أ Integrative planning for communities of green line separated by the wall (Integrated planning for Baqa Al-Gharbiyye city, Baqa al Sharqiyeh town, and Nazlet Issa village) Done by: Reham Theeb Mohammed abo Othman Under supervision: .Dr Abdul HamidAli .Dr Zahra Zawawi This research was presented as a requirement for the graduation project in the Department of Urban Planning Engineering, College of Najah National -Engineering and Information Technology, An University, Nablus. May2019 ب إهداء إلى من كانوا يضيئون لي الطريق ويساندوني ويتنازلون عن حقوقهم إلرضائي والعيش في هناء إلى النور الذي ينير لي درب النجاح ...أبي ويا من علمتني الصمود مهما تبدلت الظروف.. أمي إلى شريك دربي إلى أساتذتي إلى زمالئي وزميالتي تحترق لتضئ لآلخرينإلى الشموع التي إلى كل من علمني حرفا أهدي هذا البحث المتواضع راجياً من المولى عز وجل أن يجد القبول والنجاح ج الشكر و التقدير أشكر هللا العلي القدير الذي أنعم عليَّ بنعمة العقل والدين. القائل في محكم التنزيالت .... صدق هللا العظيم 76سورة يوسف آية "َوفَْوَق ُكِلِّ ِذي ِعْلٍم َعِليٌم" . وقال رسول هللا )صلي هللا عليه وسلم(: "من صنع إليكم معروفاً فكافئوه ، فإن لم .(تجدوا ما تكافئونه به فادعوا له حتى تروا أنكم كافأتموه" ..... )رواه أبو داوود رفيق دربي والدي اللذان كانا سندا ونورا للطريق، و على وأثني ثناء حسنا على مني بالجميل أتقدم بجزيل الشكر ألولئك المخلصين ًواعترافاوذلك وفاء ً وتقديرا ً دكتورةالذين لم يألوا جهداً في مساعدتنا في مجال البحث العلمي ، وأخص بالذكر ال على هذه الدراسة زهراء زواوي و الدكتور الفاضل : علي عبد الحميدالفاضلة: األستاذ الفاضل وصاحب الفضل في توجيهي ومساعدتي في تجميع المادة البحثية .هللا كل خير م، فجزاه:صالح الشخشير . وأخيراً، أتقدم بجزيل شكري إلي كل من مدوا لي يد العون والمساعدة في إخراج هذه .الدراسة علي أكمل وجه د Table of contents Chapter one: Introduction to the research …………………………… 1.1 general background…………………………………………………………………2 1.2 research issue ……………………………………………………………………….2 1.3 Importance and rationale for the research …………………………………………2 1.4 Research objectives ………………………………………………………………….3 1.5 Research justifications……………………………………………………………….3 Chapter two :Research plan and methodology ……………………… 2.1 research plan ……………………………………………………………4 2.2 research methodology …………………………………………………....5 2.2.1 Curriculum Tools……………………………………………………5. 2.2.2 sources of information and data ………………………………………5 Chapter Three: conceptual framework ……………………………… 3.1 Introduction to the concept of planning ………………………………………7 3.2 Planning Theories under Exceptional Conditions……………………..…….7 3.2.1Physical-spatial planning in conditions of uncertainty……………………7 3.2.2 Planning under severe and emergency conditions……………………….….8 3.3 counter planning……………………………………………………………..…..8 3.4 Partition or insulating wall…………………………………………………………11 3.5 Restrictions on mobility and movement……………………………………….…..13 3.6 Barriers …………………………………………………………………..…………14 3.7 Permit system…………………………………………………………….……..….15 3.8 The political division of the Palestinian Territories…………………………….…16. 3.9Trans-Israel Street - Street (6)………………………………………………..…….18 Chapter Four: General background on planning in Palestine………. ه 4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………...........19 4.2 About urban planning in Palestine………………………………………….20 4.3 Planning in the Israeli Period (1948-1994 AD)…………………………..……22 4.4 Planning Policy in the West Bank……………………………………………..27 4.5 The planning initiative within the Green Line………………………………….27 4.6 The challenges and obstacles facing Palestinian urban planning institutions....28 4.7 The most important Israeli plans facing the Palestinian territories…………..30 Chapter Five: Similar study cases……………………………………. 5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..31 5.2 International case study: Cyprus……………………………………………….32 5.3 Regional case study: Beirut……………………………………………………33 Chapter six: Project site analysis……………………………………… 6.1 Site selection……………………………………………………………………38 6.2 About the site…………………………………………………………………...38 6.3 Justifications for choosing a project…………………………………………..….39 6.4 Site Diagnostics…………………………………………………………….….….41 6.4.1Historical background……………………………………………………....41 6.4.2The establishment of the separation wall…………………………..…...….56 6.4.3 Urban administration………………………………………………..….….61 6.4.4 Social, Cultural and Heritage sectors……………………………….……..63 6.4.5 Demographic sector…………………………………………………..……70 6.4.7 Economic situation………………………………………………………….77 6.4.8 Urban Planning …………………………………………………………..…86 6.4.9 Agriculture activity……………………………………………………..…112 6.4.10 Environmental sector………………………………………………..…115 و 6.5 Regional planning framework…………………………………………………118 6.5.1Study area and connectivity at regional level ……………………………….118 6.5.2 Checkpoints and barriers affect the study area ……………………………..120 6.5.3 Permits to access within the study area …………………………………..…122 6.6 Outputs of the analysis stage………………………………………………………125 6.6.1 Common and confusing aspects ……………………………………..……125 6.6.2 SWOT analysis ……………………………………………………………127 Chapter seven :The concept and the vision of the project …………… 7.1 Project concept ……………………………………………………………………129 7.2Vision of the project………………………………………………………………..129 7.3 Restrictions and limitations……………………………………………………….131 7.4 Potentials and opportunities……………………………………………………….132 7.5 Proposed scenarios of the project ……………………………………………….133 7.6 The achievement of objectives at short and long term…………………………….140 7.7 conclusion…………………………………………………………………………140 ز Index of maps No. of map Map title page number Map(1) The location of the study area. 39 Map(2) The location of the study area. 40 Map(3) Administrative division of the study area in the Ottoman period(1516-1917) 44 Map(4) Administrative division of the study area during the British Mandate period(1917_1945) 45 Map(5) Administrative boundaries of the study area during the British Mandate period(1920-1945) 45 Map(6) Borders shifting of Baqa Al-Gharbiyye from the British Mandate period to Israeli occupation(1942-1967) 46 Map(7) The city of Baqa al- Gharbiyye and Nazlet Issa at 1942 47 Map(8) The city of Baqa al- Gharbiyye and surrounding at 1945 48 Map(9) The lands confiscated in 1947 AD 50 Map(10) Administrative division of the study area during the Jordanian administration (1948_1967) 51 Map(11) Administrative division of the study area during the Israeli period (1967_1994) 52 Map(12) Administrative division of the study area at Palestinian National Authority period (1994-now) 53 Map(13) The stages of border’s shifting of Baqa Al-Gharbiyye from 1942 until now(1942-2020) 54 Map(14) The pattern and structure of communities in the planning area before the establishment of the separation wall. 56 Map(15) The pattern and structure of communities in the planning area after the establishment separation wall 60 Map(16) Administrative division of Israel and west bank 61 Map(17) Urban administration of the study area after the separating wall 63 Map(18) The Socio-economic ranking of Baqa Al-Gharbiyye 65 Map(19) Seventy "forgotten" citizens behind the separation fence. 70 Map(20) Relationship between the communities of the planning area before the separation wall (before 2004) 78 Map(21) The development of the commercial market and the commercial movement in the region 79 Map(22) The development of the commercial market and the economic movement in the region 80 Map(23) The development of the commercial market and the commercial movement in the region 81 Map(24) The development of the commercial market and the commercial movement in the region 82 Map(25) Palestinian side after building the separating wall 83 Map(26) Relationship with surrounding after separation wall 85 Map(27) The provisions of organization and construction in the west bank 92 ح Map(28) Comprehensive local master plan for Baqa Al- Gharbiyye2035 92 Map(29) The provisions and instructions of the plan 2035 93 Map(30) The master plan of Baqa Al-Gharbiyye. 95 Map(31) Master plan of Baqa Al-Gharbiyye 96 Map(32) Increase the percentage of construction plan of the RESIDENTIAL ZONES in Baqa AlGharbiyye city 2020 98 Map(33) the detailed plans of Baqa Al-Gharbiyye. 103 Map(34) the current planning situation. 104 Map(35) the future planning situation. 105 Map(36) land registration at the planning area 106 Map(37) the land use of the planning area 107 Map(38) Restrictions on urban expansion of Baqa AL-Gharbiyye 108 Map(39) Country infrastructure projects affects Baqa Al-Gharbiyye lands 109 Map(40) The western side after building the separated wall 110 Map(41) the water basins 111 Map(42) the agricultural lands at the planning area 112 Map(43) the challenges affected the planning area. 117 Map(44) Study area and connectivity at regional level 118 Map(45) Study area and connectivity at regional level 119 Map(46) Checkpoints and barriers affect the study area 120 Map(47) the regional plan TAMA 6 123 Map(48) the regional plan TAMA 6 124 Map(49) the conceptual perception 129 Map(50) the restrictions and limitations 131 Map(51) the restrictions and limitations 132 Map(52) potentials and opportunities 133 Map(53) the integration process 136 Map(54) the conceptual perception of the study area 137 Map(55) The comprehensive master plan of 2035 138 ط Index of pictures: Picture no. Table name Page number Picture (1) the administrative division of the island of Cyprus 31 Picture (2) Beirut division map 35 Picture (3) Major organization projects in Beirut 36 Picture (4) downtown reconstruction - demolitions. 36 Picture (5) Reconstruction of the city center: the guiding plan and its development. 38 Picture (6) The historical timeline for the planning area. 55 Picture (7) The establishment of the separation wall 57 Picture (8) damaged caused by amalgamation of houses and shops to build the wall. 57 Picture (9) damaged caused by amalgamation of houses and shops to build the wall. 58 Picture (10) A cross section describing the components of the separation wall generally on west bank 59 Picture (11) Urban administration of the study area after the separating wall 62 Picture (12) Baqa well 66 Picture (13) Boren well 66 Picture (14) wall painting in Baqa Al-Gharbiyye 66 Picture (15) Al Qasimi Academy on Baqa Al-Gharbiyye 67 Picture (16) Al-Ajami shrine- archeological site on Baqa Al-Gharbiyye 67 Picture (17) The Village Farm for Peace 68 Picture (18) The shrine of Sheikh Hamdan 68 Picture (19) Population pyramid of the study area 2018 74 Picture (20) Palestinian side after building the separated wall 82 Picture (21) daily life and urban composition of the study area after the wall 84 Picture (22) the inspired concept 129 Picture (23) the vision of the project 130 Picture (24) the issues will take in consideration in scenarios proposing 134 Picture (25) the basis of reunification 135 ي Index of tables: Table no. Table name Page number Table(1) Baqa Al-Gharbiyye at 1945 48 Table(2) The percentage of land tenure of Baqa Al-Gharbiyye of Palestine and Israel in 1948 49 Table(3) The number of damaged buildings or in demolition risk 58 Table(4) The amount of losses and damages 59 Table(5) common and diverse aspects on social sector 68 Table(6) Population of Baqa Al-Gharbiyye 71 Table(7) Population of Nazlet Issa 71 Table(8) Population of Baqa alsharqieh 72 Table(9) population and annual growth . 72 Table(10) population of the study area 2020 73 Table(11) Population in study area by Locality, Gender, and Age Group, 2017 74 Table(12) Population in study area by Locality, Gender, and Age Group, 2017 74 Table(13) percentage of age group. 74 Table(14) the percentage of population and age group 2017 of Baqa Al- Gharbiyye 75 Table(15) Sex ratio 76 Table(16) demographic indicators of the study area. 76 Table(17) Population expectation of the study area 77 Table(18) the area of political classifications of study area lands 83 Table(19) The provisions of organization and construction in the west bank 90 Table(20) Agricultural lands of the study area 112 Table(21) Types of agriculture in the study area 113 Table(22) common and confusing aspects 125 Table(23) SWOT analysis 127 Table(24) The provisions and instructions of the plan 138 1 2 Chapter one Introduction to the research General background1.1 Planning is an absolute topic that can be a social, economic, political or urban topic. Whatever the type of this planning, it is a scientific method that aims to study all kinds of resources and capabilities available in the state, in the region, in the city, in the village, or in the institution, and decide how to use these. Resources in achieving specific goals or improving living conditions, provided that the use is the most productive and helps achieve the most development (Planning Guide 2013) Successful planning is planning that solves contemporary human problems and removes the constraints imposed by nature or man-made problems such as accelerated population growth, urbanization, and growing demand for land, by exploiting the potentials and resources available. 2.1Research issue In this report, the planning situation will be examined for all Palestinian communities located east and west of the Green Line, which were characterized by strong relations among them, where they were one unit and then separated and expanded to develop and another planning grants after the existence of the Armistice Line 1994, and thus will integrate integrally to form one unit , Taking into account the nature of the population and the extent of their familiarity and harmony. It is difficult to apply the merger between more than one unit and there is no harmony among their residents, so the merger will be subject to careful and thorough study to produce clear and sound results. 1.3 Importance and rationale for the research In the second half of the nineteenth century, many events and political systems that affected the planning and development process in Palestine rolled over to Palestine, beginning with the Ottoman rule - the British rule - the Israeli occupation, and made it a unique and unique case in the world. The West Bank borders were formed in 1994, but they were distinguished as changing spatial and virtual borders, because Israel continues its attempt to redraw the borders between it and the Palestinian territories, by imposing new facts on the ground through: expanding settlements, building the separation wall, and implementing Settlement projects, bypass roads, which impose restrictions on urban planning at the local and 3 regional levels and reduce the possibilities of urban expansion for local communities. (Statistics 2011) The current situation experienced by the West and East groupings of the armistice line for the year 1994, and what resulted from economic and social problems affected the planning situation as a whole, where the wall occupied approximately (12.9%) of the area of the West Bank, and lands (c) occupied 61% of the area The West Bank, as the national economy in Palestine deteriorated as a whole, which prompted West Bank workers to go to work in Israel. The purpose of this project is to re-plan the eastern and western groupings of the Green Line, which were one unit and then separated into two communities, each of which is expanding towards, and has a separate local authority. The need for this project stems from the restrictions imposed by the nature of the planning area and the accompanying economic, social and urban problems, such as the accelerated population growth and encroachment on agricultural lands, the different urban structure, the restrictions on movement and the Palestinian social life. 1.4 Research objectives The main objective of the idea of consolidation is to enhance geographical communication between Arab regions that were one community before the armistice line of 1994. 1. The idea of consolidation seeks to study several goals, namely: 2. Achieve maximum mobility 3. Finding solutions to the urban problems related to the wall. 4. Reducing environmental problems resulting from the encroachment on agricultural lands. 5. Strengthening and revitalizing the economic situation of West Bank communities. 1.5 Research justifications Personal desire to study the planning situation of Arab communities in the West Bank and inside the Green Line The negative impact of spatial separation on economic and social conditions. 4 Chapter Two Research plan and methodology 2.1 Research plan It is imperative to achieve the desired objectives by studying and working within a plan based on the following axes: 1. The general framework: It contains a general and comprehensive concept of planning in the West Bank cities and cities of the Green Line, its stages, motives and its impact on the gatherings on both sides as a whole. 2. Theoretical framework: contains a comprehensive concept of planning without borders and how to apply it to clusters that were previously one unit and then separated for political reasons. 3. Diagnostic information framework: It is based on collecting information from field studies in the proposed site in the case study, where the site will be described and its status, in addition to observations and observations, as well as personal interviews with some of the elderly who witnessed the planning situation before the year 1948 AD, and will also be published Survey regarding the process of merging the case study area. 4. The analytical and deductive framework: focuses on analyzing the phenomenon of separating urban communities in 1948 AD, and their impact on the process of urban development in both parts of the community as a whole, based on the information available from theoretical study and field study and the development of proposals and directives on the current and future urban development of the study area. 5 2.2 Research methodology The study relies on more than one curriculum and determines this in the context of the study and its chapters, the most important of which are: 1. The historical curriculum: focuses on studying the planning situation of the communities in the past before 1948 AD, where there was one unit and then it split into two parts, each of which constitutes an independent local unit. 2. Descriptive and analytical approach: The study relies on the descriptive approach related to the reality to be studied with its surroundings, and the analysis of challenges and the resulting capabilities and the ability to come out with opportunities and solutions for integrated planning without limits. 3. Comparative science curriculum: Similar study cases, such as Beirut and Cyprus, will be used. 2.2.1 Curriculum Tools Each curriculum has tools used to implement the research plan, the most important of which are: 1.In the analytical approach: many technologies will be used via the computer as tools for scientific research such as the program (Gis AutoCAD, as well as the method of dual analysis SWOT) and the method of quad analysis PEST analysis and depth map, as well as the impact assessment tool (Impact assessment). 2. In the historical curriculum, we rely on the idea of the time frame of the study area to understand the history and development of the research issue. 3. The existence of evaluation tools, the most important of which is the Matrix of Achieving the Goals to evaluate the alternatives proposed in the plan (Goal achievement matrix), through which goals are distributed and alternatives are proposed related to the goals of the plan and then evaluation of these alternatives. 2.2.2 Sources of information and data The information mentioned in the study research report is based on various sources: 1. Library resources: by referring to the available books and postgraduate studies related to the subject, such as the Central Bureau of Statistics in Israel. 2. Official sources: Through obtaining information, maps and statistics from the official authorities related to the topic of planning, such as: the Directorate of Planning, the Ministry of Planning, the Judicial Committee for Planning and Building in the North and 6 the Secondary Committee for Planning, or any party responsible for the site to be studied. 3. Unofficial Sources: Some information can be obtained through the Arab Center for Alternative Planning, the Society in Bimkom, the Planners for Planning Rights Foundation, the Knesset Research and Information Center, and the Israel Violations Documentation Center. 4. Personal sources: Through the use of research and survey tools, personal interviews and observations, the researcher can obtain information that is not available to him. 5. Oral source: People who have lived and documented the phenomenon, such as the elderly and school teachers, will be hired. 7 Chapter Three conceptual framework 3.1 Introduction to the concept of planning George Terry defined planning as "the choice related to facts and the mode of using assumptions when conceiving and forming proposed activities that he believes are necessary to achieve the desired results" (Jad Al-Rab 2005) As for Henri Fayol, he believes that planning includes predicting what the future will be and preparing for it. Ahmed El Sayed Mostafa defined him: "It is the art of dealing with the future, and that it is the early job or the starting point in any process, and that it includes designing and evaluating the goals and selecting the appropriate ones, and determining how they can be achieved through programs, and that these goals are as criteria for measuring actual performance. Planning is based on Two basic elements: predicting the future, and preparing for the future. In this sense, planning can be considered a “general human activity practiced by individuals and groups in all affairs of their lives,” and in this, BENTON sees planning as a general concept “as preparing and preparing a mental frame of action.” It is every intended action, which is conceived and fixed in fiction before it actually takes its place, that is, it must be created before it works, and this is the basis for thinking before action. (Ghoneim, 1999) The concept of planning also indicates that political options are the primary channel for bringing about changes in the development trend, as it considers them the pillars of the general framework of planning and within this trend. An economic policy tool aimed at identifying strategic choices for economic and social development and calculating the means to finance them. 3.2 Planning Theories under Exceptional Conditions: Planning theories must be addressed in exceptional and restrictive circumstances and in emergency situations, which can be applied and dealt with, so that planners and decision-makers can take the appropriate planning decision. 3.2.1 Physical-spatial planning in conditions of uncertainty: 8 Uncertainty is a very broad term, meaning lack of predictability, surprise, ambiguity and familiarity with issues and events. It can have more than one form of interpretation, can be categorized differently and is usually defined as a feeling of doubt, fear, and anxiety about something happening and instability. (Rabiah, 2019) The uncertainty in spatial planning is reflected as a series of diverse uncertainties in all aspects and the stages of urban planning as it has many causes (Rabaya, 2019, Mlakar, 2009) (Hubbard, 2007) defines uncertainty as a state of limited knowledge where it is impossible describe the current results of a country or future, more than one likely outcome. ”Thus the common themes that pass through each of these types of uncertainty are lack of information and knowledge; lack of understanding; and the inability to predict changes in the external environment. (Rabiah, 2019, Rima Badir, 2011) 3.2.2 Planning under severe and emergency conditions: Where planning under emergency conditions or what is called emergency management is defined as an expensive administrative job creating a framework that is equipped with all the crises that may stimulate the society, as it reduces exposure to negative impacts disasters respond quickly and deal with emergency crises and can be divided into four basic stages: (Rabiaa, 2019) 1. Mitigation / prevention 2. Preparedness 3. Response 4. Recovery. 3.3 counter planning Theories define countermeasures as schemes prepared by the local community to counter the mainstream plans of the planning authority that do not serve the needs or goals of the local population. (Zeid Thawaba, 2018) Resistant planning or counter planning is the planning process that takes place in areas with influence and strategic location characterized by the existence of a conflict over them between the two parties, alternative plans are developed for them by both parties. Khamisi (2017) defined it as a plan aimed at confronting or opposing another plan, this 9 resistance plan offers an alternative that aims to meet the different needs and goals, the resisting planning model for social justice is implemented, and the appropriate resources are reallocated, resisting planning includes community awareness and building Capacity and planning activities according to the amended, authorized and implemented plans that will create justice in one hand, and are part of social and political efforts to stop the demolition of housing and the development of common places and places. (Rabiah, 2019) 3.3.1 Methodology of resisting planning in the occupied interior: This resistive planning methodology came as part of the reaction to established planning and called for its amendment and change. Part of the planning methodology defending the interests and benefits of Arab citizens in their cities, villages and locations came through participation in planning institutions and the completion of the planning process, in return with the preparation of alternative plans at the country, regional and local levels. These alternative plans came as part of the defense process and challenge formal planning in order to amend it and prepare other structural plans that contribute to providing opportunities for the development of Arab towns and in response to their requirements and needs. We cannot pretend that the period of confronting the established structural plans and those that go through the ratification stages of planning institutions by the artillery planning methodology has ended, but must continue in order to prepare structural plans that meet the needs of Arab cities and villages and provide development conditions and opportunities for Arab society including Changing local and national planning policies (Khamisi, 2018) 3.3.2 Counter / counter planning in the West Bank: In Palestine and in this study, it is worth noting that the planning process in areas fully controlled by the Israeli authority began in the past few years. In this process, planners from local companies began preparing major plans for disadvantaged communities in Area C, where services are badly needed And housing, and the aim of these plans was to plan resist the plans of the occupying powers and support Palestinian societies with "legal" documents to stop house demolitions by the occupying power, which is called resistance planning in Palestine. (Rabiah, 2019, Thawaba, 2018) Therefore, the task of counter planning is to confront, resist and challenge the Israeli national and urban planning, its policies and development tools on the one hand, and the Palestinian urban and rural communities that are undergoing the process of urbanization under occupation on the other hand. (Rabayah, 2019, Thursday, 2017) 10 3.3.3 Resistant / Countermeasures in Area C: Counter-planning project in Area C consists of a variety of planning and training activities, which operate at the regional and local levels, with the main focus of the project In the field of legal planning. Detailed plans have been developed for the communities that focus on land use and density, to meet the needs of the communities in line with current planning laws. (Rabiah, 2019) Realistic resistance planning for Palestinians in Area C under occupation includes four main steps: the community initiative, the approval and acceptance of the plan by the community, and the authorization and implementation of the plan (Rabaia, 2019, Khamisi, 2017) After 2011, the resilient planning process started as a project and was approved by the Ministry of Local Government Palestinian Authority (through local village council initiatives. Participation of planning was achieved through workshops, where views were discussed regarding whether the project is appropriate to the current and future needs of the local population. Then a detailed plan was prepared for the region to deal with private ownership, and as a result, development planning raised the level of education, the rate of employment, employment opportunities, and the socio-economic level, during the process of doing counter planning, and the planning methodology was adopted with the community and not the community. (Rabaya, 2019, Thursday, 2017) 3.3.4 Resistance Planning Goals (Rabiah, 2019) Resistant planning aims to achieve the following: 1. Achieve control and strength, as planning is the instrument of force and subjugation. 2. Establishing indigenous peoples' presence in their lands, planning for them and providing supportive plans that are resistant to any colonial process or external forces. 3. Increased flexibility and sustainable development. In order to change the current structural planning, it is necessary to take responsibility and initiative through effective participation in facing the reality by resisting the controlling planning and replacing it with challenging and resilient planning that meets the needs of the Arab town taking into consideration the urban and rural urban environment (Khamisi, 2017) 11 3.4 Partition or insulating wall In this study the term separation wall has been used on the basis that this designation is neutral meaning, while the position of the wall is indicated by the various effects that the wall creates, which are only visible through review and study of the effects of the construction of the wall on the ground, and this What will be covered in later chapters. The separation fence is the wall that Israel is currently building on the West Bank, and this wall takes several pictures in terms of reach, shape and nature, and isolates the Palestinian population centers from each other and from large parts of the land occupied in 1967. The separation wall consists of two main parts. One of them stretches the periphery of the northern, western and southern regions of the West Bank. It includes parts surrounding the Jerusalem area within the so-called Jerusalem Cover, which aims to isolate the city of Jerusalem and its surroundings from its natural extension with the rest of the West Bank. (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, 2017) This section of the wall is characterized by a lot of meandering, which makes its length far more than the length of the green line that separates Israel from the West Bank, according to the armistice agreement signed in 1949 between Jordan and Israel (Amnesty International, 2004) In general, this wall: (Abdel Hamid, 2005) 1. It will extend more than 240 kilometers to the east of the armistice line that existed on June 4, 1967. 2. It consists of a series of barriers consisting of trenches, deep channels, high concrete walls, electrified barbed wire and electronic monitoring devices, in addition to a buffer zone that separates these barriers and the armistice line separating the areas of 1948 and the West Bank. 3. The area of 1,288 sq km, i.e. 4.23% of the total area of the West Bank, will cover them. This area will include the buffer zone and the Jerusalem envelope, which covers an area of 170 sq km. This area also includes tens of villages and Palestinian countries inhabited by about 700 thousand people, including about 300 thousand in the area of the cover of Jerusalem. 4. About 25% of the total population of the West Bank, who will be subject to Israeli repressive measures and forced to live in a state of racial discrimination, will be isolated. 12 According to the Israeli declarations, the residents of these areas will be subjected to tight control, so they will be prevented from moving at night, and during the day the transfer will take place after obtaining Special permits, by the Israeli military authorities, at the same time granting settlers full freedom of movement and movement from one area to another. 5. It will be an introduction to the construction of another wall in the east, which includes an area of 1237 square km of valley, or 9.21% of the area of the West Bank. This means that "Israel" plans to annex 3,45% of the area of West Bank land. 3.4.1 Armistice line "Green Line" The Green Line was demarcated between the West Bank and Israel on the basis of military considerations, based on the locations and lines on which the forces of each party were positioned after the war of 1949, with some modifications that came to suit the transportation lines. All physical, demographic, and physical geographical factors were ignored when demarcating that line, and upon implementation, commitment was made only to the modifications agreed upon that were in favor of Israel, while the agreed modifications that were in the interest of Jordan were not implemented. Many problems have arisen in this line when starting to actually teach it on the ground, due to adherence to military considerations and transportation lines only during the demarcation of the armistice line, and exceeding geographical and humanitarian considerations and factors. There was a great technical difficulty in setting border points in some areas, and in other regions the situation was more sensitive, either because of the strategic location, or because of the population density and the separation of citizens from each other, or because these areas contain important capabilities such as water. Those problems that disrupted the demarcation line continued in some areas until the mid-1950s, which allowed the Israelis to seize thousands of new dunums of the West Bank and consider them within their borders (Pope, 2006). The Green Line was demarcated starting from a point on the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi, then heading west through Mara, south of Mount Hebron, and continuing until the eastern slopes of the Fqoua Mountains. The line passes through the mountains of central Palestine, and continues to the Hebron-Beersheba Road. After cutting this road, it will turn northwest and then north until it reaches the Hebron-Beit Jibreen road. After that, the line will start diverting to the northeast towards the gates of southern Jerusalem, and here the line has been modified in favor of Israel, so that the railway linking Jerusalem to the coast remains under Israeli control. The armistice line continues its extension 13 along the village of Battir, reaching Jerusalem, crossing the valley of Shork Valley. When the line was demarcated in this area, the spread of Palestinian lands and their livelihoods was ignored, as many citizens were separated from their lands. After the line reaches the southern gates of Jerusalem, it deviates to the north, then to the western mountains, then to the coastal strip, starting from Qatana village to Budrus village. The line is divided into two lines that surround an area with a width of 500 meters - 3 km. The area between the two lines is called the no-man's land, and the two lines continue to reach the Latrun Church. Then the line goes northward, sloping from an altitude of 800 meters to 200 meters near the church, and it continues towards the north and reaches the city of Qalqilya, where it cuts flat areas and runs in the same direction until the beginning of the plain of Ara. After the line crosses the village of Barta'a, it heads towards the north-east along the Wadi Ara 4 km south of the Arra Plain - and the road that passes through it, and continues its path through the Umm al-Fahm mountains for a distance of 3 until it reaches the Marj bin Amer plain next to the village of Zabouba, and there it deviates to the southeast and then to the east On the eastern highlands of Umm al-Fahm, cut across the southern end of the Marj bin Amer Plain. After that, it moves towards the Gilboa Heights, and above these mountains it changes its direction towards the southeast and then to the east, and near the village of Al- Mughair east of Jenin, the line heads to the eastern slopes of the mountains of Gilboa, and goes along the Wadi Bazq for a distance of approximately 3 km, and near the village of Kaoun, the line will abandon its alignment For the valley, it cuts the Senja area to reach the Jordan River at the area where its bank height reaches 252 meters in the West Bank. 3.5 Restrictions on movement and movement The imposition of restrictions on the movement and movement of Palestinians living in the occupied territories is one of the central tools that Israel uses for the purpose of implementing the occupation regime and controlling the Palestinian population. These restrictions are imposed on their movement within the occupied territories themselves, their movement between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, their entry into Israel and their travel abroad. In this way, Israel restricts the movement of the Palestinians only while the settlers and other citizens - Israelis and foreigners - move around freely (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories - B'Tselem, 2017). The movement of Palestinians in the Occupied Territories is completely subject to the will of Israel - which is arbitrarily dictated by it, the instructions received by the soldiers who serve in the District Coordination and Liaison Administration, and the ways in 14 which they apply to it. This reality forces the Palestinians to live in a constant uncertainty that makes it difficult for them to carry out the simplest tasks and plan their lives: a Palestinian who leaves his home never knows whether he will reach his place of work - and if he knows he does not know whether he will arrive on time; If he makes an appointment for a medical examination, he does not know whether he will succeed in arriving for the examination, and he does not know whether he will be able to visit his relatives or go out to see a movie. He may arrive and may stand for hours at a checkpoint where he is handicapped and humiliated by soldiers, and he may be forced to return where he came from and he may be arrested. (The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories - B'Tselem, 2017) The restrictions on movement and the resulting uncertainty also have implications for the economic situation in the occupied territories and opportunities for development and development. In a number of reports dealing with the subject, the World Bank stressed that these restrictions are one of the main factors preventing economic stability and serious development in the occupied territories. Among the causes of this are obstructing the arrival of goods, the non-arrival of raw materials, the schizophrenia between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and the absence of the ability to set timelines that can be adhered to. (The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories - B'Tselem, 2017) 3. 6 Barriers (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories - B'Tselem, 2019) There is a long list of roadblocks that are crossing points for both sides of the Green Line in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as they numbered 92, according to what was reported in the Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, 2019. The mention was limited to the list of barriers affecting the study area due to the length of the list, which are: 1. Al-Taibeh Barrier / Shair Ephraim: The checkpoint is erected on the separation barrier in the section adjacent to the Green Line, and it is intended to transport goods. The barrier is operated by private security companies, from 7:00 AM to 14:30 PM. 2. Kafriyat Checkpoint: The checkpoint is occupied by the army and operates 24 hours a day. It is forbidden to cross Palestinians except farmers and holders of entry permits to the seam zone only (it is forbidden to cross those whose entry permit is for Israel and not to the seam zone). 15 3. Western Fitness Barrier / Nazlet Issa: It is erected at the separation barrier at the point adjacent to this section of the Green Line. The barrier is occupied by the army and operates between five in the morning and ten at night. Palestinians are not permitted to cross, except for the children of seven Western-inhabited families. 4. Shufa checkpoint: The army installed it in 2016 between the villages of Shufa and Izbat Shufa on 5615 Street, which travelers use to move between the south of Tulkarm to Nablus. Its facilities include a watchtower and random inspection of Palestinian cars. 5. The Factories Barrier in Tulkarm: It has a barrier erected at the separation wall in a section along the Green Line, on the Old Netanya Street - Tulkarm. It is occupied by the army. Open between 7:00 AM and 17:00 PM. Palestinian citizens of Israel heading to the city of Tulkarm can cross this barrier, but it cannot be crossed from Tulkarm to Israel. 6. Tulkarm Al-Kafriyat: It is erected on the separation wall, and is reinforced by the army. Open only on Saturdays from 10:00 am to 17:00. It is forbidden for Palestinians to cross other than to enter farmers only in the seam zone, according to the presentation of an entry permit. This barrier is especially used by Palestinians and citizens of Israel to reach and return from Tulkarm. 7. The entrance to Anabta / Ainaf: It is erected on the separation wall and is reinforced by the army. Open only on Saturdays from 10:00 am to 17:00. It is forbidden for Palestinians to cross other than to enter farmers only in the seam zone, according to the presentation of an entry permit. This barrier is especially used by Palestinians and citizens of Israel to reach and return from Tulkarm. 3.7 Permit system In order to implement restrictions on movement and movement, Israel has established a system of permits whereby Palestinians from the Occupied Territories are prohibited from entering Israel - including Jerusalem - without permission, regardless of the purpose of entry - for work, medical treatment, visits to relatives, or otherwise. In addition, the Palestinians must present a permit in order to pass from the borders of the State of Israel to reach from the West Bank to the Gaza Strip and vice versa. In the context of the siege policy, Israel refuses to issue such permits to residents of the Gaza Strip except in very exceptional cases (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories - B'Tselem, 2017). The Palestinian applied for a permit that involved confronting an arbitrary and opaque bureaucratic system. Applicants cannot know the possibilities of accepting or rejecting 16 their application nor when will they receive such or that response. Many applications are rejected without any explanation and without a real possibility to object to the refusal. Israel, after agreeing to and granting a permit, can withdraw it easily and this is also done without any clarification. Since October 2003, Israel has also implemented a permit system in what it calls the “seam zone” - areas within occupied territory, but Israel separated it from it by the separation wall and prevented its owners from entering it. Under this system, Palestinian farmers are required to go to the Civil Administration to apply for an entry permit to their lands; This will take effect for a specified period, and they will have to renew the permit again and again. In addition, the Civil Administration imposes restrictions on the entry of non-owners of land and the introduction of agricultural equipment. (The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories - B'Tselem, 2017). These permits are revoked whenever the army imposes "full closure" on the occupied territories - for example, on Jewish holidays. The army often revokes entry permits to Israel following operations against Israeli targets - sometimes to all residents of the West Bank, sometimes to the residents of the town from which the perpetrator exited, and at other times to only revokes the permits of his family members. (The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories - B'Tselem, 2017). 3.8The political division of the Palestinian Territories: 3.8.1 The Political Division - Lands A, B. In the Oslo Agreement (B), which was signed in 1995, the West Bank was divided into three types of regions - and it was assumed that the division would take place for only five years as follows: The areas that were mostly occupied by Palestinian construction at the signing of the agreement and housing and most housing still The Palestinian population has been classified as areas A, B. These areas, which lack geographical contact, are spread over 165 isolated "islands" spread across the West Bank, which were transferred formally to the Palestinian Authority. The rest of the West Bank, or 61% of its total area, was classified as Area C, a geographically related area that Israel kept under its control in the security field and all civil areas related to land, including planning, construction, infrastructure and development facilities. The division of the West Bank in this way is an artificial division that does not reflect the geographical reality or the Palestinian area. (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, 2017) 3.8.2 The political division - lands c Area C is the area that contains the potential for urban, agricultural and economic development in the West Bank. Israel is taking full control of its planning and 17 construction there to prevent the Palestinians from almost completely building in areas C. Nearly 60% of this area - about 36% of the total area of the West Bank - Israel imposes this ban by defining vast areas as "state lands", "survey lands", "shooting areas", "natural reserves" and "gardens" Patriotism, ”by annexing it to the spheres of influence of settlements and regional councils, or by the restrictions and restrictions in force on land that Israel has seized between the separation fence and the Green Line. (B'Tselem, 2017) However, even in the remaining 40% of Area C, Israel applies a policy that almost completely prohibits Palestinian construction, either through almost total rejection of all requests for building permits of any kind - whether building homes, agricultural buildings, public buildings, or infrastructure facilities. The Civil Administration refuses to prepare or approve structural maps for most of the Palestinian towns in areas C. (B'Tselem, 2017) Where Palestinians are forced to obtain building permits for any facility outside the master plan for any village in Area C. Obtaining a permit is a complex process and the opportunity is minimal. During (2000-2012) 2829 Palestinian homes were demolished because they were built without permits (Stein, 2013, Thwaba, 2018). 18 3.9 Trans-Israel Street - Street (6) Street No. (6), or the transit of Israel, as it is called, is a link street that connects the north to the south, where all the cities in the occupied interior are connected to each other. The "Trans-Israel" Street (Street No. 6), devours thousands of acres of Arab land in the Triangle and the Galilee, isolates their villages and turns them into margins on the road, after they were prosperous centers. Suddenly, they discover planning for a city like "Harish" in the Triangle, which will be established on their lands and turn their villages and cities in the future into connected suburbs, instead of developing a civil center like Umm al-Fahm. This is how it happened with "Nazareth Illit" which marginalized Nazareth, Karmiel and other centers that were established in the heart of The Arab Communities (Khamisi, 2011) 19 Chapter Four General background on planning in Palestine 4.1 Introduction Planning is an organized framework translated into ideas, mentality and behavior, through which we organize monitoring and spending our resources in order to achieve goals that we unanimously agree to benefit society now and in the future. That is, planning is not a mechanical process, but rather a product of thought, mentality, culture and behavior that is practiced in practice in order to overcome the scarcity of resources and provide the sustainability of these resources for the future of future generations. Planning is also a social and political process that seeks to monitor and distribute resources between groups of people in their different locations. We must be aware that planning originally came to serve the community. But its poor achievement and its use by the institution as a tool of control and control, without its suitability to the needs and requirements of society, turned this planning into a curse, although originally it should be a blessing. Transforming this planning from a curse into a blessing should be done by changing the community’s approach to planning, and developing tools that emerge from concepts, norms and values of society to meet its immediate and future needs; On the other hand, and prior to that, he rejected and modified the use of planning as a tool of control and discrimination exercised by the official governmental institutions controlled by the Jewish majority. These institutions use spatial planning to allocate more resources to Jews even at the expense of Arabs and lead to Arabs suffering from planning, so it is imperative for Arab citizens to face the challenge and resistance of this distinctive planning and replace it with fair planning that provides appropriate resources and access to spatial and functional citizens. The question is how this distinguished planning arose and what were the transformations that took place within society, which led to the suffering of the Arab citizens from this planning. (Khamisi, 2018) The distribution of resources is directly affected by the relationship of power within society and the access of its members to resources. This means that planning is directly affected by the power relationship, usually between individuals and groups. Those who control resources and possess power and dominance have more resources than those who do not. Through planning, the use of resources can be rationalized, redistributed and the creation of distributive justice and quotas among groups and individuals of society. This rationalization and justice takes place if it is an ideology and public policies that seek to achieve societal and spatial justice. (Khamisi, 2018) 20 In reality, however, there is a relationship of conflict between a dominant majority and a controlled minority; And that the majority controls the resources (force, land, political decision, public space), the minority's access to these resources is limited and suffers from planning (Forester, 1989). There is no doubt that structural planning can be done by individuals and institutions; But usually, spatial planning that includes cities, villages and regions is initiated and implemented by governmental and local planning institutions that include the local authorities. The role of citizens is to react or confront this planning. This reality can be changed if we organize ourselves as a recruiting society to achieve its goals. 4.2 About urban planning in Palestine: The nuclei of Arab villages and cities developed organically and without formal planning directed until the beginning of the twentieth century. This development arose and was shaped by the social norms and systems that prevailed in society, influenced by building technologies, the environment, and the tools of consumption and production with it. 1. The Ottoman period (1850-1917): Palestinian local urban planning has been historically affected by political events and regimes that have ravaged Palestine, and the local authorities (municipal councils) began in Palestine in the second half of the nineteenth century in the light of the laws of the Ottoman Empire, especially the State Administration Law of 1871 CE, which Article 111 stipulated: Formation of municipal councils in governors and mutinar centers, as well as the Municipalities Law of 1877 CE, which is the legal and organizational basis for the composition of municipal councils and municipal work in the Ottoman era. Planning during the period of Ottoman rule emphasized the physical aspects such as roads and buildings, especially in cities. The Ottomans left Palestine after the First World War with 22 municipal councils, which are: “Acre-Haifa-Shafa Amr-Safed- Nazareth-Tiberias-Bisan-Jenin-Tulkarm-Nablus-Ramallah-Jerusalem-Lod-Ramla-Jaffa- Beit Jala - Bethlehem - Hebron - Be'er Sheva - Majdal - Gaza - Khan Yunis) (Khamisi, 1997; Ministry of Local Government, 2003) The entire Jewish state was directed to expropriating and owning land from its indigenous inhabitants in Palestine based on ancient laws dating back to the Ottoman period to serve the purpose of expropriating land and taxes. (Abdel Hamid, 2006; Beamcom, 2008; Dajani, 2005). 21 During the Ottoman era, the land was divided into five categories according to the Ottoman Lands Law of 1856, and the occupation authorities declared the lands (Mawat, Miri) of the state to facilitate expropriation, in addition to that, 70% of the citizens did not register their lands to escape taxes, which remained without ownership, which Easy transfer of ownership to the Jews (Bimkom 2008). 2. The British Mandate period (1917-1948 AD): With the entry of the British Mandate and its occupation of the country, it brought with it administrative and planning systems that developed in the society that crossed the Industrial Revolution and imposed it on Arab society. The city planning process in the country began in 1921 with the preparation of formal structural plans for cities such as Haifa, Jerusalem, Nazareth, Beersheba, Nablus. After 1936, a regional planning process began that included preparing structural plans for some Palestinian villages. And mandatory planning sought to lay the foundations for codified structural planning that was used by the Israeli authorities after the establishment of the State of Israel, with some modifications. British planning regulations have established that a building permit must be issued for every building that takes place. And that this building must be built on the instructions of certified structural plans for the town / city / village and the region. In order to establish control over planning, it imposed central planning, which included the division of planning institutions into three levels; Country, regional and local. This centralization in planning institutions placed the planning authority and the distribution of planning resources in the hands of the central government. Especially since this hierarchical progressive building was applied to the concept that the public interest; That is, the interest of the state is better and more prevalent than that of the individual citizen. There is no doubt that there is a logic behind the primacy of the public interest and the organization of public space over private interest and private space. But it is worth noting that these concepts and logic are acceptable in a natural state in which there is a dialectic of synergy and complementarity between the public and private interests, and that the provision of public benefit and the organization of public space came to serve individuals and provide opportunities for private space. But in the case of the conflict that took place since the thirties of the twentieth century until today between the British Mandate and the Zionist movement on the one hand and between the Palestinian Arabs and the people of this country on the other hand, it created a contradiction and conflict between public and private space. Whereas, the British Mandate and the Zionist movement and later the State of Israel took control of the public space and the public interest and benefit and favored it in its favor, while the Palestinian Arabs suffered from the programmed and systematic exclusion of the management and possession of public space. The conflict situation in which structural planning arose and its import and 22 application to Arab towns according to imposed standards and regulations, and in some cases contrary to and contrary to its norms and societal behaviors, created a state of hostility between planning and between society and individuals. 3. The Jordanian Period (1948 - 1967): When the British Mandate ended in 1948, Palestine was divided into three administrative political regions (what is known as Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip), where these areas were subjugated under various political administrations, including the Organization and Building Law. The area in which Israel was established constituted about 70% of the mandatory area of Palestine and was managed by a new sovereign government to issue laws, prepare plans and manage its development according to its need. As for the West Bank region, it was subjected to Jordanian sovereignty, which issued an amended Law and Buildings Regulation No. 79 in 1966 AD, and before that the Cities Regulation Law of 1955 was issued. As for the Gaza Strip area, it was subject to Egyptian administration, which kept the Urban Planning Law of 1936 in effect despite Some partial amendments to it. This political and administrative division contributed to a partial change in the contents and laws of urban planning and its institutions, although its spirit and essence remained. These laws and the structure of planning institutions were issued to Palestine from countries and societies that differ from it in cultural, social, structural, political and administrative terms and were imposed on Palestinian society without appropriateness and proportionality (Abdel Hamid, 2005). During this period, the Jordanian authorities obtained the right to guardianship over the West Bank, and maintained the same planning system established by the British Mandate without modification. Throughout this period, the Planning Law of 1966 was adopted. Abdul Hamid, 2006 Beamcom, 2008). A set of municipal laws have also been developed, including the Municipalities Law for the years 1951, 1954 and 1955, and the number of municipalities in the Jordanian era has reached (25) municipalities with the addition of the municipalities of “Jericho-Al-Bireh-Qalqilya-Ya’bad-Beit Sahour- Anabta-Tobas-Salfit-Deir Dibwan - Halhul-Bir Zeit-Araba-Petunia-Silwad-Bani Zaid- Qabatiya-and Dura. ”In the Gaza Strip, the Egyptian administration issued a law in 1955, which included the implementation of existing Palestinian laws before 1948, and this means the continuation of the municipalities law in 1934 and the administration law Villages of the year 1944 AD, and the local councils were limited in the Egyptian administration to the survival of the municipalities of Gaza and Khan Yunis and three village councils (Abdel Hamid, 2015). 4.3 Planning in the Israeli Period (1948-1994 AD) This period will be covered by talking about planning in the occupied interior after 1948, and planning in the West Bank. 23 1. The Occupied Interior after 1948 AD: After the catastrophe and the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and the accompanying process of expelling the displacement and agitation of most of the Palestinian Arabs, the Palestinian Arab community turned into a weak minority concentrated in the border areas controlled by the Israeli authorities by the arm of the military government. Most of the Palestinian Arabs who stayed in their homeland inhabited the villages and lived in a conservative traditional society. By their various arms, the Israeli authorities confiscated most of the Arab land and excluded them from participating in the management of or ownership of public space (Grace, 1967). On the other hand, the Palestinian Arabs followed these Israeli policies, which sought to control and spatial restriction, a defensive and defensive approach that seeks to struggle for survival and preserve the private space and to prevent the expropriation and emptying of the land from its residents (Kretschmer, 2000). The state of conflict, resistance to the policies and tools of expropriating the land, transferring and concentrating its residents, as happened to a large number of people who are known today as the Bedouin Arabs in the north and south of the country (Falah, 1993). Concerning the management, planning of land ownership, which the Arab citizens meet with suspicion, suspicion, and fear of this act. These concepts and reactions are justified, especially since the Israeli authorities have sought to control resources, especially the land, by force of law, authority, and financial resources, and their mockery in order to implement state projects that came to serve the Jews and at the expense of the Arabs (Bashir, 2004). The state of mistrust, suspicion and apprehension is still prevalent among Arab citizens towards regional and local Qatari structural planning, which has contributed to developing concepts of hostility to local planning that Arab citizens themselves need. In some cases, it is used by some as a false word of right, in order to preserve the personal interest at the expense of the public interest within the Arab town. During the first decade of the establishment of the state of Israel, planning policies for Arab citizens were formulated that included individual and group spatial control, dependency attachment, economic attachment, and individual and collective political control (Khamisi, 1990; ,2007בוימל ). These policies were based on an ideology that seeks to control and own public space by the state and the Jewish majority, which formulate and design it, ignoring the reality, needs, and Arab Palestinian heritage, but 24 rather replacing it and occupying its place. This ideology was applied by the spatial planning that sought to Judaize the space, to cut the spatial communication and restrict it within the Arab towns (Khamisi, 2003). To this end, the military government initiated the preparation of structural plans for the Arab villages at the time, which were called structural plans for - "defining the construction field"; That is, defining and limiting the permitted building area (Khamisi, 1990). These plans were a tool in the hands of the military ruling authority and later the planning and building authorities of the Ministry of the Interior and operating under the Organization and Building Law of 1965 to grant building permits, in exchange for restricting the areas in which a building permit can be issued within the town's root zone, and kept buildings and even many Arab villages and sites outside these plans ; These buildings that were not included in the plans were called by the authorities "illegal buildings" which include entire villages that are now known as the unrecognized villages, especially in the Negev region. The state has set up formal and governmental committees to study how to address its phenomenon, which has been dubbed "illegal buildings", such as the 1972 Koborsky Committee, the Gracie Committee 1976, the Markowitz Committee 1986; And later the 2000 Gazette Committee; And the Goldberg Committee in 2008. That is, the state and planning institutions create the problem by endorsing inappropriate planning, which seeks to achieve goals and policies that are contrary to the needs and requirements of Arab citizens, and in return accuse them of violating the law. In parallel with the preparation of these plans and the ratification of amendments thereto, the Arab population increased from about 156,000 in 1949 to about 1.3 million people today. The number of inhabitants within these towns, which were transformed from small villages into large towns, also increased. For example, the population of Kufrkna was 2,900 in 1949, and it reached 20,000. Economic, social, cultural and spatial transformations have also occurred. There have also been changes and transformations in construction techniques and the necessity to provide a public space within the town that meets the needs of the residents who are undergoing a rapid process of urbanization and urbanization within these towns. These transformations have not been accompanied by a rapid change in the contents of local, regional and country structural planning. This reality led to the emergence of heterogeneity between reality and planning, and a reality arose that there may be certified structural plans for the town, but these plans differ from reality, but rather control and hinder its development and direction. We can summarize this fact that there may be certified plans, but there is no improved planning (Khamisi, 2004). Most Arab towns continued to grow and develop not according to a general targeted municipal planning, but rather, according to a mixture of motives and factors that distorted the spatial and functional building of the Arab town. 25 In 1948 the catastrophe led to the catastrophe of the Arab city as well. What remained inside the homeland within the borders of the State of Israel are small towns and villages. These cities and villages have grown and developed most without programmed and targeted planning; Rather, she struggled to survive and grow despite government policies toward it, which we summarize in disregard, discrimination and exclusion (Lustick 1980). However, currently these policies cannot be continued nor the same methods of reaction to them can be continued, because we have transformed from a state of struggle for survival and self-preservation and private space to a situation that requires building and development, self-development and keeping pace with the times and preparing for the future, and the use of public space and benefit from it and participate in formulating it. (Thursday, 2018) There is no doubt that the approved structural planning of Arab towns does not enable us to provide our current needs and requirements and can guide our development for the future, which is beneficial for us by overcoming and overcoming external obstacles and barriers, which include the scarcity and scarcity of allocating government resources; In our matter, planning resources will redistribute the space, provide opportunities to manage, formulate and use public space inside the town and outside it. As for the internal obstacles, which include past mentality and a traditional culture that is capable of growth and development, they are afraid of facing the present and preparing for the future. Rather, they depend on the jurisprudence that the past has not changed and cannot change. Thus, it becomes a self-limiting striving to keep self-exclusion, achieving governmental goals and policies that seek to exclude Palestinian Arabs from owning and managing public space in return, while providing increased development opportunities at the municipal, regional and country levels. 2. Planning in the West Bank during the Israeli period (1967-1994 AD): After the 1967 war, Israel began to implement a land confiscation policy, hundreds of thousands of dunums in the West Bank were classified as "state lands", and later these lands were declared "closed military areas" and "natural reserves" and then converted into colonies. Israeli (Waltz, 2010 During this period, the Ottoman and Jordanian laws were amended to facilitate confiscation, in addition to that all planning authorities were transferred to the hands of the Supreme Military Planning Committee, in addition to the restrictions of expansion and construction in areas named (C) without permits that take a large time for their issuance to Palestinian citizens and lack of approval from 26 The Civil Administration accepted 90% of the plans for the Palestinian villages in Area C because they are not compatible with the British plans. (RJ / 5 and S15) After that, the West Bank was divided into three political classifications A, B, and C, with Area C covering over 60% of the West Bank. 3. Planning in the West Bank after 1994 and until now: In 1994 the Palestinian Ministry of Local Government was established and its aim was to follow-up and control the planning process for the communities within the lands of A and B, but for area C, the existing communities in it were left without any development plans as they are under Israeli control. Planning powers in the West Bank have become fragmented, which hinders the overall regional planning process for Palestinian communities, as Areas A and B are surrounded by Area C, which means that the Palestinians have no means or authority to build new ways of interconnection, in addition to occupation plans for roads and colonies that restrict The process of planning and interconnection between lands. Unlike the Israeli colonies in Area C, with all types of planning, services, and infrastructure projects. Moreover, the settlers participate fully in the planning process and are considered decision-makers and the colonial land classifications in the assignment plans have been changed from agriculture, natural reserve, or archaeological sites to lands. For urban development. 27 4.4 Planning Policy in the West Bank: As of November 2017, of the 180 Palestinian towns whose area is in Area C, the Civil Administration approved and prepared structural maps for only 16 towns. The area of the areas under these plans reached 17,673 dunums, or less than 1% of all areas of C, and they are mostly urban areas. These maps were prepared without the participation of the residents and without regard to any of the agreed planning standards in the world: their borders are adjacent to the existing urban boundaries in villages so that there is no room for agricultural space, pasture, or land reserves for future development (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, 2017) Since 2011, dozens of Palestinian communities have prepared structural plans for their residential areas - in cooperation with Palestinian and international institutions as well as the Palestinian Authority - after the civil administration refrained from preparing structural plans after being requested to do so. Part of the plans touched on communities and villages, all of which are located in Area C, and others that are part of their area. As of September of the year 2018, 102 structural plans were submitted for approval by the planning authorities of the Civil Administration, but until the end of the same year, only five of them, which apply to an area of about one thousand acres (and constitute 0.03% of Area C), were approved. (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, 2017) The possibility for a Palestinian to obtain a building permit - even on his own land - is zero. Civil Administration data show that between the beginning of the year 2000 until the middle of 2016, the Palestinians submitted to the planning offices 5,475 applications for building permits. Only 226 requests, or about 4%, were approved. Many abstain from the beginning from making such requests, knowing that there is no hope for their approval. As the Palestinian population remains without any possibility to obtain a building permit and given their various needs, they are forced to develop their towns and build their homes without a permit. As such, they are forced to live, always threatened with the destruction of their homes and interests. (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, 2017) This policy pursued by Israel affects not only the Palestinian population living in Area C, but also the population of hundreds of Palestinian towns located all or part of it in the areas classified as A, B. This is because most of the land reserves for many of these towns fall within the borders of Area C and are subject to the restrictions and restrictions imposed by Israel in that region. (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, 2017) 4.5 The planning initiative within the Green Line: 28 There was a need to develop a planning methodology that was challenging and resistant to the formalized planning methodology, nonetheless challenging and resistant to local and internal constraints within society. The defiant and civil resistive planning methodology seeks to prepare plans and develop planning behavior within the Arab community, especially within the Arab local authority. A planning approach based on the initiative and facing reality and preparing for the future, and not based on describing the past with its tragedies and obstacles. A planning methodology that seeks to rationalize the use of local resources and does not stop at that but demands and participates effectively not only by demanding to manage public space, but also develops a discourse, concept, sense, and practice of interference that the public space, even outside the Arab town region, is its property and has a role and lies upon it The responsibility of his administration and preparing it for what is in its interest and benefit. (Thursday, 2018) In order to change the current structural planning, it is necessary to take responsibility and initiative through effective participation in facing the reality by resisting the controlling planning and replacing it with defiant and defiant planning that meets the needs of the Arab town, taking into consideration the urban and rural environment. This is not only through defensive planning, but rather requires developing the contents of tools for planning mechanisms that are appropriate to the reality of the needs and future of Arab citizens as part of the Qatari and global public space. Part of these contents and tools can be accomplished by planning practice within the local authority, which must transform into a proactive administrative body and manage the development and planning process within the town. In parallel, there must be a role that civil and civil society takes in planning and local development, by creating an atmosphere of solidarity and interdependence within the Arab community, in order to transform it from the remains of its interest groups into a society that has desirable goals based on a future vision of the reality of the town and as part of a community and a nation that we seek to build And developed. 4.6 The challenges and obstacles facing Palestinian urban planning institutions: Urban planning institutions faced many obstacles and challenges that affect the planning process in the country, which can be divided into two parts, including: A) Inherited challenges and obstacles: The Palestinian authorities and bodies inherited them from the previous administrations and authorities that had ruled Palestine since the second half of the nineteenth century, the most important of which was the period of the Israeli occupation in 1967 and which still exists today. These challenges are summarized as follows: 29 1. Laws and regulations: which imposed a reality that must be dealt with, as we find that the Ottoman Land Law imposed a reality regarding the ownership of land and its division (ownership, Waqf, Miri, abandoned, and favorable), in addition to the building laws in effect and derived from the laws of the British Mandate Also, the Israeli military orders and laws and the resulting facts on the ground. 2. The political situation: through sovereignty over lands, administrative and security divisions. 3. Land settlement: represented by challenges that are related to the subject of planning and organization, since the absence of settlement weakens the ability to control land due to the lack of information related to land ownership, as 70% of West Bank land is not known to ownership and has no settlement work, which helps to The confiscation of the lands and the establishment of Israeli settlements on them. 4. Regional structural plans: The plans issued by the British Mandate (RJ / 5 and S15) had a strong challenge as the Israelis benefited from them and modified them and put an alternative to them through the Jerusalem plan, which aims to expand settlements and prevent the granting of building permits and limit Palestinian urban expansion and prepare other plans such as (Roads No. No. 50, and Project E1) and plans that do not fit the requirements of the Palestinian situation and were rejected by them, and most of the plans prepared by the Palestinian Planning Authorities were rejected as they also did not fit their plans (Ali Abdel Hamid, 2005) Also in the year 1984 AD, another regional plan called "Roads Project No. 50" was published, and this plan contained four road classifications (express, major, regional, and local) as well as provisions for reversals on these roads up to (300 meters), which contributes to Also in limiting Palestinian expansion and urban development, this scheme aimed to link the West Bank and Gaza Strip settlements with what is called Israel while avoiding Palestinian villages. B) Challenges in the Palestinian National Authority period: They can be summarized as follows: A) Political challenges and obstacles: related to the administrative and security divisions in Palestine, which resulted in the interruption of geographical communication between 30 the West Bank and Gaza Strip on the one hand and between the West Bank governorates on the other hand. B) Geographical challenges and constraints: These challenges and constraints are related to the construction and expansion imposed by the Israeli occupation on Palestinian land in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, including the expansion of settlements and the network of bypass roads linking them, as well as the construction of the separation barrier or separation on the borders of the West Bank and within it C) organizational and institutional challenges and constraints: Represented by the efforts made by the planning institutions in preparing structural plans for the Palestinian villages (ministries, municipalities and local bodies) that work to organize urban development and expansion, and Palestine still suffers from many problems and faces many obstacles that can be summarized as follows: 1. Not adopting clear planning policies at the regional, national, and local levels. 2. The weakness and lack of qualified personnel to carry out planning responsibilities. 3. The lack of clarity of responsibilities and the interference of powers between authorities and institutions. 4. The incompatibility of laws, regulations and legislation governing structural plans with the requirements and needs of Palestinians. 5. The absence of settlement of lands and the determination of their properties. 4.7 The most important Israeli plans facing the Palestinian territories: 1. Regional Road Project No. (50) 2. A regional partial structural project for Roads 50 to create a new road network in the West Bank that is compatible with the requirements of Israeli planning. The objectives of the scheme are as follows: Completing the goal of the center area planner by dismembering the occupied West Bank and isolating Palestinian communities. The scheme is working to effectively integrate the West Bank in Israel, by creating a major road network that cuts across the West Bank and connects settlements to the heart of Israel. As for the Palestinian population centers, they will remain connected to a network of sub roads and relatively separate from the main developed network. 31 Chapter Five Similar study cases 5.1 Introduction Commenting on theories of planning under exceptional, conditional and restrictive conditions, some similar study cases that were represented in an international study case will be addressed by talking about the island of Cyprus, and a regional study case represented in the study of Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. 5.2 International case study: Cyprus Cyprus is a small island historically contested over its identity and dependency between Turkey and Greece. On its soil, a political struggle is taking place between the two main components of the island's population, the Cypriots of Greek ancestry and the Turkish- Cypriots of Turkish origin (Muhammad Abd al-Ati, 2008) 5.2.1 Administrative division of the island of Cyprus The island of Cyprus currently consists of two independent countries, one of which is recognized and a member of the United Nations and the European Union, which is the Cyprus Republic and its capital is Nicosia, and is located on 65% of the island's area, and the second is independent but is recognized only by Turkey and is called the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" and established on 35 % Of the rest of the island’s area and its capital, Lefkosheh (Mohamed Abdel Ati, 2008) Picture No. (1): the administrative division of the island of Cyprus Source: (James Kerr Lindsey, 2003) 32 Greek Cypriots are Christians who belong to the Greek Orthodox Church, speak Greek, and Turkish Cypriots are Sunni Muslims, speak Turkish, and English is the second language for each of them (Muhammad Abd al-Atti, 2008) The Greek and Turkish communities lived in tolerance for most of the Ottoman rule that spanned three centuries (1571-1878), despite the lack of a common denominator between them. Both denominations differ in language, religion, customs, and traditions, and the length of the common living did not develop into integration as is usually done by mating or Conversion from one religion to the other, but this has rarely happened in Cyprus. And social tensions began to escalate after that with the activity of the leaders of the Orthodox Church to annex the island to Greece, and those tensions continued until they led to the division of the island into two states, as will be mentioned later. In 1974, Turkey divided Cyprus by military force to the north and south, giving Turkish Cypriots full control of the north. Since then, the United Nations (UN) has tried to solve the Cyprus problem, but diplomatic efforts have always been short. In 2004, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan proposed a plan for the reunification of Cyprus. In a subsequent referendum, approximately two thirds of the Turkish Cypriots voted in favor of the plan; However, three-quarters of the Greek Cypriots rejected the plan. To help illuminate Greek Cypriot public opinion, a phone survey is conducted with 150 Greek Cypriot citizens randomly selected (with a response rate of 87%). The results show that about four fifths of the respondents do not trust the Turkish Cypriots and believe that they can live with them in peace. However, 43% of the respondents reported that the Greek Cypriots as a group are not fully prepared for unity with the Turkish Cypriots. (The Greek-Cypriot Position, Savvas Daniel Georgiades) 5.2.2Europe welcomes the opening of the Separation Green Line in Cyprus In a statement, the Council of Europe welcomed the opening of the "green line" separating northern and southern Cyprus, and considered it a "historic measure that helps in resolving the Cyprus issue". The Secretary-General of the Council expressed his belief that the opening of this crossing "will create an irresistible start and the Cyprus crisis may be resolved in a very near future." (Europe welcomes the opening of the Green Line separation in Cyprus, Al-Jazeera site, 2003, agencies). In the field, about 50 United Nations blue hats deployed Friday, alongside Greek and Turkish police, at the crossing point of the "Green Line" in Nicosia to organize 33 thousands of people who want to cross this crossing after it opened Wednesday to all Cypriots. Since Friday dawn, thousands of Greeks began waiting for long lines to enter the northern region, while a similar number of Turkish Cypriots were waiting, in turn, for the other side to cross to the southern part of the capital. At midday, a few dozen cars crossed the "Green Line", while a small number of Turkish Cypriots managed to reach the south on foot. The Greek Cypriot authorities had warned their citizens that those who wanted to cross to the north must wait about eight hours. 5.2.3 Dreams of integration The Cyprus problem has remained for the past 25 years. A government in the north is recognized only by Turkey, and a Turkish military presence there is estimated at thirty thousand soldiers. Another government in the south has international legitimacy, and unionists on both sides have been demanding the return of unity to the divided island, and their voices have risen that the time has come to overcome the difficulties and try to overcome the past. In 2004, the United Nations, through a proposal submitted by its Secretary-General Kofi Annan, attempted to unify the island, but the Greek Cypriots rejected that proposal, while the Turkish Cypriots accepted it. In the same year, the European Union agreed to accept Cyprus membership to become a country of the Union. And with the beginning of 2008 the first round of presidential elections took place in the Republic of Cyprus and resulted in the departure of President Tassos Papadopoulos from the race, leaving the stage in front of the contenders, leader of the Communist Party of Cyprus Dimitris Christofias and right-wing candidate Ioannis Kasoulides. In the second round, which took place on the twenty-fourth of February, Christofias won, and announced after his victory that he wanted to resume talks with the Turkish Cypriots through a process supervised by the United Nations. He asserted in the Ecstasy of Victory that he would work to "reunite the Cypriot people and that, for this, he extends a hand of friendship to the Turkish Cypriots and their leaders." 5.3 Regional case study: Beirut In the year 1975, the Lebanese civil war broke out and divided the city into two parts: eastern Christian, western Muslim, and the city's uncle ruin and chaos. In 1978, the 34 Israeli army invaded Lebanon and occupied its lands from the south to the Litani River, in a process that the Israeli army gave the name of this river. Then, after the second Israeli aggression in 1982, the occupation expanded in Lebanon to reach the outskirts of the capital and surround it. Picture No. (2): Beirut division map Source: Al-Marada, 2018 5.3.1 Reconstruction of Beirut The reconstruction of Beirut is one of the largest workshops that the Lebanese government has held onto. The city and its environs were severely damaged because they were one of the most important battlegrounds, and because the capital is the country's economic engine. The prelaunch of economic activity was a prerequisite for the national advancement. The reconstruction and reconciliation in this city belongs to all Lebanese. 35 Picture No. (3): Major organization projects in Beirut. The reconstruction of Beirut during the war was prepared by numerous planning documents. A guideline was completed at the end of 1986 by a French-Lebanese team in which he proposed ambitious options. He had returned and emphasized the unity of the population through the reconstruction of the center, a policy aimed at restoring joint public transport, and the establishment of secondary centers to accommodate the urban expansion that began during the war. The sequence of reconstruction projects has led to options that have compromised presumed social harmony. The state preferred the tools of economic development, as the port was rehabilitated and replaced the old airport with a new airport that can accommodate 6 million passengers, in addition to building a new runway extending at sea. It has launched several projects for public facilities, including: a sports city, a university hospital, and the Lebanese University campus, all of which were completed in 2005. It also launched major urban projects, such as rebuilding the city center, filling in the northern suburb coast, and a broad program for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the southern Beirut suburb that It is the main site for the slums in the capital. The highway network between these sites has been modernized and expanded, in particular adding new roads to enter the city. 36 Picture No. (4): downtown reconstruction - demolitions. Picture No. (5): Reconstruction of the city center: the guiding plan and its development. 37 These study cases were brought up in particular for the great similarity in the political, social and administrative situation in them with the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, despite the different internal characteristics of each, for several reasons that can be summarized in the following: Each of the study cases has a green line and what is meant by the dividing line: The Green Line in Palestine: It is a term called the dividing line between the occupied territories in 1948 and the occupied territories in 1967. The Green Line in Lebanon: also referred to as a dividing line in Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War between 1975 and 1990; and the Green Line in Cyprus: indicates in Cyprus to the line that divides the island into two parts the southern Greek section internationally recognized as the Republic of Cyprus, and the northern Turkish section which declared independence as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus without being recognized by any country except Turkey. The difference in the political power that dominates the Green Line, in Palestine there is the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, and on the island of Cyprus there is the Turkish-Greek conflict, and in the city of Beirut there is a conflict between the religious sects in East and West Beirut. 38 Chapter six Project site analysis 6.1 Site selection The city of Baqa AlGharbiyye, Baqa alsharqieh town ,the village of Nazlet Issa and Nazlet Abo Enar village were chosen as a case study for a integrative integration planning project for communities separated by the separation barrier. 6.2 About the site 6.2.1 Geographical location: The study area is located on the borders of the separation wall, on the south of Haifa city and north of Tulkarem city, where part of it belongs to the Palestinian territories, which is Nazlet Issa and Baqa al-Sharqieh, and another part belongs to Israel, which is the city of Baqa al-Gharbyyie and the village of Jatt. Baqa al-Gharbiyye: is one of the cities of Haifa district currently, and Tulkarm district earlier, before the establishment of Israel in 1948, which is considered one of the central cities in the Triangle area. The Jews entered the village of Baqa al-Gharbyyie, and it was formally annexed to Israel on May 21, 1949, after the signing of the Rhodes Treaty between Jordan and Israel, according to which the villages of the Triangle were annexed to the newly established state of Israel. It rises above sea level by about 75 m. Surrounding these lands are the villages of Qaffin, Nazlet Issa, Baqa Ash Sharqieh, Mayser and Jatt. Baqa Ash Sharqieh and Nazlet Issa: They are located to the north of the city of Tulkarm, 19 km and up from the sea 100 meters. They belongs to Tulkarm district. 39 Map (1):The location of the study area. 6.3 Justifications for choosing a project The site was chosen for several reasons, that can be illustrated as the following: 1. Political justifications : The chosen region is subjected to various administrative and political challenges. The city of Baqa- Al-Gharbiyye is affiliated with the State of Israel, and the villages of Nazlet Issa and Baqa al-Sharqiyeh belong to the state of Palestine. The proximity to the Green Line (Armistice line-1948), where Tulkarm governorate is a border region. There is a separation wall between them, as the chosen location constitutes a border area. In addition to all of the above, there are many political obstacles, such as the separation barrier, demolition orders, lands with political classification C which are located in the Palestinian section and under the administration of Israel and the barriers and crossings. 40 2. Historical justifications: The study area has gone through different historic stages from Mamluk era, Ottoman period , British mandate, Israel period, Jordanian administration and Palestinian National Authority period included changing borders, land properties and Political sovereignty, as it previously extended to the coast. 3. Social justifications: Cultural, historical and social connection between these localities were very strong before the establishment of the wall. 4. Economic justifications: The study area had a strong economic, social and administrative relations before the separating wall, and the barrier affected the economic movement negatively. 5. Urban planning justifications: The negative effects of the wall on the region from land use conflicts, demolition orders and built without permits. In Map (2) describes the current situation of the study area below. Map(2): the location of the study area 41 6.4 Site Diagnostics As mentioned in the second chapter, the state of Palestine lived in exceptional, historical, and difficult political conditions, and these conditions made the lands of the study area a major specialty. The site will be diagnosed with a focus on the historical and administrative side and its impact on many issues: political sovereignty, changing borders, and changing administrative relations. 6.4.1Historical background Etymology: (The city of Baqa al-Gharbiyye, the archive of the Baqa municipality) There are several interpretations of the origin of naming a Baqa with this name, some of them say that they took from (Bouquet) the French word for the meaning of the inclusion of dice, since in our days it has entered into our linguistic dictionary: (Baqa) = a group of dice, but this is a weak narration, because the name was Long before French words entered our language. There is another account by Professor Farouk Mawasi, where he says that it was taken from the word (Ba Khojous) for the Romans, who is the god of wine, and the reason for his conception of this is that the area was planted with vineyards, here is the grape, and there is a phase of generosity, and south of a Baqa located (Jatt) - and this name means The grape press, in the doctor’s assessment that the Romans held parties in the land of Baqa after the end of the grape juice, and drank alcohol and repeated mention of the god of wine in it, and there were mosaic squares in the area of the old mosque, Roman columns, and other monuments found, and the elderly know and have seen them. The third opinion is driven by d. Muhammad Aqel, where he says that it was taken from Al-Baqat, and was called the village of Baqat, and the word means in the ancient Egyptian language one-third or a quarter, and a large farm package was taking place in which quotas were conducted, so Dr. A mind that the designation was misrepresented from penguins to Baqa over time. The Origin of the study area: According to the documented information, the history of the Western bouquet dates back to the twelfth century AD, where Al-Maqrizi mentioned it in his book “Behavior in the Knowledge of the Countries of Kings” - In mentioning the incidents of 663 AH corresponding to 1265 AD, Al-Zahir Baybars cut this village 50/50 between Prince Alam al-Din al-Dhahiri and the Prince Aladdin Al- Tunzi, when the villages and cities in Palestine were divided and gifted to the Mujahideen who fought and stood against the Crusader and Byzantine invaders. The town was also mentioned in the book “The Decade of Joman in the History 42 of the People of Time” by his author Badr al-Din al-Aini, proposing that the countries of Palestine be divided among the warriors with Zahir Baybars. The city was also mentioned in the Ottoman book “Detailed on the side of Marj Bani Amer and its dependencies”, in the year 1538. It was noted in the Ottoman notebook that the population of the Baqa al-Gharbiyya population reached five families consisting of the head of a family and his children, and the number of unmarried people 11 people. The notebook states that the tax rate imposed on the population reached 33.3% of the production, and the town was classified as belonging to the “Marj bin Amer” area. Many archaeological sites have been discovered in the Western Baqa, including those dating back to the Bronze Age (second mill