An-Najah National University 
Faculty of Graduate Studies 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN 
COMMERCIAL SECTOR IN THE WEST-BANK: 

CASE STUDY OF A PALTEL COMPANY 
 
 
 
 
 
 

By 
Ahmad Mahmoud Ahmad Tartir 

 
 
 
 
 
 

Supervisor 
Dr. Imad H. Ibrik 

 
 
 
 
 
 

Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the 
Degree of Master Program in Clean Energy and Conservation 
Strategy Engineering, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah 
National University Nablus – Palestine  

2010 





  iii 

Dedication 

To my parents, my wife, and my children 

 With love and appreciation. 

 



  iv 

Acknowledgments 

First of all, praise is to Allah for helping me in making this thesis 

possible.  Special thanks are due to my supervisor, Dr. Imad H. Ibrik, for 

being so generous to me with his time, patience, advice and valuable 

opinion. Special thanks also to Dr. Abdel Raheem abu Safa for his valuable 

and helpful suggestions.  

Thanks go also to those who helped in providing the data used in this 

research.   Also I am indebted to thank my fellow colleagues at work for the 

assistance and support they offered in acquiring useful information 

regarding energy. 

My thanks are extended to my parents and all my friends I care to 

name.  

Thank you. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



  v 

 

 

 

"Engineering is the science of economy, of conserving the energy, kinetic and  

Potential provided and stored up by nature for the use of man. 

 It is the business  

of engineering to utilize this energy to the best advantage, so that there may be 

the least  possible waste." 

  

William A.   Smith, 1908  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



  vi 

  قـــراراإل

  :انا الموقع ادناه مقدم الرسالة التي تحمل العنوان

   :ةإدارة الطاقة المستدامة في القطاع التجاري في الضفة الغربي

  ةيوأخذ شركة االتصاالت الفلسطينية كحالة دراس
  

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN 
COMMERCIAL SECTOR IN THE WEST-BANK: 

CASE STUDY OF A PALTEL COMPANY 
 

 تمت ما باستثناء الخاص، جهدي نتاج هي إنما الرسالة هذه عليه اشتملت ما بأن اقر

 درجة أية لنيل قبل من يقدم لم منها جزء أي أو ككل، الرسالة هذه وان ورد، حيثما إليه اإلشارة

 .أخرى بحثية أو تعليمية مؤسسة أية لدى بحثي أو علمي بحث أو علمية

Declaration 

The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the 

researcher's own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other 

degree or qualification. 

  

 :Student's name   :اسم الطالب

 :Signature              :التوقيع

    :Date                                                                   :التاريخ

 

 



  vii 

Values used 

Cost of one kWh  = 0.76 NIS 

Cost of one liter of diesel =   5.3 NIS/L 

Cost of one kg of LPG = 4.6 NIS/kg 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



  viii

Abbreviations 

AC Alternating  Ampere 
Bcf Billion Cubic Feet 
BG British Gas Company 
BTU/h British thermal unit per hour of heat 
DC Direct Current 
GEDCO Gaza Electricity Distribution Company Ltd 
HEPCO Hebron Electric Power Company 
HPS High pressure sodium 
HVAC Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning 
IEC Israeli Electric Corporation 
JD Jordanian Dinar 
JDECO Jerusalem Distribution Electric Company 
kV Kilovolt 
kVA Kilovolt Ampere 
kW Kilowatt 
kWh Kilowatt Hour 
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas 
NEDCO Northern Electricity Distribution Company 
NIS New Israeli Shekel 
O&M Operation and maintenance 
PALTEL Palestinian telecommunication company 
PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 
PT Palestinian Territories 
SELCO Southern Electric Company 
SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply 
SPBP Simple PayBack Period 
Tcf Trillion Cubic Feet 
TJ Terra Joule 
€ Euro 
UPS Uninterrupted power supply 
USD Unitd State Dollar 
WB West Bank 

 

 
 
 



  ix 
Table of Contents 

No. Content Page
 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
 LIST OF TABLES xii 
 LIST OF FIGURES xv 
 LIST OF APPENDECE xviii
 ABSTRACT xix 
 Introduction 1 
Chapter One: Energy Situation and Energy Sources in 
Commercial Sector in Palestine 6 

1.1  Introduction 7 
1.2 Energy resources in Palestinian territories  7 
1.3  Energy production and demand in Palestine 9 
1.4  Energy balance in Palestine 10 
1.5  The electric distribution companies in W.B and GS 12 
1.6  Energy consumption by sector 12 
1.7  Energy prices 14 
Chapter Two: The Importance of Energy Management in 
Commercial Sector and in the Other Different Sectors 17 

2.1 Introduction 18 
2.2  Energy efficiency in commercial building 19 
2.3  The importance of energy managements 20
2.4  Energy management in different sectors in Palestine 21 
2.5  Barriers or energy management in commercial sector 24 
2.5.1  Lack of information 24
2.5.2  Financial barriers 24 
2.5.3  Technological barriers and infrastructure 24 
2.5.4  Barriers to provide energy efficient lighting 25 
Chapter Three: Energy Consumption and Electrical 
Equipment's in Paltel Main Sites 27 

3.1  Introduction 28 
3.2  Electrical energy sources and equipment's 28 
3.2.1 Energy sources from electrical network 28 
3.2.2 Engine/alternators energy sources 29 
3.2.3 Batteries resources 30 
3.3  Energy consumption for Patel company in west bank 30 
3.4  Building classification in Paltel company 34 
3.4.1  Analysis of consumption in offices building 34 
3.4.2  Analysis of consumption in main exchange building 38 

3.4.3  Analysis of consumption in sub exchanges buildings 
remote site units (RSU’s) 40 



  x 
No. Content Page

Chapter Four: Energy Management Opportunity and Audits 
in Different Telecom Buildings in West Bank-Palestine 42 

4.1  Introduction 43 
4.2  Lighting systems energy conservation 44 
4.2.1 Extra-lamps removal (no cost action)   45 

4.2.2 Replace lamps from less efficient types to more efficient 
types 47 

4.2.3 Installing high-efficient ballasts and T5 lamps (medium 
cost measure) 49 

4.2.4 Installing occupancy-linked systems (low cost measure) 52 
4.3    Using efficient telecom equipment instead of standards 53 
4.3.1 Energy conservation opportunities in UPS's systems 54 
4.3.2 Energy conservation opportunities in rectifiers systems 58 

4.4  Energy conservation opportunities in air conditioning 
systems 67 

4.4.1  Insulation of building envelope components 68 
4.4.2  Energy saving at using inverter A/C system 75 

4.4.3  Increase the air conditioner thermostat set point 
temperature 77 

4.4.4  Maximize free cooling by using fresh air 80 
4.5  Economic uses of office equipment 82 
4.5.1  Energy managements in personal computers (PC's) 83 
4.5.2  Energy managements in monitors and display 83 
4.5.3  Energy managements in printers and copier machines 84 

4.6 Minimize electrical conversion losses by reduce the 
power convection ac and dc in data centers 87 

4.7  Energy conservation opportunities for PF correction 90 
4.8  Energy conservation in boilers 92 
4.9  Energy conservation evaluation in Paltel company 93 
Chapter Five: Economical Evaluation of Energy Audits in 
Commercial Sector in Palestine 97 

5.1  Introduction  98 

5.2  Economical evaluation of energy conservation 
opportunities for lighting systems 98 

5.2.1 Reducing the number of lighting lamps 98 
5.2.2 Install high efficiency lighting fixtures 99 
5.2.3 Install high efficiency ballast and fluorescent T5 lamps 100 
5.2.4 Installing occupancy systems 101 
5.3  Installing high efficient 100 kVA ups instead of old one 102

5.4  Installing high efficient rectifiers 
 102 



  xi 
No. Content Page

5.4.1 Replace 500A rectifiers from conventional to 
transformerless type 102 

5.4.2 Replace 16A rectifiers to transformerless rectifier 103 
5.5  Air condition systems energy conservation 103 
5.6  Energy conservation at offices equipment's 106 
5.7  Energy conservation for power factor improvements 107 
5.8  Energy conservation for increase the boilers efficiency 107 

5.9  Evaluation of energy conservation in Paltel company as a 
case study of commercial sector in Palestine 108 

Chapter Six: Software Programming Of Energy 
Management Opportunities  112 

6.1  Introduction 113 

6.2  Methodological flow chart for energy management 
opportunities 113 

6.2.1  Methodological flow chart for lighting CFL lamps 
instead of incandescent lamps units 113 

6.2.2 Methodological flow chart for using efficient fluorescent 
and shoke 115 

6.2.3 
Methodological flow chart for  using high pressure 
sodium (HPSV) instead of mercury vapor lamps 
(HPMV) 

117 

6.2.4 Methodological flow chart for improving the power 
factor 118 

6.2.5 Methodological flow chart for cooling systems 120 
6.2.6 Methodological flow chart for heating systems 121 
6.2.7 Methodological rising UPS and rectifier efficiency 123 
6.3  Software language 124
3.3.1 Software components 125 
 Conclusion and Recommendations 135 
 References 138 
 Appendices 141 
ب الملخص 

 
 



  xii 
LIST OF TABLES 

No. Table Page 

Table (1.1) Energy demands for different types of energy in 
West Bank and Gaza strip for 2007 10 

Table (1.2) Summary of energy balance of Palestine 2005, 
2006, 2007, 2008 in (MWh) 11 

Table (1.3) Energy consumption for different sectors for year 
2007 13 

Table (1.4) Energy prices for consumers, as type of energy, 
2007 15 

Table (1.5) The average electrical tariffs according to the type 
of consumers and regions for 2007 15 

Table (2.1) Summary of the total energy savings and CO2 
reduction in the four studied factories in WB 22 

Table (2.2) Total summary of the saving opportunities for 
hospitals auditing in Nablus city 23 

Table (3.1) The electrical and fuel consumption as total of 
main region in west bank, 2008 31 

Table (4.1) Expected annual energy saving achieved upon the 
removal of the lamps in head quarter 46 

Table (4.2) Expected annual energy saving achieved upon the 
removal of the lamps in Nablus main exchange 47 

Table (4.3) Annual energy saving achieved upon the 
replacement of the specified lamps 48 

Table (4.4) Annual energy saving achieved upon the 
replacement of external projector lamps 49 

Table (4.5) Economic analysis of replace lamps to more 
efficient types at the main Paltel locations 49 

Table (4.6) Annual energy saving by installing high-efficient 
electronic ballast for studied region locations 51 

Table (4.7) Annual energy saving achieved upon the 
replacement of T8 lamps to T5 type 51 

Table (4.8) Energy saving by installing occupancy-linked 
systems for HQ data center 53 

Table (4.9) Energy saving by installing occupancy-linked 
systems for Nablus switch 53 

Table (4.10) Old conventional transformer 100 kVA UPS 
energy analyzer outputs 56 

Table (4.11) New transformerless modular UPS 100 kVA 
energy analyzer outputs 57 

Table (4.12) Energy consumptions deference between modular 
and conventional 100 kVA UPS 58 



  xiii
No. Table Page 

Table (4.13) Energy audit for Conventional Rectifier  
380V AC/50V DC 500A 60 

Table (4.14) Energy audit for transformerless rectifier 380 V 
AC/50V DC 500A 61 

Table (4.15) Energy consumptions deference between modular 
and conventional 500Adc rectifier System 62 

Table (4.16) The comparison between the conventional and 
transformerless 16A DC rectifiers 63 

Table (4.17) 
Represents the results of data analyzer on the 
conventional 16A rectifier 
 

64 

Table (4.18) Represents the results of data analyzer on the new 
transformerless rectifier 16A/50V 65 

Table (4.19) 
Energy consumptions deference between 
Transformerless and conventional 16A / 53V DC 
rectifiers 

67 

Table (4.20) Tammon site energy consumption before and 
after internal insulated room 70 

Table (4.21) Monthly electrical energy consumption for Alfara 
and Borqeen RSU sites 76 

Table (4.22) Total energy consumption the air conditioner for 
Alfara and Borqeen sites 77 

Table (4.23) Loads of the data center of Paltel in the head 
quarter at Nablus city 78 

Table (4.24) 

Summarize the annual energy saving upon 
increase the air conditioner thermostat set point 
temperature for the Paltel main locations central 
cooling 

79 

Table (4.25) Summarize the mean monthly temperature ºC in 
many sites in Palestine 81 

Table (4.26) Power draws measurements for different types of 
computers 83 

Table (4.27) Monitor Usage Pattern data by operational mode 
 

 
84 

Table (4.28) Laser printer power draws by mode of operation 
 

85 

Table (4.29) 
Energy analyzer data of offices equipment of new 
Paltel HQ 
 

87 

Table (4.30) Deference in efficiency between AC and DC 
distribution power systems in datacenters 89 

Table (4.31) 
Energy consumption improvement Vs typical AC 
distribution for each 1000W in datacenters 
 

89 



  xiv
No. Table Page 

Table (4.32) Power factor penalty tariff for Nablus 
Municipality 90 

Table (4.33) Paltel Head Quarter boiler flue gas data 92 

Table (4.34) Summary of the total energy savings for Paltel 
locations 95 

Table (5.1) Saving results in removal lighting system for 
main Paltel locations 99 

Table (5.2) Economic analysis of replace lamps to more 
efficient types at the main Paltel locations 100 

Table (5.3) Annual cost saving achieved upon installing 
electronic ballasts, and high efficient lamps 101 

Table (5.4) Economic analysis of occupancy system used at 
the main locations 101 

Table (5.5) 
Annual cost saving achieved upon change the 
conventional 100 kVA UPS to transformerless type 
in HQ 

102 

Table (5.6) Annual cost saving achieved upon change 500A 
old rectifiers to new transformerless type 102 

Table (5.7) 
Financial analysis between the conventional and 
transformerless 16A/50V DC rectifiers for all Paltel 
devices 

103 

Table (5.8) Annual cost saving achieved upon installing the 
isolation rooms inside remotely sites 104 

Table (5.9) Annual cost saving achieved upon transfer data 
center outside air condition out of building 104 

Table (5.10) Annual cost saving achieved upon replace air 
conditioner to inverter types 105 

Table (5.11) 
Annual cost saving achieved upon increase the air 
conditioner thermostat set point temperature for the 
main Paltel locations central cooling 

105 

Table (5.12) Annual cost saving achieved upon stopping the A/C 
systems for concentrator locations 106 

Table (5.13) Annual cost saving achieved upon stopping the 
office equipment during off times in head quarter 107 

Table (5.14) Annual cost saving achieved upon change the 
defect power factor controller in head quarter 107 

Table (5.15) Annual cost saving achieved upon replace the 
boilers burners from diesel fuel to propane fuel 108 

Table (5.16) Summary of the total energy, money savings and 
CO2 reduction for Paltel locations 109 

Table (6.1) Comparing in wattage between HPSV and HPMV 
at the same efficacy 117 



  xv 
LIST OF FIGURES 

No. Figure Page

Figure (1.1) Daily average solar insolation throughout the year 
2006 8 

Figure (1.2) Energy balance in MWh for years 2002 to 2008 11 
Figure (1.3) Electricity consumption by sectors for 2007 13 
Figure (1.4) Different energy kind’s consumption for 2007 14 

Figure (3.1) Major telecommunications power plant 
components 29 

Figure (3.2) Energy consumption for haul Paltel locations in 
West Bank, 2008 31 

Figure (3.3) Kind of energy consumption percentage for hauls 
Paltel locations in West Bank, 2008 32 

Figure (3.4) Distribution map of the main telephone exchange 
sites in Palestine 33 

Figure (3.5) Paltel head quarter building photo 34
Figure (3.6) Electrical energy consumption Paltel H.Q, 2008 35 
Figure (3.7) Daily load curve (W) for H.Q, 2009 36 
Figure (3.8) Load percentage in winter times for H.Q, 2008 37
Figure (3.9) Load percentage in summer times for H.Q, 2008 38 

Figure (3.10) Electrical consumption kWh/month for Nablus 
main exchange, 2008 39 

Figure (3.11) Daily load curve for Nablus main exchange, 2008 40

Figure (3.12) Electrical consumption kWh/month for Borqeen 
RSU, 2008 41 

Figure (4.1) Efficacy (Lumens per Watt) for electrical Lamps 48 
Figure (4.2) Measurement of UPS types efficiency 55 

Figure (4.3) Large transformer used inside the conventional 
100 kVA UPS 55 

Figure (4.4) Rectifiers efficiency as function of load 
percentage 59 

Figure (4.5) Transformerless and conventional 53V DC/16A 
rectifiers 63 

Figure (4.6) 
Power consumption at the same period of old 
transformer rectifier and the new one 
transformerless rectifier 

66 

Figure (4.7) Power factor at the same period of old transformer 
rectifier and the new one transformerless rectifier 66 

Figure (4.8) 
The site of Tammon before built the internal 
insulated room 
 

68 



  xvi
No. Figure Page

Figure (4.9) The site of Tammon after built the internal 
insulated room 69 

Figure (4.10) The energy consumption diagram before and after 
built the insulated room in Tammon site 70 

Figure (4.11) Output of the temperature data for the Paltel HQ 
2nd floor ceiling 72 

Figure (4.12) Heat transfer to data center throw walls in Paltel 
HQ 72 

Figure (4.13) Reducing heat transfer by transfer the A/C outside 
units to outside building in Paltel HQ 74 

Figure (4.14) Energy saving zone of inverter air conditioner 76 
Figure (4.15) Mean monthly temperature OC for Nablus city 81 

Figure (4.16) 
Percent of office equipment's as a function of 
mode operation during night and holidays at new 
HQ 

86 

Figure (4.17) Energy analyzer data of offices equipment of new 
Paltel HQ 86 

Figure (4.18) Ac power flow in data centers and telecom facility 88 

Figure (5.19) Losses percent for AC and DC data centers 
network 89 

Figure (4.20) PF characteristics for head quarter 91 

Figure (6.1) Methodological flow chart for calculating the 
saving of replaced incandescent to CFL lams 114 

Figure (6.2) 
Methodological flow chart for calculation the 
saving among using efficient fluorescent and 
shoke 

116 

Figure (6.3) 
Methodological flow chart for calculation the 
saving among using HPSV instead of HPMV on 
the outside flood lights 

118 

Figure (6.4) Methodological flow chart for calculation the 
saving among increase the power factor 119 

Figure (6.5) 
Methodological flow chart for calculation the 
saving among recalibrates the air conditions 
thermostat 

121 

Figure (6.6) Methodological flow chart for calculation the 
saving among increase the boiler efficiency 122 

Figure (6.7) 
Methodological flow chart for calculation the 
saving among increase the UPS and rectifier 
efficiency

124 

Figure (6.8) 
Block diagram of the main data screen display 
 
 

126 



  xvii
No. Figure Page

Figure (6.9) Energy management program main data screen 
display 127 

Figure (6.10) The interface windows of replacement CFL 
instead of incandescent 128 

Figure (6.11) The interface windows using efficient electronic 
chock and efficient fluorescent lamps 129 

Figure (6.12) The interface windows using efficient HPSV 
instead of HPMV 130 

Figure (6.13) The interface windows of power factor 
improvement 131 

Figure (6.14) The interface windows of thermostat unit 
recalibration 132 

Figure (6.15) The interface windows of boilers efficiency 
improvement 133 

Figure (6.16) The interface windows of use more efficient UPS 
and Rectifiers 134 

 



  xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES 

No. Appendix Page

Appendix-1 Description of the existing lighting fixtures for 
Paltel head quarter 142 

Appendix-2 Lamp removal for Paltel head quarter 144 
Appendix-3 Replace lamps for Paltel head quarter 145 

Appendix-4 The equipment and systems operated from UPS 
100 kVA and 60 kVA and power 146 

Appendix-5 Description of the existing lighting fixtures in 
Nablus exchange 

147 

Appendix-6 Total lighting fixture at north and middle region 
for Paltel company 149 

Appendix-7 Data of power analyzer for Jenin main exchange 150 

Appendix-8 Data of power analyzer for Tulkarm main 
exchange 151 

Appendix-9 Data of power analyzer for Nablus main exchange 152 
Appendix-10 Data of power analyzer for new Paltel HQ 154 

 

  



  xix
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL 
SECTOR IN THE WEST-BANK: CASE STUDY OF A PALTEL 

COMPANY 
By 

Ahmad Mahmoud Ahmad Tartir 
Supervisor 

Dr. Imad H. Ibrik 

Abstract 

As a result of several years of Israeli military occupation of the 

Palestinian Territories, the Palestinian economy suffers from major 

distortions and under development. The supply of conventional energy 

electricity and petroleum products is monopolized by the (Israel), which 

sets unrealistic prices, causing energy shortages and the potential for future 

energy crises.  

For that all the energy management should be considered in different 

facilities such as commercial sector. In this thesis we concentrate to the 

Telecommunication sector because it is considered as one of the largest 

consumer of energy in this sector.  It consumed about 9 million Shekel per 

year for different kinds of energy. To achieve this purpose the detailed 

energy audits have been carried out for the largest telecom company in 

Palestine (Paltel) facilities.  

 We have successfully proved that there a huge potential on energy 

saving in this company in the most energy consumption equipment's such 

as lighting, UPS's, rectifiers, air conditioners systems, power factor, and 

others. We have achieved average total saving of 15.3  % for different 

facilities with a total annual saving of 1597760 kWh which is equivalent to 

1272517 NIS/year, and Equivalent to 1739321 kg/year CO2 reduction, a 

simple payback period of 2 years. 



  1 

Introduction 

The present civilization is based on man’s ability to harness energy 

and use it to his advantages. Fossil fuels and all other conventional energy 

resources have been identified as the predominant source for low cost 

energy generation. Nearly 85% of the world's energy consumption is based 

on fossil fuels [1]. 

However if prevalent rates of increasing energy consumption are 

allowed to continue, the world’s total fossil fuel reserves would be 

completely exhausted within a few generation of a lifetime. And the bad 

effects of this fuel at the environment, on the other hand Palestine facing 

more complicated situation due the political situation. Palestine has to 

import all types of energy from Israelis with high prices and tariff. They 

also control the quantity and condition of energy, saying nothing that about 

the arbitrary measures such as continuous threatening to stop pumping 

fossil fuels and cutting electricity. The outbreak of Al-Aqsa Intifada in 

September 2000 froze and terminated all energy planes with Israeli sides 

and Arab neighboring countries. 

Energy is an important aspect of human life that has a significant 

impact on the economy of the country. Saving and using the available 

resources in a proper manner can help leading a country’s economy out of 

danger from the serious consequences of various energy related problems. 

During the past 50 years, global consumption of commercial energy has 

risen more than fourfold, far outpacing the rise in population.  This has 

resulted in a global concern to use energy more efficiently and to reduce 

greenhouse gas emissions from power generation.  



  2 

The awareness towards the need for energy conservation worldwide 

has helped majority of people to gain knowledge about dwindling reserves 

of fuels. There is still considerable scope to further reduce the energy 

consumption in different sectors.  Efficient use of energy is important since 

the reserves of our global energy resources are finite and depleting and 

adversely affect the environmental as a result of power generation.  Among 

the different energy end-use sectors, the commercial sector is often 

considered having large potential for substantial energy savings. 

Being the commercial sector is one of the main energy consuming 

sectors in Palestine that suffers from incredible energy consumption and 

bad management, this study specialized in energy efficiency improvement 

and cost saving measures in different facilities of Paltel Telecom Company 

in Palestine. 

Objectives of Study 

The main purpose of this study is to identify those energy 

management systems in the commercial sector by taking the biggest 

telecom company (Paltel) as a case study that can help to attain energy 

savings. It is expected that the research can draw useful information to 

develop the energy management in different facility in Palestine to achieve 

energy efficiency. 

The main objectives of this study are as follows: 

1. To determine the potential of energy consumption in the Palestinian 

commercial sector. 



  3 

2. To determine the potential of energy savings in different energy 

Consumed equipment through energy audits in main Paltel 

telecommunication company locations as a case study. 

3. Data analysis and determination of energy conservation opportunities in 

the most energy consumption equipments in telecom sector. 

4. Establishing economic evaluation and analysis for those energy 

conservation opportunities. 

5. Study and analyze the restricting barriers for the implementation of 

energy conservation measures in Palestine. 

6. To reduce pollutions and CO2 emissions. 

Projects involving adoption energy conservation measures in the 

commercial sector satisfy general sustainable development goals and 

energy priorities of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) which aims 

at: 

1. Energy efficiency improvements by finding suitable energy management 

measurements and could be applied with low cost or no cost operations, 

2. Reduce imports of electricity, oil and LPG, because of the large energy 

problems faced by the Palestinian Authority. 

3. To take advantage of energy-efficient and clean technology and 

circulated to the various sectors in order to contribute to solving the 

problems of energy. 



  4 

4. To help reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels to be in the ranks of 

some countries that applies policies of the Organization for this purpose. 

In chapter one of this thesis, the energy supply and demand in west 

bank of Palestine will be discussed, Palestine suffer from up normal 

situation due to Israel occupation who’s makes the energy prices 

uncontrollable, very high comparing with other countries in region.   

Chapter two focus on the importance of energy management in 

various sectors and review some important results obtained from previous 

studies in the rationalization of energy consumption and management 

locally. And prove that this type of research is very important and 

contribute to solving the energy problem. 

Chapter three present the characteristics of the telecom in Palestine, 

the energy resources and the obstacles in progress the energy management 

in commercial sector, also the energy consumption for the Paltel telecom 

company main locations are presented. 

Chapter four present the description of audited telecom facilities; 

the annual electric and fuel consumption in addition to the energy bill 

analyses for each facility were also discussed, for lighting, telecom 

equipments, HVAC, and others. 

Chapter five presents the energy audit in some different location of 

Paltel company in west bank and present the mathematical and financial 

benefit due this valuable audit. 



  5 

Chapter six presents the software programming of energy 

management opportunity, most important mathematical models were 

covered, flow charts for each opportunity measures. 

Finally the conclusions and recommendations are illustrated. 

 



  6 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE 

ENERGY SITUATION AND ENERGY SOURCES 
IN COMMERCIAL SECTOR IN PALESTINE 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



  7 

Chapter One 
Energy Situation and Energy Sources in Commercial Sector 

in Palestine 

1.1 Introduction 

The aim of this chapter is to explore the current situation of the 

energy sector as an important part of the Palestinian Territories and, more 

specifically, the commercial sector. 

The lack of an adequate infrastructure for nearly four decades has 

impeded any real growth on the energy front and created chronic energy 

problems. The problem is summarizing as the following: 

• A high unit price of energy when energy resources are either 

dwindling or non-existent. 

•  A clear comprehensive and general energy policy at a national level is 

still absent. This is due to the continuous Israeli occupation, weak and 

fragmented institutional framework and the incomplete framework of 

the Palestinian State. 

•  Renewable energy has not reached a satisfactory level of utilization 

and pollution from conventional resources is a potential environmental 

threat.  

• The supply of conventional energy (electricity and petroleum 

products) is monopolized by the IEC, which sets unrealistic prices, 

causing energy shortages and the potential for future energy crises. 

1.2  Energy Resources in Palestinian Territories  

As cleared previously, Palestine is considered as one of the poorest 

countries in terms of energy sources. Energy resources are either dwindling 

or non-existent, for quick reviews:  



  8 

Palestine consider as a country of high solar energy potential since 

the daily average of solar radiation intensity amount to 5.4kWh/m2-day. 

Furthermore, the annual average of total sunshine duration amount to   

2850 h. figure 1.1 Illustrates measured daily insolation (Wh/m2) for each 

month based on data obtained from energy research center on an-Najah 

University [3]. 

 
Figure (1.1):  Daily average solar insolation throughout the year 2006  

The PV in its current statues in not economical and can’t compete with 

electricity supplied with traditional methods. On the other hand, Palestine 

stands benefit greatly from the utilization of solar water heating. Domestic 

solar water heating is widely used in Palestine. 

•  Potential of wind energy is relatively small and not yet utilized in 

Palestine.  

• Biomass (wood and agricultural waste) for cooking and heating in rural 

areas only decreasing dramatically last ten years.  

• Natural gas has been discovered lately by British Gas Company (BG) 

in December 2000 at Gaza shore. BG has signed a 25-year contract to 



  9 

explore for gas and to set up a gas network in the Palestinian Authority 

The gas reserves are estimated to be around 1.4 Tcf, while the needs for 

gas by the Gaza power station and other industrial, transport and 

household consumption was estimated at nearly 14.8 Bcf per year. 

Palestine possesses limited natural resources (minerals and some 

marine products) [4].  

1.3 Energy production and demand in Palestine 

With the exception of the latest discovery of the natural gas reserve 

on the shore of Gaza and some wood supplies, the Palestinian Territories 

dispose of no energy resources. The available data indicate a very low 

energy production for the Palestinian Territories (186 Toe) compared to 

654 Toe for Israel and 286 Toe and 171 Toe for Jordan and Lebanon. The 

highest level of energy production in the region could be found in Egypt 

(with 57,599 Toe) and Syria (with 32,890 Toe) which are the only 

countries exporting energy in 2007[5].  

The West Bank and Gaza Strip imported 44,771.70TJ of energy, 

including 3,188,271.40 MWh of electricity, 145 million liters of gasoline, 

584.370 million liters of diesel, and 5.313 million liters of kerosene. Except 

for Syria and Egypt, all other countries in the region are net importers, with 

different energy dependency rates table 1.1[6].    



  10 

Table (1.1): Energy demands for different types of energy in West 
Bank and Gaza strip for 2007 

Month 

Type of Energy Total 
Energy

C
ha

rc
oa

l (
T

on
) 

B
itu

m
en

 (T
on

) 

L
PG

 (T
on

) 

K
er

os
en

e 
(1

00
0 

lit
er

) 

D
ie

se
l  

(1
00

0 
L

ite
r)

 

G
as

ol
in

e 
   

   
 

(1
00

0 
L

ite
r)

 

E
le

ct
ri

ci
ty

  
(M

W
h)

 

(T
er

a 
Jo

ul
e)

 

January 14.2 343.9 15697.0 1444.8 38507.2 10367.4 263029.5 3488.4 

February 13.8 0.0 17954.3 900.2 49421.9 12832.6 249521.9 3992.9 

March 20.0 35.6 12020.0 256.5 42678.2 9980.4 238108.6 3318.5 

April 58.2 71.4 10818.0 73.0 50251.1 11814.7 248753.7 3638.0 

May 35.3 70.2 10387.5 320.8 52517.5 12998.8 247838.4 3745.3 

June 48.8 231.5 9003.1 86.2 50095.1 11751.0 237578.2 3514.1 

July 41.4 357.0 11609.2 137.0 51326.2 12212.1 228582.8 3667.8 

August 21.0 873.5 9857.1 94.1 53724.2 13204.0 258261.2 3835.2 

Septemb 28.5 585.6 10611.2 70.0 51995.3 13938.8 287823.8 3923.3 

October 21.8 649.3 12372.8 263.8 51875.1 13741.7 247654.2 3857.3 

Novembe 6.0 846.0 12409.4 824.6 49344.3 11567.5 312082.0 3954.0 

Decembe 11.3 701.5 11529.4 842.2 42634.2 10684.1 369037.1 3836.9 

Total 320.3 4765.5 144269.0 5313.2 584370.3 145093.1 3188271.4 44771.7 

1.4 Energy Balance in Palestine 

The energy balance of energy supply and demand for Palestine is 

frequently up and down every years, it depends usually on the political 

situation, as cleared in year 2002 which witnessed the events of a serious 

military by Israel against Palestine. Table 1.2 summarizes this energy 

balance of Palestine in years 2002 to 2008 in (MWh), its summarize the 

most recent comprehensive energy balance on energy supply and demand 

for Palestine. Consumption can be sustained by substantial remittances 



  11 

from abroad that support household incomes and by an increase in non-

payments for the supply of commercial energy.  

Table (1.2):   Summary of energy balance of Palestine from 2002 and 
2005-2008 in (MWh) [7, 9]. 

Year 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 

Total energy requirements 9128877 16493141 14343977 14973914 14285347 

Primary production 234474 2666236 2294502 2455068 2337050 

Imports 6881358 13827044 12044994 12515807 11985244 

Energy conversion -328563 -980622 -494150 -656263 -648361 

Final energy consumption 8692114 9902080 9319697 9980294 9439827 

Industrial and construction 567475 715619 710155 531692 539377 

Transport 1658172 2686022 2495394 2507393 2497047 

Household and other sectors 6466464 6500438 6114147 6941209 6403402 

 

 
Figure (1.2): Energy balance in MWh for years 2002 and 2005-2008 



  12 

1.5 The Electric Distribution Companies in WB and GS 

Currently, the Palestinian authority is consolidating the structure of 

power supply and distribution in the West Bank into four power 

distribution companies to join the Gaza Electricity Distribution Company 

Ltd (GEDCO) that was set up in 2003 to serve Gaza.  Three utilities are 

being added to the existing utility which serves the central area around 

Jerusalem -the long-established Jerusalem District Electricity Company 

(JDECO) it supplies electricity to around 120,000 consumers. Two of the 

new utilities, the Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO) and the 

Southern Electric Company (SELCO), have recently been established to 

serve the southern area.  The third new utility - the Northern Electricity 

Distribution Company (NEDCO), is being set up to serve the northern area 

all of them supplying electricity to around 92,000 consumers [8]. 

1.6 Energy Consumption by Sector 

From Palestinian energy authority for electricity consumption 

indicate that the residential sector consume 57  % of the total electricity 

12%   services sector, 6%   for internal trading sector.   Table 1.3 illustrate 

the energy consumptions for different sectors for year 2007, figure 1.4 

illustrate the electricity consumption by sectors and figure 1.4 illustrate the 

different energy consumption for year 2007[9]. 



  13 

Table (1.3): Energy consumption for different sectors for year 2007 

Utilization Solar Energy 
MWh 

Electricity 
MWh 

Gasoline 
MWh 

Kerosene 
MWh 

Industrial And 
Construction 0 206409 9338 15334 

Transportation 0 27972 1118583 3586 
House Hold  1248320 2072456 0 31452 
Agriculture 0 8176 1448 906 
Internal Trading 0 228446 0 0 
Services 0 415279 3716 422 
Other Sectors 0 651901 5165 1328 

 

 
Figure (1.3): Electricity consumption by sectors for 2007  

 



  14 

 
Figure (1.4): Different energy kind’s consumption for 2007 

1.7 Energy Prices 

The electrical energy prices in Palestine are very high; it’s about     

0.7 NIS/kWh. By comparing with neighboring countries, (Israel) about      

0.5 NIS/kWh and Jordan around 0.4 NIS/kWh. The type of tariff using in 

Palestine is flat rate tariff, each different type of consumers are charged at 

different uniform per unit rates. The advantage of such a tariff is that it’s 

fairer for different types of consumers and is quite simple in calculations.  

Table 1.4 shows the prices of different prices of different energy 

sources in Palestine and Table 1.5 shows the average electrical tariffs 

according to the type of consumers and regions. 



  15 

 
Table (1.4): Energy prices for consumers, as type of energy, 2007 [9] 

Region 
and 

Month 

Type of Energy 

Charcoal 
(NIS/kg) 

Oils and 
Lubricants 

(NIS/kg) 

LPG 
(NIS/kg)

Kerosene 
(NIS/L) 

Diesel     
(NIS/L) 

Gasoline 
(NIS/L) 

January 5 13.38 3.94 4.49 4.37 5.73
February 5 13.43 4 4.4 4.23 5.53

March 5 13.39 3.94 4.48 4.36 5.79
April 5 14.01 4.26 3.94 4.17 5.83
May 5.67 14.39 4.32 4.07 4.27 6.13
June 5.33 13.78 4.08 4.14 4.33 6.11
July 5.33 14.42 4.28 4.6 4.61 6.22

August 5.5 15.2 4.57 4.73 4.75 6.19
September 5.33 15.15 4.57 4.84 4.85 5.87

October 5.78 15.76 4.74 5.11 5.07 6 
November 5.42 16.58 5.06 5.39 5.25 6.18
December 5.86 17.21 5.19 6.05 5.49 6.33
Average 5.35 14.72 4.41 4.69 4.65 5.99

 

Table (1.5):   The average electrical tariffs according to the type of 
consumers and regions for 2007 

 
 

Household 
Price 

Commercial 
Price 

Industrial  
Price 

NIS/kWh NIS/kWh NIS/kWh 

Municipality Of Nablus 0.637 0.668 0.562 
Municipality Of Jenin 0.578 0.562 0.562 

Municipality Of Qalqilya 0.415 0.414 0.404 
Municipality Of Hebron 0.498 0.498 0.444 
South Electrical Comp. 0.052 0.450 0.410 
Jerusalem District EC. 0.471 0.544 0.486 
Gaza Electrical Comp. 0.387 0.390 0.389 

Energy prices are projected to increase by more than 3  % per year [5]. 



  16 

Summary 

The lack of an adequate infrastructure in energy sector for nearly 

four decades has impeded any real growth on the energy front and created 

chronic energy problems:   there is a high unit price of energy when energy 

resources are either dwindling or non-existent.   The supply of conventional 

energy (electricity and petroleum products) is monopolized by the (Israel), 

which sets unrealistic prices, causing energy shortages and the potential for 

future energy crises.   The Palestinian Territories have practically no energy 

resources, with the exception of wood and the modest natural gas reserve 

on the shore of the Gaza Strip.  

Therefore the energy efficiency improvement in different sectors, by 

finding suitable energy management measurements are very important for 

energy sector in Palestine. 



  17 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO 

THE IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY 
MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL SECTOR 
AND IN THE OTHER DIFFERENT SECTORS 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



  18 

Chapter Two 
The Importance of Energy Management in Commercial 

Sector and in the Other Different Sectors 

2.1 Introduction 

The use of energy in commercial sector has increased in recent years 

due to the growing demand in energy used for heating and cooling lighting, 

and offices equipments. The commercial sector comprises primarily of 

offices, services companies like telecommunication, shopping malls 

markets, hotels, restaurants, hospitals, schools, universities and others. 

 The prime loads in the commercial sector are air-conditioning, 

electrical equipments, lighting and pumps. The major share of electricity 

consumption is attributed to by air-conditioning in a full conditioned 

building followed by lighting, whereas the prime energy consumption in a 

non-conditioned building is lighting followed by space conditioning 

(coolers, fans, etc), and then the electrical equipments. The energy 

conservation and efficiency measures targeted for commercial sector thus 

should be aimed at enhancing efficiency levels and deploying conservation 

options. In addition to energy conservation and energy efficiency measures 

introducing renewable energy would be an advantage to this sector as it 

will reduce the carbon dioxide emissions.  

In this study, we need to analyze the energy conservation 

opportunities for energy saving in commercial sector especially in 

telecommunication sector in order to: 

• Reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels that are becoming 

increasingly limited in supply.  



  19 

• Reduce costs – this is becoming increasingly important as energy costs 

rise especially in Palestine.  

• Reduce risk – the more energy consumes, the greater the risk that 

energy price increases or supply shortages could seriously affect 

profitability. With energy management you can reduce this risk by 

reducing your demand for energy and by controlling it so as to make it 

more predictable.  

Above of that, and even there is a huge potential for energy 

conservation opportunities, still many barriers are facing the 

implementation of those measures in the level of management, information, 

financing and policy.  

2.2 Energy Efficiency in Commercial Building 

The amount of energy consumed varies depending on the design of 

the fabric of the building and its systems and how they are operated for 

example:  

a) Since the heating and cooling systems consume the most energy in a 

commercial building; some building used controls such as programmable 

thermostats and building energy management systems can significantly 

reduce the energy use of these systems.  

b) Some buildings also use zone heating and cooling systems, which can 

reduce heating and cooling in the unused areas of a building.  

c) Some commercial building used large number of old generation 

equipments like telecommunication exchange buildings, these 



  20 

equipments needs always to development to increase its efficiency and to 

reduce the electrical consumption since there is a new generation of 

equipments which used a new technology, for example the new 

generation of UPS systems used electronics for transformation but the old 

conventional used transformer this can reduce the consumption more than 

20% due to reduce losses. The replacement of the old equipments cost a 

lot of money, but when we calculate its conservation for long time we see 

the large benefit and good money saving. 

2.3 The Importance of Energy Managements 

The energy management has much already written on this subject. 

This is not surprising since it’s such an important topic today. There is a 

vast amount of information available in the form of books, articles, and 

websites dedicated to this subject. Unfortunately, as a vast as the literature 

on this topic might be, the concept of energy management does not extend 

very far into the telecommunications facilities. This became evident when 

the literature study revealed that a direct link between energy management 

and telecommunications could very seldom be found.  This field of 

exercise has eluded this environment, and has only very recently started to 

gain popularity, probably as a result of globalization and the high cost of 

energy. This lack of information provides an excellent opportunity to 

expand the energy management concept into the telecommunications 

sector. This forms the basis of this study. 

As the previous critical situation on energy sector its cleared the 

importance of energy management in the various sectors, and because of  

the commercial sector is consider  one of a large consumers of energy, this 



  21 

push us to study this sector and represent the ways of  reducing the energy 

consumption to face the up normal situation which Palestine suffering 

from. A significant reduction in energy use in commercial buildings can be 

achieved cost-effectively through a combination of energy management 

techniques and existing energy efficient technologies. 

Paltel as a commercial building include a wide variety of building 

types such as offices, exchange building, customer services buildings 

…etc. These different commercial activities all have unique energy needs 

but, as whole, Paltel buildings are using more than 77% of electrical 

energy. [10] 

2.4 Energy Management in Different Sectors in Palestine  

Energy audits can be conducted as a useful way of determining how 

energy efficient any sector is and what improvements can be made to 

enhance efficiency. Tests should be undertaken to ensure that the heating, 

cooling, equipment and lighting all work together effectively and 

efficiently, lately we will make energy audit for one of the large 

commercial sector which is Paltel Telecommunication Company.  

 The industrial sector is one of the main energy consuming sectors in 

Palestine that also suffers from incredible energy consumption and bad 

management, the master thesis that submitted to AN-Najah University [4], 

it’s titled in energy efficiency improvement and cost saving measures in 

different industries in Palestine. Energy demands in Palestinian industries 

account for approximately 6 to 7  % of the national energy demand. 

Individual industries and businesses have different demands, which are met 



  22 

from various combinations of on-site heat and power generation from 

delivered fuels, electricity and gas consumption from mains supplies. Fuel 

and energy consumption rates and energy processes depend on the type of 

product produced.  

From this master thesis, it was clear that there is huge amount of 

savings in the industrial facilities could be achieved by implementing no 

cost and low cost energy conservation measures. It means that we could 

save a good percentage in energy consumption by just a simple changing in 

the behavior of energy utilization (no cost) or by a small amount of 

investment in order to achieve the required goal (low cost). Table 2.1 

summarizes the potential savings in electric and fuel energy in each of the 

four studied factories, the equal amount of money and the reduction in CO2 

emissions. 

Table (2.1): Summary of the total energy savings and CO2 reduction in 
the four studied factories in WB [4]. 

 



  23 

 There is another valuable master thesis [3], which is concerning on 

energy management in hospitals sectors in Palestine submitted to            

AN-Najah University and he get also very important results, table 2.2 

summarize it. 

Table (2.2): Total summary of the saving opportunities for hospitals 
auditing in Nablus city [3] 

 
This local studies have addressed the issue of energy management 

and conservation in some sectors, which recent studies and have shown 

very significant results in the energy conservation subject, which has a 

great impact on the encouragement to research in energy management in 

the new sector which is commercial and specialized in a 

telecommunications sector, this sector is one of the most important sectors, 

it is one of the most energy-intensive in all its forms, for example the 

consumption of electricity in Paltel telecommunication sites in the West 

Bank about 10 million NIS a year, and fuel consumption approximately  

2.3 million NIS and this amount is very large and worthy of study and 

research to improve the energy management. 



  24 

2.5 Barriers or Energy Management in Commercial Sector 

2.5.1 Lack of information 

  Lack of information or imperfect knowledge on the part of 

consumers, vendors, manufacturers and policy makers may hamper the 

introduction of efficiency measures in situations where they make technical 

and economic sense. Consumers are frequently unaware of practices and 

technologies available to conserve energy. Developers, architects, and 

facilities managers often have misconceptions about new or unfamiliar 

technologies. 

2.5.2 Financial barriers 

Many consumers will not make investments in energy efficiency 

because they lack capital to buy new energy-efficient equipment or make 

the required retrofit in their installations. A certain measure might be very 

cost effective, with fast payback, but it will not be implemented unless the 

consumer can meet the up-front capital costs. Also, energy efficiency might 

not be his priority for investment. An industrial customer may prefer to 

spend capital on a new line of products rather than consider a retrofit in 

existing installations. Furthermore, it is often not the person who pays the 

energy bill who is responsible for the selection and purchase of energy-

using equipment. [11] 

2.5.3 Technological barriers and infrastructure 

Several opportunities to produce and to conserve energy depend on 

new technologies that might not be available in some countries or regions. 



  25 

Many new and efficient technologies incorporate electronic components 

which rely on good quality power to operate. Voltage fluctuations and 

frequent power failures will shorten the equipment's designed lifetime. 

Energy prices and rate making: Electricity rates (tariffs) in many instances 

have been a barrier to attracting consumers to invest in energy efficiency. 

Very often tariffs do not reflect the marginal costs of producing electricity. 

Traditional rate making encourages sales of kWh (for an electric utility), 

and discourages efficiency measures. 

2.5.4 Barriers to Provide Energy Efficient Lighting 

The energy efficient lighting is often a symbol for energy efficiency 

in general. However, it is seen that practically there are number of barriers 

in providing energy efficient lighting. 

(i) High capital cost- The energy efficient fixtures such as T5 lamps, 

Electronic shokes, sensors and dimmers have high capital cost. 

(ii) Lacks of awareness – Some of the products which can contribute 

significantly in improving lighting efficiency are not available in local 

markets resulting into lack of awareness.  

(iii) Availability of Quality products- There are not sufficient guarantees 

that energy efficient accessories / fixtures will perform satisfactorily in 

the field for their declared life. It is often seen that life of some of 

these products is much less as compared to the declared life and it is a 

common knowledge that electronic shokes  do produce humming 

sound in many cases and requires special setting for individual 

sets.[11] 



  26 

Summary 

All companies, irrespective of size, number of buildings or sites 

occupied and total energy spend, can benefit from exercising good energy 

management. Savings sometimes up to 40% can be realized as we seen 

previously. Perhaps more importantly, some ‘savings can be made without 

capital investment. For other measures, experience from the demonstration 

projects repeatedly shows payback times of one year or less. 

The key to achieving such savings in telecommunication facilities is 

to take a strategic approach to managing energy use, combining several 

separate energy management techniques, as increase  energy efficiency in 

the devices and equipment, managed the energy in the lighting systems and 

HVAC,  .. .ect.  

While energy-efficient technologies have a significant role to play in 

reducing energy use in several sectors, it is just as important to ensure that 

employees are using energy wisely. This requires the application of 

management techniques. The diversity of cultures and structures within 

companies means that no single technique or approach will always work, 

but a combination of a number of well- known management techniques, 

appropriate to the particular company.  

 

 



  27 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER THREE 

ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ELECTRICAL 
EQUIPMENTS IN PALTEL MAIN SITES 

 

 

 

 



  28 

Chapter Three 
Energy Consumption and Electrical Equipments in Paltel 

Main Sites 

3.1 Introduction 

Paltel is the national telecommunications provider in Palestine. With 

the pace of technology rapidly changing, Paltel today leads Palestine into 

the new era of communications through its state-of-the-art technology and 

advanced services. Paltel offers a range of services including local and 

international telephone services, internet, data communications, value-

added services, payphones, and next generation services in addition to 

creating the backbone for other related telecom service. 

Paltel building and exchanges of west bank were evaluated, audited 

and analyzed in this study. The nature of telecom activities were quite 

varies from each other. They included switches equipments, offices, and 

one stop shop buildings.  

During the initial part of the site investigation, discussions were held 

with the plants personnel regarding overall annual energy utilization, major 

energy consuming equipment, and specific and unique energy efficiency 

opportunities that may not have been explored. There is no problem in 

visiting and investigating the buildings and all telecommunication facilities 

with the cooperation of the building's O&M personnel in order to obtain 

information about the different energy systems of the building. 

3.2 Electrical Energy Sources and Equipments 

3.2.1 Energy Sources from Electrical Network  

Virtually all telecommunications power starts with commercially 

available AC. Exceptions to this include some sites in west bank that is 



  29 

powered by engine/alternators, like Kufer Kaddom village site.  The 

philosophy behind telecommunications power is that telephone service 

must be continuous. This philosophy requires a system that is not 

dependent on any one source of power for the system. Back-up power at 

each location is dependent on the reliability of the primary commercial AC. 

Figure 3.1 provides a graphic view of all of the major power plant elements 

and their relationships. 

 
Figure (3.1): Major telecommunications power plant components 

3.2.2 Engine/Alternators Energy Sources  

 Permanent engine/alternators are required to supplement commercial 

AC in virtually all "critical" telecommunications sites which more than 60 

unit in west bank. These include major switching and transport centers, and 

critical fiber locations. Engine/alternators used for telecommunications are 

rated as "stand-by" and not "emergency".  



  30 

 

3.2.3 Batteries Resources 

The reliability of the telecommunications system rests on the 

batteries.   Batteries provide continuous power during momentary and short 

duration interruptions of commercial AC. The amount of reserve required 

in a battery system is determined by the reliability of the commercial AC, 

the placement or lack of an engine/alternator, and the location of the site. 

Basically a minimum of three hours of battery reserve is required for sites 

with auto start-auto transfer engine/alternators while a minimum eight 

hours of reserve (plus travel time) is required for sites without 

engine/alternators. [12]   

3.3 Energy Consumption for Patel Company in West Bank 

 It’s cleared from table 3.1 that the energy consumption for all regions 

of west bank locations, its cleared the Nablus has the largest consumption 

due to head quarter, and figure 3.2 cleared this. The consumption of 

electricity is about 77%   and from fuel 23  % as shown in figure 3.3 the fuel 

used to operate the standby generators and for transportation and also for 

heating the head quarter in winter.  



  31 

Table (3.1): The electrical and fuel consumption as total of main 
regions in west bank, 2008 [10] 

Regions Electricity 
(kWh) 

Electricity 
(NIS) 

Fuel 
(Liter) 

Fuel 
(NIS) 

Fuel 
(kWh) 

Sum of 
Energy 

Cost 
(NIS) 

Al-Quds 683389 478372 19787 98936 207767 577309 

Jenin 966546 676582 77315 386578 811813 1063160 

Tulkarm 727562 509294 48699 243498 511345 752791 

Ramallah 2591389 1813973 77315 386578 811813 2200550 

Nablus 4244839 2971387 151305 756525 1588702 3727912 

Al-Khalil 1402533 981773 34371 171856 360898 1153629 

Bethlehem 818494 572946 37914 189570 398097 762516 

Jericho 452567 316797 182 911 1913 317708 

Sum 11887319 8321124 446890 2234452 4692348 10555575

 

 
Figure (3.2): Energy consumption for haul Paltel locations in West Bank, 2008  



  32 

 
Figure (3.3): Kind of energy consumption percentage for Paltel locations in West 
Bank, 2008 

Figure 3.4 illustrates the distribution map of the main telephone 

exchange sites in Palestine.  



  33 

 
Figure (3.4) Distribution map of the main telephone exchange sites in Palestine [10]  



  34 

3.4 Building Classification in Paltel Company  

Paltel have more than 300 sites including:  

1. Office buildings like head quarter, customer services buildings.  

2. Main exchange buildings.  

3. Sub exchange buildings remote site units (RSU’S). 

In this study we will take samples for each kind of building to 

illustrate the building profiles and the energy information including 

consumptions and main equipments.  

3.4.1 Analysis of Consumption in Offices Building  

 Paltel head quarter building as sample of this kind of buildings: 

Building Profile:  The head quarter building of Paltel Company is located 

in Nablus city. The building is consists of nine floors with total area of 

6500 m2 in the west region of Nablus city, Figure 3.5 shows outside view 

for the building. It consists of different sections like: 

• Financial department, Commercial department, Marketing department, 

Network services department and Main data centers.[10] 

 
Figure (3.5): Paltel head quarter building photo. 



  35 

Energy Sources: "Paltel Head Quarter" is supplied by Nablus municipality 

with main subscription of (3X1000A) that’s to cover the needed of 

electricity, the company has a stand by diesel electricity generator         

(400 kVA), to cover all loads except central cooling system. [10] 

Energy Consumption: 

 Energy consumed by the building includes electricity and diesel, but 

consumption is dominated by electricity, in terms of both consumption and 

cost. Diesel is used as fuel for the two boilers for heating in winter. 

Electricity is used to operate all building systems; cooling, data equipments 

(servers), lighting, office machines like computers printers faxes …etc. 

1. Electrical consumption = 1133198 kWh/year 

2. Diesel fuel consumption = 10000 liter/year 

 The energy inputs are electrical energy and Diesel for boiler (heating 

system). The annual energy consumption for the audit period (2008) is 

summarized below in figure 3.6 [10]. 

 
Figure (3.6): Electrical Energy consumption of Paltel head quarter, 2008.  



  36 

Daily Load Curve: 

The daily load curve is a good tool for load management to achieve 

many benefits, figure 3.7 shows the daily load curve for the period of day 

6/1/2008 as cleared in appendix 10. 

 
 

Figure (3.7): daily load curve (W) for H.Q, 2009 [10] 

Electrical Equipment: 

1) The Head Quarter building is occupied with different equipment 

including computers, servers, telecommunication machines and 

systems, printers, scanners, and other electric equipment. Most of the 

building is used as offices rooms, data centers, labs, mosque first floor 

in addition to a cafeteria in the ground floor, 

2) Data server's lab equipment which are supplied by dual power supply. 

3) Big printer to print the monthly consumer telephone bills with full load 

power = 20 kW and power factor 0.8. 

4) Cooling systems are consists of: 



  37 

a) Central cooling systems. There are two big chillers (70kW) each, 

which used for cooling hall building in summer. 

b) In addition, there are three central cooling systems with (9.6 kW) 

each one and also ten split units (3 kW) each used for space cooling 

in the data center. Space cooling is provided 365 days per year. 

The Air conditioning systems are the largest load which greater than 

59% in summer and the loads are different seasonally as can be seen in 

figure  3 .8, and figure 3.9 

5) Heating Systems: Space heating system using diesel is provided in 

winter (about 850 houre/year). There are two boilers. The diesel 

consumption for the two working boilers is about 2000 L/month. The 

outlet hot water temperature is 60 0C, with heated space temperature of 

24 0C. 

 
Figure (3.8):  Load percentage in winter times for H.Q, 2008  



  38 

 
Figure (3.9):  Load percentage in summer times for H.Q, 2008  

3.4.2 Analysis of Electrical Consumption in Main Exchange Building  

 Nablus exchange building as sample of this kind of buildings: 

Building Profile: 

 Nablus telecommunication department, this is one of Palestine 

telecommunication buildings located in Nablus, the total floor area of the 

building is 5000m2. The building includes: 

1)  Main telephone switches equipments that consume about 1000 ampere 

of DC current, about 53kW 

2) Its used many chillers to save the equipments in a suitable temperature 

the building as the following: 

a) Chiller (30kW) used for cooling the main international switch, 

actually it operates (15kW) each 12 h/day, 

b) Chiller (38,4kW) used for cooling the H100 switch; actually it 

operates (19,2kW) each 12 h/day. 



  39 

c) Chiller (12kW) used for cooling the offices, actually it operates 

(6KW) each 7 h/day. 

d) In addition, there are 6 split units used for space cooling in the 

building with capacity of 2.4 kW and two split units with capacity      

6 kW for each it operates 7h/day . 

Energy consumption:  

Paltel receives its electric utility service from Municipality of 

Nablus. The Paltel paid about 646072 NIS for 922960 kWh per year for 

this section. Also, from the analysis of utility bills data, we can observe the 

variation in monthly electric energy use. We took the energy consumption 

for 2008 from the archives as summarize in figure 3.10, and cleared from 

the energy analyzer results in appendix 9. 

Figure (3.10): Electrical consumption kWh/month for Nablus main exchange, 
2008[10] 

Figure 3.11 described the Daily load curve, active power 

consumption at 5/2/2008 for Nablus main exchange. 



  40 

Figure (3.11): Daily load curve for Nablus main exchange, 2008[10] 

3.4.3 Analysis of Consumption in Sub Exchanges Buildings Remote 

Site Units (RSU’s) 

  Borqeen Exchange building as sample of this kind of buildings: 

Building Profile: 

Borqeen Telecommunication RSU is one of Palestine 

Telecommunication buildings located in Jenin; the total floor area of the 

room is 30 m2, it includes: 

1)  Small telephone switches equipments that consume about 10 ampere of 

DC current, about 530 W 

2)  2.5 kW air condition unit to save the equipments in a suitable 

temperature the equipments.  

Energy consumption:  

The consumption in Borqeen RSU building about 13847 kWh which 

is corresponding to 9693 NIS/year. Also, from the analysis of utility bills 



  41 

data, we can observe the variation in monthly electric energy use due to air 

condition operates between summer and winter. We took the energy 

consumption for 2008 from the archives as summarize in figure 3.12 

 
Figure (3.12): Electrical consumption kWh/month for Borqeen RSU, 2008[10] 

Summary 

 From the above analysis and data, the energy consumption in Paltel 

company is very high; therefore the energy conservation and improving 

energy efficiency at different facilities in Paltel will be very important and 

feasible. In next chapters we will determined which measurement necessary 

to taking into account to reduce the total energy bill of the company. 

 

 

 

 

 



  42 

 

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR 

ENERGY MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITY AND 
AUDIT IN DIFFERENT TELECOM BUILDINGS 

IN NORTH AND MIDDLE OF WEST BANK-
PALESTINE 



  43 

Chapter Four 
Energy Management Opportunity and Audits in Different 

Telecom Buildings in West Bank-Palestine 

4.1 Introduction  

Definition of Energy Audit: 

Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-

making in the area of energy management. It attempts to balance the total 

energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the energy streams in 

a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions. 

Facilities energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing 

comprehensive energy management program. Audit is defined as "the 

verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including 

submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving 

energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce 

energy consumption. [13]  

Each facility will be separately presented; the potential for saving 

will be studied from the technical point of view in addition to the calculated 

method followed in a pointing this potential. The audited facilities were: 

• Paltel Head Quarter, 

• Nablus Exchanges  

• Jenin Exchanges  

• Tulkarm Exchanges 

• Ramallah Exchanges  



  44 

The measurements instruments used for measuring and collecting 

data were: 

• The energy analyzer equipment: it was installed on the main electrical 

board of the facility for power measurements and energy consumed and 

for determination of power factor. 

• Thermostat: for temperature measurements. 

• Lux meter: for lighting illumination measurements. 

The auditing mission was focused on the most energy consumed 

equipment in Paltel telecom facilities as mentioned before.  

4.2 Lighting Systems Energy Conservation 

Lighting in a typical building constitutes about 25% of the energy 

bills. There is a considerable scope of reducing energy consumption 

through energy efficient lighting schemes. However, the experience shows 

that there are barriers in providing energy efficient lighting schemes due to 

high capital cost, lack of knowledge and good quality products. Lighting is 

an element of our home and work environment that affects our life in many 

different ways. [14] 

The specific energy measures included in the lighting energy 

efficient measure are: 

• Extra lamp removal. 

• Replace lamps from less efficient types to more efficient types 

• Install lighting control equipment to reduce the amount of lighting in 

vacant spaces where not needed and reducing the length of time that 

the lights are on. 



  45 

4.2.1 Extra-Lamps Removal (No Cost Action)    

In order to calculate the optimum number of fixtures and reducing 

the number of excessive lamps equation 4.1 was used: 

   ………………..4.1 

N: number of units, E: illumination lm/m2 (lux), A: area in m2, n: number 

of lamps in unit, Φ: luminous flux in lumen, Ku: reflectance factor, and 

Km: maintenance factor [3], we applied extra-lamps removal for many sites 

like: 

a) Lamp removal in Paltel head quarter as a case study: 

According to illumination measurements shown in Appendix-1 for 

Nablus head quarter, it was found that values, which were measured at 

some places, exceed the standards values. So removing extra- lamps is 

recommended for the location as shown in appendix-2, Table 4.1 illustrates 

the expected annual energy saving achieved upon the removal of the lamps. 

Ground floor: removal fluorescent 8 lamps 4×18w  

The energy saving = N × P × h………………………………4.2 

N: total number of removed lamps, P: power of each one, h: total working 

hours per year. 

The energy saving = (8 unit × 0.072 kW) × 2040hr/year = 1175 KWh/year 

Saving money = 1175 kWh /year × 0.76 NIS = 893 NIS/year 

And by applying this for all floors we got the following results: 



  46 

 The total energy saving by totally lamp removal in HQ building is 

24645 kWh/year as cleared in table 4.1. 

Table (4.1): Expected annual energy saving achieved upon the removal 
of the lamps in head quarter 

Area # Area 
Name 

Area 
m2 

Existing Lamp 
Type 

No. of 
Fix. 

# 
Removed 

kW 
saved 

Saving 
kWh/year 

Money 
saving 

1 Ground  
floor 900 Fluorescent 

60x60   cm2 33 8 0.576 1175 893 

2 First   
floor 900 Glop 2x13 W 26 8 0.208 424.32 322.5 

3 Second  
floor 900 

Glop 2x13 W 17 7 0.182 371.3 282.2 

Fluorescent 
2X36 W 11 3 0.216 440.64 334.9 

4 Third  
floor 900 

Fluorescent 
60x60   cm2 45 15 1.08 2203 1674.3 

PL spot  13 W 38 15 0.195 397.8 302.3 

Fluorescent 
2X36 W 14 5 0.36 734.4 558.1 

5 Fourth  
floor 900 

Fluorescent 
60x60   cm2 62 20 1.44 2937.6 2232.6 

PL spot  13 W 30 8 0.104 212.16 161.2 

6 Fifth floor 900 PL spot  13 W 30 8 0.104 212.16 161.2 

7 Sixth  
floor 900 

Fluorescent 
60x60   cm2 62 20 1.44 2937.6 2232.6 

PL spot  13 W 30 8 0.104 212.16 161.2 

8 Seventh  
floor 900 

Fluorescent 
60x60   cm2 62 20 1.44 2937.6 2232.6 

PL spot  13w W 30 8 0.104 212.16 161.2 

9 Eighth  
floor 900 

Fluorescent 
60x60   cm2 62 20 1.44 2937.6 2232.6 

PL spot  13 W 30 8 0.104 212.16 161.2 

10 Ninth 
floor 900 

Fluorescent 
60x60   cm2 62 20 1.44 2937.6 2232.6 

PL spot  13 W 30 8 0.104 212.16 161.2 

TOTAL 674 229 12.081 24645 18730 



  47 

 b) Lamp removal in Nablus main exchange as a second case study: 

According to illumination measurements shown in Appendix-5, it 

was found that values, which were measured at some places, also exceed 

the standards values. Table 4.2 illustrates the expected annual energy and 

cost saving respectively achieved upon the removal of the extra lamps 

specified in Nablus main exchange. 

Table (4.2): Expected annual energy saving achieved upon the removal 
of the lamps in Nablus main exchange 

Lamp Type # Of Lamps Saved 
Demand kW 

Annual 
Operation 

Hours  

Saved Energy 
kWh/  year 

Fluorescent 
18 W 50 0.9 1930 1737 

4.2.2 Replace Lamps from Less Efficient Types to More Efficient 

Types 

 Replacement lamps mean substituting one light bulb instead of 

another to save energy. Manufacturers of lighting equipment now offer a 

host of efficient lighting products for lamps of all sizes. Figure 4.1 shows 

the efficacy amount of lighting (in lumens) provided per watt of electricity 

used.   Incandescent lamps have very low efficiencies, while low-pressure 

sodium lamps provide high levels of lighting per watt of electric power 

required. Perhaps no area of lighting has seen more innovation than 

compact fluorescent lamps. These products replace incandescent bulbs in 

most fixtures. Over the years they have become more reliable and more 

compact. We applied this for many sites like: 



  48 

 
Figure (4.1): Efficacy (Lumens per Watt) for Electric Lamps [15] 
 

a) Replacement of CFL lamps instead of Halogen lamps in Paltel head 
quarter as first case study 

Replace lamps from halogen spot 50 W to PL spot light 1x13 W .The 

total number of the lamps to replace is 73 lamps as shown in appendix 3, 

table 4.3 illustrates the expected annual energy and cost saving respectively 

achieved upon the removal of the lamps specified in Paltel head quarter. 

Table (4.3): Annual energy saving achieved upon the replacement of 
the specified lamps 

Replaced 
Lamp 
Type 

Replace 
With 

# Of 
Lamps  

Saved 
Demand 

kW 

Annual 
Operation 

Hours 

Saved Energy 
(kWh/year) 

Halogen 
50 W PL 13 W 73 2701 1930 5213 



  49 

b) Replacement of HPS 250W instead 400W ML mercury lamps in 

Nablus main exchange as second case study 

Replacement of the ML (400W) external projector lamps with HPS 

(250W) lamps is recommended. Table 4.4 illustrates the expected annual 

energy and saving achieved upon the replacement of the specified lamps.  

Table (4.4): Annual energy saving achieved upon the replacement of 
external projector lamps 

Replaced 
Lamp Type 

Replace 
With 

# Of Lamps 
For Manned 

Locations 

Saved 
Demand 

KW 

Annual 
Operation 

Hours 

Saved Energy 
(kWh/year) 

ML-400 W HPS-
250W 3 0.45 4380 1971 

By applying the previous algorithm to the other main locations leads 

to the following consequences shown in table 4.5 

Table (4.5): Economic analysis of replace lamps to more efficient types 
at the main Paltel locations 

Site Old Lamp 
Types 

New Lamp 
Types 

# Of 
Lamps

Operating 
Hours Per 

Year 

Energy 
Saving 

kWh/year 

Paltel H.Q Halogen 
50W  CFL 13 W 73 1930 5213 

Nablus 
Exchange ML 400 W HPS 250 W 3 4380 1971 

Tulkarm 
Exchange ML 400 W HPS 250 W 2 4380 1314 

Jenin Exchange ML 400 W HPS 250 W 3 4380 1314 

Sum 9812 

4.2.3 Installing High-Efficient Ballasts and T5 Lamps (Medium Cost 

Measure) 

Installing high efficient ballasts can be reduced 4 W for each 36 W 

fixture, Even though it is established that high frequency electronic glass 



  50 

provides significant savings in power, yet there has been a great amount of 

reluctance to use the same, due to following reasons. 

(i) High cost of good quality electronic  

(ii) Generation of harmonics and humming sound by some of these 

electronic shokes  

(iii) Blowing of fuse provided in some of these shokes for protection of 

electronic circuit. On experimental basis, these shokes have been 

used in some of the exchanges and departmental complexes, with 

mixed results. 

Electronic ballast offer some advantages such as  20-30% energy 

reduction compared with conventional ballast, 50% longer service life of 

lamps, net power factor of 95% -99% , reduction in weight, cool operation, 

eliminates  the annoying problems of light flicker and noise and this lead to 

an improvement in the quality of lighting.  

On the other hand the high efficient fluorescent lamps (HOT5), 24W 

offer some advantages such as, longer life time 20,000 hours, 10-40% more 

light output than standard T8 lamps, and 2,700 output lumen [16], then our 

recommendation is to replace the chocks to electronics type and fluorescent 

lamps from T8 to T5 type, Table 4.6 and 4.7 illustrates the annual energy 

savings results due to replacing the ballasts and lamps respectively. 



  51 

Table (4.6): Annual energy saving by installing high-efficient electronic 
ballast for studied region locations 

Fixture 
Type 

# Of 
Ballasts 

Wattage 
Reduction/Ballast 

Operation 
houres / year

Energy 
Saved(kWh/year) 

Head Quarter Old And New Buildings 
Fl/36/2 1060 4 1930 8183.2 

Nablus Main Exchange 
Fl/36/2 144 4 1930 1111.68 

Tulkarm Main Exchange 
Fl/36/2 70 4 1930 540.4 

Jenin Main Exchange 
Fl/36/2 60 4 1930 463.2 

Ramallah Main Exchange 
Fl/36/2 80 4 1930 617.6 

OSS in North and Middle Regions 
Fl/36/2 160 4 1930 1235.2 

Remote Sites 
Fl/36/2 480 4 750 1440 

Total Energy Saved 13591.28 
 

Table (4.7): Annual energy saving achieved upon the replacement of 
T8 lamps to T5 type 

Old  Lamps 
T8 Type 

Suggested 
T5 lamps 

# Of 
Lamps 

Saved 
Demand 

kW 

Annual 
Operation 

Hours 

Saved Energy 
(kWh/year) 

Fl 36 W At 
Manned 

Locations 
Hot5 24W 570 6.84 1930 13201 

Fl 36 W At 
Unmanned 
Locations 

Hot5 24W 960 11.52 750 8640 

Total Energy Saved 21841 

 



  52 

4.2.4 Installing Occupancy-Linked Systems (Low Cost Measure) 

We applied this measure for many sites like: 

A) Paltel Data Center as a first case study 

In telecom Buildings, they have not used sensors for automatic 

switching on & off the lightings. The use of these sensors can provide 

substantial savings, as it is seen occupants of the building normally do not 

switch off the lighting, even when they are away from their place of work. 

Similarly in some of the switch rooms, the lightings may be on even when 

nobody is working in the switch room. The movement sensors, in such 

cases, can be effectively used to switch off the lighting for energy 

conservation. Dimmers can also be used effectively to reduce the intensity 

of the light as the sunlight increases during the day time. 

Lighting energy generally reduced from 25% to 50%    when properly 

designed occupancy sensing devices are installed. Air conditioning energy 

consumption may also be reduced [17]. 

Table 4.8 illustrates the energy saving results from installing 

occupancy sensors system in Paltel head quarter data center since its 

working many times unnecessarily, that’s after change the lamps to high 

efficient types  



  53 

Table (4.8): Energy saving by installing occupancy-linked systems for 
HQ data center. 

Recommended System Existing System 

Total 
Energy 
Saved 

(kWh/year)

Total 
Energy 
Used 

kWh/year 

Total 
Watt 

Oper. 
Time 

Total 
Energy 
Used 

kWh/year

Total 
Watt 

Oper. 
Time 

# Of 
Lamp 

Lamp 
Type/Watt 

816 408 816 500 1224 816 1500 34 

Hot5 
24W In 

Data 
Center 

2570.4 2160 540 4000 4730.4 540 8760 30 18 Watt 
Lamp  

3386 Sum = 

b) Nablus main Exchange as second case study 

Table 4.8 shows energy saving results from installing occupancy 

sensors system at main switch room, corridors W.C's, kitchen, offices 

rooms where one occupancy sensor is to be installed for each one.  

Table (4.9): Energy saving by Installing Occupancy-Linked Systems 
for Nablus switch  

Recommended System Existing System 
Total 

Energy 
Saved 

kWh/year

Total 
Energy 
Used 

kWh/year 

Total 
Watt

Oper. 
Time 

Total 
Energy 
Used 

kWh/year

Total 
Watt

Oper 
Time 

# Of 
Lamps 

Lamp 
Type/ 
Watt 

1306 1334 1368975 2640 13681930 57 Hot5 24 
W 

We need about 30 motion sensor each cost  about 4500 NIS,  and we 

needs about 1500 NIS for timers , relays, panels … 

4.3 Using Efficient Telecom Equipment Instead of standards 

In electronics, efficiency is the ratio of useful power output to total 

power input. Inevitably, no system is 100% efficient; some energy will 

always be unavoidably lost, usually as heat produced by the current as it 



  54 

passes through the components. A well-designed system reduces the 

wasted power to the minimum degree possible, resulting in greater 

efficiency. 

4.3.1 Energy Conservation Opportunities in UPS's Systems: 

Paltel still use the old conventional transformer UPS's which suffers 

from many problems such as: 

  * Low efficiency compared with new technology UPS's. 

  * Low reliability, if any electronic card damage, the system will be off. 

 * High copper losses. 

The two main types of UPS's that’s used in Paltel are: 

i. Transformers conventional UPS, its inherently low efficient as a result 

of constant no-load iron losses and load dependent copper losses, most 

of  Paltel location used this type figure 4.3 showing the large 

transformer which used inside this UPS.  

ii. Transformerless UPS systems are more easily scalable because they 

are smaller and lighter than their transformer-based counterparts and 

come in modular configureurations. Scalable, modular UPS systems 

lend themselves to ‘right-sizing’ a UPS system to an anticipated 

critical load. Furthermore, there is no iron-loss and greatly reduced 

copper-loss, and consequently less extraneous heat to be removed 

from the data centre by the air-conditioning infrastructure. Paltel have 

one system only. 



  55 

The first modular UPS installed in Paltel head quarter with 100 kVA 

capacity, that used 10 UPS's each 10 kVA, this type has high efficiency 

because it used power electronics in the transformation instead of 

transformers, and it has very high reliability because any damage in any 

module will not affect on the system and could be replaced as a hot swap. 

Figure 4.2 showing the efficiency between the UPS's type, and figure 4.3 

illustrate the large transformer which used in conventional UPS's. 

 
Figure (4.2):  Measurement of UPS types efficiency [18] 

 
Figure (4.3): Large transformer used inside the conventional 100kVA UPS 

 



  56 

Energy Audit on the Old Conventional UPS 100KVA in Paltel HQ 

  By installed the power analyzer on the input and output and got all 

energy specifications as cleared in table 4.10 .Appendix 4 showing the load 

for each floor of Paltel HQ at this UPS. 

Table (4.10): Old Conventional Transformer 100 kVA UPS energy 
analyzer outputs 

Old Conventional Transformer  100kVA UPS 
Output Input   

Time 
Power 

Consumption 
(W) 

Power 
Factor

Power 
Consumption 

(W) 

Power 
Factor

Losses 
(W) Efficiency %

10:08:50 45504 0.948 50867 0.847 5363 89.46 
10:09:00 45504 0.948 50867 0.847 5363 89.46 
10:09:10 45504 0.948 50257 0.837 4753 90.54 
10:09:20 45504 0.948 50257 0.837 4753 90.54 
10:09:30 45552 0.949 50196 0.836 4644 90.75 
10:09:40 45504 0.948 50135 0.835 4631 90.76 
10:09:50 44556 0.948 50135 0.835 5579 88.87 
10:10:00 45504 0.948 50135 0.835 4631 90.76 
10:10:10 45504 0.948 50135 0.835 4631 90.76 
10:10:20 45504 0.948 50196 0.836 4692 90.65 
10:10:30 44603 0.949 50196 0.836 5593 88.86 
10:10:40 45552 0.949 50196 0.836 4644 90.75 
10:10:50 45552 0.949 50196 0.836 4644 90.75 
10:11:00 45504 0.948 50135 0.835 4631 90.76 
10:11:10 45504 0.948 50135 0.835 4631 90.76 
10:11:20 45552 0.949 50135 0.835 4583 90.86 
10:11:30 45552 0.949 50135 0.835 4583 90.86 
10:11:40 45552 0.949 50074 0.834 4522 90.97 
10:11:50 45552 0.949 50135 0.835 4583 90.86 
10:12:00 45504 0.948 50135 0.835 4631 90.76 
Average 45428.35 0.948 50232.6 0.837 4804.25 90.44 

 

 



  57 

Energy audit on the new modular UPS 100 kVA 

By made the same test and power analysis to the other UPS modular 

type that located in Paltel head quarter and by taking the same load we took 

the following data in table 4.11. 

Table (4.11): New Transformerless Modular UPS 100 kVA energy 
analyzer outputs 

New Transformerless Modular UPS 100 kVA 
Output Input   

Time 
Power 

Consumption 
(W) 

Power 
Factor

Power 
Consumption 

(W) 

Power 
Factor

Losses 
(W) 

Efficiency 
% 

10:30:20 45509 0.954 47792 0.988 2283 95.22 
10:30:30 45509 0.954 47771 0.988 2262 95.26 
10:30:40 45509 0.954 47774 0.988 2265 95.26 
10:30:50 45505 0.954 47779 0.988 2274 95.24 
10:31:00 45509 0.954 47789 0.988 2280 95.23 
10:31:10 45509 0.954 47781 0.988 2272 95.24 
10:31:20 45509 0.954 47780 0.988 2271 95.25 
10:31:30 45509 0.954 47777 0.988 2268 95.25 
10:31:40 45509 0.954 47777 0.988 2268 95.25 
10:31:50 45509 0.954 47772 0.988 2263 95.26 
10:32:00 45506 0.954 47782 0.988 2276 95.24 
10:32:10 45508 0.954 47786 0.988 2278 95.23 
10:32:20 45509 0.954 47789 0.988 2280 95.23 
10:32:30 45510 0.954 47793 0.988 2283 95.22 
10:32:40 45509 0.954 47781 0.988 2272 95.24 
10:32:50 45509 0.954 47793 0.988 2284 95.22 
10:33:00 45508 0.954 47785 0.988 2277 95.23 
10:33:10 45509 0.954 47789 0.988 2280 95.23 
10:33:20 45509 0.954 47792 0.988 2283 95.22 

Average 45508.58 0.954 47783.263 0.988 2274.68 95.24 

As we saw in the previous tables, new modular UPS has higher 

efficiency about 95.24% and the conventional one about 90.44% and that 

will affect the losses and the air conditioning consumptions as cleared in 

table 4.12 . 



  58 

Table (4.12): Energy consumptions deference between modular and 
conventional 100 kVA UPS. 

  Modular UPS 
System 

Conventional UPS 
System 

AC-AC Efficiency % 95.24 90.44 

Power Losses (W) 2274.68 4804.25 
Cost Of Energy Losses Over 
8760h One Year  (kWh/year) 19926.20 42085.23 

BTU/h Losses                  
(1 kW=3412 BTU/h) 7745.24 16377.6 

Air Conditioning Energy Costs 
Per Year (kWh/year)  5654.03 11955.65 

The Total kWh Saving For One 
Unit 

(42085 kWh-19926 kWh)+(11955.6 kWh-5654 
kWh) 

=28460 kWh/year 

Each 12000 BTU consume about 1 kWh of electrical power 

4.3.2 Energy Conservation Opportunities in Rectifiers Systems 

Most of Paltel rectifiers are from the old conventional Power plants 

which consisting of SCR fired rectifiers for conversion from AC to -48 

volts DC, that  suffer from low efficiency and high copper loses compares 

with new technology Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) power plants 

using pulse width modulation technology,  

Many kinds of electronic switching systems are used by Paltel, 

because of imports from various countries such as USA, Sweden, Belgium, 

etc., as well as domestic products. Rectifier systems are also imported 

along with electronic switching systems. As the demands of 

telecommunications services increase, more power systems are required to 

supply power to telecommunications equipment. Therefore, Paltel should 

be use a new rectifier system to reduce the cost and floor space 

requirements of the conventional rectifier systems now in use. The new 



  59 

rectifier system is composed of a distribution part, a control unit and 

rectifier modules in one rack. There are three kinds of modules: 100 A 

Eltek type; 30 A Benning type; and 16 A Eltek type. The maximum output 

currents of new rectifier modules are 600 A (100 A), 90 A (30 A), 1600 A 

(16A) in one rack. The 16 A and 30 A rectifiers are used in remote sites 

and the 100A unit is operated in local applications. 

Now we will see the energy savings when applied to a system with 11 unit 

x16 A DC rectifiers, a capacity of 176A and an actual load of 110A. With 

this modular mode, loading the rectifiers 63 percent and providing an 

operational efficiency above 92 percent. Without this DC modular mode, 

the old rectifier 300 A capacity it is loaded at 36 percent of its capacity for 

an approximate efficiency of 89 percent as shown in figure 4.4. This mode 

saves 146 Watts of dissipated heat. To clear this, we made energy audit for 

the major types of rectifiers like: 

 
Figure (4.4): Rectifiers efficiency as function of load percentage [20] 

 

 

 



  60 

a) Energy management for 500A/ 50V DC rectifiers 

Energy audit in Conventional Rectifier 380V/50VDC 500A DC 

The results of data analyzer are represents in table 4.13  

Table (4.13): Energy audit for conventional rectifier (380V/50VDC 
500A) 

Conventional  Rectifier 380V/50V 500A Rating In Nablus Exchange With 
Load Factor =58% 

 Output Input  

Time 
Power 

Consumption 
(W) 

Power 
Consumption 

(W) 

Power 
Factor Losses(W) Efficiency 

% 

08:16:40 15370 17465.9 0.8 2095.9 88 
08:16:42 15370 17465.9 0.8 2095.9 88 
08:16:44 15370 17465.9 0.8 2095.9 88 
08:16:46 15370 17505.7 0.8 2135.7 87.8 
08:16:48 15370 17565.7 0.8 2195.7 87.5 
08:16:50 15370 17545.7 0.8 2175.7 87.6 
08:16:52 15370 17565.7 0.8 2195.7 87.5 
08:16:54 15370 17565.7 0.8 2195.7 87.5 
08:16:56 15370 17585.8 0.8 2215.8 87.4 
08:16:58 15370 17585.8 0.8 2215.8 87.4 
08:17:00 15370 17565.7 0.8 2195.7 87.5 
08:17:02 15370 17565.7 0.8 2195.7 87.5 
08:17:04 15370 17565.7 0.8 2195.7 87.5 
08:17:06 15370 17565.7 0.8 2195.7 87.5 
08:17:08 15370 17565.7 0.8 2195.7 87.5 
08:17:10 15370 17565.7 0.8 2195.7 87.5 
08:17:12 15370 17585.8 0.8 2215.8 87.4 
08:17:14 15370 17585.8 0.8 2215.8 87.4 
08:17:16 15370 17565.7 0.8 2195.7 87.5 
08:17:18 15370 17565.7 0.8 2195.7 87.5 
Average 15370 17550.8 0.8 2180.8 87.6 

Energy audit in Transformerless Modular Rectifier 380V/50V 500A  

The result of data analyzer is represents in Table 4.14 this rectifier 

located in east Nablus main exchange. 



  61 

Table (4.14): Energy audit for transformerless rectifier 380V/50V 
500A 

Transformerless Modular  Rectifier 380 V/50 V 500A Rating in Nablus 
Exchange With Load Factor =60% 

 Output Input  

Time 
Power 

Consumption 
(W) 

Power 
Consumption 

(W) 

Power 
Factor Losses(W) Efficiency 

% 

08:55:32 15600 16799.5 -0.99 1199.5 92.86 
08:55:33 15600 16815.8 -0.99 1215.8 92.77 
08:55:34 15600 16797.7 -0.99 1197.7 92.87 
08:55:35 15600 16806.7 -0.99 1206.7 92.82 
08:55:36 15600 16812.2 -0.99 1212.2 92.79 
08:55:37 15600 16815.8 -0.99 1215.8 92.77 
08:55:38 15600 16817.6 -0.99 1217.6 92.76 
08:55:39 15600 16812.2 -0.99 1212.2 92.79 
08:55:40 15600 16810.3 -0.99 1210.3 92.8 
08:55:41 15600 16812.2 -0.99 1212.2 92.79 
08:55:42 15600 16808.5 -0.99 1208.5 92.81 
08:55:43 15600 16812.2 -0.99 1212.2 92.79 
08:55:44 15600 16812.2 -0.99 1212.2 92.79 
08:55:45 15600 16810.3 -0.99 1210.3 92.8 
08:55:46 15600 16810.3 -0.99 1210.3 92.8 
08:55:47 15600 16808.5 -0.99 1208.5 92.81 
08:55:48 15600 16815.8 -0.99 1215.8 92.77 
08:55:49 15600 16815.8 -0.99 1215.8 92.77 
08:55:50 15600 16817.6 -0.99 1217.6 92.76 
08:55:51 15600 16815.8 -0.99 1215.8 92.77 
Average 15600 16811.3 -0.99 1211.3 92.7945 

As we saw in the previous tables (4.13) and (4.14), the new modular 

rectifier 500A has higher efficiency of about 92.8% and the conventional 

one of about 87.6% and that will affect the losses and the air conditioning 

consumptions as summarized in table 4.15. 

 



  62 

Table (4.15): Energy consumptions deference between modular and 
conventional 500A DC rectifier System. 

  Modular 500A rectifier 
System 

Conventional 500A 
rectifier System 

AC-AC efficiency % 92.8 87.6 

Power losses (W) 1211.3 2180.8 

The energy losses over 
8760h / Year  (kWh/year) 

= Losses (W) × 8760 
hr/year = 10611 19104 

BTU/h losses (1kW=3412 
BTU/h) 4133 7441 

Air conditioning energy 
consumption / Year 

(kWh/year)  
3017 5432 

The total kWh saving for 
one unit 

(19104 kWh-10611 kWh)+(5432 kWh-3017 
kWh) 

=10908 kWh/year 

b)  Energy management for 16A /53V rectifier  

 Paltel still using the conventional rectifiers, this kind has many 

disadvantages since its used the copper transformer for the transformation, 

and this cases high copper losses, instead the suggested rectifier is 

transformerless rectifier which used power electronics for the 

transformation and this reduce the energy losses, table 4.16 summarized the 

comparison between the two 16A rectifiers . 



  63 

Table (4.16): The comparison between the conventional and 
transformerless 16A DC rectifiers  

 Conventional 16A DC 
rectifier 

Transformerless 16A 
DC rectifier 

Size Large size Compact size 

Cost High-cost growth Low-cost growth 

Swapped Not hot-swappable Hot-swappable modules 

Losses High relatively cupper losses low cupper and core losses 

Efficiency η= 95% η= 86% 

Noise 50db 23db 

Power factor 0.61 0.99 

Weight 25 Kg 3 Kg 

Dimensions 44 cm x 30cm x 20cm 20 cm x 20 cm x 8cm 

Energy audit in conventional rectifier 16A DC  

Table 4.17 represents the results of data analyzer on the conventional 16A 

rectifier. Figure (4.5) showing the transformerless and conventional       

53V DC/16A rectifiers. 

 
Figure (4.5): Transformerless and conventional 53V/16A rectifiers 



  64 

Table (4.17): Represents the results of data analyzer on the 
conventional 16A rectifier 

TRANSFORMER CONVENTIONAL  RECTIFIER 220V/50VDC 16A DC 
WITH LOAD FACTOR =100% 

 OUTPUT INPUT  

Time 
Power 

Consumption 
(W) 

Power 
Consumption 

(W) 

Power 
Factor Losses Efficiency 

% 
Losses 

kWh/year

10:33:00 848 986.21 0.62 138.21 85.99 1210.72 
10:34:00 848 989.81 0.62 141.81 85.67 1242.26
10:35:00 848 984.14 0.61 136.14 86.17 1192.62
10:36:00 848 984.14 0.61 136.14 86.17 1192.62
10:37:00 848 988.95 0.62 140.95 85.75 1234.74
10:38:00 848 984.14 0.61 136.14 86.17 1192.62
10:39:00 848 984.14 0.61 136.14 86.17 1192.62
10:40:00 848 980.41 0.61 132.41 86.49 1159.92
10:41:00 848 986.31 0.61 138.31 85.98 1211.59
10:42:00 848 986.31 0.61 138.31 85.98 1211.59
10:43:00 848 979.84 0.61 131.84 86.54 1154.93
10:44:00 848 973.97 0.61 125.97 87.07 1103.51
10:45:00 848 977.61 0.6 129.61 86.74 1135.35
10:46:00 848 984.1 0.61 136.1 86.17 1192.25
10:47:00 848 988.97 0.61 140.97 85.75 1234.93
10:48:00 848 988.97 0.61 140.97 85.75 1234.93
Average 848 986.95 0.61 138.93 85.93 1217.21 

Energy audit in Transformerless rectifier 16A DC 

By apply the same test the other type of 16A/50V DC 

transformerless rectifier we got a results Table 4.18 



  65 

Table (4.18): Represents the results of data analyzer on the new 
transformerless rectifier 16A/50V. 

Transformerless Rectifier 220V/50V DC 16A with Load Factor =100% 

 OUTPUT INPUT   

Time 
Power 

Consumption 
(W) 

Power 
Consumption 

(W) 

Power 
Factor Losses Efficiency 

% 

10:33:00 848 890.21 -0.99 42.21 95.26 
10:34:00 848 893.81 -0.99 45.81 94.87 
10:35:00 848 888.14 -0.99 40.14 95.48 
10:36:00 848 888.14 -0.99 40.14 95.48 
10:37:00 848 892.95 -0.99 44.95 94.97 
10:38:00 848 888.14 -0.99 40.14 95.48 
10:39:00 848 888.14 -0.99 40.14 95.48 
10:40:00 848 884.41 -0.99 36.41 95.88 
10:41:00 848 890.31 -0.99 42.31 95.25 
10:42:00 848 890.31 -0.99 42.31 95.25 
10:43:00 848 883.84 -0.99 35.84 95.94 
10:44:00 848 877.97 -0.99 29.97 96.59 
10:45:00 848 881.61 -0.99 33.61 96.19 
10:46:00 848 888.1 -0.99 40.1 95.48 
10:47:00 848 892.97 -0.99 44.97 94.96 
10:48:00 848 892.97 -0.99 44.97 94.96 
10:49:00 848 906.17 -0.99 58.17 93.58 
10:50:00 848 892.46 -0.99 44.46 95.02 
10:51:00 848 902.57 -0.99 54.57 93.95 
10:52:00 848 905.78 -0.99 57.78 93.62 
Average 848 890.95 -0.99 42.95 95.19 

 Figure 4.6 Shown the power comparison between the two types, 

transformer and transformerless rectifier 16A/50V, and Figure 4.7 show the 

power factor at the same period for both types. 



  66 

 
Figure (4.6): Power consumption at the same period of old transformer rectifier 
and the new one transformerless rectifier. 

 
Figure (4.7): Power factor at the same period of old transformer rectifier and the 
new one transformerless rectifier. 

As we saw in the previous tables, the new transformerless rectifier 

16ADC has higher efficiency about 95.19  % and the conventional one 

about 85.93  % and that will affect the losses and the air conditioning 

consumptions as cleared in table 4.19 . 



  67 

Table (4.19): Energy consumptions deference between Transformerless 
and conventional 16A / 53V DC rectifiers. 

  Transformerless 16A 
DC Rectifier System 

Conventional 16A DC 
Rectifier System 

AC-AC Efficiency % 95.19 85.93 

Power Losses (W) 42.95 138.93 
Cost Of Energy Losses Over 
8760h One Year  (kWh/year) 376.2 1217 

BTU/h Losses (1kW=3412 
BTU/h) 146.5 474 

Air Conditioning Energy 
Consumption Per Year 

(kWh/year)  
107 346 

The Total kWh Saving For 
One Unit 

(1217 kWh-376.2 kWh)   + (346 kWh-107 kWh) 
=1079.8 kWh/year 

Each 12000 BTU cost about 1 kWh of electrical energy 

4.4 Energy Conservation Opportunities in Air Conditioning Systems 

Energy saving is one of strategic aspects for telecommunication 

network. As an important content of telecommunication network energy 

saving technologies, the adaptive constant temperature and humidity 

control and energy saving technology for air conditioner in 

telecommunication equipment room is a very useful method. Because the 

cooling capacity of air conditioning for telecommunication equipment 

room is designed not only to meet the demand in hot summer but also 

consider an additional air conditioner as standby, the cooling capacity of air 

conditioners in the non high temperature season is very rich. Adaptive 

energy saving technology saves this part of redundant energy so that the 

average energy saving rate can reach about 20%  ]19[ . 

 

 



  68 

4.4.1 Insulation of Building Envelope Components  

The aim of the insulation of building envelope components (walls, 

roofs, doors and windows) is to reduce the heat transfer from the building 

envelope which can mainly occur because of convention, conduction and 

radiation. As regard the components, the walls and the roofs are mainly 

involved in the heat dissipation; moreover, convention and conduction are 

the most important dissipative mechanisms. Specifically, the heat transfer 

by conduction from a homogeneous wall or roof layer. 

Most of Paltel locations suffer from weak insulation in windows, 

doors, walls. For example all exchanges location which are more than 400 

sites distributed in Palestine, suffer from bad insulation and that costs Paltel 

a huge amount of energy each year for cooling, since the temperature in 

these sites should be about 23 .We applied this measures for many sites 

like: 

a) Small site called Tammon as a first case study: Figure 4.8 represents 

the situation in Tammon site and Figure 4.9 represents the site after built 

the internal insulated room 

 
Figure (4.8): The site of Tammon before built the internal insulated room. 



  69 

 
Figure (4.9): The site of Tammon after built the internal insulated room 

The idea is to build an inside Gipson room and put all equipment and 

air condition inside this insulated room to reduce heat transfer by 

conduction, convection and by reduce the solar radiation transmission to 

this space, since such sites have large metal door without insulations, the 

walls are made from bricks without any insulation, the ceiling is made from 

concrete without any insulation.  

After our recommendation, the inside insulated room was built in 

Tammon site, table 4.20 and figure 4.10 represent the power analysis 

before and after this room building at the same condition, with temperature 

of about 30 0C.  
 



  70 

Table (4.20): Tammon site energy consumption before and after 
internal insulated room 

 02/06/2008 05/06/2008 

Time Energy Consumption kWh Energy Consumption kWh
08:00 0 0 
08:10 0.38 0.17 
08:20 0.76 0.36 
08:30 1.14 0.54 
08:40 1.52 0.72 
08:50 1.9 0.91 
09:00 2.28 1.08 
09:10 2.66 1.22 
09:20 3.04 1.42 
09:30 3.42 1.61 
09:40 3.8 1.7 
09:50 4.18 2.11 
10:00 4.56 2.33 
10:10 4.94 2.32 
10:20 5.32 2.54 
10:30 5.7 2.71 
10:40 6.08 3.01 
10:50 6.46 3.18 
11:00 6.84 3.42 
11:10 7.22 3.65 
11:20 7.6 3.87 
11:30 7.98 3.93 

 

 
Figure (4.10): The energy consumption diagram before and after built the 
insulated room in Tammon site. 



  71 

  The total monthly energy consumption for air conditioning before 

built the insulated room =  960  kWh/ month in summer time. 

  The total monthly energy consumption for air conditioning after 

built the insulated room = 588 kWh/ month in summer time. 

  The energy saving for Tammon site during summer months  

=   7 months × (970 – 588) kWh  / month  = 3993 kWh/summer. 

  The money saved = 2795 NIS/year. 

As cleared previously we could be saved about 38% of the air 

conditioning. If we applied this idea for all small sites which are old 

building and suffer from bad isolation, there are about 60 sites at the same 

condition of Tammon exchange. 

b) Paltel main data center in Nablus as a second case study  

For analyzing the effect of reducing the heat transfer from the second 

floor to the third floor as the following  

a. The second floor contains the out unit of the data center air condition 

system, so the temperature is very high especially in summer. 

b. Ceiling of the second floor which is the floor of the third floor hasn’t 

special insulation, and it contains from pricks and concrete only. 

c. The air conditioning system in the data center is under raised floor. So 

the cold air touches the warm floor, and that reduce the efficiency of 

the air cooling system. 



  72 

By analyzed the average temperature of the second floor in 

15/7/2008 is shown in figure 4.11 and figure 4.12 these figures represent 

the situation at the data center in Paltel HQ. 

 

Figure (4.11): Output of the temperature data for the Paltel HQ 2nd floor ceiling 

 
Figure (4.12): Heat transfer to data center throw walls in Paltel HQ. 

There is a huge heat transfer from lower floor to data Effect of This 

High center can be calculated as follows using the Fourier law [21] 

q  = k/d × A × (Ti-To) …………………………4.3 



  73 

Where: 

· A is the area of the layer (m2) 

· Ti is the inside layer surface temperature (  

· To is the outside wool surface temperature (  

· k is the thermal conductive of the wall or roof (W/ m.  ) 

· d is the thickness of the wall or roof (m) 

            …………………...4.4 

For our ceiling the ceiling total area A= 280 , because of its 

construction, it is divided into two areas which are area A1 and area A2. 

A1: is the area of ceiling which contains the bricks, and it’s about 4/5 of the 

total ceiling area. A2: is the area of ceiling which don’t contain the bricks; 

and it’s about 1/5 of the total ceiling area. 

 

After calculating the conduction thermal losses resistance, the inside 

and outside thermal resistances, that’s by return to heat and air conditioning 

book [21] page 153 we get the Following:  

, where  

Rth2= 0.249 , where  

And by using equation 4.3 the heat transfer Q when the outside A/C units a