6 illustrates the general distribution of energy consumption in the different school sector. It appears that lighting systems are the most energy-consuming in the school sector )Lighting system 65% ، Heating and air conditioning 7% ، Office Equipments 8% ،Others 20%( Figure 6: Electrical energy consumption breakdown at the School Lighting system Heating and air conditioning Office Equipments Others P a g e | 32 Industry sector The industrial sector in Palestine is considered a diversified sector, as it includes large and small workshops for various industries. It is necessary to focus on studying and analyzing energy consumption in factories, as they are the most places where energy efficiency has to be higher to achieve higher production efficiency in the industry. High energy efficiency has a positive effect on reducing consumption and reducing the bill in addition to reducing pollution and toxic emissions from factories. The industrial sector relies mainly on electricity, liquefied petroleum gas, and diesel. Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyze previous energy assessment studies in factories, whether small or large, to arrive at effective strategies for rationalizing energy consumption in factories. Figure 7 shows the distribution of energy consumption in the industrial sector (Compressors 13%, Boiler 25%, Heating and air conditioning 11%, Lighting 15%, Production equipment (factory supplies) 30%, Office equipment 3%) Figure 7: Distribution of electrical energy consumption in factories Compressors Boiler Heating and air conditioning Lighting Production equipment (factory supplies) Office equipment P a g e | 33 Hospital sector Hospitals in Palestine are divided into governmental and private hospitals, and it is known that hospitals operate 24 hours throughout the year and consume energy greatly, so it was necessary to focus on the necessary measures to conserve energy in this sector. Figure 8 shows energy consumption in the hospital sector (lighting 15%, air-conditioning, 30%, boiler 25%, office equipment 3%, hospital equipment 25%, others 2%.) Figure 8: Distribution of electrical energy consumption in the hospital Lighting HVAC Boiler Office equipment Hospital equipment P a g e | 34 Commercial Sector The commercial sector consists of offices, companies, marketing centers, universities, hotels, and restaurants. The trade sector consumes energy greatly, like air conditioning, lighting, and electrical equipment are among the most energy-consuming systems within the sector, so it was necessary to rely on energy-saving and efficiency measures to be effective in enhancing efficiency levels Figure 8 shows energy consumption in the Commercial sector. (Lighting 20%, HAVC 35%, Office Equipment 35%, Other 10%) Figure 9: Electrical energy consumption breakdown at the Commercial Lighting HAVC Office Equpiment Other P a g e | 35 Chapter VII: Reviewing energy conservation studies in various sectors P a g e | 36 This section forms the heart of the report, as previous studies were collected here so that two or more reports were taken for each facility and analyzed in detail and the main points that the previous report relied on upon solving the problem of energy consumption and evaluating them. • Part One: simplified points are set to help the review logically and scientifically, as this part shows the mechanism of dealing with each system in general in all sectors • Part Two: This part shows the gaps and advantages of the previous studies that have been reviewed • Part Three: This part shows the different sectors and the mechanism of work for them depending on the first part in general. In addition to a simple comparison between previous studies and what should be relied upon. Part One: An overview of how to deal with systems This part presents a simplified summary of the reading yield and an increase in the knowledge that was relied upon before starting to review the studies. Based on the courses that have been studied and the research that has been read, this part clarifies the mechanism of dealing with each system in general in all sectors without entering into the details of the equations and calculations. Figure 10: Systems that will be reviewed HAVC Lighting SWH PV PF Boiler Compressed Air P a g e | 37 Lighting system The most important thing to know 1. The physical characteristics of the building (number of rooms, size of rooms, location, number of hours in these rooms, the purpose of this room) 2. The ceiling height of the room for the devices to be worked on 3. The type of lamps used and the basis chosen for them (then the lamp data is entered into a special program to verify the number and replace the increase) 4. Where is the light reflected? Energy conservation recommendations 1. Replace damaged bulbs 2. Relying on regular maintenance 3. Install lamps with higher efficiency 4. Installing reflectors 5. Take advantage of natural sunlight (including adding curtains designed to penetrate the light and exploit natural light in places that allow this, such as corridors from the top) 6. Turn off or reduce the lighting in our corridors in half, so that natural light is available 7. Taking into account the design of the building to complement the design of the building so that it enters the largest amount of light. 8. Relying on control and sensing systems so that the lights are turned off automatically when the room is empty . Heating and air conditioning systems Cooling system The most important thing to know 1. Characteristics of the rooms and their number 2. The number of refrigeration units 3. The Power source in cooling systems (electricity, diesel) 4. The location, number and types of windows ,and doors 5. The number of working hours 6. Number of people in each room (nature of use) 7. Ambient temperatures P a g e | 38 Energy conservation recommendations 1. Install the coolant temperature at 22 ° C 2. Repair any faults in windows, closed doors, and HVAC systems 3. Good insulation Heating system The system works on diesel fuel in some facilities The information 1. Characteristics of the room 2. The number, quality, efficiency and characteristics of units 3. Type and price of fuel used Energy conservation recommendations 1. Increase the system efficiency by controlling the air volume well 2. Regular maintenance 3. Heat recovery from flue gas (economizers) 4. Replace the diesel boiler with a gas boiler Office equipment Energy conservation recommendations 1. Use of high-efficiency equipment 2. Follow-up maintenance and periodic inspection of equipment 3. Supervising the operation and shutdown of this equipment 4. Designing a control system so that any equipment that is not being worked on is 5. Shut down. Solar Water Heater System Energy conservation recommendations 1. Linking system efficiency with the amount of water to be heated and working hours 2. Continued maintenance of the system to improve efficiency 3. Using highly efficient equipment and effective control devices 4. Ensure the correct design and correct location P a g e | 39 Improve the power factor Power factor is one of the most important things to pay attention to because any defect in the PF value will affect the overall bill, reduce the voltage, and is also an indicator of energy efficiency. The power factor value is expressed in the ratio of the active power (p) W to the apparent power (S) VA if PF = 90%, it means that 90% of S goes to P and the remaining 10% goes to the reaction (x) rule the video The preferred value of PF is 0