An Najah National University 
Faculty of Engineering 
Electrical Engineering Department 

 (
Indoor Cell Planning For An 
Najah
 Educational National Hospital
)


Graduation Project

 (
Submitted To
 
Dr. 
Allam
 
Mousa
Prepared By 
Haitham Fahed
Mohammed 
Donbok
)

 (
In Corporation with
)					

Contents

Figures	IV
Tables	V
Acknowledgement	VI
Abstract	VII
Chapter 1: Introduction	1
Chapter 2: Indoor Components Design	2
2.1 Radio Base Stations	2
2.2 Cables	5
2.2.1 Coaxial Cable	5
2.2.2 Fiber Optics Cable	6
2.3 Splitters	6
2.4 Antenna	7
2.4.1 Omni-directional antenna	8
2.4.2 Directional antenna	9
Chapter 3: Before Design	10
3.1 Problems description	10
3.2 Signal strength inside the hospital before implementing the system	11
Chapter 4: Project Design	16
4.1 Passive or Active DAS?	16
4.2 Capacity Dimensioning	16
4.3 Radio Base Station (RBS)	18
4.4 Antenna Locations	18
4.4.1 The ‘Corridor Effect’	19
4.4.2 Antenna Location inside the Hospital	20
4.5 RF Indoor Link Calculations	26
4.5.1 Link Budget	26
4.5.2 Free space path loss	31
4.6 The design by using software.	41
4.6.1 Link budget results	41
4.6.2 Path loss results	43
Chapter 5: Conclusion	49
References	50
Appendices	51
Appendix-A : Radio Base Station 2308 (RBS 2308) Catalogue	51
Appendix-B : Coaxial Cable ( LDF4-50A) Catalogue 	53
Appendix-C : Splitters Catalogue 	58
Appendix-D : Omni Directional Antenna Catalogue 	59
Appendix-E : Directional Antenna Catalogue	60
Appendix-F : Erlang B table, 1-50 channels, 0.07-40% grade of service	61
Appendix - G : Cable Routing inside hospital	63



Figures 

Figure 1 : Ericson Front view of RBS 2202	2
Figure 2 : Capacity Vs cell range related to each other	4
Figure 3 : Ericsson RBS types	5
Figure 4 : Different types of splitters.	6
Figure 5 : Power distribution of a typical 1:2 splitter	7
Figure 6 : RX Level Distribution in Ground Floor	11
Figure 7 : RX Level Distribution in Basement One	12
Figure 8 : RX Level Distribution in Basement Two	12
Figure 9 : RX Level Distribution in Basement Three	12
Figure 10 : RX Level Distribution in Basement Four	13
Figure 11 : RX Level Distribution in Basement Five	13
Figure 12 : Signal strength inside Basement One	14
Figure 13 : Signal strength inside Basement Two	15
Figure 14 : Antennas location in Ground Floor	20
Figure 15 :  Antennas location in Basement One	21
Figure 16 : Antennas location in Basement Two	22
Figure 17 : Antennas location in Basement Three	23
Figure 18 : Antennas location in Basement Four	24
Figure 19 : Antennas location in Basement Five	25
Figure 20 : Distributed Antenna Design (DAS Design)	30
Figure 21 : Attenuation Measures Vs Materials	31
Figure 22 : Points inside Ground Floor	35
Figure 23 : Points inside Basement One	36
Figure 24 : Points inside Basement Two	37
Figure 25 : Points inside Basement Three	38
Figure 26 : Points inside Basement Four	39
Figure 27 : Points inside Basement Five	40
Figure 28 : iBwave link budget report for antenna number 115	41
Figure 29 : iBwave link budget report for antenna number 54	42
Figure 30 : Prediction area at Basement Two	43
Figure 31 : Prediction area at Ground Floor	44
Figure 32 : Prediction area at Basement One	45
Figure 33 : Prediction area at Basement Three	46
Figure 34 : Prediction area at Basement Four	47
Figure 35 : Prediction area at Basement Five	48
Figure 36 Cable Routing inside GF	63
Figure 37 Cable routing inside B1	64
Figure 38 Cable routing inside B2	65
Figure 39 Cable routing inside B3	66
Figure 40 Cable routing inside B4	67
Figure 41 Cable routing inside B5	68


Tables

Table 1: Differences between antenna systems	8
Table 2 : Receiving level	19
Table 3 : Building ‘A’ link Budget	27
Table 4 : Building 'C' Link Budget	27
Table 5 : Building 'B' Link Budget	28
Table 6 : Lifts Link Budget	29
Table 7 : Building ‘A’ path loss	32
Table 8 : Building ‘B’ path loss	33
Table 9 : Building ‘C’ path loss	34


Acknowledgement

We would like to dedicate our deep thanks and appreciation to our university and our supervisor Dr. Allam Mousa for his generous efforts in helping us completing this work and continuing theory with practice. Dr.Allam is one of the people in this industry we respect the most, for his dedicated work and contribution to so many fields in the industry of telecommunication. 
We would also like to thank Jawwal team led by Dr.Khaled Hijji, Eng.Akram Barkeh for their support. We would also like to thank Eng.Karem Al Hosani, Eng.Ahmad Abed, and Eng.Abeer Imteer for their help in fascinating the access to the IBwave software. They also helped us by reviewing the project's documents. 
Last, but not least, lots of thanks to our families and friends for their support, encouragement and for letting us spend so many late nights, early mornings and weekends on this project. Without them, this project would not have been possible.  
Even though we have spent many hours on this project, checking and double-checking everything, there might be some errors. If so, we will make sure to correct them.

Haitham M. Fahed 
Mohammed A. Donbok






Abstract

This project aims to develop a solution to the expected shortage of cellular communication services inside An Najah university hospital. This proposed system will serve hundreds of the hospital visitors, workers and residences. At one stage data will be collected based on a predesigned method then, this data will be interpreted. This problem will be stated and examined using certain mathematical tools and a proper engineering approach. Both capacity and coverage problems will be addresses. 
The system components will be studied and analyzed and the engineering aspects will be applied to design an integrated solution to a critical problem which faces the local society. During this project we will be able to strengthen our team work and communication skills, we will be able to cooperate among ourselves as well as with partners inside and outside the university. This project will result in designing a solution for the shortage of cellular communication services inside the university hospital.

Keywords: RBS, Antenna, splitter, indoor, link-budget, RF-Planner, path loss ,iBwave …etc.


50

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter gives an overview of what was achieved in the Introduction of Graduation Project the past semester. This part of the project digs deep in the main core of the project which is Indoor Cell Planning for An-Najah Educational National Hospital. 
According to the scope of the project, GSM network components are: cell sizing, frequency reuse interference and more. Moreover, for any planner engineer, it’s essential to consider many factors affecting the design such as coverage, traffic within the network, capacity and revenue are all important factors that should be considered. On the other hand, some of challenges that depend on the business itself as many challenges are related to the technical part.  
Chapter two focuses on the components that are used or may be used in indoor projects. The very first components are the RBS and what are the differences between them which lead to choosing a suitable one for the site. The Second one is cabling. The splitter and the calculations related to its port is the third component. The final one is antenna types. 
Chapter three explains the current problems statement present in the site “AN Najah Hospital” before doing the indoor system which they are the cause of doing this project. 
For a planner engineer, RF-Design is an essential thing that should be considered. Chapter four stresses on the related disciplines within the project. Additionally, coverage area that is needed and traffic related to the Erlang calculation are included too. The link budget which is a main field to get the power calculation results and how much power is transmitted by antenna is also calculated by hand through mathematical equations approach.  
To wrap up, this project developed a solution to the expected shortage of cellular communication services inside An-Najah Educational National Hospital. This proposed system will serve hundreds of the hospital visitors, workers and residences. The problem will be stated and examined using certain mathematical tools and a proper engineering approach. 

Chapter 2: Indoor Components Design

This chapter includes the components needed for the plan site which are mostly used for indoor design and it is important to any planning engineer. These components contain radio base station (RBS), feeders, antenna and splitters. They are used in different ways according to design and project that are needed. 

2.1 Radio Base Stations 

A Radio Base Station (RBS) is a data communications station which is geographically fixed and which is typically made up of equipments handle with connecting mobile terminals to a digital network by sending and receiving signals and converting between radio frequency (RF) waves and audio signals. The digital network enables the base station (BS) to communicate with a mobile switching center (MSC) within the wireless network. The mobile switching center sets up and connects calls between the mobile terminal and/or the fixed wireless terminal and a remote device. RBS is also referred to as base transceiver station (BTS) or simply, the base station.
These are RBS parts in general shown in Figure 1:
 







 (
Figure 
1
 : Ericson 
Front view of RBS 2202
)
· TRU: Transceiver Unit

The Transceiver Unit (TRU) is a transmitter/receiver and signal processing unit which transmits and receives the radio frequency signals that are passed to and from the mobile station. There are different versions of TRU depending on the frequency band.
One TRU can serve eight full rate duplex channels or 16 half rate channels. The TRU has one transmit antenna terminal and two receive terminals.
The TRU supports diversity reception. Diversity is used to improve the receiver performance. It is achieved by having two independent receiver paths. The signals are combined in the signal processing in the Digital Block.

· CDU: Combiner & Distribution Unit.

The Combining and Distribution Unit (CDU) is the interface between Transceivers (TRUs) and the antenna system. The CDU allows several TRUs to share antennas. 
		
· DXU: Distribution Switch Unit. 
The Distribution Switch Unit (DXU) is the central control unit of the RBS. There is one DXU per RBS. In multi-cabinet configurations the DXU is located in the Master Cabinet only. The DXU establish connection with the BSC and cross connect individual time slots to certain transceivers.
· PSU: Power Supply Unit. 
The Power Supply Unit (PSU) rectifies the incoming AC power to the regulated DC voltage required.


· ECU: Energy Control Unit
The Energy Control Unit (ECU) controls and supervises the power equipment (PSU, BFU, battery, AC Connection Unit) and climate equipment (fans, heater, cooler and heat exchanger). The ECU observes alarm signals from power and climate system. The purpose of the ECU is to protect equipment within the RBS from conditions that could reduce lifetime and reliability. The ECU protects the equipment during power failure conditions and cold-start up.

Commercial types of radio base station:
There are many companies such as Ericsson Company and Motorola Company manufacture several types of RBSs which differs in the output power and the maximum number of TRUs that can be supported. Figure 2 shows the types of RBSs and the capacity Vs cell range related to each one in relevant to all Ericsson types’ .Figure 3 shows most important specification for most Ericson types.
 (
Figure 
2
 : C
apacity Vs cell range
 related to each other
)

Figure 3 : Ericsson RBS types

2.2 Cables

The following section summarizes the cable types of an indoor system, two types of systems can be used, the first one is passive distributed antenna system which uses coaxial cables and components do power losses, and the second one is active distributed antenna system which uses fiber cables and components approximately don’t make power losses in compare to passive one.

2.2.1 Coaxial Cable 

Coaxial Cable is mainly used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals such as the indoor system to be designed in some system. Its application includes connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas, computer networks connection and distributing cable television. 'One of the advantages of coaxial cable -over other types of radio transmission line- is that in an ideal coaxial cable, the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists only in the space between the inner and outer conductors'1. Moreover, coaxial cable also provides protection of the signal from external electromagnetic interference.

Coaxial cables usually come with different types that may be used in various installations that depend on each case. In this project, as a result of the usage of the passive DAS method, “LDF4-50a” cable diameters of 1/2in and loss feeder approximately equals to 7dB/100m were selected to be used. Appendix-B contains the specifications of this cable.

2.2.2 Fiber Optics Cable

'There are different solutions based on fiber-optics that can be used for indoor systems. The main purpose is to overcome losses in long coaxial feeder cable. One disadvantage of using fiber-optical network is that each antenna terminal need local power supply and alarm handling.'2 

2.3 Splitters 

The design of this project depends on the passive components in DAS which commonly use splitters and power dividers. They divide the signal that comes from cables to multiple distributed ports that is distributed through antennas. The illustration Figure 4 shows the types of splitters that split the line into two or more lines, and vice versa. It is notable here that termination of all ports on the splitter is essential, thus, ports should not be left opened.

Figure 4 : Different types of splitters.




The following equation is used to calculate the loss through the splitter:

· Insertion loss is the loss that is produced by splitter-typically equal 0.1 db.

Example
For (1:2) splitter -as shown in Figure 5, the attenuation will be: 


Figure 5 : Power distribution of a typical 1:2 splitter
This is an example of the splitter calculation, if the input power of (1:2) splitter was  on port 1, the output power on ports - will be  dBm.
In this project, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 splitters have been used; Appendix-C shows the catalogues for these types.

2.4 Antenna

Antennas are a very important component of communication systems. By definition, an antenna is a device used to transform an RF signal, traveling on a conductor, into an electromagnetic wave in free space. Antennas demonstrate a property known as reciprocity, which means that an antenna will maintain the same characteristics regardless if it is transmitting or receiving. Most antennas are resonant devices, which operate efficiently over a relatively narrow frequency band. An antenna must be tuned to the same frequency band of the radio system to which it is connected; otherwise the reception and the transmission will be impaired. When a signal is fed into an antenna, the antenna will emit radiation distributed in space in a certain way. A graphical representation of the relative distribution of the radiated power in space is called a radiation pattern.

The antenna configurations for indoor installations may be categorized into two types:
· Distributed antennas using a coaxial feeder network.
· Distributed antennas using a fiber-optical feeder network.

Table 1 explains the differences between the aforementioned types of antenna:

Table 1: Differences between antenna systems
	Antenna System
	Comments

	Distributed antennas (Coax)
	Low Cost
Flexible Design 
Robust and well proven technique

	Distributed antennas (Fiber)
	+Low attenuation
+Easy installation
-Expensive 
-Limited design flexibility 




According to radiation pattern, there are several types of antenna devices that are suitable for indoor applications. The most commonly used types are the directional and the Omni-directional antenna.

2.4.1 Omni-directional antenna

The Omni-directional antenna radiates or receives equally well in all directions. It is also called the "non-directional" antenna because it does not favor any particular direction. The catalogue of this antenna type is listed in Appendix-D. 





2.4.2 Directional antenna

A directional antenna or beam antenna is an antenna which radiates greater power in one or more directions allowing for increased performance on transmit and receive and reduced interference from unwanted source, in this project, directional antennas have been used above the lifts so that the power will concentrate in the shafts of the lifts. The catalogue of this antenna type is listed in Appendix-E. 


Chapter 3: Before Design

Before starting the design process, a survey should be done to measure the signal strength inside all over the building to determine if the problem could be solved from the macro layer around the building. It is possible to get enough signal strength from the outside macro layer by increase the transmitted power, but it could make an interference problem. Capacity could be a problem too, because the macro layers may not have extra empty recourses to serve the building, so you need the indoor solution.  
This step is important not only to measure the signal strength; it is in need to take a look on the shafts, corridors and walls.

3.1 Problems description 

In An Najah Educational National Hospital case, a survey had been done and checked if there is a problem and these problems have been found
1.  Drop calls (poor quality): Call that is terminated unexpectedly as a result of technical reasons, including presence in a dead zone or interference from cells using the same frequency. 

2.  Call setup failure: Call setup procedure failed due to a number of technical reasons like weak coverage.
These problems are due to
1. Weak signal strength which refers to the magnitude of the electric field at a reference point that is a significant distance from the transmitting antenna. Al Najah Educational National Hospital area has a very poor reception although there is a site approximately near to the hospital but the coverage signal cannot reach the hospital itself because of the topography of the region. 

2. Low Carrier to Interference (C/I): Ratio (C/I), is the quotient between the average received modulated carrier power C and the average received co-channel interference power I. Interference usually refers to the interaction of waves, either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same frequency. 

3. Rapid attenuation of the signal strength because of the construction materials used in the building. Large buildings such as warehouses, hospitals and factories often have no usable signal further than a few meters from the outside walls.

3.2 Signal strength inside the hospital before implementing the system
 
These results obtained by doing a walk test as described in the introduction to graduation project last semester as shown in the Figure 6-Figure 11 for each floor inside the building. This figures show the range if received Signal Vs number of points having this range inside every floor. The range of   could be consider as an acceptable range. 

Figure 6 : RX Level Distribution in Ground Floor 


Figure 7 : RX Level Distribution in Basement One 

Figure 8 : RX Level Distribution in Basement Two

Figure 9 : RX Level Distribution in Basement Three

Figure 10 : RX Level Distribution in Basement Four

Figure 11 : RX Level Distribution in Basement Five


Another way to represent the signal strength inside the hospital in this stage can be shown in Figures 12 and 13.


Figure 12 : Signal strength inside Basement One
 (
Figure 
13
 : S
ignal strength inside Basement Two
)

Chapter 4: Project Design

At this stage of the project, designing the indoor system will take place. The design process has been done by hand then software used to ensure that the values are accurate.
This chapter will also includes calculations related to indoor Rf-link budget after using cables, power splitters, antennas and other components. This step would assess the power received at the antenna and as a result the coverage, quality too.

4.1 Passive or Active DAS?

Two system types can be used for indoor solution as mentioned before, Active DAS or Passive DAS. In this project Passive DAS has been used for these reasons:

1. It is straightforward to design.
2. Components from different manufacturers are compatible.
3. Components are available.
4. It can be installed in harsh environment.
5. No high data rate needed.


4.2 Capacity Dimensioning

This step aims to calculate the number of served subscribers and the number of TRUs required installing in the RBS: 
1. Number of subscribers:
According to the information from the hospital administration, there are 108 beds, if we suppose that in the peak time there are 108 patients, 108 followers, 108 staff members, 108 trainees and 300 visitors, so the summation equals 732, but the administration of the hospital estimated the number of people inside the hospital at the peak time will be 900 person. So, for more reliability 900 subscribers have been considered as peak time traffic for this project design. 

2. Type of subscribers: 
Telecommunication Companies divide the subscribers into these types
· Extreme Users.
· Heavy Users.
· Normal Users.
· Privet Users.

Every type has an air time value measured in (mE) indicates to how many minute calls the subscriber do in one hour. In this project a Normal Users type has been assumed.
Every communication company chose the air time value according to the statistics they have from they own live network, for example Jawwal uses (22 mE) for Normal Type but Ericsson recommends to use (25 mE) which equals 1.5 minute calls in one hour for Normal Type, so for more reliability Ericsson recommendation will be used for this project.

3. Grade Of Service ( GOS)-Call Blocking-:
Block rate means how many calls will be rejected according to lake of channels. This value determines by the operator, Jawwal uses  GOS so this value used for this project.

4. Number of channels and TRUs needed.
The number of channels can be calculated after calculate the value of total load in Erlang unit and then use the Erlang B-Table with GOS from Appendix-F ; this value can be calculated from this equation




According to Erlang B-Table with  GOS,  channels are needed. 
Every TRUs can carry 8 channels so  TRUs.
The system uses  channels for control so 32 traffic channels.

4.3 Radio Base Station (RBS)

Ericsson Company (which is the RBS supplier for Jawwal Company) manufacturing several types of RBSs with different characteristics as mentioned in section 2-1 .
As what have been determined in the capacity dimensioning section, 4 TRUs are needed, after studying all types, RBS 2308 micro site fit the requirements with  output power and  sensitivity value. All the specifications for this RBS are in Appendix-A.
It is required to put the RBS somewhere in the middle of the building to get the minimum feeder distance to the antenna. For this project the RBS has been decided to be put on the roof of the building in the middle, the location of the RBS shown in Basement1 plan as shown in Figure 15.

4.4 Antenna Locations  

This process starts by bring the plans of the building and signs the areas according to RX-Levels that should have reached in these areas- The levels are shown in Table 2 .
Selecting the correct coverage design level for the indoor design is crucial, for the performance of the indoor system, the data throughput performance and the leakage from the building.  It must be also realized that the design levels come at a cost, and this has a direct impact on the business case. The higher the coverage level, the higher the cost of the system, obviously due to the need for more antennas and equipment for the indoor system, more equipment, more installation work and maintenance costs.

Table 2 : Receiving level 
	RX-Levels

	Deep Indoor
	-47 dBm to -64dBm

	Indoor
	-65 dBm to -74dBm

	Incar
	-75 dBm to -84dBm

	Outdoor
	-85 dBm to -94dBm

	Bad Service
	-95 dBm to -110dBm



After signs Corridors, reception, waiting rooms and staff rooms have Deep Indoor RX-Level, the antennas distributed inside them, if the room is square then the antenna will be in the center because it is Omni directional one, if it is corridors then the antenna should be in the start, middle, and the end of it. About the lifts, the antenna should be in the most upper side or in the most down side the shaft of the lifts and the antennas should be directional one. 
The antennas should be placed so that the maximum footprint is obtained for each antenna. The antenna locations have to be adapted to the reality of the building, taking into account the installation limitations of the individual antenna placements, cable routes and antenna overlaps.

4.4.1 The ‘Corridor Effect’

‘One effect of placing antennas inside a building that is very important to know and utilize is the ‘corridor effect’. This is the distribution of coverage when placing an antenna in one of the most typical locations, the corridor. 
This antenna location will give you several advantages:
·  Typically there will be easy installation access to cable conduits in the corridors of the building, which will save implementation costs.
· Corridors are often ‘static’ when buildings are being refurbished, so the antennas are left in place with no impact of service degradation caused by refurbishment of the internal structure of the building.
·  The users of the building are less concerned about radiation when they do not have antennas installed in the ceiling above their office desk.
·  You can use the corridor to distribute the signal from the antenna, there is typically line-of-sight throughout the corridor, and this is what is known as the ‘corridor effect’ 3.

4.4.2 Antenna Location inside the Hospital

These Figures show the Distributed Antenna System (DAS) inside the hospital.

 (
Figure 
14
 : 
Antennas location in 
Ground Floor
)
 (
Figure 
15
 :  Antennas location in Basement One
)
 (
Figure 
16
 : Antennas location in Basement Two
)

 (
Figure 
17
 : 
Antennas lo
cation in Basement Three
)

 (
Figure 
18
 : Antennas location in Basement Four
)

 (
Figure 
19
 : Antennas location in Basement Five
)

4.5 RF Indoor Link Calculations

4.5.1 Link Budget

The link budget (LB) is the fundamental calculation for planning of any RF link between a transmitter (Tx) and a receiver (Rx). In two-way calculations we actually have two LB calculations, one for the Down Link and one for the Up Link.
We can calculate the power come out antenna according to this equation:
  



 

The specifications for the components which used are attached in the appendix.
A range of  between any antennas in the system is maintained except the antenna covering the lift sides. It might be with a greater value than any antenna to compensate the losses in the path of the shaft (path loss) and the body of the lift.
The next sub-section 4.5.1.1 showing the design and the link budget according to the value shown above and the antenna places.
Note: in the column named cable length there are 3 sub columns, the first one from left is the distance between RBS and the top of the shaft, second one is between the top of the shaft and the start of the floor inside the building and third one is between the start of the floor to the antenna.

  

4.5.1.1 Link Budget Tables

Table 3 : Building ‘A’ link Budget
	
	Antenna #
	RBS Output (dbm)
	cable length (M)
	2 Port Splitter
	3 Port Splitter
	4 Port Splitter
	TX Power (dbm)

	B1
	111
	34
	40
	5
	14
	2
	2
	1
	7.79

	
	114
	34
	40
	5
	21
	2
	2
	1
	7.3

	
	116
	34
	40
	5
	28
	2
	2
	1
	6.81

	
	115
	34
	40
	5
	7
	2
	2
	1
	8.28

	
	117
	34
	40
	5
	34
	2
	2
	1
	6.39

	
	110
	34
	40
	5
	28
	2
	2
	1
	6.81

	B2
	216
	34
	40
	10
	17
	1
	2
	1
	10.34

	
	217
	34
	40
	10
	31
	1
	2
	1
	9.36

	
	215
	34
	40
	10
	4
	1
	2
	1
	11.25

	
	214
	34
	40
	10
	36
	1
	2
	1
	9.01

	
	213
	34
	40
	10
	28
	1
	2
	1
	9.57

	
	211
	34
	40
	10
	40
	1
	2
	1
	8.73

	B3
	312
	34
	40
	15
	14
	3
	1
	1
	8.85

	
	313
	34
	40
	15
	18
	3
	1
	1
	8.57

	
	314
	34
	40
	15
	17
	3
	1
	1
	8.64

	
	315
	34
	40
	15
	11
	3
	1
	1
	9.06

	
	316
	34
	40
	15
	31
	3
	1
	1
	7.66

	
	317
	34
	40
	15
	34
	3
	1
	1
	7.45

	B4
	413
	34
	40
	20
	3
	3
	1
	1
	9.27

	
	414
	34
	40
	20
	26
	3
	1
	1
	7.66

	
	415
	34
	40
	20
	20
	3
	1
	1
	8.08

	
	416
	34
	40
	20
	40
	3
	1
	1
	6.68

	
	417
	34
	40
	20
	40
	3
	1
	1
	6.68

	
	418
	34
	40
	20
	51
	3
	1
	1
	5.91



Table 4 : Building 'C' Link Budget
	
	Antenna #
	RBS Output (dbm)
	cable length (M)
	2 Port Splitter
	3 Port Splitter
	4 Port Splitter
	TX Power (dbm)

	B1
	16
	33
	1
	5
	48
	1
	1
	2
	9

	
	17
	33
	1
	5
	22
	1
	1
	2
	10.82

	
	18
	33
	1
	5
	20
	1
	1
	2
	10.96

	
	19
	33
	1
	5
	3
	1
	1
	2
	12.15

	
	112
	33
	1
	5
	20
	1
	1
	2
	10.96

	
	113
	33
	1
	5
	34
	1
	1
	2
	9.98

	B2
	212
	33
	1
	10
	23
	1
	1
	2
	10.4

	
	210
	33
	1
	10
	6
	1
	1
	2
	11.59

	
	29
	33
	1
	10
	17
	1
	1
	2
	10.82

	
	28
	33
	1
	10
	26
	2
	0
	2
	11.95

	
	27
	33
	1
	10
	54
	2
	0
	2
	9.99

	B3
	35
	33
	1
	15
	56
	1
	1
	2
	7.74

	
	36
	33
	1
	15
	28
	1
	1
	2
	9.7

	
	37
	33
	1
	15
	26
	1
	1
	2
	9.84

	
	38
	33
	1
	15
	25
	1
	0
	3
	8.66

	
	39
	33
	1
	15
	26
	1
	0
	3
	8.59

	
	310
	33
	1
	15
	14
	1
	0
	3
	9.43

	
	311
	33
	1
	15
	28
	1
	0
	3
	8.45

	B4
	47
	33
	1
	20
	59
	1
	1
	2
	7.18

	
	48
	33
	1
	20
	31
	1
	1
	2
	9.14

	
	49
	33
	1
	20
	11
	1
	1
	2
	10.54

	
	410
	33
	1
	20
	17
	1
	1
	2
	10.12

	
	411
	33
	1
	20
	17
	1
	1
	2
	10.12

	
	412
	33
	1
	20
	34
	1
	1
	2
	8.93



Table 5 : Building 'B' Link Budget
	
	Antenna #
	RBS Output (dbm)
	cable length (M)
	2 Port Splitter
	3 Port Splitter
	4 Port Splitter
	TX Power (dbm)

	GF
	G1
	34
	55
	9
	23
	0
	2
	2
	5.93

	
	G2
	34
	55
	9
	15
	0
	2
	2
	6.49

	
	G3
	34
	55
	9
	9
	0
	2
	2
	6.91

	
	G4
	34
	55
	9
	21
	0
	2
	2
	6.07

	B1
	11
	34
	63
	10
	35
	1
	2
	1
	7.47

	
	12
	34
	63
	10
	18
	1
	2
	1
	8.66

	
	13
	34
	63
	10
	9
	0
	3
	1
	7.53

	
	14
	34
	63
	10
	9
	0
	3
	1
	7.53

	
	15
	34
	63
	10
	20
	0
	3
	1
	6.76

	B2
	21
	34
	63
	15
	19
	1
	2
	1
	8.24

	
	22
	34
	63
	15
	22
	1
	2
	1
	8.03

	
	23
	34
	63
	15
	14
	1
	2
	1
	8.59

	
	24
	34
	63
	15
	11
	1
	2
	1
	8.8

	
	25
	34
	63
	15
	23
	1
	2
	1
	7.96

	
	26
	34
	63
	15
	23
	1
	2
	1
	7.96

	B3
	31
	34
	63
	20
	22
	1
	1
	2
	6.43

	
	32
	34
	63
	20
	11
	1
	1
	2
	7.2

	
	33
	34
	63
	20
	20
	1
	1
	2
	6.57

	
	34
	34
	63
	20
	34
	1
	1
	2
	5.59

	B4
	41
	34
	63
	25
	37
	1
	2
	1
	6.28

	
	42
	34
	63
	25
	31
	1
	2
	1
	6.7

	
	43
	34
	63
	25
	15
	1
	2
	1
	7.82

	
	44
	34
	63
	25
	23
	2
	1
	1
	9.02

	
	45
	34
	63
	25
	37
	2
	1
	1
	8.04

	B5
	51
	34
	63
	30
	35
	1
	2
	1
	6.07

	
	52
	34
	63
	30
	19
	1
	2
	1
	7.19

	
	53
	34
	63
	30
	21
	1
	2
	1
	7.05

	
	54
	34
	63
	30
	43
	1
	2
	1
	5.51

	
	55
	34
	63
	30
	41
	1
	2
	1
	5.65

	
	56
	34
	63
	30
	31
	1
	2
	1
	6.35



Table 6 : Lifts Link Budget
	Antenna #
	RBS Output (dbm)
	cable length (M)
	2 Port Splitter
	3 Port Splitter
	4 Port Splitter
	TX Power (dbm)

	LA1
	34
	34
	
	1
	1
	2
	1
	19.43

	La2
	34
	34
	
	1
	1
	2
	1
	19.43

	LC1
	34
	40
	
	1
	0
	3
	1
	17.25

	LC2
	34
	40
	
	1
	0
	3
	1
	17.25

	LC3
	34
	41
	
	1
	0
	3
	1
	17.18

	LC4
	34
	42
	
	1
	1
	2
	1
	18.87

	LC5
	34
	43
	
	1
	1
	2
	1
	18.8

	LB1
	34
	63
	25
	1
	2
	1
	1
	17.41

	LB4
	34
	63
	24
	1
	2
	1
	1
	17.48





 (
Figure 
20
 : Distributed Antenna Design (DAS Design)
)

4.5.2 Free space path loss

'A major component in the LB is the path loss between the Tx and Rx antenna. This loss depends on the distance between the Tx and Rx antenna, and the environment that the RF signal has to pass. Free space loss is a physical constant. This simple RF formula is valid when in line-of-sight indoors. The free space loss does not take into account any additional clutter loss or reflections, hence the name'3.

Path loss calculations depend on many elements, first of all the distance between the Tx and Rx. In addition, losses depend also on the route of the signal across the walls and the frequency as shown in Figure 21(6).


Figure 21 : Attenuation Measures Vs Materials 


This formula shows how to calculate the free space path loss  







After this introduction about the free space path loss, a calculations of received power inside the hospital can be done .Several points have been taken inside every floor and calculated the power received at these points as shown below.
Figures from 22 – 27 show the location of sample points determined to calculate the received power around them. Tables 7, 8 and 9 in this section relate to the calculations of the power loss from the antenna to the sample point.


Table 7 : Building ‘A’ path loss
	
	Point
#
	Tx Power(dBm)
	EIRP(dBm)
	Distance(m)
	Wall
	Loss in wall(dB)
	RX-Power(dBm)

	B1
	p111
	7.79
	9.79
	9
	2
	6.4
	-47.79027485

	
	p112
	7.3
	9.3
	9
	1
	3.2
	-45.08027485

	
	p113
	6.81
	8.81
	17
	3
	9.6
	-57.49440309

	
	p114
	8.28
	10.28
	11.5
	2
	6.4
	-49.42938147

	
	p115
	6.39
	8.39
	6.4
	2
	6.4
	-46.22902414

	
	p116
	6.81
	8.81
	6.4
	3
	9.6
	-49.00902414

	B2
	p216
	10.34
	12.34
	5.65
	2
	6.4
	-41.19639362

	
	p217
	9.36
	11.36
	10.2
	2
	6.4
	-47.3074281

	
	p215
	11.25
	13.25
	6.4
	2
	6.4
	-41.36902414

	
	p214
	9.01
	11.01
	6.8
	1
	3.2
	-40.93560291

	
	p213
	9.57
	11.57
	8.5
	2
	6.4
	-45.51380318

	
	p211
	8.73
	10.73
	9
	2
	6.4
	-46.85027485

	B3
	p312
	8.85
	10.85
	10
	3
	9.6
	-50.84542466

	
	p313
	8.57
	10.57
	11.6
	0
	0
	-42.81458445

	
	p314
	8.64
	10.64
	8.9
	1
	3.2
	-43.64322479

	
	p315
	9.06
	11.06
	8.4
	1
	3.2
	-42.72101038

	
	p316
	7.66
	9.66
	8.4
	2
	6.4
	-47.32101038

	
	p317
	7.45
	9.45
	6.4
	2
	6.4
	-45.16902414

	B4
	p413
	9.27
	11.27
	11.7
	3
	9.6
	-51.7891419

	
	p414
	7.66
	9.66
	11.75
	0
	0
	-43.83618199

	
	p415
	8.08
	10.08
	8.5
	3
	9.6
	-50.20380318

	
	p416
	6.68
	8.68
	6.9
	0
	0
	-40.19240648

	
	p417
	6.68
	8.68
	6.9
	2
	6.4
	-46.59240648

	
	p418
	5.91
	7.91
	11.2
	4
	12.8
	-57.96978511



Table 8 : Building ‘B’ path loss
	
	Point
#
	Tx Power(dBm)
	EIRP(dBm)
	Distance(m)
	Wall
	Loss in wall(dB)
	RX-Power(dBm)

	B1
	p16
	9.07
	11.07
	11.5
	0
	0
	-42.23938

	
	p17
	10.89
	12.89
	11.5
	0
	0
	-40.41938

	
	p18
	11.03
	13.03
	9
	1
	3.2
	-41.35027

	
	p19
	12.22
	14.22
	11.5
	1
	3.2
	-42.28938

	
	p112
	11.03
	13.03
	6.4
	1
	3.2
	-38.38902

	
	p113
	10.05
	12.05
	9
	3
	9.6
	-48.73027

	B2
	p212
	10.47
	12.47
	9.6
	4
	12.8
	-52.07085

	
	p210
	11.66
	13.66
	11.3
	1
	3.2
	-42.69699

	
	p29
	10.89
	12.89
	8.5
	1
	3.2
	-40.9938

	
	p28
	12.02
	14.02
	12.2
	0
	0
	-39.80262

	
	p27
	10.06
	12.06
	11.7
	0
	0
	-41.39914

	B3
	p35
	7.81
	9.81
	9.4
	0
	0
	-41.74798

	
	p36
	9.77
	11.77
	7.4
	1
	3.2
	-40.91006

	
	p37
	9.91
	11.91
	9
	2
	6.4
	-45.67027

	
	p38
	8.73
	10.73
	7.4
	2
	6.4
	-45.15006

	
	p39
	8.66
	10.66
	8.4
	2
	6.4
	-46.32101

	
	p310
	9.5
	11.5
	9.4
	1
	3.2
	-43.25798

	
	p311
	8.52
	10.52
	10
	1
	3.2
	-44.77542

	B4
	p47
	7.25
	9.25
	9.5
	0
	0
	-42.3999

	
	p48
	9.21
	11.21
	8
	1
	3.2
	-42.14722

	
	p49
	10.61
	12.61
	11.75
	2
	6.4
	-47.28618

	
	p410
	10.19
	12.19
	6.8
	2
	6.4
	-42.9556

	
	p411
	10.19
	12.19
	11.75
	3
	9.6
	-50.90618

	
	p412
	9
	11
	6.4
	2
	6.4
	-43.61902





Table 9 : Building ‘C’ path loss
	
	Point
#
	Tx Power(dBm)
	EIRP(dBm)
	Distance(m)
	Wall
	Loss in wall(dB)
	RX-Power(dBm)

	GF
	pG1
	5.93
	7.93
	9.8
	2
	6.4
	-50.3899462

	 
	pG2
	6.49
	8.49
	14.4
	5
	16
	-62.7726745

	 
	pG3
	6.91
	8.91
	9.3
	2
	6.4
	-48.9550836

	 
	pG4
	6.07
	8.07
	9.97
	3
	9.6
	-53.5993278

	B1
	p11
	7.47
	9.47
	10.4
	3
	9.6
	-52.5660914

	 
	p12
	8.66
	10.66
	9
	0
	0
	-40.5202748

	 
	p13
	7.53
	9.53
	9
	2
	6.4
	-48.0502748

	 
	p14
	7.53
	9.53
	9
	1
	3.2
	-44.8502748

	 
	p15
	6.76
	8.76
	9
	1
	3.2
	-45.6202748

	B2
	p21
	8.24
	10.24
	9
	3
	9.6
	-50.5402748

	 
	p22
	8.03
	10.03
	9
	0
	0
	-41.1502748

	 
	p23
	8.59
	10.59
	8.45
	2
	6.4
	-46.4425588

	 
	p24
	8.8
	10.8
	7.41
	1
	3.2
	-41.8917888

	 
	p25
	7.96
	9.96
	9.5
	1
	3.2
	-44.8898968

	 
	p26
	7.96
	9.96
	11.7
	3
	9.6
	-53.0991419

	B3
	p31
	6.43
	8.43
	10
	2
	6.4
	-50.0654247

	 
	p32
	7.2
	9.2
	9
	2
	6.4
	-48.3802748

	 
	p33
	6.57
	8.57
	16
	3
	9.6
	-57.2078243

	 
	p34
	5.59
	7.59
	11
	2
	6.4
	-51.7332784

	B4
	p41
	6.28
	8.28
	10.1
	3
	9.6
	-53.5018521

	 
	p42
	6.7
	8.7
	12.8
	2
	6.4
	-51.9396241

	 
	p43
	7.82
	9.82
	10.2
	1
	3.2
	-45.6474281

	 
	p44
	9.02
	11.02
	9
	3
	9.6
	-49.7602748

	 
	p45
	8.04
	10.04
	6.8
	1
	3.2
	-41.9056029

	B5
	p51
	6.07
	8.07
	11.5
	2
	6.4
	-51.6393815

	 
	p52
	7.19
	9.19
	12.2
	3
	9.6
	-54.2326213

	 
	p53
	7.05
	9.05
	11.2
	2
	6.4
	-50.4297851

	 
	p54
	5.51
	7.51
	14.5
	2
	6.4
	-54.2127847

	 
	p55
	5.65
	7.65
	18.6
	2
	6.4
	-56.2356835

	 
	p56
	6.38
	8.38
	14.7
	2
	6.4
	-53.4617714







According to our path loss calculation, this Figures show the points which calculation related to 
















Figure 22 : Points inside Ground Floor



Figure 23 : Points inside Basement One

Figure 24 : Points inside Basement Two

Figure 25 : Points inside Basement Three

Figure 26 : Points inside Basement Four
 (
Figure 
27
 : Points inside Basement Five
)

4.6 The design by using software.

To make sure that 	hand calculations are accurate, a program called iBwave has been used, and this program cannot be used by normal users or students because it is not free. Jawwal Company helped by providing an access to this software.
After the design has been entered to the program, results for link budget and path loss achieved and the attached CD will show full results.

4.6.1 Link budget results

The program create a link budget report calculation for every antennas used in the design. Two samples will be elaborate and compare with hand calculations results. "All iBwave link budget reports are included in the attached CD".

· Sample one
Antenna number 115 which is in the basement one floor in building “A” has a received power from RBS equals to  by our link budget calculations, iBwave report for this antenna shown in Figure 28.
 (
Figure 
28
 : 
iBwave
 link budget report for antenna number 115
)

So as the report shows that the power received from the RBS to the antenna is equal to . The difference between hand calculation and iBwave calculation equals to .
· Sample two
Antenna number 54 which is in the basement five floor in building “C” has a received power from RBS equals to  by our link budget calculations, iBwave report for this antenna shown in Figure 29.
 (
Figure 
29
 : 
iBwave
 lin
k budget report for antenna number 54
)
So as the report shows that the power received from the RBS to the antenna is equal to . The difference between hand calculation and iBwave calculation equals to .
These differences are because of three reasons, the first one because of the minimum cable length that the IBwave use which is 0.09 m between any two device by default, but in hand design, assumed that it can connect any two device directly like an output port of a splitter to an input port without using a cable between them so the minimum length of cables in hand design equals to zero. The second depends on the accuracy of measuring the distance between the RBS and the Antenna which affects the cable length. The final reason which is the most significant one comes from that the iBwave software used 33dBm as an output power from 2308 RBS but in hand design, 34 dBm output power from the RBS used, as Ericson Company defined it in its catalogue.
4.6.2 Path loss results

In this section, comparing the calculation of path loss and the software results will take place to improve what did we do. The program creates a prediction area covered by every antenna that radiates power in the design. "All iBwave prediction plans are included in the attached CD".

As mentioned in Table 2 in this chapter, an indoor prediction legend in software will be used and the prediction area related to this table will be defined.
· Sample one	
The Rx-power from Antenna number 212 at point p212 in the hand calculation nearly equals to . It can be noticed that IBwave prediction value from the antenna to this point at range  which is approximately equals to the hand calculations, Figure (24).Figure (31), shows the prediction area from iBwave compared with hand calculation.


Figure 30 : Prediction area at Basement Two
· Sample two	
Another sample that assures the closeness of the hand calculations to the accurate software results of point. As example of path loss calculation, it is found that in this point the Rx-power is, Figure (22). When getting back to the approximate software prediction in between of range of , Figure (31).

Figure 31 : Prediction area at Ground Floor


· Sample three
Another sample that improves the hand calculations to the accurate software results of point. As anther example of path loss calculation, the Rx-power  in this point is, as shown in Figure (23). Going back to the values of the iBwave Results, it is almost near the hand one and approximate range in between -56 to -58, Figure (32). 


Figure 32 : Prediction area at Basement One



· Sample four
Point from Antenna 34 at point p34 which is in the basement three has a received power approximately equals which is nearly close to hand calculation one and equal  by link budget calculations, this can be shown in Figure 33 .


Figure 33 : Prediction area at Basement Three


· Sample five 
Last, but not least, another sample in another place in this project that increase the truth of the simple program that can calculate the path loss in any point of the building. Points p411 at basement four improved what did said in compare with hand calculation and software one , at this point the received power equals - by using the Table 8 and the software reading is  approximately -51 dBm as shown in Figure 34.


Figure 34 : Prediction area at Basement Four


· Sample six
The final sample that took at basement five in point p51 from Figure 27. Figure 35 showing this point at the predication area that got from iBwave report . In compare of the link budget that calculated in previous section in Table 9 finding the received power in this point is nearly  , getting back to the software calculation the approximate received power is nearly between  .

Figure 35 : Prediction area at Basement Five

It can be noticed from the previous samples that the hand calculation nearly matches the software results. From this point, one can infer that the procedure followed in the design is relatively accurate. To conclude, calculation of the path loss everywhere inside any building can be done at any point.


Chapter 5: Conclusion

This project discussed the problems existing in An Najah Educational National Hospital which are poor quality calls, drop calls and call setup failure. These problems are because of weak signal strength and Low Carrier to Interference.

Many approaches have been studied after taking into account the needs to solve these problems. The main target that should be achieved in all scenarios is good signal strength all over the hospital so that the quality will be increased.

An Indoor Passive Distributed Antenna System was chosen to be designed for this project because of many reasons like it is straight forwarding design, it can be installed in harsh environment and no high data rate needed.
The design process includes capacity dimensioning, choosing the components, deciding the target coverage level and distributing the antennas inside all over the building including cables paths. 
Link budget calculations which deal with the power that sent from the RBS to the antenna have been done, this power affects by the cables long and the way of splitting, these calculations done by using mathematical equations. Another type of calculations called path loss calculations have been done too, this type deals with the losses in power that just come out the antenna until reach the receiver, these losses are because of space losses and attenuation on the signal due to construction materials such as walls. 
The full solution of the problems was governed through the design process and this solution had been done manually using mathematical equations and simple programs. Moreover, it will guarantee deep indoor and indoor signal strength inside all over the hospital. In addition, sufficient capacity, optimum usage of power, low interference and very good isolation from an outside macro layers are guaranteed too. 
To make sure that the hand calculations are matched, many samples taken and compared with the results which had been got from professional software, it was clear that the results matched so the hand design can be considered as a reliable one and generalized the steps of design in any further project so that a full design can be obtained without using a very high expensive software. 


References 

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable
2. http://www.scribd.com/knah098/d/47065064-Indoor-Planning
3. Indoor Radio Planning A Practical Guide for GSM, DCS, UMTS and HSPA
4. Component Kathrain Catalogues. http://kathrein.de/en/mcs/index.htm
5. http://www.ericsson.com
6. http://www.avalanwireless.com
7. http://www.scribd.com/word/removal/19442658
8. http://www.rfparts.com/heliax_LDF450A.html



Appendices 
Appendix-A : Radio Base Station 2308 (RBS 2308) Catalogue5




Appendix-B : Coaxial Cable ( LDF4-50A) Catalogue 8








Appendix-C : Splitters Catalogue 4

Appendix-D : Omni Directional Antenna Catalogue 4



Appendix-E : Directional Antenna Catalogue4



Appendix-F : Erlang B table, 1-50 channels, 0.07-40% grade of service 3

	n
	Blocking (GOS)
	n

	 
	0.007
	0.008
	0.009
	0.01
	0.02
	0.03
	0.05
	0.1
	0.2
	0.4
	 

	1
	.00705 
	.00806 
	.00908 
	.01010 
	.02041 
	.03093 
	.05263 
	.11111 
	.25000 
	.66667 
	1

	2
	.12600
	.13532
	.14416
	.15259
	.22347
	.28155
	.38132
	.59543
	1.0000
	2.0000
	2

	3
	.39664
	.41757
	.43711
	.45549
	.60221
	.71513
	.89940
	1.2708
	1.9299
	3.4798
	3

	4
	.77729
	.81029
	.84085
	.86942
	1.0923
	1.2589
	1.5246
	2.0454
	2.9452
	5.0210
	4

	5
	1.2362
	1.2810
	1.3223
	1.3608
	1.6571
	1.8752
	2.2185
	2.8811
	4.0104
	6.5955
	5

	6
	1.7531
	1.8093
	1.8610
	1.9090
	2.2759
	2.5431
	2.9603
	3.7584
	5.1086
	8.1907
	6

	7
	2.3149
	2.3820
	2.4437
	2.5009
	2.9354
	3.2497
	3.7378
	4.6662
	6.2302
	9.7998
	7

	8
	2.9125
	2.9902
	3.0615
	3.1276
	3.6271
	3.9865
	4.5430
	5.5971
	7.3692
	11.419
	8

	9
	3.5395
	3.6274
	3.7080
	3.7825
	4.3447
	4.7479
	5.3702
	6.5464
	8.5217
	13.045
	9

	10
	4.1911
	4.2889
	4.3784
	4.4612
	5.0840
	5.5294
	6.2157
	7.5106
	9.6850
	14.677
	10

	11
	4.8637
	4.9709
	5.0691
	5.1599
	5.8415
	6.3280
	7.0764
	8.4871
	10.857
	16.314
	11

	12
	5.5543
	5.6708
	5.7774
	5.8760
	6.6147
	7.1410
	7.9501
	9.4740
	12.036
	17.954
	12

	13
	6.2607
	6.3863
	6.5011
	6.6072
	7.4015
	7.9667
	8.8349
	10.470
	13.222
	19.598
	13

	14
	6.9811
	7.1155
	7.2382
	7.3517
	8.2003
	8.8035
	9.7295
	11.473
	14.413
	21.243
	14

	15
	7.7139
	7.8568
	7.9874
	8.1080
	9.0096
	9.6500
	10.633
	12.484
	15.608
	22.891
	15

	16
	8.4579
	8.6092
	8.7474
	8.8750
	9.8284
	10.505
	11.544
	13.500
	16.807
	24.541
	16

	17
	9.2119
	9.3714
	9.5171
	9.6516
	10.656
	11.368
	12.461
	14.522
	18.010
	26.192
	17

	18
	9.9751
	10.143
	10.296
	10.437
	11.491
	12.238
	13.385
	15.548
	19.216
	27.844
	18

	19
	10.747
	10.922
	11.082
	11.230
	12.333
	13.115
	14.315
	16.579
	20.424
	29.498
	19

	20
	11.526
	11.709
	11.876
	12.031
	13.182
	13.997
	15.249
	17.613
	21.635
	31.152
	20

	21
	12.312
	12.503
	12.677
	12.838
	14.036
	14.885
	16.189
	18.651
	22.848
	32.808
	21

	22
	13.105
	13.303
	13.484
	13.651
	14.896
	15.778
	17.132
	19.692
	24.064
	34.464
	22

	23
	13.904
	14.110
	14.297
	14.470
	15.761
	16.675
	18.080
	20.737
	25.281
	36.121
	23

	24
	14.709
	14.922
	15.116
	15.295
	16.631
	17.577
	19.031
	21.784
	26.499
	37.779
	24

	25
	15.519
	15.739
	15.939
	16.125
	17.505
	18.483
	19.985
	22.833
	27.720
	39.437
	25

	26
	16.334
	16.561
	16.768
	16.959
	18.383
	19.392
	20.943
	23.885
	28.941
	41.096
	26

	27
	17.153
	17.387
	17.601
	17.797
	19.265
	20.305
	21.904
	24.939
	30.164
	42.755
	27

	28
	17.977
	18.218
	18.438
	18.640
	20.150
	21.221
	22.867
	25.995
	31.388
	44.414
	28

	29
	18.805
	19.053
	19.279
	19.487
	21.039
	22.140
	23.833
	27.053
	32.614
	46.074
	29

	30
	19.637
	19.891
	20.123
	20.337
	21.932
	23.062
	24.802
	28.113
	33.840
	47.735
	30

	31
	20.473
	20.734
	20.972
	21.191
	22.827
	23.987
	25.773
	29.174
	35.067
	49.395
	31

	32
	21.312
	21.580
	21.823
	22.048
	23.725
	24.914
	26.746
	30.237
	36.295
	51.056
	32

	33
	22.155
	22.429
	22.678
	22.909
	24.626
	25.844
	27.721
	31.301
	37.524
	52.718
	33

	34
	23.001
	23.281
	23.536
	23.772
	25.529
	26.776
	28.698
	32.367
	38.754
	54.379
	34

	35
	23.849
	24.136
	24.397
	24.638
	26.435
	27.711
	29.677
	33.434
	39.985
	56.041
	35

	36
	24.701
	24.994
	25.261
	25.507
	27.343
	28.647
	30.657
	34.503
	41.216
	57.703
	36

	37
	25.556
	25.854
	26.127
	26.378
	28.254
	29.585
	31.640
	35.572
	42.448
	59.365
	37

	38
	26.413
	26.718
	26.996
	27.252
	29.166
	30.526
	32.624
	36.643
	43.680
	61.028
	38

	39
	27.272
	27.583
	27.867
	28.129
	30.081
	31.468
	33.609
	37.715
	44.913
	62.690
	39

	40
	28.134
	28.451
	28.741
	29.007
	30.997
	32.412
	34.596
	38.787
	46.147
	64.353
	40

	41
	28.999
	29.322
	29.616
	29.888
	31.916
	33.357
	35.584
	39.861
	47.381
	66.016
	41

	42
	29.866
	30.194
	30.494
	30.771
	32.836
	34.305
	36.574
	40.936
	48.616
	67.679
	42

	43
	30.734
	31.069
	31.374
	31.656
	33.758
	35.253
	37.565
	42.011
	49.851
	69.342
	43

	44
	31.605
	31.946
	32.256
	32.543
	34.682
	36.203
	38.557
	43.088
	51.086
	71.006
	44

	45
	32.478
	32.824
	33.140
	33.432
	35.607
	37.155
	39.550
	44.165
	52.322
	72.669
	45

	46
	33.353
	33.705
	34.026
	34.322
	36.534
	38.108
	40.545
	45.243
	53.559
	74.333
	46

	47
	34.230
	34.587
	34.913
	35.215
	37.462
	39.062
	41.540
	46.322
	54.796
	75.997
	47

	48
	35.108
	35.471
	35.803
	36.109
	38.392
	40.018
	42.537
	47.401
	56.033
	77.660
	48

	49
	35.988
	36.357
	36.694
	37.004
	39.323
	40.975
	43.534
	48.481
	57.270
	79.324
	49

	50
	36.870
	37.245
	37.586
	37.901
	40.255
	41.933
	44.533
	49.562
	58.508
	80.988
	50

	 
	0.007
	0.008
	0.009
	0.01
	0.02
	0.03
	0.05
	0.1
	0.2
	0.4
	 

	n
	Blocking (GOS)
	n





Appendix - G : Cable Routing inside hospital 

 (
Figure 
36
 Cable Routing inside GF
)

 (
Figure 
37
 Cable routing inside B1
)

 (
Figure 
38
 Cable routing inside B2
)


 (
Figure 
39
 Cable routing inside B3
)

 (
Figure 
40
 
Cable routing inside B4
)

 (
Figure 
41
 Cable routing inside B5
)
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