An-Najah National University 

Faculty of Graduate Studies. 

 

 

 

 

The Technical and Economic Impacts of Applying 

Palestinian & International Standards on Electrical 

Household Appliances in Palestine. 

 

 

By 

Tahseen Salman Sulaiman 

 

Supervisor 

Dr. Imad Ibrik 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This Thesis is submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for 

the Degree of Master of Clean Energy and conservation Strategy 

Engineering. Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National 

University, Nablus – Palestine. 

2019 



II 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Technical and Economic Impacts of Applying 

Palestinian & International Standards on Electrical 

Household Appliances in Palestine. 

 

 

By 

Tahseen Salman Sulaiman 
 

 

This Thesis was defended successfully on 20/8/2019 and approved by: 

 

Defense Committee Members Signature 

  

 Dr. Imad Ibrik                       / Supervisor ……….……… 

  

 Dr. Ahmed Abu Hanieh       / External Examiner ………….……. 

  

 Dr. Abdelrahim Abu Safa  / Internal Examiner ………………. 



III 

Dedication 

To my father, mother, wife, son, sisters, and brothers 

………………. 

To all friends and colleagues 

……………………………………………………….. 

To all my teachers 

…………………………………………………………………... 

To my institute (Palestine Standards Institution) 

…………………………… 

To every one working in this field 

………………………………………………….. 

To all of them. 

I dedicate this work. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



IV 

Acknowledgement 

I would like to thank my family for constant love and support that have 

always given me. 

My furthermost appreciation goes to my supervisor, Dr. Imad Ibrik for his 

exceptional guidance and in rightful comments throughout the duration of 

this project. 

Thanks also to all my teachers and friends. 

My special gratitude and appreciations go to the educational staff of clean 

energy and conservation strategy engineering master program in An-Najah 

National University. 

My thanks and gratitude also to my institution “Palestine Standards 

Institution” for their continuous support and encouragement and specially 

to mention (Eng. Haider Hijjeh – Director General, and Eng. Ahmad Al-

Ahmad – Director of Technical services Dept.) and all my colleagues.   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



V 

 اإلقرار
 

 أنا الموقع أدناه ُمقدِّم الرسالة التي تحمل العنوان:

 

The Technical and Economic Impacts of Applying Palestinian & 

International Standards on Electrical Household Appliances in 

Palestine. 

 

جيدي الخاص، ِباستثناء ما تمت اإلشارة إليو  أِقُر ِبأن ما اشتممت عميو ىذه الرسالة إنما ىو نتاج
ُيقدم من قبل ِلنيل أي درجة أو لقب عممي حيثما ورد، وأن ىذه الرسالة كاممة؛ أو أي جزء منيا لم 

 .أو بحثي لدى أي مؤسسة تعميمية أو بحثية ُأخرى
 

Declaration 

The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the 

researchers own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other 

degree or qualification. 

 

Student’s name:  :إسم الطالب 

Signature:  :التوقيع 

Date:  :التاريخ 



VI 

Table of Contents 

No. Contents Page 

 Dedication III 

 Acknowledgment IV 

 Declaration V 

 List of Tables VII 

 List of Figures VIII 

 List of Abbreviations XI 

 Abstract XIII 

 Introduction 1 

 Structure of Thesis 3 

 Chapter one: Methodology of Thesis 5 

 Chapter Two: Problem Definition 9 

2.1. Existing Palestinian Standards 11 

2.2. International Labels and their impacts 13 

2.3. The importance of Palestinian energy label for 

electrical appliances 

23 

 Chapter Three: Palestinian existing standards 

comparing with international standards. 

25 

3.1. Israeli standards 27 

3.2. EU standards 29 

3.3. American standards 34 

 Chapter Four: The elements necessary for 

establishing energy labels and standards in 

Palestine 

37 

4.1. Testing equipment 39 

4.2. Laboratory needs 41 

4.3. Data base certificates 42 

 Chapter Five: Impacts of legislating & 

implementing Palestinian energy classification 

label and MEPS. 

43 

5.1. The impact of energy conservation 43 

5.2. Economic impact 60 

5.3. Environmental impact 84 

5.4. Social impacts 85 

 Chapter Six: Performance analysis of legislating 

& implementing Palestine’s MEPS & energy 

label. 

87 

 Chapter Seven: Conclusions and 

Recommendations 

93 

 References 95 

 Appendices 98 

 ب الملخص 



VII 

List of Tables 

No. Table Page 

Table3.1 U.S Legislated appliances MEPS. 35 

Table 5.1 2017 statistics of number of families have at least 

one appliance by PCBS. 

45 

Table 5.2 1
st
 part of questionnaire outputs. 50 

Table 5.3 Percentage of existed appliances according to 

energy classification label in Palestine. 

60 

Table 5.4 Palestine market average prices & consumption of 

some types of appliances. 

61 

Table 5.5 Estimated life cycle of some electrical household 

appliances. 

62 

Table 5.6 Economical comparison between STD and HE 

refrigerators  

63 

Table 5.7 Annual consumption and consumption cost 

comparison between STD & HE washing machine 

69 

Table 5.8 Economical comparison between Std. and HE 

washing machine. 

69 

Table 5.9 Economical comparison between STD and HE 

vacuum cleaner. 

73 

Table 5.10 Table 4.12: Economical comparison between STD 

and HE air conditioner. 

75 

Table 5.11 Economical comparison between STD and HE 

microwave oven. 

78 

Table 4.14 Economical comparison between STD and HE 

built in oven. 

81 

Table 6.1 Percentage of STD and LE of main heavier EHA 

in Palestine. 

88 

Table 6.2 the total Palestine quantities of STD, LE, and no 

label main heavier consumption appliances 

88 

Table 6.3 The annual national energy conservation and 

saving of replacing STD appliances with HE. 

89 

Table 6.4 Total annual estimated CO2 mitigated when using 

HE instead of STD appliances in Palestine. 

89 

Table 6.5 The total project cost of replacing STD and LE 

EHA 

90 

Table 6.6 The number of units to be replaced annually 

according to EHA type. 

91 

 

 



VIII 

List of Figures 

No. Figure Page 

Figure 2.1 Projected IEA residential electricity consumption 

by end-use with current policies  

17 

Figure 2.2 EU Comparative Label. 18 

Figure 2.3 Example on EU Endorsement label 19 

Figure 2.4 Israeli Energy comparative label. 20 

Figure 2.5 Tunisian Energy comparative Label. 21 

Figure 2.6 U.S Energy comparative Label. 22 

Figure 2.7 U.S Energy Endorsement Label. 23 

Figure 3.1 Sample on EU comparative labels 32 

Figure 3.2 EU Endorsement Label. 33 

Figure 3.3 US Energy Comparative Label 35 

Figure 3.4 U.S Energy Star Endorsement Label. 36 

Figure 5.1 Percentage comparison of households own old 

and new air conditioner 

51 

Figure 5.2 Percentage comparison of air conditioner energy 

classification label. 

51 

Figure 5.3 Percentage comparison between households 

owning new and old refrigerators. 

52 

Figure 5.4 Refrigerator percentage comparison according to 

the energy classification label. 

53 

Figure 5.5 Percentage comparison of owning new and old 

wash machine. 

54 

Figure 5.6 Percentage comparison between energy label 

classifications of washing machine. 

54 

Figure 5.7 Percentage comparison of purchasing new or old 

freezer. 

55 

Figure 5.8 Percentage comparison of energy classification 

label of food freezer. 

55 

Figure 5.9 Percentage comparison between owing new or 

old clothes dryer. 

56 

Figure 5.10 Percentage comparison between energy label 

classifications of clothes dryer. 

57 

Figure 5.11 Percentage comparison between energy 

classifications of Dish washer. 

57 

Figure 5.12 Percentage comparison between energy label 

classifications of electrical oven. 

58 

Figure 5.13 Percentage comparison between owning new and 

old Microwave oven. 

 

59 



IX 

Figure 5.14 Percentage comparison of energy label 

classifications of microwave oven.  

59 

Figure 5.15 Annual Std. and H.E Refrigerators energy 

consumption (kWh/year). 

65 

Figure 5.16 Annual Std. and H.E refrigerators energy 

consumption cost (NIS/year). 

66 

Figure 5.17 Annual cost saving when use HE instead of STD 

refrigerators 

67 

Figure 5.18 SPBP in years of using HE instead of STD 

Refrigerator. 

68 

Figure 5.19 Annual Std. and HE washing machine energy 

consumption (kWh/Year). 

70 

Figure 5.20 Annual Std. and H.E washing machine water 

consumption (L/year). 

71 

Figure 5.21 Annual Std. and H.E washing machine running 

cost (NIS/year). 

71 

Figure 5.22 Annual total costs saving when use HE instead of 

STD Washing machine. 

72 

Figure 5.23 SPBP in years of using HE instead of STD 

washing machine. 

72 

Figure 5.24 Annual STD and HE vacuum cleaner energy 

consumption (kWh/year). 

73 

Figure 5.25 Annual STD and HE vacuum cleaner running 

cost (NIS/year). 

74 

Figure 5.26 Total Annual cost saving (NIS/year) if use HE 

instead of STD vacuum cleaner.  

74 

Figure 5.27 SPBP in years of using HE instead of STD 

Vacuum cleaner. 

75 

Figure 5.28 Annual STD and HE Air conditioner energy 

consumption (kWh/year). 

76 

Figure 5.29 Annual STD and HE Air conditioner running cost 

(NIS/Year). 

77 

Figure 5.30 Total Annual cost saving (NIS/year) if use HE 

instead of STD Air conditioner. 

77 

Figure 5.31 SPBP in years of using HE instead of STD Air 

conditioner. 

78 

Figure 5.32 Annual STD and HE Microwave oven energy 

consumption (kWh/year). 

79 

Figure 5.33 Annual STD and HE Microwave oven running 

cost (NIS/year). 

80 

Figure 5.34 Total Annual cost saving (NIS/year) if use HE 

instead of STD Microwave oven. 

80 



X 

Figure 5.35 SPBP in years of using HE instead of STD 

Microwave oven. 

81 

Figure 5.36 Annual STD and HE Electrical oven energy 

consumption (kWh/year). 

82 

Figure 5.37 Annual STD and HE Electrical oven running cost 

(NIS/year). 

83 

Figure 4.38 Total Annual cost saving (NIS/year) if use HE 

instead of STD Electrical oven. 

83 

Figure 5.39 SPBP in years of using HE instead of STD 

Electrical oven. 

84 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



XI 

List of Abbreviations 

ANEC European Association for the Co-ordination of Consumer 

Representation in Standardization 

ANER AGENCE NATIONALE DES ENERGIES 

RENOUVELABLES (Renewable Energies National 

Agency) – Tunisia  

BEUC Bureau Européen des Unions de Consommateurs (European 

union consumers Bureau) 

BTU British Thermal Unit 

CETIME Mechanical and Electrical Industries Technical Center- 

Tunisia 

CFL Compact fluorescent lamp 

CFR Code of Federal Regulation 

CNIS China National Institute of standardization  

CO2 Carbon Dioxide  

CRT Cathode Ray Tube 

dB(A) Loudness of Sounds in Decibels  

DOE Department of Energy - USA 

DVD Digital Video Disc 

EC European commission 

EER Energy efficiency rating 

EHA Electrical Household appliances 

EIA U.S Energy Information Administration                           

EISA Energy Independence and Security Act 

EPA Environment Protecting Agency - USA 

EU European Union  

EUEB European Union Eco Labelling Board 

FEMP Federal Energy Management Program - USA 

FTC Federal Trading Commission - USA 

GEF Global Environment Facility 

GHG Green House Gases 

GWH Giga Watt Hour 

GWP Global warm potential 

HE High efficient appliances 

IEA International Energy Agency 

IEC Israeli Electric Corporation 

IEC International Electrotechnical commission  

IL Israel 

ILAC International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation  

JSMO Jordan Standards and Metrology Organization 

kW kilo Watt 



XII 

kWh kilo Watt hour 

LE Low efficient appliances 

LED Light Emitting Diode  

MEPS Minimum Energy performance Standard 

MONE Ministry of National Economy - Palestine 

Mtoe Million tons of oil equivalents 

NAFTA North America Free Trade Agreement  

NERC National Energy Research Center in Jordan 

n Appliance Life Cycle 

NIS New Israeli Shekel 

NIST National Institute of standards and technology - USA 

OECD Organization for economic cooperation and development 

P Present value 

PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics  

PENRA Palestinian Energy and Natural Resources Authority 

PNA Palestine National Authority 

PS Palestine Standard 

PSI Palestine Standards Institute  

PW Present Worth 

SC Sub Committee  

SCOP Seasonal coefficient of performance 

SEER Seasonal Energy efficiency rating 

SII Standards Institute of Israel 

SME Small and medium-sized enterprises 

STD Standard efficiency appliances 

TC Technical Committee 

TDS Total Dissolved Solids 

TWH Terra Watt Hour 

US United states 

VCR Video cassette recorder 

$ US Dollar 

€ European Euro 

 

 

 

 

 



XIII 

The Technical and Economic Impacts of Applying Palestinian & 

International Standards on Electrical Household Appliances                

in Palestine. 

By 

Tahseen Salman Sulaiman 

Supervisor 

Dr. Imad Ibrik 

Abstract 

Palestine has a rapid increase on the number of electrical household 

appliances (EHA) in the last few years, as a result of increase the life level 

standards, which increase hugely the national electrical energy 

consumption; and this increase caused national energy crisis, energy 

unbalance, and energy discontinuity. Palestine has to legislate and 

implement EHA minimum energy efficiency performance standards 

(MEPS) to lower the electrical energy consumption, to achieve the 

electrical energy stability. Calculations output prominently show and 

approve the household‟s feasibility of using high efficient appliances (HE) 

and a huge opportunity of energy conservation and saving on the 

households and on the national level in addition to the environment 

protection through the huge mitigated amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) to 

be emitted to Palestine atmosphere, a face to face forty surveyed 

households; energy classification labels of EHA knowledge and households 

behavior in addition classifications of owned EHA studied. EHA quantities 

and classifications statistics and records in Palestinian ministries and 

institutions are very weak as a result of Palestine government no control on 

the boarders. Some of the world countries status in the field of EHA energy 

efficiency and classification label overviewed, and studied through the 



XIV 

international paper research, reports, and books, these references showed 

the positive impacts of implementing MEPS and energy classification label 

on the economical, and environmental aspects.  

  



1 

Introduction 

Energy used every day for getting from one place to another, cooking, 

heating and cooling rooms, making products, lighting, heating water, and 

entertainment, using a lot of energy to make life comfortable, productive, 

and enjoyable, most of that energy is from nonrenewable energy sources, 

for example the United states of America is more than 4.4 percent of the 

world‟s population, it consumes about 18.6 percent of the world‟s energy 

resources. 

Energy growth rates will vary among nations according to structural 

differences (demographics, industrial composition, and economic growth) 

and differences in the pattern and amount of energy services that each 

energy consumer is willing to purchase. In the building sector, these 

differences stem from different construction methods and uses of energy 

consuming products, each country can accommodate its natural growth in 

demand for energy services by some combination of supplying more 

energy and improving the efficiency of energy consumption. 

 In all sectors, improving energy efficiency before increasing energy supply 

is generally the more economically efficient national strategy. A portfolio 

of energy policies is available to governments for this purpose, including 

strategic energy pricing, financing and incentive programs, regulatory 

programs, government purchasing directives, and consumer education. 

 



2 

In the year 2020, 31% of energy use in developing countries is expected to 

occur in residential and commercial buildings, so reducing energy 

inefficiency in this sector deserves to be as high a priority in any nation‟s 

portfolio of energy policies as are parallel policies in the industrial and 

transportation sectors. 

Energy efficiency labels and standards for appliances, equipment, and 

lighting offer a huge opportunity to improve energy efficiency and are 

especially effective as an energy policy, government labeling and 

standards-setting programs can affect most of the energy that will be used 

in buildings just two decades from now.  

Well-designed, mandatory energy-efficiency standards remove inefficient 

products from the marketplace, increasing the overall economic welfare of 

most consumers without seriously limiting their choice of products; energy 

labels empower consumers to make informed choices about the products 

they buy and to manage their energy bills, labels and standards are 

appropriate for most cultures and marketplaces; therefore, we must believe 

that energy-efficiency labels and MEPS deserve to be the cornerstone of 

any country‟s energy balance [1]. 

 This thesis aims to define the Palestine EHA energy efficiency status in 

comparison with some world countries status, allocating the accomplished 

and the unaccomplished steps in the stroke of legislating and implementing 

MEPS, specifying the needs to implement MEPS, studying the national 

statistics and records of EHA otherwise it manufactured in Palestine or 



3 

imported in the field of energy efficiency classifications, prominently show 

the feasibility range of using HE EHA instead of low efficient (LE) EHA, 

and to show the amount of households energy conservation and saving by 

using HE EHA instead of LE EHA, the amount of total national 

conservation and saving, and its impacts on the environment.    

Structure of thesis: 

Chapter one talks about the methods of preparing and detailing the thesis, 

in addition to detailed calculations equations that used in the thesis 

calculations and the approach used to prepare this thesis.  

In chapter two, it talks about the Palestinian life and the energy resources 

shortage especially the electrical energy, and how to minimize the 

dependence on the Israel by conserving energy by using efficient electrical 

appliances.  

Chapter three talks about the status of Palestinian standards in comparison 

to the world countries standards status and also the historical standards 

develop to improve EHA energy performance and efficiency. 

Chapter four talks about the needed elements to establish the Palestinian 

energy classification label and the importance of establishing testing 

laboratories. 

Chapter five talks about the impacts of legislating and implementing MEPS 

and energy classification label of EHA on energy conservation, consumer 

protection, environment protection, and on the society. 



4 

Chapter six talks and summarizes MEPS and EHA energy classification 

label impacts and the feasibility of using HE EHA instead of LE EHA. 

Chapter seven talks about the whole thesis outputs and the 

recommendations in accordance to it. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



5 

Chapter one 

Methodology of thesis 

This thesis conducted an overview and study of literatures, research papers, 

books, and testing facilities test reports of EHA energy efficiency 

classifications and its impacts on the energy consumption, conduct a full 

consumption and saving comparison and calculations between HE EHA 

and STD & LE EHA. 

Overview of the world countries status and the achieved stroke in EHA 

legislated and implemented MEPS, in comparison with Palestine status of 

EHA energy efficiency through the government ministries and institutions 

regulations, statistics and records; general directorate of trade and 

consumer protection in ministry of national economy (MONE), department 

of custom in ministry of finance (MOF), Palestine central bureau of 

statistics (PCBS), and Palestine standards institution (PSI) were visited. 

A weak Palestinian regulations, statistics, and records were found of EHA 

energy classifications, forty households face to face questionnaire as a 

result of national statistics deprivation. 

This questionnaire aimed to assess the household‟s knowledge and 

behavior towards the EHA energy efficiency and energy classification 

labels in addition to quantitatively the owned EHA regarding energy 

classification labels.  

 



6 

A conducted visit to the local markets to investigate and evaluate the EHA 

cost regards the energy classification labels so as to perform calculations 

and to estimate the feasibility range of using HE EHA instead of STD & 

LE EHA, and demonstrate energy conservation and saving on the 

households, on the national level, and impacts on the environment . 

All the quantities of EHA of energy classifications lower than STD class 

„D‟ in addition to (without label) EHA had assumed to be STD to accurate 

the feasibility estimation.  

Simple payback period (SPBP) calculated for each EHA so as to show 

feasibility of using HE instead STD according to the following equation: 

The annual consumed energy cost (running cost) = the consumed energy 

kWh/year * energy cost
1
 NIS/kWh ….. (1) 

1) The cost of energy consumption approximated to be the average tariffs 

of  Palestinian electrical distribution companies = 0.57230 NIS / kWh. 

∆ Investment of using HE instead of STD = initial cost of HE – initial cost 

of STD …..(2) 

∆ saving of using HE instead of STD = STD annual running cost – HE 

annual running cost …(3) 

Total annual cost of HE and LE EHA calculated according to the following 

equation, to determine and to show the total annual saving and also the 

saving along the life cycle of using HE EHA. 



7 

The total annual saving of using HE instead of STD EHA = total annual 

cost of STD – total annual cost of HE ….. (4) 

Where the total annual cost of appliance = (annual energy consumption 

kWh * cost of 1kWh
1
 NIS/kWh) + Initial cost NIS * (A/P, i, n) ….. (5). 

Whereas „A/P‟ is the capital recovery, „i‟ is the interest rate and it used 

with a value of 12%, and „n‟ is the estimated appliance life cycle. 

SPBP = ∆ investment of using HE instead of LE/ ∆ saving of using HE 

instead of LE ….. (6)  

The total appliance‟s life cycle saving = result of equation (4) * n ….. (7) 

Energy conservation and saving of using main heavier consumption HE 

instead STD EHA concluded also on the national level according to 

previous equations calculations and results in relation with PCBS statistics 

and results of questionnaire. 

The conducted questionnaire determined the percentage of STD EHA 

therefore, 

The national annually energy conservation of using HE instead STD = the 

conserved energy of using one HE appliance * the total number of this 

appliance type in Palestine according to PCBS statistics * % of STD 

appliances according to the questionnaire ….. (7). 

 



8 

In the same manner, the annual national saving = result of equation (4) of a 

specific type of appliance * total number of this type of appliance 

according to PCBS statistics * % of STD appliances of this type according 

to questionnaire ….. (8). 

Environmental impacts of using HE EHA instead of STD EHA 

investigated and estimated on the main heavier consumption EHA and also 

on the national level, the estimated mitigation of emitting CO2 gas to 

atmosphere calculated and estimated on the national level. 

Each 1kWh generated in the natural gas generating station in Israel will 

emits 0.75 kg CO2 to atmosphere; the total annual estimated mitigated    

CO2 = the annual total national conserved energy kWh/year * 0.75 kg/kWh 

….. (9) 

Conclusions and recommendations determined according to all this thesis 

inputs, calculations, and outputs and allocated at the end of this thesis.    

 

  



9 

Chapter Two 

Problem Definition 

Palestinians lives in this land under the pressure of occupation in many or 

nearly all their lives needs, the occupation control all this land‟s resources, 

imports, Palestinians needs from the outside world, it control the inside and 

outside of Palestine world by stealing the inside resources and limiting and 

restraining  the need from outside. 

Palestinians suffer from the occupation conditions since the beginning of 

19
th
 century by taking over all internal natural resources (land, water…etc) 

by force, limiting the Palestinians outside needs by boarders control; they 

control, limit, security check, customs check, and others which result in 

limiting the imports by sometimes some products types rejection, quantity 

control, customs receipt and this cause increasing the products prices, so all 

these conditions will negatively affect Palestinians life development. 

Palestinians as others, need all different types of energy to continue and 

proceed them lives activities and one of these sources is the electricity but 

as known to all Palestine‟s cities, villages, municipalities, and electricity 

distribution companies are fed from the Israeli‟s electricity company (IEC) 

connection points, and this energy sold to Palestinians with high prices in 

comparison with the neighbors  countries prices and in addition to 

electricity high price they pressurize Palestinians life by limiting the 

amount of given power in all feeding points to slow or to prevent 

Palestinian life development, and from the other side the world now look 



10 

deeply forward use clean energy sources, lower the carbon effect from the 

non-renewable sources use like petrol, natural gas, and coal to assist 

environment protection. 

Electrical energy consumption in Palestinian life mostly is residential 

consumption and almost consumption depends on the household appliances 

and lighting.  

House hold appliances is the most percentage of residential loads like 

(refrigerators, washing machines, space heaters, split air conditioners, 

ovens, microwaves ovens, vacuum cleaners, dishes washer, food mixers, 

cookers,  toasters, water heaters, ironing, bakers, lights and others) [2]. 

Buying, & using efficient household appliances will assist in preserve the 

environment because it consume less electrical energy and this result in less 

energy generated at generating stations this will also result in less 

exhausted gases like CO2 to atmosphere and to the environment, and this 

will also lengthen the end moment time of finishing the coal and petrol 

sources. 

So do choosing; buying, using efficient household appliances are really 

feasible for the end consumers, and the environment? 

This question will be answered in following pages upon the full study of 

different efficiency household appliances classes and its cost effects on the 

end consumer.     



11 

2.1.  Existing Palestinian standards  

Palestine standards institute “PSI” established in Palestine in 1994 which is 

coincided with the coming of Palestine national authority (PNA) to west 

bank and Gaza by presidential decree no. 6/2000 and since that time 

Palestine standards institute working on preparing the national technical 

regulations and standards and this mission is one of its whole work, in 

addition to that Palestine standards institute its work extended to many 

other fields like certifications, testing, inspection, metrology and   

calibration [3]. 

According to the situation on the Palestine ground and Palestinian people 

conditions which under the occupation; Palestine standards institution 

started its work at that time by focusing on the safety, protection, and 

health of the people and according to these focus points, it prepared, 

legislated, and issued the products and services standards which route the 

producer and provider to achieve the minimum quality requirements in 

order to secure the consumer‟s protection. 

Since that time PSI prepared and issued many of electrical household 

appliances safety standards which assess the safety of consumer operate 

and use of these appliances through the laboratory test, one hundred 

percent of the available PS are safety standards and its IEC‟s and EN‟s 

adopted standards, at that beginning safety was the priority and no one care 

about the appliances efficiency, performance, and energy conservation. 

many injuries, burst, and death accidents occurred in the past because of 



12 

unsafe electrical appliances and these accidents still continue till these days 

because of unsafe appliances in the market, newly and according to 

population inflation, the rapid demand increase on the electrical energy, 

and the over loading of the connection points between Israel and Palestine 

and the shortage, frequent drop of  electrical supply sources, the related 

Palestinian ministries, institutions and authorities started to think about 

solutions of this crisis, so newly starts hearing of the these statements 

(energy management, energy conservation, and energy label). 

The Palestinian market is an open market for all the come in products and 

it‟s totally out of PNA control, no representative staffs on the borders, and 

according to Paris protocol which signed between PNA and Israel (IL) 

which declared that all the imported products to Israel and Palestine must 

conform to the Israeli technical regulations, and this protocol in spite of its 

disadvantages on the free import to Palestine it implicitly ensure that all the 

products import to Palestine are safe and efficient but this is not totally 

correct [4]. 

Now days still there are no requirements or technical obligations on the 

importers and local manufacturers that they must achieved before selling 

and distributing their products in the local market in front of PSI In the 

field of appliances energy performance, efficiency, and energy 

classification label and the high efficient properties of appliances still 

voluntary and the final decision to choose between the efficient and the 

lower efficient appliances is the consumers his self only.   



13 

2.2.  International Labels and their impacts  

The building sector accounts for more than 35% of the world‟s total energy 

demand, “Of which 75% is for space heating and domestic water heating”, 

according to the IEA (International Energy Agency). Heating is still mainly 

provided by burning fossil fuels, whereas cooling and ventilation systems 

rely primarily on electricity – the production of which is also largely reliant 

on the burning of these same non-renewable resources. Renewable energies 

are set to play a growing role in the heating and cooling of buildings as all 

countries try to cut their dependence on fossil fuels. Many of Technical 

committees of IEC TCs are involved in the preparation of International 

Standards for components and systems used in heating, cooling and 

ventilation installations [5]. 

Using efficient appliances is one of the ways to conserve energy and to 

minimize the energy losses to the lowest level in the residential loads. In 

China For example, the mandatory appliance labeling system now covers 

30 types of household appliances. It requires manufacturers to register each 

product at China National Institute of Standardization (CNIS) website 

before introducing it to the market and to attach a China Energy Label to 

each model revealing its energy efficiency grade as compared to the 

appliance standard, appliance standards on the other hand set the minimum 

allowable energy efficiency levels. Refrigerators and air-conditioners were 

the first appliances to be regulated. They are two of the largest components 

of residential electricity consumption (consuming 17% and 24% of the 

electricity in the residential sector) [6, 7]. 



14 

To control the household appliances in the market and to focus and 

encourage the consumers on the efficient household appliances sold in 

Europe market, EU since 1992 started this step by arising the care of 

directing the consumer sight to the efficient appliances by finding the 

energy label, and so what is it? It is axiomatic that the market for household 

energy services would be enhanced where buyers are able to take into 

account not just the cost of the appliance but the otherwise invisible factor 

of energy consumption. Energy labels improve the market‟s operation by 

displaying accurate energy consumption information on products, which is 

useful in the purchase decision; there are two main types of labels: 

endorsement and comparison labels [8].  

Endorsement labels indicate that products belong to the “most energy 

efficient” class of products or it meets a specified product standard. 

Products generally display a logo or mark which identifies they have met 

the standard or product class and the labels generally contains little or no 

comparative energy efficiency information. Endorsement labeling 

programs are mostly of a voluntary nature. An endorsement label may be 

specifically for energy efficiency or it may be an “Eco” label. Eco label 

programs endorse products that have low impact across a wide range of 

environmental factors [8]. 

Comparative labels allow consumers to form a judgment about the energy 

efficiency (or energy consumption). The comparative labeling programs in 

OECD countries are primarily mandatory; Endorsement and comparative 

labels can coexist. The most commonly used comparison labels use a scale 



15 

with absolutely defined efficiency categories. This type of label allows 

consumers to easily assess the efficiency of a product in relation to an 

absolute scale, by means of a simple numerical or ranking system. The 

concept is that it is much easier for a consumer to remember and compare a 

simple ranking scale (such as 1, 2, 3 or 1 star, 2 stars, 3 stars or A, B, C) 

than to remember and compare energy consumption values [8]. 

Minimum Energy Performance Standard (MEPS) (also called just 

“Standards” or “efficiency standards” in some countries) are the specified 

minimum energy efficiency levels that products must meet before they can 

be legally sold. These mandatory standards are set at levels that balance the 

technical possibility with economic viability and competitive forces within 

a particular market. MEPS are usually not static but are revised over time 

to reflect improving levels of energy efficiency. MEPS rely on test 

procedures (often also called “Test Standards”) which are used to 

determine appliance performance, energy consumption and hence energy 

efficiency [8]. 

In 1992, the EU adopted the Energy Labeling Directive for household 

appliances; it compelled retailers to display a label to consumers. The label 

rated the energy efficiency of these appliances in a scale ranging from 

energy class A to energy class G. The message was reinforced through an 

easy color coding, ranging from dark green for the most efficient class to 

red for the most inefficient class [8]. 



16 

The clarity and straightforward of this scheme made it very popular among 

consumers. This resulted in a rapid market transformation as manufacturers 

were very keen to provide top-rated products to consumers. Simplicity, 

clarity and comparability of information that is meaningful to consumers 

are elements that rendered this labeling scheme one of the few truly 

effective consumer information tools, enjoying widespread acceptance and 

trust amongst consumers [9].  

In 2003, the scaling system was expanded to include new energy efficiency 

categories on top of energy class A - such as A+ and A++ - for refrigerators 

and freezers. Although this extension was intended as an interim solution 

until a comprehensive revision of the scheme would be achieved, in 2010, 

the EU opened the door to the introduction of A „plus‟ classes to all 

product groups with the revised EU Energy Labeling Directive. Since this 

loss of the simple „buy A‟ message, the positive impact of the EU Energy 

Label on consumers‟ decisions and transformation of the market has been 

significantly weakened [9]. 

In 2012, further research from the University of St. Gallen re-confirmed 

that the A to G scale had a stronger influence on consumers‟ final 

purchasing decisions, and readiness to invest more for the top classes of the 

A to G scale, than for the top classes of the „A plus‟ to G scale [9]. 

The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated that, even with a 

continuation of all existing appliance policy measures, the appliance 



17 

electricity consumption will grow by 13% from 2000 to 2010, and by 25 by 

2020, as shown in figure 1.1[9].  

Figure 2.1: Projected IEA residential electricity consumption by end-use with current policies 

[9]. 

Examples on some countries energy labels: 

1. European Union: 

The European Union (EU) is now of 25 member countries, they are 

Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, 

Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Czech 

Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and 

Slovenia. These countries are required to implement harmonized 

regulations, including those covering energy efficiency requirements 

(MEPS and labeling). 

1.1.  Comparative Label: 

This label is mandatory in EU gives the consumer the ability to judge and 

to decide which of EHA will buy and use through comparative quantities, 



18 

numbers, and colored arrows, dark green for class A HE EHA and the 

green color becomes lighter as the efficiency become lower till reaching the 

red color for class G LE EHA, in washing machines the comparative 

quantity is kilo Watt hour per cycle (kWh/cycle) and water consumption 

quantity of liter per cycle (L/cycle), whereas the unit used for other EHA is 

kWh/year. 

 

Fig. 2.2: EU Comparative Label [8, 9]. 

1.2.  Endorsement Label: 

This label is voluntary, gives the consumer the attention that this appliance 

belongs to the most efficient appliances or environment friendly appliance. 



19 

 

Fig. 2.3: EU Endorsement label [8, 9] 

2. Israel: 

Energy classification label and MEPS have been in place in Israel since 

1985. Initially a professional committee that included members from 

various ministries, professional organizations, the standards institute and 

the consumer association developed the first phase of the project. 

The Standards Institute was given responsibility for developing and 

implementing labels and standards for all residential appliances. Since then 

standards and labels have been introduced for 13 products, including cars. 

While all of the standards are mandatory, some of the labels are voluntary. 

A difficulty with the program is that the standards and labels are not backed 

by regulation, making enforcement difficult. Hence since 1996 the Ministry 

of National Infrastructures has begun presenting legislation to the 

parliament clarifying the standards and labeling requirements. As each 

piece of legislation is passed control will become the Ministry‟s 

responsibility, room air conditioners were the first regulation to be passed 



20 

by parliament with standards approved in 1999 and labels in January 2001, 

regulations for Refrigerators and Freezers have already been presented to 

parliament and draft legislation has been prepared for Clothes Washers, 

Clothes Dryers, Ovens, Water Heaters and Fans [8, 9]. 

2.1.  Comparative Label: 

The following figure 1.4 is an example of Israeli comparative label for air 

conditioners, its mandatory, legislated and implemented by standards 

institution of Israel (SII); it shows the energy consumption kWh con both 

cooling and heating that gives the consumer the opportunity to decide 

which class to buy.   

 

Fig. 2.4: Israeli Energy comparative label [8, 9]. 

3. Tunisia: 

The comparative label is mandatory in Tunisia since 2004 gives the 

consumer the ability to judge and to decide which of EHA will buy and use 

through comparative quantities, numbers, and colored arrows, dark green 



21 

for class 1 HE EHA and the green color becomes lighter as the efficiency 

become lower till reaching the red color for class 8 LE EHA, in 

refrigerators the comparative quantity is (kWh/year). 

The class 1 corresponds to the A+ level in the EU label and the other seven 

classes correspond to the A to G classes in the EU label, it has one half in 

Arabic and the other in French to reflect the bilingual nature of Tunisian 

society. Field tests of the label design have shown that more than 70% of 

consumers correctly interpret the label without having previously seen it. 

Prior to its introduction the label was tested in a six month pilot program 

involving a number of retailers and manufacturers. The requirements of 

MEPS are to be phased so that from 2007 all appliances sold on the market 

must attain a class 4 (EU label class C), or better and from 2010 at least a 

class 3 (EU label class B), or better. 

 

Fig. 2.5: Tunisian Energy comparative Label [8, 9]. 



22 

4. USA: 

4.1. Comparative Label: 

This comparative label implemented by US Federal Trade Commission 

(FTC), it was mandated the first time in 1980 on room air conditioners, this 

label gives the consumer comparative judgment between different energy 

classification labels through reading the value of yearly consumption 

kWh/year and yearly energy consumption cost in dollar per kWh ($/kWh).  

 

Fig. 2.6: U.S Energy comparative Label [8, 9]. 

4.2 Endorsement Label: 

This is USA energy star endorsement voluntary  label, its first used in 1992 

on computers and monitors, it indicates the appliance is in the most 

efficient category, it was implemented by  US Department of Energy 

(DOE) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 



23 

 

Fig. 2.7: U.S Energy Endorsement Label [8, 9]. 

2.3.  The importance of Palestinian energy label of electrical 

appliances: 

All world countries fast going in legislating and implementing their MEPS 

and energy labels especially the EHA, they enforced and mandate these 

MEPS to regulate the markets because of its positive impacts on the total 

energy consumption, residential sector in Palestine has the big impact on 

the electrical energy consumption in Palestine, and as mentioned before the 

Palestine market is an open market to imported products, sold products 

from Israel, and also for the locally assembled products because of weak 

control or no existence of Palestinians on the boarders and this activity is 

practiced by the Israeli on the main boarders like air ports, sea ports, and 

bridges and the boarders of cities, villages, and camps are weakly 

supervised by Palestine customs police, legislating and implementing the 

Palestinian MEPS and energy label for the different types of appliances 



24 

will lead the huge positive impact on the Palestine total energy 

consumption, consumers electrical bills, and Palestine environment 

protection and this label need the power and support from Palestine 

ministers council to mandate it to be labelled on all household appliances in 

order to permit it in the market and to penalizing agents, retailers, and 

manufacturers for unmarked show or trade electrical appliances, in addition 

to that Palestinian consumer need a lot of guidance and awareness leaflets 

and literatures to aware him of importance of choosing the most efficient 

appliances according to Palestinian energy label which will be beneficial 

and feasible on his saving firstly and on the environment than the cheap 

and LE, arriving to a point that consumer select only the most efficient 

appliances will lead to no inefficient appliances in the market and this will 

result in residential energy consumption efficiently which impact the total 

national energy consumption, generating capacity, grid capacity, grid 

losses, conserving the environment, and also conserving the petrol and coal 

resources.  

 

  



25 

Chapter three 

Palestinian existing standards comparing with 

international standards. 

PSI is the unique body in Palestine responsible for legislating standards in 

Palestine as mentioned in the presidential decree, it has the options in 

which route it will go to prepare the standards and these route divided into 

two mains routes, the first is prepare a pure Palestinian standards upon and 

depend the actual Palestinian life conditions and it can be referenced to 

some national, regional, or international standards, the second route is to 

prepare a Palestinian standards which are regionally or internationally 

adopted standards. 

Electrical appliances standards are mostly internationally issued by IEC, 

ISO, EN, and some other bodies, PSI mostly adopt these standards to be 

PS, this method is well known on the national level of countries and the 

same method is used in neighbor countries like Israel and Jordan. 

PSI focused on the consumer protection and safety as a priority of its work 

since establishment date and this priority came from that Palestinians began 

to gained their freedom since the coming of PNA, it started to remove up 

the restraints on them so PNA aimed to protect them as first priority, PSI is 

one of the authorized bodies to assist in protect people, in that time 

necessity of energy conservation and energy efficiency weren‟t the priority 

of PSI work, since that time it crossed over a good stroke in the electrical 

appliances safety through different ways, cooperation with ministry of 



26 

national economy to control the imported products and EHA, ministry of 

national economy “MONE” has the responsibility of granting the import 

licenses for the imported products in list A1 and A2 in the Paris protocol 

which called “Qotas”, some of these electrical appliances come under these 

two lists for example „room air conditioner, clothes washing machines, 

refrigerators, ovens‟ and according to this protocols there is annually a 

determined quantities of these kind of appliances from Israeli government 

to PNA are permitted to be imported without the laboratory test according 

to the related standard in SII and this urged PSI and MONE to cooperated 

together to assess the electrical appliances conformity before let it in the 

Palestine market, it also contacts with SII for cooperation for the mandated 

products conformity assessment in SII laboratories, in this way PSI aimed 

to regulate products and to help the Palestinians importers to immediate 

shipments release and  lowering the storage costs at the ports. 

Nonetheless what mentioned, PSI still faces the obstacles, that weaken it to 

spread its hands on the boarders points and on the internal level too and 

occupation control the boarders is the most weaken factor on the whole 

Palestinian authority and PSI especially, it also can strengthen its existence 

on the Palestinian land by constructing the different types of laboratories so 

as to assess conformity locally, and since the year 2014 PSI cooperates 

with European commission (EC) through a funded project and part of it is 

to establish laboratories for safety testing and conformity assessment of 

electrical appliances, and laboratories in metrology and calibration. 



27 

PSI ambitious to find a fund of the second stage of the electrical testing 

laboratory in the energy efficiency and performance conformity assessment 

and the system can be started by legislating MEPS and EHA energy 

classification labels, this will result in consumer saving, energy 

conservation, encourage of importers and local manufacturers to innovate 

for the most efficient appliances, attain fair trade, and environment 

protection.  

3.1.  Israeli standards: 

Many countries around the world started since tenths of years energy 

efficiency and energy conservation programs and EHA one of the 

important points to be covered by these programs, Israel one of the 

countries which also started because of population growth and the 

accelerated increase of life level requirements, this result in power demand 

increment too, the rapid increment in power demand result in quick action 

of the governments to take the required decisions to preserve their energy 

resources and to lower the annual bill of imported fuels. 

In 2008 the Israeli government passed a resolution to promote the energy 

efficiency and to reduce the energy consumption by 20% in the year 2020, 

In accordance with the resolution Ministry of Energy and Water published 

in 2010 a National Energy Efficiency Plan for 2010-2020, the plan which is 

being updated contributed key inputs into the national greenhouse gases 

(GHG) plan, and also suggested establishing an energy efficiency fund of 

approximately NIS 200 million, Ministry of Energy and Water also carried 



28 

out a scheme to subsidies replacement of inefficient refrigerators, solar 

water heating tanks and air conditioners, in Israel Solar water heating has 

been mandatory for residential buildings since the 1980s, these measures 

are applied in addition to mandatory energy labeling for appliances and 

MEPS requirements for light bulbs [10]. 

Energy efficiency is the fastest and cheapest way to establish energy 

security, cope with environmental challenges and avoid market 

expenditure. Around the world, energy efficiency is considered a virtual 

energy source since it saves the need to increase electricity generation 

while providing the necessary energy. Energy efficiency is achieved by 

reducing energy wasting (correct use) and through consumption 

management, using energy efficient appliances and planning new building 

(as well as refurbishing existing ones) based on energy conservation 

principles. 

Israel much like other developed countries understands the many benefits 

of energy efficiency and acknowledges its responsibility to reduce 

electricity demand and improve efficiency. For that reason, it has 

committed to achieve a national target of reducing the electricity 

consumption by at least 17% by 2030, Israel follows efficiency measures 

and recommended policy tools for the residential sector and examples on 

residential appliances is improving the efficiency of white appliances like 

refrigerators, washing machines, dryers, and dishwashers by replacing 90% 

of the existing low efficiency to most efficient appliances by a replacement 

rate of 7% of the appliances yearly and the potential saving till 2030 will be 



29 

NIS 323.7 million which equal to 493GWh, and one of the other important 

examples is replacing 90% of the room air conditioner for the most 

efficient air conditioner and this will potentially save NIS 289 million 

which equal to 441 GWh till 2030 [11].   

3.2.  EU standards: 

The earliest programs began in the 1960‟s, with France introducing Energy 

Performance Standards, and in the mid 1970‟s with France and Germany 

both implementing labeling programs, in the 1980‟s a voluntary common 

EU label was developed for ovens, but none of the Member States 

introduced the system due to a range of concerns by 1990 Denmark, the 

Netherlands, and the United Kingdom also had legislation in place 

pertaining to energy labels and standards, while other countries such as 

Ireland were running voluntary labeling programs, it was 

Denmark‟s desire to introduce a mandatory energy labeling scheme that led 

to the introduction of a common mandatory EU label [12]. 

In 1990, Denmark announced it wished to implement a Mandatory Energy 

Labeling Program, EC declared that this would present an obstacle to “Free 

Trade” and so requested that Denmark not proceed. However, given the 

interest across Europe in labeling programs the Commission developed the 

Directive for Mandatory Energy Labeling of Household Appliances 

(Directive 92/75/EEC) which made comparative labeling compulsory in all 

member countries once a product directive had been passed, the Directive 



30 

came into force in 1992, with the first labels becoming effective for 

refrigerators in 1995. The label for refrigerators and freezers was amended 

in 2003, with the inclusion of A+ and A++ categories (Directive 

2003/66/EC). On 19 May 2010, EU adopted the Directive 2010/30/EU on 

energy labels and 25 October 2012, it also adopted the Directive 

2012/27/EU on energy efficiency amending Directives 2009/125/EC, and 

2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC [12]. 

Energy label program (comparative label) is a mandatory label in EU to be 

stickered on most electrical appliances in EU and this program 

implemented by National bodies of EU member Countries and the labeled 

appliances are: 

1994 - refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers and freezers (94/2/EC) (revised 

with 2010/30/EU and again with Commission Delegated Regulation 

1060/2010) 1996 - clothes washers (95/12/EC) (revised with 2010/30/EU 

and again with Commission Delegated Regulation 1061/2010), clothes 

dryers (95/13/EC) (revised with 2010/30/EU and again with Commission 

Delegated Regulation 392/2012) 1997 - combination washer-dryers 

(96/60/EC) 1998 – dishwashers (97/17/EC) (revised with 2010/30/EU and 

again with Commission Delegated Regulation 1059/2010), lighting systems 

(92/75/EEC), 2000 – electrical lamps and luminaries (98/11/EC) (revised 

with 2010/30/EU and again with Commission Delegated Regulation 

847/2012) 2003 - air conditioners (2002/31/EC), electric ovens 

(2002/40/EC) 2010 – Commission Delegated Regulations: 1062/2010 

televisions (updating 2010/30/EU), 2011 – Commission Delegated 



31 

Regulations: 626/2011 air conditioners (updating 2010/30/EU) 2013 – 

Commission Delegated Regulations: 811/2013 space heating equipment, 

812/2013 water heaters, 665/2013 vacuum cleaners [12]. 

Figure 3.1, is the mandatory EU comparative label, the first mandated time 

was in 1992, it shows the estimated annual consumption in kWh, that gives 

the consumer the ability decide what the appliance classification to buy. 



32 

 

Fig. 3.1: Sample on EU comparative labels [12]. 

On the other hand there is the voulantary energy label program (energy 

endorsment label - European Eco-label award scheme) which implemented 

by European Union Eco Labelling Board (EUEB) Launched in 1992, the 

European Eco-label award scheme operates across the European Union, 

Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland. The EUEB was formed recently to 

improve the administration of the program and has representatives from all 

participant countries. Criteria are set by the EC in consultation with the 



33 

member states, and are reviewed every three years to ensure the label stays 

relevant. If an eco-label is awarded, it can be displayed on the comparative 

label, and as with many eco-label programs, energy efficiency is just one 

criterion. Manufacturers need to apply to the accredited National 

organisation to be awarded the label, with the onus of proof of the claim on 

the manufacturer. The national body then informs the EUEB, and if there 

are no objections, then the label is awarded [12]. 

Figure 3.2, is the EU voluntary endorsement label, implemented the first 

time in 1992, indicates the appliance labeled to is efficient and friendly to 

the environment.   

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 3.2: EU Endorsement Label [12].  

Eco-label began in 1992 - computers (including portables), lamps (cfls, 

double ended tubes), computer monitors, televisions, (Products originally 

included, but no longer included in the scheme - refrigerators, refrigerator-

freezers, clothes washers, dishwashers, freezers, vacuum cleaners) 

&electrical equipment and household appliances: 2007 – heat pumps 



34 

2009/2013 – televisions 2011 – notebook computers, light bulbs, household 

appliance [13]. 

3.3.  American standards: 

The US Federal government has passed several major pieces of legislation 

that set a solid framework for appliance labelling and standards. In 1975, 

the Energy Policy and Conservation Act required FTC to establish a 

labelling program and DOE to set voluntary efficiency targets. The 

labelling program, Energy Guide, became effective since 1980 when 

manufacturers were obliged to place energy labels indicating energy 

consumption on their appliances [12].  

DOE is required by legislation to set MEPS for a wide range of nominated 

products. However, MEPS can only be set after a prescribed process of 

research and consultation, and the levels must be demonstrated to be 

technically feasible and cost-effective.  

Table 3.1, shows the historical profile of legislated EHA and lighting 

products, includes date of initial legislation, current date and the coming 

MEPS update in USA.  

 

 

 

 



35 

Table 3.1: U.S Legislated appliances MEPS. 

Product description Initial 

legislation 

Current 

standard date 

Standard 

update date 

Clothes dryers  1987 2015 2020 

Clothes washers  1987 2015 2021 

Dishwashers  1987 2013 2021 

Microwave ovens  1987 2016 2022 

Refrigerators and freezers  1987 2014 2021 

Room air conditioners  1987 2014 2020 

Water heaters  1987 2015 2021 

Clothes washers  2005 2013 2018 

Refrigeration equipment  2005 2012 2017 

Ceiling fans and ceiling fan light 

kits  

2005 2007 2018 

Compact fluorescent lamps  2005 2006 2020 

Figure 3.3, shows the implemented, mandated US comparative energy 

efficiency label in USA, the consumer can judge the appliance annual 

consumption in kWh, in addition to the annual estimated consumption cost 

in $. 

 

Fig. 3.3: US Energy Comparative Label [12].  

The technical requirements are set out in the Code of Federal Regulations 

16CFR305. NIST is responsible for development and maintenance of test 

procedures. Test procedures are specified on the Code of Federal 

Regulations 10CFR430. The label originally showed only the annual cost 

of operation however; problems arose when national average electricity 

price changed from year to year and the range of prices was so wide. In 



36 

1994, the FTC decided to revise the Energy Guide label so that annual 

energy use in kWh, rather than average annual operating cost became the 

main comparative indicator [12]. 

Figure 3.4, is the US voluntary star energy endorsement label, implemented 

the first time on computers and monitors in 1992.  

 

Fig. 3.4: U.S Energy Star Endorsement Label [12]. 

 

  



37 

Chapter Four 

The elements necessary for establishing energy labels 

and MEPS in Palestine. 

PSI has the responsibility to assess the products conformity according to its 

law, and it generally follows its work procedure in two choices to assess 

products conformity firstly, selecting samples randomly from the local 

manufacturer or from the importer warehouse, then it test these samples in 

its laboratory but unfortunately this case isn‟t available because of 

inexistency of this laboratory, so PSI can send these samples to competence 

laboratory to perform the needed tests according to the product standard 

and then a test report issued by this laboratory and according to the test 

report PSI can issue a test certificates approve that these samples with a 

specific energy classification and this test certificate sent to the client in 

order to classify his product with correct energy classification label, but 

this choice has a negative results on the client by obligation to accept the 

external laboratory which usually has a higher test cost comparatively with 

the local test laboratory if it exists, and in addition to the samples transport 

cost which these samples must be transported to Jordan or Israel if the 

contracted laboratory is in these two countries. 

Secondly, the second way which PSI follows is requests the client to 

submit a competent accredited 3
rd

 party test documents for the product 

models in his warehouse, PSI study, evaluate, investigate the submitted 

documents and then the PSI‟s engineers take the decision of accepting or 

rejecting these documents and according to this decision PSI will inform 



38 

the client of documents rejection and request him again to complete the test 

documents, or PSI will inform him that these documents are accepted and 

issuing the test certificate which is equivalent to the 3
rd

 party test 

documents , according to this certificate the client will mark his product 

quantities with required and the correct energy classification label, for the 

clarity and actuality the mentioned two ways are followed by PSI‟s 

engineers and specifically the technical services department‟s engineers 

and employees, and as mentioned previously, PSI is only legislative body, 

so before three years PSI cooperated with the directorate of consumer 

protection in ministry of economy to train the directorate‟s inspectors how 

to inspect electrical appliances specially EHA and what the required 

documents must be clearly appear by the traders, but this activity weaken 

after a period of time .   

In future and by the support  and cooperation with all responsible entities 

like MONE - general directorate of trade and the general directorate of 

consumer protection, MOF - general directorate of custom, the general 

directorate of custom police and with traders and manufacturers PSI will 

play its role to control the local market in the field of EHA energy 

classification  which aim to energy conservation and consumer protection 

and this assessment and test will be in the PSI testing laboratory which will 

be the second phase of the PSI electrical laboratory, PSI construct and 

establish the safety electrical household test laboratory as a funded project 

by the EU as Palestine need and priority and at the end of 2019 PSI will 

launch it in the honor of prime minister, and PSI‟s chairman board. 



39 

4.1.  Testing equipment: 

Supervisory bodies in countries all over the world, their work depend 

basically on the testing bodies in these countries to carry out this mission 

which can able them to decide whether they allow many products to get in 

the country and to reject the others. 

Testing bodies need testing equipment in order to perform their activities, 

in some tests the needed equipment are special to perform specific tests.  

Testing laboratory of air conditioner appliances need some special 

equipment and devices like: 

 Refrigerant flow meter for R404 which used for laboratory refrigeration 

system and this not for the sample under test itself. 

 Electrical power meter for each of (the sample under test, refrigeration 

compressors, and for the electric heaters). 

 Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature readers with PT 100 sensors to cover 

(indoor room, outdoor room, condenser and evaporator of laboratory 

refrigeration system). 

 Balance weight to weigh water condensation coming from the sample 

under the test.  

 

 



40 

Testing laboratory of washing machines need some special equipment and 

devices like: 

 Water flow meter. 

 Electrical power meter. 

 Water quality meter to measure the TDS. 

 Temperature reader with PT 100 sensors. 

 Relative humidity meter. 

 Balance weight. 

Testing laboratory of refrigerators need some special equipment and 

devices like: 

 Electrical power meter. 

 Temperature reader with thermal couple sensors. 

 Relative humidity meter. 

Surely as mentioned above as examples of the needed equipment for testing 

some main EHA, there still many EHA and it need specific testing 

equipment and these equipment are expensive so generally private sector 

laboratories start with small and limited testing activity and they expand 

step by step using part of their profit to invest in new equipment and new 

testing activity and start to grow.  



41 

4.2.  Laboratory needs: 

Any laboratory and from the beginning it needs to start its testing 

activity, some of these needs are basic and some of these needs are 

secondary, but it need it to be fully active.  

Each and any laboratory needs employees to perform different testing 

activities, actually it starts with small number of engineers and 

technicians, these employees also need the specific training to operate 

and to use laboratory equipment and to conduct the different types of 

tests according to the related standards. 

Laboratories still need supplementary items to operate the laboratory 

with its full power like laboratory accreditation certificate and this 

process can be locally or internationally, the local accreditation is under 

the responsibility of the directorate of laboratory accreditation in MONE 

or internationally by international laboratories accreditation cooperation 

(ILAC) or any other body is authorized by them, also laboratory 

equipment specially the measuring equipment need to be calibrated 

periodically and this calibration is done by directorate of metrology in 

PSI. 

Lastly, laboratory need some other simple requirements like desktop 

computers, printers, scanners and other  and it need also environmental 

conditions like temperature, moisture, ventilation, and lighting .   

    



42 

4.3.  Data base certificates: 

Information technology make the testing operations in these days more 

easier by connecting laboratory equipment to computers so all 

equipment and test results with details can be recorded on the computer.  

 

  



43 

Chapter Five 

Impacts of legislating & implementing Palestinian 

energy classification label and MEPS. 

It‟s important for Palestinians to find their MEPS which enforce the local 

manufacturers and importers to go with its requirements in order to 

announce their electrical products energy classification and this will result 

in fair trade and consumer protection. 

Palestinians need energy classification label implementation to help the 

consumer to judge what to choose between wide range of trademarks of 

EHA and this judgment will depend on the price of the appliances and its 

consumption that impacts his monthly electrical bill. 

5.1. Energy conservation Impacts. 

Energy conservation is the most important necessity for Palestinians these 

days in order to lower the energy consumption bill specially the monthly 

electricity bill which must paid to Israel, and to decrease dependency on 

them, and this opportunity of energy conservation can be used in any other 

useful sectors like developing and enlargement the factories production 

lines, workshops, residential and commercial loads. 

talking about energy conservation on the level of EHA, means lowering the 

consumer monthly electrical bill, the consumer decide what is the energy 

class to buy of EHA, will determine how much to pay initially and monthly 

running consumption bill cost. 



44 

Overview and investigation on the local market, focusing on some main 

dealers, distributers, and importers of EHA, conduct meeting with them 

asking about EHA, a manager in one of the biggest dealers in the local 

market, declared that the average life time of refrigerators and freezers are 

15 years, washing machines 10 years, split air conditioners 10 years upon 

question of EHA estimated life cycle, the cost of EHA will increase by 5% 

as the energy efficiency class jumps one grade in A to G scale, whereas the 

estimated energy conservation is 25%.   

There is no testing facility on the national level that approve these values, 

but a thankful efforts of national center for energy research (NERC) in 

Royal scientific society (RSS) in Jordan approves this estimated value of 

conservation.   

NERC fully equipped to perform EHA performance and energy efficiency 

classification tests of air conditioners, washing machine, and refrigerators 

and freezers. 

If a comparative assessing of EHA consumption with different energy 

classification and same EHA specifications and in addition to identical 

operating conditions, then the estimated conservation percentage is 25% for 

example; if two12000 BTU/hr air conditioner units and the first is energy 

class is A HE and the second is efficient (E) class B then the estimated 

energy conservation of class A is 25% more than class B, and this can be 

applied to refrigerators, washing machines, ovens, vacuum cleaners , and 

others of appliances [13, 14, 15]. 



45 

Palestine till 2017 the registered imported and manufactured quantities of 

some EHA, according to the Palestine custom is 100,000 air conditioner 

units, 200,000 units of refrigerators, 190,000 units of washing machine, and 

250,000 units of fans. 

According to 2017 population statistics report issued by PCBS, its clearly 

shows the number of families have at least one EHA as per the household 

appliance name and it was as follows in the table 5.1. 

Table 5.1: 2017 statistics of number of families have at least one 

appliance by PCBS [16].  

House hold appliance Number of families 

Refrigerators  836071 

Washing machine 815744 

Fans 700279 

Split air conditioner  208515 

Vacuum cleaner 342716 

Gas/electrical oven 846369 

Microwave oven  303472 

Dish washer  38596 

Television 800000 

But in fact and while reading these numbers and compare it on Palestinian 

families now days status, it prominently show that household own more 

than one electrical fans, space heater, television, air conditioner so these 

families may numbers doubled or tripled. 

A lot of imported EHA are without energy label show its annual 

consumption to able and guide the consumer buying decision, electrical 

fans one of non-energy labeled appliances in spite of its most use by most 

of Palestinians people in homes, apartments, shops, schools, universities , 

and offices, it has a real impact on the monthly residential consumption. 



46 

Many traders and shops around Palestine started their works since 1990, 

and till these days they still working in buying-selling the used EHA and 

office appliances, like refrigerators, air conditioners, televisions, 

multifunction printers and many other appliances, its directly bought from 

Israel to Palestine market, there is demand on it from the Palestine 

consumer because of its competitive price in comparative with dealers 

appliances price for the same products, and there is no any restraints from 

the Palestinian government to control its come in to Palestine market, these 

appliances are totally consumed or depreciated in Israel. 

Implementing energy classification labels and MEPS will yearly conserve 

energy with around 175 million tons of oil equivalents (Mtoe) by 2020, 

roughly equivalent to the annual primary energy consumption of Italy. The 

average saving of up to 500 euro (€) per year on household energy bills. 

Moreover, energy efficiency measures will create €55 billion in extra 

revenue for European companies; in order to make this possible EU has put 

in place regulations and directives, in particular as regards energy labelling 

and Eco-design for products [13]. 

There is world-wide demand for more efficient products to reduce energy 

and resource consumption, the EU legislation on Eco-design is an effective 

tool for improving the energy efficiency of products, it eliminates the least 

performing (non-efficient) products from the market, significantly 

contributing to the EU‟s 2020 energy efficiency objective, it also supports 

industrial competitiveness and innovation by promoting better 



47 

environmental performance of products throughout the Internal         

Market [13]. 

The eco-design requirements for individual product groups are created 

under the EU's eco-design Directive in a process also coordinated by the 

European Commission [13]. 

EC also announced values of consumption for class „A‟ EHA, for example 

energy consumption is 1.2 kwh /cycle or 0.15 kWh/kg, annual consumption 

234.26 kWh/year based on 220 cycle/year, and 56 L/cycle or 12320 L/220 

cycles water consumption for 8 kg washing machine [13]. 

Annual energy consumption is 157 kWh / year of 255 liters refrigerator-

freezer appliance with 236 liters of refrigerator and 19 liters four stars 

freezer, 33 dB(A) noise level and T (tropical) climate class [13]. 

The annual consumption of vacuum cleaner is less than 43 kWh for class 

„A‟ [13]. 

Class „A‟ air conditioner is not less than 8.50 is the seasonal energy 

efficiency ratio (SEER), 5.10 is the seasonal coefficient of performance 

(SCOP), and global warm potential (GWP) ≤20 [13]. 

There is no statistics or records in Palestinian institutions, ministries on 

energy classifications of EHA, as a result of this exist situation a 

questionnaire has conducted on random forty households as a 

representative sample of Palestine households, these forty questioned 

households selected to represent the most common Palestinian households. 

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:285:0010:0035:en:PDF


48 

EHA in Palestine are mainly imported from world countries and a small 

percentage of local new industrial sectors are opened, Palestine area is 

under the occupation and since the coming of Palestine national authority 

its main goal was to support the people on the ground and to achieve their 

safety, PSI is the body who responsible on legislating the standards and the 

technical regulations and its priority since the beginning is to legislate the 

technical directives and standards for the people safety, recently PSI 

worked on preparing the technical directive for the electrical appliances 

energy efficiency classification label but still not approved and published. 

Palestine national authority responsible ministries haven‟t any control on 

the boarders to regulate the import products to Palestine and the expired 

Paris protocol gave Israeli government‟s ministries the authority to regulate 

and to control this process [4].  

while also its important to mention that the Israeli  authorities don‟t 

restraints the transfer and trade of products from Israel areas to Palestine 

area so the Israeli manufactured, and imported products and its famous for 

Palestinian the appliances statement (group B) which mostly factory defect 

or lower quality products and the used products, are easy to be sold in the 

Palestine area and these activities are well known, people demand it 

because of its competitive price in comparison with the new appliances, 

some of these appliances are dumping the market like the used split air 

conditioner and others, this type of appliances deeply affect the residential 

and commercial energy consumption and its actually harm the consumer 

saving. 



49 

Statistics of imported electrical appliances and its energy classification and 

its quantities to Palestine almost nothing as a result of non-control 

Palestinian government ministries on the boarders and the available records 

are general and partially, a conducted face to face questionnaire on random 

forty households to create some data that can be used to outcome some 

calculation later on, in this questionnaire the household questioned into two 

parts, the first part was questions about knowledge and behavior of 

households to be answered by yes or no. 

The second part ask questions about the owning the main EHA if it‟s new 

or old, and the energy classification label. 

This questionnaire conducted on different household‟s areas, different 

households educational levels, it conducted on five households in Ramallah 

city, five households in Al-Birah city, five households in Al-Ama‟areh 

camp, five households in Tulkarem city, five households in Jenin city, ten 

households in Hebron city and it‟s villages, and five households in Nablus, 

whereas the questioned households educational levels were one household 

Ph.D. degree, three households master degree, ten households bachelor 

degree, fifteen households high secondary grade, seven households tenth 

grade, two households primary grade, and two households non educated, 

the questionnaire form shown in (Appendix A). 

 

 



50 

5.1.1. The collected data of the first part of the Questionnaire 

The questionnaire first part questions outputs are detailed in the following 

table 5.2.  

Table 5.2: 1
st
 part of questionnaire outputs. 

Question details # of household 

positively 

answer 

% of household 

positively 

answer 

Knowing the details and have the ability to read 

the energy classification label 

17 42.5 % 

Watched, read literature about electrical 

appliances label classification   

9 22.5 % 

Knowing the difference between the H. efficient 

and low efficient appliances  

29 72.5 % 

Ready to pay 15-25 % more to buy H. efficient 

appliance instead of low efficient one 

19 47.5 % 

Have a doubt about the energy label on the 

existed appliances in the market  

34 85 % 

5.1.2. Data of the second part of questionnaire (EHA data) 

5.1.2.1. Split Air conditioner 

The demand increased on the split air conditioner in the last 15 years in 

Palestine as result of climate change, the temperature and relative humidity 

is higher than past and it reach 40 c and 90% respectively in some Palestine 

areas, the new and famous trademarks of air conditioner still costly and part 

of households still unable to own it, they buy old cheap air conditioner, 

20.7 % of questioned households bought old air conditioner, as it shown in 

figure 5.1. 



51 

 

Fig. 5.1: percentage comparison of households own old and new air conditioner. 

The Air conditioner energy classification percentages according to its 

energy label shown in figure 5.2: 

 

Fig. 5.2: Percentage comparison of air conditioner energy classification label. 

According to the previous figures of air conditioner, it show the high 

percentage of the questioned households bought air conditioners without 

energy classification label and it approximately 27%, in addition to 34% of 

air conditioners are class D which are STD, therefore a good opportunity 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80
79.3 

20.7 

%
 o

f 
o
w

n
 A

ir
 c

o
n

d
it

io
n

er
 

Owning new or old air conditioner 

New AC

Old AC

class A; 3% 
Class B; 10% 

Class C; 24% 

Class D; 35% 

Class G; 3% 

Without label; 
28% 



52 

for energy conservation can be achieved if these air conditioners replaced 

by HE.    

5.1.2.2. Refrigerators 

Refrigerator is essential and basic white appliance in every house of 

Palestinian people, no matter where are the Palestinians the urbanization 

reach them and they already transform from the farming life into the trade 

and business life, their lives  transferred from simplicity to accelerated life, 

it depends on frozen and fast food, and according to this questionnaire 

results clearly approved 100% of the questioned households own 

refrigerator, results of this questionnaire part about refrigerator are detailed 

figures 5.3 and 5.4. 

 

Fig.5.3: Percentage comparison between households owning new and old refrigerators.  

 

 

0

20

40

60

80

100 97.5 

2.5 

%
 o

f 
o
w

n
 R

ef
ri

g
er

at
o
r 

Owning new or old Refrigerator 

new refrigerator Old refrigerator



53 

Data collected according to this questionnaire of the energy classification 

label are Figure.5.4: 

 

Fig. 5.4: refrigerator percentage comparison of the energy classification label. 

A good percentage of no label and LE refrigerator percentages, and a good 

opportunity to conserve energy if the LE replace with HE refrigerators. 

5.1.2.3. Washing Machines 

Washing machine is one of the prior Palestinian EHA, the handy clothes 

wash disappeared and almost percentage of people and house wives depend 

on this appliance to wash the family clothes. 

The performed questionnaire revealed that the household‟s percentage 

owning wash machine is 97.5%, the results of the questionnaire about the 

washing machine detailed in figures 5.5, and 5.6. 

Class A 
7% Class B 

12% 

Class C 
38% 

Class D 
20% 

Class E 
5% 

Class G 
5% 

without label 
13% 



54 

Fig.5.5: percentage comparison of owning new and old wash machine.  

The collected results of the energy classification label percentage of 

washing machine are detailed in Fig. 5.6:  

 

Fig.5.6: The percentage comparison of energy label classifications of washing machine. 

5.1.2.4. Food Freezers 

Some of houses and families especially the big families prefer to have food 

freezer to available a sufficient space for their frozen food like the 

chickens, meat, and seasonal vegetables can be used along the year. 

The data collected from the performed questionnaire are shown in figure 

5.7 that shows the percentage of owning old and new food freezer.  

0

20

40

60

80

100 97.4 

2.5 

%
 o

f 
o
w

n
 R

ef
ri

g
er

at
o
r 

Owning new or old washing machine 

New W. machine Old W.machine

Class B 
45% 

Class C 
20% 

Class D 
18% 

Class G 
2% 

without label 
15% 



55 

 

Fig. 5.7: percentage comparison of purchasing new or old freezer. 

The data collected comparing the percentages of food freezer according to 

energy label classification are shown in figure 5.8. 

 

Fig.5.8: The percentage comparison of energy classification label of food freezer. 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60
57 

43 

%
 o

f 
o
w

n
 f

o
o
d

 f
re

ez
er

 

Owning new or old food freezer 

new Freezer Old Freezer

Class B 
15% 

Class D 
14% 

Class E 
43% 

Class F 
14% 

Class G 
14% 



56 

5.1.2.5. Clothes Dryer 

Demands increasing on this type of appliances because of urbanization and 

vertical building expansion and areas available for drying washed clothes 

become small especially in winter.  

47.5% of questioned households own clothes dryer, Fig.5.9 will show the 

comparison between owning new and old clothes dryer. 

 

Fig.5.9: percentage comparison between owing new or old clothes dryer. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

20

40

60

80

100
94.7 

5.2 

%
 o

f 
o
w

n
 c

lo
th

es
 d

ry
er

 

Owning new or old clothes dryer 

New clothes dryer Old clothes dryer



57 

The energy label classification percentages detailed in the Fig.5.10. 

 

Fig.5.10: percentage comparison of energy label classifications of clothes dryer. 

5.1.2.6. Dish Washer 

Demand on Dish washer started increasing but it still not an essential 

household appliance, 7.5% of the questioned households have a new Dish 

washer only, in figure 5.11 shows the energy classifications percentages of 

dish washer. 

 

Fig.5.11: percentage comparison between energy classifications of Dish washer. 

Class B 
10% 

Class C 
26% 

Class D 
10% 

Class E 
11% 

Class F 
11% 

Class G 
21% 

without label 
11% 

Class C 
33% 

Class E 
67% 



58 

5.1.2.7. Electrical Oven 

This appliance is household basic and essential appliance for cooking, 

some households owning both electrical and LPG ovens, the questionnaire 

revealed that 87.5 % of the questioned households owning electrical oven, 

all the questioned households own  new ovens, in the following Fig. 5.12 

shows the energy classifications percentage. 

 

Fig. 5.12: Percentage comparison of energy label classifications of electrical oven. 

5.1.2.8. Microwave Oven 

Microwaves ovens became one of essential EHA, it quickly warm and heat 

food meals, 97.5% of the questioned households have Microwave oven. 

A small percent have bought old microwave oven and the details in the 

Figure 5.13. 

Class A 
3% 

Class C 
14% Class E 

6% 

Class F 
12% 

Class G 
11% 

without label 
54% 



59 

 

Fig. 5.13: percentage comparison between owning new and old M.W oven. 

Also in the following Figure 5.14 showing the energy classifications 

percentages of microwave oven. 

 

Fig. 5.14: percentage comparison of energy label classifications of M.W oven.  

According to the conducted questionnaire on the Palestine EHA and its 

energy classification labels, the following table 5.3 summarizes the results 

of the existed energy label in Palestine regarding the appliance type and 

energy label: 

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 
95 

5 

%
 o

f 
o
w

n
 m

ic
ro

w
av

e 
o
v
en

 

Owning new or old microwave oven 

New M.W oven Old M.W oven 

Class C 
8% 

Class D 
2% 

Class G 
5% 

without label 
85% 



60 

Table 5.3: percentage of existed appliances according to energy 

classification labels in Palestine. 

No. Appliance Label existence percentage  

  A B C D E F G Non 

1. A/C 3 10 23 34 - - 3 27 

2. Refrigerator 8 13 37 19 5 - 5 13 

3. Wash. machine - 46 20 17 - - 2 15 

4. Food freezer - 14 - 14 44 14 14 - 

5. Cloth dryer - 11 25 11 11 11 20 11 

6. Dish washer - - 33 - 67 - - - 

7. Electrical oven 3 - 14 - 6 11 11 55 

8. Micro wave oven - - 8 3 - - 5 84 

5.2. Economic impacts. 

Producing and using EHA will impact on energy consumption level of the 

country, and as the population increase year by year all over the world 

result in increased the demand on the energy resources, which mainly 

depends on non –renewable resources like oil and coal, and a little 

dependence on the renewable resources like sun and wind, this situation 

obliged the different countries ministers council, leaderships, scientists, 

universities, researchers, manufacturers and standards bodies to look for 

enact laws and legislations, inventions, and implementing solutions for 

increased demand on energy, and for example European commission 

played and still plays an important role in enact legislations, technical 

regulations and MEPS in manufacturing products impact the energy 

sources starting from motors which are the basis of many types of 

machines and appliances, in the sector of EHA they obliged manufacturers 



61 

by mandating MEPS to produce appliances with high performance and low 

energy consumption . 

HE EHA plays an important role in lowering the total country energy 

consumption which affects the rate of energy resources consumption, 

enlargement of grid capacity infrastructure and finally the consumer 

monthly bill. 

To evaluate the economic impacts of different energy classifications of 

main heavier consumption EHA on the consumer, the evaluation will be on 

the appliance life cycle (n), to judge where it‟s feasible for the consumer to 

buy and use HE appliances instead of STD and LE EHA, and if these HE 

EHA are feasible, estimating how much money these EHA will save on the 

consumer. 

The table 5.4 shows the Palestine local market of main EHA appliances 

average cost and energy consumption according to energy classifications: 

Table 5.4: Palestine market average prices & consumption of some 

types of appliances. 

8 Kg washing and spin machine 

Energy class A B C D E F G 

Average price 

(NIS) 

2250 2100 1995 1890 1790 1700 1600 

Annual 

consumption 

(KWh) 

234  

 

292.5 365.62 457.02 571.27 714.08 892.60 

Annual water 

consumption (L) 

12320 15400 19250 24062.5 30078.12 37597.65 46997 

255 liter refrigerator with 19 liters freezer up 

Energy class A B C D E F G 

Average price 

(NIS) 

 

1750 1660 1570 1490 1415 1345 1270 



62 

Annual 

consumption 

(KWh) 

157  218.75 273.43 341.78 427.22 534.02 667.52 

home Vacuum cleaner 

Energy class A B C D E F G 

Average price 

(NIS) 

400 380 360 340 320 300 280 

Annual 

consumption 

(KWh) 

43 53.75 67.18 83.97 104.96 131.20 164 

12000 Btu/hr split air conditioner 

Energy class A B C D E F G 

Average price 

(NIS) 

1700 1600 1520 1440 1370 1300 1230 

Annual 

consumption 

(KWh) 

545 681.25 851.56 1064.45 1330.56 1663.20 2079 

16 liters microwave oven 

Energy class A B C D E F G 

Average price 

(NIS) 

650 615 580 550 520 495 470 

Annual 

consumption 

(KWh) 

60 75 93.75 117.18 146.47 183.08 228.85 

40 liters built in electrical oven 

Energy class A B C D E F G 

Average price 

(NIS) 

2750 2612.5 2482 2358 2240 2128 2022 

Annual 

consumption 

(KWh) 

160 200 250 312.5 390.6 488 610 

The following table 5.5 showing the estimated life cycle of some household 

appliances: 

Table 5.5: The estimated life cycle of some EHA [13]. 

product Product life “year” 

Washing machines 10 

Refrigerators and freezer  15 

home Vacuum cleaner 8 

split air conditioner 10 

Microwave oven 8 

Built in electrical oven 13 

EHA it consumes energy whether its energy classification G or A, 

economically the least expenses product is the most feasible product, so the 

lowest total annual expense choice of energy class of EHA will be the most 



63 

feasible choice, the following calculations and figures will show the 

economically impacts of different energy classification of EHA. 

The following tables and figures show the feasibility study of EHA, 

according to appliance size and comparing STD EHA class „D‟ with high 

efficient (H.E) class „A‟ appliances: 

5.2.1. Refrigerators with freezer on top: 

Table 5.6 shows the estimated comparison between HE and STD 

refrigerator through the refrigerator size‟s initial cost, annual saving, total 

annual saving, and total saving of using HE instead of STD refrigerator.  

Table 5.6: Economical comparison between STD and HE refrigerators  

Refriger

ator size 

(L) 

Initial cost 

(NIS) 

Annual 

running cost 

(NIS) 
1
 

Total annual cost 
2
 

(NIS) 

Annual 

saving 
3 

(NIS) 

Total 

saving 

(NIS) 

 STD
 

HE
 

STD HE STD HE  n=15 

255 1490 1750 195.6 89.9 414.36 346.83 67.53 1012.95 

308 1800 2113.7 236.3 109.3 500.6 419.6 81 1215 

603 3530 4138.2 463.6 207.2 981.9 814.7 167.2 2508 

1) The annual cost of energy consumption. 

2) The annual cost of energy consumption + initial cost (capital recovery 

A/P, 12%, 15).  

3) Annual saving = STD annual total cost - HE annual total cost. 

 

 

 



64 

Note: 

  The cost of energy consumption approximated to be the tariff‟s average 

of Jerusalem district electricity co. “JDECO” NIS / kWh = 0.57230.  

The results in the table 5.6 are out put according to the following 

calculations: 

The annual consumed energy cost (running cost) = the consumed energy 

kWh/year * energy cost NIS/kWh ….. (1) 

The annual running cost of 255 L STD refrigerator = 341.78 kWh/year * 

0.57230 NIS/kWh = 195.6 NIS/year. 

The annual running cost of 255 L HE refrigerator = 157 kWh/year * 

0.57230 NIS/kWh = 89.9 NIS/year. 

The total annual cost of appliance = (annual energy consumption kWh * 

cost of 1kWh
1
 NIS/kWh) + Initial appliance cost NIS * (A/P, i, n) ….. (5). 

Whereas „A/P‟ is the capital recovery, „i‟ is the interest rate and it used 

with a value of 12%, and „n‟ = 15 year, is the estimated appliance life 

cycle. 

Total annual cost of 255 liters STD refrigerator = 195.6 + 1490 *0.14682 = 

414.36 NIS/year. 

Total annual cost of 255 liters HE refrigerator = 89.9+1750*0.14682 = 

346.83 NIS/year. 



65 

Total annual cost of 308 liters STD refrigerator = 236.3+1800*0.14682 = 

500.6 NIS/year. 

Total annual cost of 308 liters HE refrigerator = 109.3+2113.7*0.14682 = 

419.6 NIS/year. 

Total annual cost of 603 liters STD refrigerator = 463.6+3530*0.14682 = 

981.9 NIS/year. 

Total annual cost of 603 liters HE refrigerator = 207.2+4138.2*0.14682 = 

814.7 NIS. 

The figure 5.15, shows the annual energy consumption of different sizes of 

STD and HE refrigerator 

 

Fig 5.15: Annual STD and HE Refrigerators energy consumption (kWh/year). 

 

 

0

200

400

600

800

1000

255 Liter Refrig 308 Liter Refrig.  603 Liter Refrig.

341.78 
412.8 

810 

157 
191 

362 

E
n
er

g
y
 c

o
n
su

m
p

ti
o

n
 k

W
h
/y

ea
r 

Refrigerator size 

Std. H.E



66 

The annual energy consumption cost of using STD and HE refrigerators 

shown in figure 5.16 

 

Fig 5.16: Annual STD and HE refrigerators energy consumption cost (NIS/year). 

The total annual saving of using HE instead of STD EHA = total annual 

cost of STD – total annual cost of HE ….. (4) 

The total annual saving of using HE refrigerator instead of STD = total 

STD refrigerator annual cost – total HE refrigerator annual cost. 

The total annual saving of using HE 255L refrigerator instead of STD = 

414.36 NIS/year - 346.83 NIS/year = 67.53 NIS/year. 

The total annual saving of using HE 308L refrigerator instead of STD = 81 

NIS/year. 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

255 liter refrig. 308 liter refrig 603 liter refrig

195.6 

236.3 

463.6 

89.9 109.3 

207.2 

an
n

u
al

 e
n

er
g
y
 c

o
n

su
m

p
ti

o
n

 c
o
st

 N
IS

/y
ea

r 

Refrigerator size 

std. H.E



67 

The total annual saving of using HE 603 refrigerator instead of STD = 

167.2 NIS/year. 

Figure 5.17 shows the annual saving of using HE refrigerator instead of 

STD. 

 

Fig.5.17: Annual cost saving when use H.E instead of Std. refrigerators. 

According to previous table and calculations of STD and HE Refrigerators 

comparison, the SPBP of using H.E instead of STD = ∆ Investment / ∆ 

saving….(6) 

SPBP = (HE initial cost – STD initial cost) / (STD annual running cost – 

HE annual running cost). 

The SPBP of using H.E Refrigerator 255L instead of STD 255L =         

(1750 - 1490) NIS / (195.6- 89.9) NIS / year = 260/ 105.7= 2.46 year. 

The SPBP of using HE Refrigerator 308L instead of STD 308L =        

(2113.7 - 1800) NIS / (236.3- 109.3) NIS / year = 313.7/ 127= 2.47 year. 

0

50

100

150

200

255 Liter Refrig 308 Liter Refrig 603 Liter Refrig

67.53 81 

167.2 

A
n
n
u
al

 s
av

in
g
 N

IS
/y

ea
r 

Refrigerator size 

NIS



68 

The SPBP of using HE Refrigerator 603L instead of STD 603L =        

(4138.2 - 3530) NIS / (463.6- 207.2) NIS / year = 608.2/ 256.4= 2.37 year. 

Figure 5.18, shows the SPBP of using different sizes of HE refrigerators 

instead of STD. 

 

Fig.5.18: S.P.B.P in years of using H.E instead of Std. Refrigerator. 

5.2.2. Washing Machine: 

Table 5.7 shows the annual details of STD and HE washing machine 

energy and water consumption: 

 

 

 

2.46 
2.47 

2.37 

2.32

2.34

2.36

2.38

2.4

2.42

2.44

2.46

2.48

255L 308L 603L

ye
ar

 

Refrigerator size 

255L

308L

603L



69 

Table 5.7: Annual consumption and consumption cost comparison 

between Std. & H.E washing machine 

class Washing 

machine 

size (Kg) 

Annual 

energy 

consumption 

(KWH) 

Annual 

energy 

consumption 

cost (NIS)
 

Annual 

water 

consumption 

(L) 

Annual water 

consumption 

cost (NIS)
1 

 8 457 261.5 24062.5 108.3 

STD 12 686 392.6 36095 162.4 

 16 917 524.8 48130 216.6 

      

 8 234 122.4 12320 55.4 

HE 12 350 200 18400 82.8 

 16 465 266 24600 110.7 

1) The cost of water consumption NIS / m
3
 = 4.5 according to Jerusalem 

water undertaking Ramallah and Al-Birah district. 

Table 5.8: Economical comparison between STD and HE washing 

machine. 

Washing 

Machine  size 

(Kg) 

Initial cost 

(NIS) 

Annual running 

cost (NIS)
1
 

Total annual cost
2
 

(NIS) 

Annual 

saving
3

(NIS) 

Total 

saving 

(NIS) 

 STD
 

HE
 

STD HE STD HE  n=10 

8 1890 2250 369.8 177.8 704.3 576 128.3 1283 

12 2850 3350 555 282.8 1059.4 875.7 183.7 1837 

16 3800 4400 741.4 376.7 1413.9 1155.4 258.5 2585 

1) The cost of energy consumption annually + the cost of annual water 

consumption 

2)  Annual running cost + initial cost (capital recovery A/P, 12%, 10 = 

0.17698).  

3)  Annual saving = STD total annual cost - H.E total annual cost. 

 



70 

Figure 5.19 shows different sizes of HE and STD washing machines annual 

energy consumption. 

 

Fig 5.19: Annual STD and HE washing machine energy consumption (kWh/year). 

The energy classification label of washing machines not only depends on 

the electrical energy consumption but also on water consumption, the 

average cost of water consumption NIS / m
3
 = 4.5 according to Jerusalem 

water undertaking Ramallah and Al-Birah district. 

Figure 5.20 shows the comparison annual washing machine water 

consumption.  

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

8Kg w.machine 12Kg w.machine 16Kg w.machine

457 

686 

917 

234 
350 

465 

an
n

u
al

 e
n

er
g
y
 c

o
n

su
m

p
ti

o
n

 k
W

h
/y

ea
r 

Washing machine size 

STD HE



71 

 

Fig 5.20: Annual STD and HE washing machine water consumption (L/year). 

Figure 5.21 shows the total annual running cost of different STD and HE 

washing machines sizes. 

 

Fig 5.21: Annual STD and HE washing machine running cost (NIS/Year). 

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

8Kg w. machine 12Kg w. machine 16Kg w. machine

24062.5 

36095 

48130 

12320 

18400 

24600 

an
n
u
al

 w
at

er
 c

o
n
su

m
p

ti
o

n
 L

/y
ea

r 

washing machine size 

Std. H.E

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

8Kg w. machine 12Kg w. machine 16Kg w. machine

369.8 

555 

741.4 

177.8 

282.8 

376.7 

to
ta

l 
an

n
u
al

 r
u
n
n
in

g
 c

o
st

 N
IS

/y
ea

r 

washing machine size 

Std. H.E



72 

Figure 5.22 shows the total annual saving of using HE washing machine 

instead of STD. 

 

Fig. 5.22: Total annual costs saving when use HE instead of STD Washing machine. 

According to previous tables 5.7 and 5.8 of STD and HE washing machines 

comparison, the SPBP is shown in Figure 5.23 

 

Fig.5.23: S.P.B.P in years of using HE instead of STD washing machine. 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

8Kg w. machine 12Kg w. machine 16Kg w. machine

128.3 

183.7 

258.5 

to
ta

l 
an

n
u
al

 s
av

in
g
 N

IS
/y

ea
r 

whashing machine size 

NIS

1.86 
1.84 

1.64 

1.5

1.55

1.6

1.65

1.7

1.75

1.8

1.85

1.9

8kg 12kg 16kg

ye
ar

 

wahing machine size 

8kg

12kg

16kg



73 

5.2.3. Vacuum cleaner: 

Table 5.9 shows the comparison cost and saving differences between HE 

and STD vacuum cleaner. 

Table 5.9: Economical comparison between STD and HE Vacuum 

cleaner. 
Vacuum 

cleaner 

size (W) 

Initial cost 

(NIS) 

Annual running 

cost (NIS)
1
 

Total annual cost
2
 

(NIS) 

Annual 

saving
3
(

NIS) 

Total 

saving 

(NIS) 

 STD
 

HE
 

STD HE STD HE  n=8 

1800 340 400 48 24.6 116.4 105 11.4 91.2 

2300 450 520 63 31.5 153.6 136.2 17.4 139.2 

1) The cost of energy consumption annually. 

2) The cost of annual energy consumption + initial cost (capital recovery 

A/P, 12%, 8).  

3) Annual saving = - H.E total annual cost – -Std. total annual cost. 

Figure 5.24 shows the annual energy consumption of STD and HE vacuum 

cleaner. 

 

Fig 5.24: Annual STD and HE vacuum cleaner energy consumption (kWh/year). 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1800 w 2300 w

83.97 

110 

43 
55 

en
er

gy
 c

o
n

su
m

p
ti

o
n

 k
W

h
/y

ea
r 

vacuum cleaner power rating 

STD HE



74 

Figure 5.25 shows the annual running cost of STD and HE of different 

rating vacuum cleaner. 

 

Fig 5.25: Annual STD and HE vacuum cleaner running cost (NIS/year). 

The figure 5.26 shows the total annual saving of using HE instead of STD 

vacuum cleaner. 

 

Fig 5.26: Total Annual cost saving (NIS/Year) if use H.E instead of Std. vacuum cleaner.  

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1800w 2300w

48 

63 

24.6 
31.5 

an
n
u
al

 r
u
n
n
in

g
 c

o
st

 N
IS

/y
ea

r 

vacuum cleaner power rating 

STD HE

0

5

10

15

20

1800w 2300w

11.4 

17.4 

to
ta

l 
an

n
u
al

 s
av

in
g
 N

IS
/y

ea
r 

vacuum cleaner rating 

NIS



75 

According to previous table 5.8 of STD and HE vacuum cleaner 

comparison, the SPBP of using HE instead of STD is shown in figure 5.27  

 

Fig.5.27: SPBP in years of using HE instead of STD Vacuum cleaner. 

5.2.4. Split air conditioner: 

Table 5.10 shows the initial cost, the annual running cost, and the annual 

saving comparison of using different capacities of STD and HE air 

conditioner.  

Table