SELF-HEALING CONCRETE 2024 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We express our deepest gratitude to all who contributed to our civil engineering graduation project. Special thanks to our project advisor, Dr. Mohammad Samaaneh, for his invaluable guidance and support, and to Eng. Sameer Halaweh for his assistance in the experimental process. We are also grateful to Dr. Abd al-Fatah Al-Mallah for his constructive feedback. Finally, we thank our families and friends for their unwavering encouragement. Your support has been instrumental in our success. Thank you. An-Najah National University ABSTRACT Self-healing concrete aims to reduce cracks, minimize crack width, and maintain structural integrity without compromising strength, thereby extending the lifespan and reducing maintenance costs. In this study, we used wastewater containing bacteria from a WWTP in Nablus, Palestine, in various mixing percentages in our concrete samples. We conducted tests on compressive and tensile strength, flexural strength, and abrasion, comparing results with standard specifications. Our goal is to induce cracks and observe the self-healing process over time. An-Najah National University INTRODUCTION TO SELF-HEALING CONCRETE Concrete is widely used in construction for its strength, durability, and versatility. Cracks are a common problem in concrete, potentially leading to larger failures. Cracks develop during the hardening phase and over decades, especially in damp environments. This project aims to create a self-healing concrete mix. We use treated wastewater in the mix to achieve self-healing properties. An-Najah National University MATERILAS Water Aggregates Cement An-Najah National University CEMENT The cement used in the experimental work is Composed Portland cement (CEM I 42.5 N). An-Najah National University Fine and coarse aggregates were used according to the ASTM C136 reference. Crushed limestone aggregates with a maximum 25 mm. AGGREGATES An-Najah National University Potable tap water was used for the sample either completely or with different proportions with WW. WATER An-Najah National University WASTE WATER In our project, we develop self-healing concrete using treated water and we will study the effect of wastewater on concrete We collected around 60 liters of treated water from the Nablus West treatment plant. To study the effect of treated water on this type of concrete we make three concrete mixes (100% of pure water, 100% of treated water, and 50% treated 50% pure) An-Najah National University PROPERITIES OF WATER WE USED We take these results from the Nablus West treatment plant The pH for water Equals 7.35 In this project COD/BOD = 16/3.2 = 5 An-Najah National University MATERIALS PREPARATION An-Najah National University MATERIALS PREPARATION An-Najah National University Sieve analysis: MATERIALS PREPARATION An-Najah National University Sieve analysis: MATERIALS PREPARATION An-Najah National University Sieve analysis: MATERIALS PREPARATION An-Najah National University Absorption rate: MATERIALS PREPARATION An-Najah National University Absorption rate: MIX PROPORTIONS OF CONCRETE MIX An-Najah National University TESTING METHODOLOGY An-Najah National University The following table illustrates the details of tests operated on samples : TESTING METHODOLOGY The slump test. An-Najah National University TESTING METHODOLOGY Test of compressive strength following 7 days. Test of compressive strength following 28 days. An-Najah National University TESTING METHODOLOGY Test for tensile strength. An-Najah National University TESTING METHODOLOGY Flexural strength test. An-Najah National University TESTING METHODOLOGY Self-healing monitor samples An-Najah National University Ingredients of B300: METHODOLGY AND ANALYSIS An-Najah National University Ingredients of B350 : METHODOLGY AND ANALYSIS An-Najah National University Ingredients of B400: METHODOLGY AND ANALYSIS An-Najah National University RESULTS B300 MIX TESTS RESULTS An-Najah National University B300 (0% WW): B300 MIX TESTS RESULTS An-Najah National University B300 (50% WW): B300 MIX TESTS RESULTS An-Najah National University B300 (100% WW): B350 MIX TESTS RESULTS An-Najah National University B350 (0% WW): B350 MIX TESTS RESULTS An-Najah National University B350 (50% WW): B350 MIX TESTS RESULTS An-Najah National University B350 (100% WW): B400 MIX TESTS RESULTS An-Najah National University B400 (0% WW): B400 MIX TESTS RESULTS An-Najah National University B400 (50% WW): B400 MIX TESTS RESULTS An-Najah National University B400 (100% WW): DISCUSSION OUTCOMES AND DISCUSSION Density: Treated Waste Water (WW) has no impact on the density values of fresh concrete Slump Values: WW does not affect slump values differently than ordinary water; the amount of added water is the key factor An-Najah National University OUTCOMES AND DISCUSSION Compression Strength (7 Days): WW affects the early reaction of concrete, notably decreasing compressive strength in high-strength designs (B350 and B400 mixes). Compression Strength (28 Days): Mixed results; some samples showed increased strength with 50% WW, while others showed decreased strength. The same variability was observed with 100% WW. An-Najah National University OUTCOMES AND DISCUSSION Tensile Strength: WW tends to decrease tensile strength, especially at a 50% WW mixing ratio. Flexural Strength: No major differences were observed in the flexural strength of concrete due to the addition of WW. An-Najah National University SELF-HEALING PROGRESS OBSERVATION Regarding cracks case in concrete, we observed an inverse relationship between the amount of WW added to the mixtures, and the number of cracks occurring in the healed samples, the more WW added to mixtures, the less cracks occur. An-Najah National University SELF-HEALING PROGRESS OBSERVATION An-Najah National University 100 % WW SELF-HEALING PROGRESS OBSERVATION An-Najah National University 50 % WW SELF-HEALING PROGRESS OBSERVATION An-Najah National University 0 % WW Based on the results of previous experiments, we found that replacing pure water with wastewater is feasible, especially from an economic standpoint. The price of a cubic meter of pure water is about 11-12 shekels, while wastewater is 2-3 shekels. Also from a political standpoint, due to the presence of the occupation and the difficulty of extracting groundwater, it can be used. As an alternative in other construction matters As for self-healing, we did not notice any change in the samples due to the short time for the project CONCLUSION An-Najah National University RECOMMENDATIONS Conduct more experiments with different percentages, such as 25% and 75%, to obtain more accurate results. Monitoring self-healing samples over a period ranging from one to six months. Treated water can be used in mortar. Study of the environmental impact of concrete after using treated water. 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