Naheel Abed Rabbo Shurouq Al-Wawi Munya Mas’oud Maram Kilani Characterization of Wood Ash and Potential Applications Supervisor: Dr. Hamdallah Bearat Outlines: Introduction. pH and solubility characterization. Experimental work of products. Determination of elements concentration in ash. Results. Conclusions. Wood Ash Glass Ceramic Soap Cement Fertilizer Wood Ash Definition: residue from burning of wood or its products such as: chips, saw dust, bark, etc. It consists of organic and inorganic compounds. Factors affecting ash properties: Constituents of the wood. The burning method (temperature, oven’s efficiency, fuels). Soil and irrigation water chemistry. Wood ash in this project is used as ingredient in industrial applications including: glass, ceramic, soap, cement and fertilizer. Glass Definition: an amorphous substance, inorganic product which obtained either as a solid from the melt or by other methods in a compact form, or as a thin coherent films, wires, or fibers. Glass in this project: Soda-Lime-Silica Glass at °1000 C. Quenching from the melt. Ceramic Definition: inorganic, non-metallic material of crystalline nature, insoluble in water and formed by heating to high temperatures. Ceramic in this project: - Traditional ceramic using clay and sand. - Hand-forming method by adding ash to improve strength. Soap Definition: any salt of fatty acid and usually made by saponification of fatty oil with caustic soda. Soap in this project: Hard olive-oil soap using soluble part of ash. Using hot method. Cement Definition: is a material which binds together solid bodies by hardening from a plastic state. It is a fine powder produced by grinding Portland cement clinker. Cement in this project: Portland cement using ash to improve strength. Preparation from powder at 1000 °C. Fertilizer Definition: is a material for plant growth and development by providing essential plant nutrient elements, such as: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Fertilizer in this project: Using the soluble part of ash. Using total part of ash. Solubility & pH Tests 5 g of ash 100 mL water Vacuum Filtration Drying insoluble part Insoluble part Solubility & pH Test in Cold Water pH Test Soluble Part 5 g of ash Vacuum Filtration Drying insoluble part Insoluble part Solubility & pH Test in Hot Water pH Test Soluble Part 100 mL water Experimental Work of products Glass Work Almonds Ash Silica Sand Sodium Carbonate Limestone Ceramic Work Almonds Ash Silica Sand Clay 15 % water 25 % water Drying ! 2 Days Oven (90 °C) Soap Work NaOH CaCO3 Olive Ash CaCO3 Olive Ash NaOH Cement Work Citrus Ash Clay Limestone Fertilizer Work 100 g ash 1000 mL water Citrus Ash Citrus Ash Olive-Olive cake Ash 5 mL 10 mL 5 mL 10 mL 10 g 10 g Hot Water Solubility (%) Cold Water Solubility (%) Ash Type 3.40 4.80 Citrus Ash 9.60 8.80 Almonds 17.60 19.20 Olive Solubility Results Solubilities of several inorganic and organic solids in water as a function of temperature pH Ash Type 12.95 Olive-Olive cake/Ramallah 12.90 Olive 10.23 Olive-Olive cake/Jenin 11.72 Almonds pH Results Glass Work Results Kafr-Laqif silica sand Limestone Ash Kafr-Laqif silica sand Ash Kafr-Laqif silica sand Ash Sodium Carbonate 40 % 30 % 30 % Desert Silica Sand Ash Sodium Carbonate 50 % 20 % 30 % Sea Silica Sand Ash Sodium Carbonate Purified Sea Silica Sand Ash Sodium Carbonate 1100 °C 40~45 % 27~30 % 27~30 % Purified Sea Silica Sand Ash Sodium Carbonate Ceramic Work Results Slip Casted Ceramics Plastic Paste Ceramics 0 % Ash + 100 % (clay-sand) 10 % Ash + 90 % (clay-sand) 20 % Ash + 80 % (clay-sand) 30 % Ash + 70 % (clay-sand) 40 % Ash + 60 % (clay-sand) 50 % Ash + 50 % (clay-sand) 10 % Ash 20 % Ash 0 % Ash Comparison ! Strength Cracking Color Weight Soap Work Results Ash Calcium Hydroxide Olive Oil Caustic Soda + Water Olive Oil Ash Calcium Hydroxide Olive Oil NaOH + Water 60 g 25 mL 7 g 30 g 30 g Cement Work Results 5 g Ash 10 g Ash 15 g Ash 20 g Ash 25 g Ash Fertilizer Work Results Elements’ Concentration Results Flame-photometry Analysis for Sodium Sodium Concentration (ppm) Ash Type 50 Olive-cake 50 Olive-Olive cake (Jenin) 300 Almonds 550 Olive Effect on: Glass & Soap Potassium Concentration (ppm) Ash Type 15 Olive Cake 30 Citrus 15000 Almonds-Olive 15000 Olive-Olive cake Flame-photometry Analysis for Potassium Effect on: Soap & Fertilizer Calcium Concentration (ppm) Ash Type 42,000 Olive cake 28,800 Almonds-Olive 15,600 Olive 12,000 Olive-Olive cake/Ramallah Titration Results for Calcium Effect on: Glass Magnesium Concentration (ppm) Ash Type 72,900 Olive Cake 32,076 Citrus 4,374 Olive 7,290 Almonds-Olive Titration Results for Magnesium Effect on: Glass Chlorine Concentration (ppm) Ash Type 68,160 Olive-Olive cake/Ramallah 58,575 Olive-Olive cake/Jenin 20,235 Citrus 36,210 Almonds Titration Results for Chlorine Effect on: Soap & Ceramic Phosphorus Concentration (ppm) Ash Type 22.61 Olive-Olive cake/Ramallah 39.56 Olive-Olive cake/Jenin 1,283 Olive 424 Olive Cake Spectro-photometry Analysis for Phosphorus Effect on: Fertilizer Conclusions pH and solubility of ash ? Using ash in glass preparation ? Using ash in ceramic preparation ? Using ash in soap making ? Using ash in cement preparation ? Using ash as fertilizer? 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