An-Najah Univ. J Res., Vol. 12, (1998) 55-69 The Response of Three Varieties of Wheat to Nitrogen Fertilization j.-4131 C411.11 C.).4 LoU 4 41+14‘1) Hassan Abu-Qaoud & Numan Mizyed cj t.Az.i „gall 441 cjl.d. Dept. of Plant Production & Protection, An-Najah N. University-Nablus, Palestine. Received: (6/10/1997). Accepted: (19/7/1998). Abstract The effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 kg N / dunum) on the production of three wheat varieties (780, Lakeesh and Anbar) were studied. The experiment was conducted for two successive seasons 1994 and 1995. In the second season (1995) a higher nitrogen fertilization rate (16 kg N/dunum) and a third variety (Anbar) were added. The different levels of nitrogen fertilization were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design for each variety. The results showed positive response of the three varities to the nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization increased significantly the total yield and the straw weight in variety 780 and the grain weight for lakeesh variety in the first season. In the second season, there was a significant quadratic relation between the nitrogen fertilization and the total grain and straw weight in variety 780 and the total and grain weight for lackeesh, however for Anbar variety a significant quadratic relation was only shown between the nitrogen application and straw weight. There was no significant effect of nitrogen fertilization on grain size or the level of nitrogen and protein in the grains. Using the yield-fertilizer application relations obtained in the experiment, it was found that the optimal nitrogen fertilization which gave the highest (optimal) return were 5.7, 12.6 and 9.5 kg dunum for the three varieties (lakeesh, 780 and Anbar) subsequently. 56 The Response of three Varieties of The optimal amount of fertilization wasn't highly influenced with 20% changes in prices. ti , A ,f,Y , ) :ALA: (:).41 1,3.3".1,... 4.4 _IA; 2 j.] J .111 . j4.1c. 3 j4.&%7 c VA. ) c5:621,..31 c.t.1%111 (c).}4.) ( 1 9 GI 0 3 1 s7i (.3_94 .;L ) ^5j LiS cam°j...C! C-1. I ji)S-4 t . j+ic. ‘EaS3 1 4190 csiU. ),..1111 ‘!.,.„111 c_iL,2/{ 4v013 ;1.?tiLJ L-±3___j1S3 vA. II jaT o jy.cu :A.:11 dill . J4.&.'17 1C1 4211S.9 VA . °; L -11 L.)1911 L-4 CJI9 "i3-'-"\k-c" u 199 `11112 c "'" .1 1-41 (.;.4"7 "' . sLv u11 ap. .3 .5;-4E43 ‘..1a.31 L5ic. ,22/a,„! jj41 :tV,,t21 c9 1 t J 1 „Ic.1 41119 III L) c:i3LS 1,4 VA .39a111 ti.S 1 Y,1 Ls.1=3 .i3.111/..0 0,Yk-5 fa:13.-131/ 9 , 0 _ .1.1C• L-9:1ACL] .)1.A6421 (:)4 Lik1_14.cal sic j9...-∎ I.LA)131 C>4 ,11 :44S31 ca3IS %Y JUL.211 An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Vol. 12, (1998). Hassan Abu-Qaoud 57 -14 4.:111,11 111 L J.:3 j3 it c_411 rA. j..411 4a) II cj_4, % o . 431.= c,...111.4 A.=.3 i aaL.,t o11 j‹.:41 *A.L.a11 a.c.3 j_3.411 4a.L3a.4,11 c).4 °/01 f .11_p3 4*.c.3 j...11 L— c/or aatat1 6.1.45 Lr.L.13-3 c:›Is 1-1 1 ya al-14 cci c._4111 Jas.. &+.1.3 .[3] .[3] c 1 j:›11 cti.IVS j :a113 Z.41z. 61.1 ;...11 z_4111 4Li jj 33?.13 s J.13 41:1414 a: 1-. .A4 Lfii L J.Lir, r .)4-1159 C.JJJVI "":"S 4 1 1 :"` 11 C...9b11431 LTD 4^1^L,u11 *Li-1013-431 Ü-4 ''.1L4`-;3 1)133 ,E33 c , "411 -1331 3 4.c.1 j (:).„ 24,14-4.;,11 1 .31.1_:,..4* "4..L.,1 3 pJ 31.1.L.11 4.s - ).tAo t.4 43:4,1.0 4.1.L.11 j+-1 - 10. 0.4;1 ea-NI Jas 0 c31 j1.19 13.4 riLS 110 1 9a 1 41 411. .[2] c.33.)/;,S ro . cr.„:11 -.44131 L)1 1, i J, J-19,31 )14--.11 4411 Ls31 LE3 cj 1 LI.0114-4V1 L531 j-.31 413 z,3.44.2/1 Ljti 9—° Lsall 42k1L11 -111 ;i-3_34 [9 ](:)13 Q.44 .."111.30."1:,..i " • 01 A.4,.A113,541 L5.)1 0.(4.1_3.1/ (.51 3 c)4 cs j4{ j f,„1 .13;t_C '‘2a j 541 &a C.1 111. 31,,I.4 1.1a&I.A* tL3 1:111_5Cw, An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Vol, 12, (1998). 58 The Response of three Varieties of ...... ...J93/ c..•LS A %) • . LI uLa9 ELINI .[11] .--;1/41 .,&31 -44 jJ" 4s-2,144] j t&)1 ;1..1 syl a. lJ3 )_ 1 9 1 9 4311 ‘1-"k-1-4 *1:1c- .1%719 (:).4 4.3 .)-4th 4.3VID C.1_,115 .:011 cLI 4_91 )! oad_4 .).4111.1 Cyl c_al I (:).4 o.14.,711 ;LAI [4. 7] L;_>&.I L:5'.13U. 3 [1] L:)..)"1/ 1-S .;;11 ti (").4 44.)41 .3.4$ L.iaiL; L, 1, 1 LsIAS c_a1+43cA+?..3511.1:1i LSI 4,)41 : L.18.11 13.4 cci k),,:111 L,_11 V1' • ,,.s11 3.= LILL' on' L) c .333 YO.. .Q 441 13A ,_)41 ji y .},41! 3131j.4,31 oaa, j.43.114 49.1J1 j1...4.%7 1 ° 1 GI 91,,31 )1_>.1 24)3 Sid cLSl,9 jta. off , ,9 ‘4n t1.1,,11 jt.t3. °9 1 )--'31 cD1-4 )ti-L 4+3 gs--11". 1'9 (:).° j.it ;3Lc. 11,9 c:)-4 L5 111 9 -121-?49 cs t. .)9.11 ZS ji-,L1 c.r)1-& ) ° 911.431 34?11 (:)-4 91 1611-? J4'31 .—.)+411 tgiti c Jib cci a+WI Ljip,L11 An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Vol. 12, (1998). Hassan Abu-Qaoud 59 k:111 4 411.1k11 1..1.4114 I „,.1C- A-.11. e)19 4:1113 41.4r:2& u j3. c5111, ‘4.149 :4' .1 .!L+11 _339..) ”31 1 1-111 113.51 443411 L1514.3 03C' -441. °Jai s- 0-4 ji° jG 143"c' •171.y c" ..95 :45,11 4L94-0.& (:)-4 4,3:1 ,14-0 j941.11 J4-2I (.549 4suG 4,1 Y I y9 1 ■1 4.0"".; LiajD :" " •ia4.31° • J11 1..1.1 c. • , o L215,>11. JS cj.H j 01%3 LIS JS t....;03 .11 4 C.}4 (:).a;. L:_•11 al 13.1/:2S Aci cgia JSi u1,1 }S° £ %Y ) j„33...y1 r c: ,c a:I9 .)/1..;LS 1 . L11,4= JS1 j1:41 4 C I, j ,1 J.S J.341 d!_9•1:! ' 3 'Llassil (CRD) 4-1°1511 .199f 4..41.1.11 C.11 4,.)1311 .!1C Cj1 JJyl LS-1 4.aX11 A-1,.).1"17 ()A j3,1311 c 4!1• .6 .2.x4 O..1 17.4-334.. J;111 (.:)a .).9:411 L1133 c>=1 , (-1.31-&J • L19-?-31 1JJ9943S3 S Ljg •4) 413=3.411 c.43..> i 1 cti 0 crItill : 1 'I 9 o r w y.o . c:_11.1_%3 cci j.1-4 • , 0 Saz.,51.1 VA • c je.4.&V cgati c .,29s4.11 114 I L.:}4 CL_I*1÷.̂ X11 &:1-N.,) j.4 j liii Lip •;312 ..3 1314) An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Vol. 12, (1998). 60 The Response of three Varieties of I 4:111 [2] j < j11 cci ,1-11 %1'1) • Ljax..z.? J141 c.: • r 01_9 31 c)22_, J941 k1ic CLI1 4:113..L‘31 I_L%331 LL.1'! *..J1 1.1.4 c jtk:17 1 j_331 -14t ,4d 1_,.5 I J j11 a j_S3 cJ1-431 -,J113 .)4 ..)41 14'6 C.159 :1'. 1 4il-"211-! 2 cl L&I j1.11S! 4v ) .1., . 4=11 Lill...al:LI-A.2.. : Lik.1.431 ei=1 + „0.1c1 c.2.11P ri ‘.61_33 L5.31 (ro (:),314;11,...,:LL21■1 ,A13 31.A.A11 j a ill:. L.-1.-11 al" co 151 j cL)Lx:;1.sli (:).}? ;■.1.1ca: -a...ut (DI j1.1_,A1 cgi Lilx" (LPI1 CDi99 A L5 r V ° Si 8, .0 l• "11 crci so,Eta.. 11 LsiC, VA. L11.....= j.421 ,J113 Ls1z.1 jAi J8 1 i c, 3 ..93h,s r,A D593 1,1_3,1 YS Y9r,A rai 4 (2_,y cci (:),3.•.55 .;11 cc' .4_11:111 An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Vol. 12, (1998). Hassan .4bu-Qaoud 61 c.:J_)411 c 199 0 cji _)611 VA. j11.11 Cji 4.4_.11 CjJ99 cj,u Ls"; (:j_sg rtil'Ar. calk (-) c,:0;1 c1,,41,1 cJiliS (1) 1.1' Jja?. C-L°1 y ya L,S VA. c 1;. " 11 c.J15.9 4FE3i UJ911 L.J4 '95'.41 :k7393-'" C.S.9:1"" :A7.41A-4 'L'Jl-1;9 cj.) (r jja,,) (ut ctiNi cy3;ii,114.11 :(l) Jj.4 VA. Lsiz Cii..9 J-12-. -i-.9411 L Ca! (.-1.941.1 ` 1.all 4...1...k.9 41.10 CL;t911 c):."+„9:Alit i.S..91a4 (0401) (0401) (040) (P:1401) t Jr 9 t law, JA t o ?..0+1 9 f r..y :9,1 ol'f.• 011,9 rr•,'r r..,), Aoi,1' A1 o _)"- :.1,1 or.,. VoY,V ri..r,Y Vio,o AN,V,t' 419A,1' 1" 01,0 of T,• lri,v rf.),5. rlY,Y AAr,r 9•1',f. £ o .,V 1rA,1 oii,c:, t •0,1' 1'1A,0 1 *tr,A Al A A £Y, 1Nrr,r - rA1,1 1 . o A, t 11 .1411.a.131 a 4 An 459.. , _)?..- ,;J:L.-. 491— 4-iL.- ,s...- .)�. 491— 4531-- 21.t..—!1 43.1.-4 434---)-A. 431.'" 4_01-...)�-. 4,1A-4 cii:-.._..6 41.&11 j1..-.41 45..-3'1-4 cp:..-..).- 4-ii4A cii:-._) .- 4991' i........).4 4...H.;11. 1 .)11..,N I •,it' — .,A — •,AA r j jta.,.NI L.1.41.._.L.ii 11',tA 11,1'À L Y X1..1 4.5 An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Vol. 12, (1998). 62 The Response of three r."arieties of ( L.42-31+,..„,.11) 41S.1 c t2i1 (sic. 141 :(Y) %7 ai..9 J-A-• -1,9111 OW' L:1,19 r..91.11 ‘TI4 LD:J..9 <0.1111 L:)j.931 t..- 41-‘ 1 • • • (1-91/01) (f'1-9j/i1) (1--94/0S) (f"i9'I/11) i 0 ix*. J.. 4 0 ,......g. 4 t 1.......1.. 'I 0 fil.1 jell it f ' ,110.11.3.11 ‘ 0 ?...94 i i ta...L9A re,r 010,0 ofo,) TV9,A V i 1,A A.A,r VA1,9 J" rn,. i ctr,A 0) A,1 rl•,i Vil",o A•f,Y V1.,9 V rf.,; orT,Y oAV,o rr9,1 rir,y AVY,V Ao •,V f. rl,v a f.1,f ltr,A rrf,o rgtr,A AVV,A iry,o A rr,' 4.91',0 - rvr,r 9rr,r 11 411.,..saY1 a. 4 0 43-1-_.):,c-_ 4. •=•-• J- C5-4"° 4-3-1" 49:"4 L.s."--° 4-i'-' 11.1....:31 ,.c3.-..),,& 4,14-4 449"" 4,1A-4 4-9.6-4 493." ,., 1-..-: 11 J1 ..,.1sil 4 3:.-• _.)-�, 4 11.4 _I�- 4-9.6-4 4 J" ..)44 4iim-4 49" -h�- 4......45ili j1_N_N1 •,9'1" • ,A1 • ,AY • ,io • ,9 • •,A1 y j j1a.:N1 ,..141.— t•ii r 941 YY,Y4 LrIc `i v;,11 A÷.9.?.5.111 LsVil 3.:%1 L 1.S j4:-,-11 E 111 Lc1c. J J -11 L.) j S Lsic. ,761-;0L, VA • L:sc,.11 ca3i.all t;,.S YY l ye a4t,ol, J *.;. 3.1 / =C1 Y Y'r :61,01 L.1 4 1..1311 (:)...l.$1.3.3 U>(...s-31 3111 Ls-lc. VA (..)1:4‘1 0j_9 L5icl 1' 3. (:):34954 1 L.)-4 VA., ,.si r.kg , c)S.A.) 449 cjall An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Vol. 12, (1998). Hassan Abu-Qaoud 63 (2, Oil -f- L.J___N31) 4E31 '1.11Y j:4:1 :(Y) t 990 j+.1c. c.J.:)..1 J.1.-∎ :1,4a 1 . . . 0.1111 C.a., '''J.I/ti.is 476%11 C.a.9 ri-9-114-is 4.10 ca;t311 i-iJ.Iltas 36.4AS •11.46.4i i-1,0/01 N to,o : £ • Y 9 V, o Y ry , 0 ii•.. t V , 1 oTY,o rnr,) i • 0,1 Y i V, f 1'91,9 rni , f AA\ ,r £ £1,Y 0) •, A rl . , . AY . , A A £1, Y o o . , A ry i , 'f 9 Y o , . 11 •16/0.4aa`il d 4 A 4_91'4 ..)4c.... 4-4' 4. -,1''' 451' A.1.:1,431 4-0' 4..33.0-. _,I. 6- ,.,..5_91'" '6 41,2,11 JI .1_,..ii I 4. -i'A 4. 3.1, -. ..):�- ,,,s, _9-6-4 )0- 4." jilt jlaiiii •, 1 f . , f 1 . , o r ..) j11_%5N11 Jan-4 A-44 1 Y R J.111 z..111 1.)6.1,1 [6] c.Ltil Lyai ,a1.11.11,31 WB , j cj_4) y‘11 ‘L [12]*Lis c.j.14;--.II au k-flUA Mercia, Tonic L-.% .[4] A—a1.).) ,J.11:1S3 411 .j _j_5 `11 J fl j+ly. • 953:11:11 jti j j...:43.:%31 U I jt.L.V :di!. ak, 9j141 An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Vol. 12, (1998). The Response of three Varieties of .L1:1111 _>49 _3.11 L_14 3541 .31 ...II 491.A.:=1 (t j3-14.) Cj..,÷3 1...J.L: \ Ls 4.1 Lj‘I aiS3 ..)411 L.1113 _94,3 L,39`11 Lsic JA-131 [8] 13At 319 9 c :■4114. ,LIL:C9.1.,AA "Lai)" :ija.111 .A±.Q.111 :4.1? cI 9j'„)1 au:5)4 SCI L [ 101 c,:---A2) v JI_SaS .0=1 4,41.1i ji Li..LA.11 ;;A..11A..11 j ,s31 , (:).,+. 541 JLA jYl9 ;t11. ,Y1 a a. 3.4 r,. 3 1,0 1.).&:1J `YoY,i cd3 j.11 LS.5"i C-.11 ().4 `k-?- C).39 J-14-4 °,1:1111 C)-4 A Ls-:19 rc U ‘-11Y 0_39 CW L i "1-L'=3Y Llli∎xN1 Ljagll cci 41Sli :( (1 0) (:).+?._9541 0.4 iia 4.1 cri+.9144 CA9.)411 4-111';'-'11 C.8+9:A0 4.5914” 0/0 f•:1-9 -1/# 1 , 9 • 1 • , Ar ,.t.... ), ,,Ir 1 1 , • 1 T T , 1 1 1 T , • f T,1 • 1 1 , 'I V 1 1 , 9 T 1 • , 4 f A ), ,t• ).,Ar _)1.-‘, V A. T , 1 • 1 1 , 4 Y T r,lr )0,). t .1%1 • 11,4V A T, T1 1T,9T 11 v,ry T , Y1 , A 11 yvG An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Vol. 12, (1998). Hassan .4bu-Oaoud 65 4--i r c 1' c 1 jia?. ) L111 Ls.,1C1 cckiS 4=111 (39_2c9 cALI lal sli c.,.>3 L.-_5113 43.27.1 .3 ji+S j1.).431 16 Ls2 ,-;;W J.1,31 11-J ji 4.3' hi clIN1 csIS L,3_4,11 (;3' j11'11 : LS z.f.all cLL3 j .:111 3 B = Pg Wg +- Ps Ws - C fix - PN . WN (1) Ali~ 1U Lc..4.9.11 C).4 c4_.0 rt.c..1)_3 : B .(H,S/ ) : Pg ti 3 .1 L).4 : Wg / J1-1:0) 4 :;;-11 1111 PS C.).4 c;;-11 Ws L5 Y :4119 ) AILC:11 1 • C fix ) : PN ) c43/1 a.,435.41 a.39 WN t.;31 Ljal (j_13 &..4`,6,31 c33.4:131 ( ) 2 Wg = ag + bg. Wti - c g.WN (2) )41 (-, 1:3".1 yo ) z.,111 .13:3" cg bg , ag Lyall LI 2 WS = as + bs. WN - CS .W N (3) An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Fol. 12, (1998). 66 The Response of three Varieties of c:,11.; a&y, ) cf,-1► c t-21 a?1,: , bs , as 4-,„j `4J.111 Lj1 JAI (1) *s",_) ;tax.. (1) ti r 4A9_"° cuss' (-5.)&Y '=141 _;21 WN "1–';'-431 954 U:.9 _SA .3. 1 3 ckL>ii.11 cLul_9:3* 31 ba.6211 .3 cr,111 c L&I L01 .) 33 j.4 la—) r ( j+;.--11 ) : 1.4.11c. 1) Pg . bg + Ps bs -PN WN = (4) 2 ( Pg.cg. + Ps.cs ) . .).3.)).., „sic.) 43.14 411Lxo a 9 qt^ .; • ‘221--162 bg , bs , cg , cs c►1,31) a,yJl,Lv 2-113 eiLs )1.1.0 . , • 0 j;',.i11_9 .,YY) c ..c;11 j4a11_, ( f ) ct,c 3 VA. 6 +.--■\ tii3 1Y,1 c Y c '6;‘ ,v)13_,„ . 4_2 j4.1111 )4:sc. c 6;• -0 ‘,3 54.;LS 1 Y, c 5g, ,..s35",+1 [5] LLSI:LiL .44 .)41 Ls.91,A.,4 4alL „53 5,1is 1 .)1-11 (.111-.1 c.:i z_411 J , . , cY01' tLiS r*.; Iii JL,L2y'l (o)J9 li aiau J1,711 j1472.I.1 .( 0 ) c]_, An-Najah Univ. 1 Res., Vol. 12,11998). Hassan Ahu-Qaoud 67 VA. 4jt, C atl c_113.1 c JL.s_211 y 1 ,s11.11 .11.,411 .24.S *(0) r9, Gi..1111 )4.1c_5 • ,YV .,Y1 • r....41111 JR. • ,o. • ,•o • , • 0 LAI ..)11.4m ..V9 • ,V9 .,11 1 .V1 .V‘A “1 .V9 • ,V Jl..‘44 LA11 A V o f r r 1 za..J.1.11 f.,9 V,1 1,0 f,Y 1,A f,9 W V,1 0,y (..;71 )y 1Y,0 ■ r ) Y \Y 11',1 )1%1 1)",0 11',1 VA. 9 9,1 9,9 9 9,Y 9,A 9,f, 9,'t 9,0 .,P L.,1";-, 11 ‘:.)1 Ls J.; 0 431 %y c,s;i11 0.k.1.1&_11 1 1,1 }.3 (:).4 °/01 A j:„.S 1 Lsil VA .) L,I ea...2/1 )1.-1? Jill srgi , tus j i j111 .1% cL41 LsiA csA :L.,L),111 0.1A Ljl L.r.1.4%,1 t>1.1.:NI.as)11 JIB cliNi L4Lia Jim; Ül Lug 4u)0 44, ,11 Lac- t,A3.15 Lsic. • 4_11 24141 _511 .3.4 44 1,1? *la z.11i c,6„.„11 4'41,-.;,I1 43j 43 24...„ An-Najah Univ. J Res., Vol 12, (1998). [11 68 The Response of three I, 'arieties of 1 1 9A9 _y , lL,O 4.4 . -r . ( t ) c C1j_*)1 .3_>]; - -14 j11 . 1110 ,1-,1_17i .) 9 9 '1' —1 A .444,011 CL)1,...41 j.11 c19 Ao c1 9AfOiAr ‘i cl A 1 (.1 9 A t1 1gy 4i yt.11 . j.diU .1 9 9 1 1 9 A'\ [4] Boman, R.K.; Westerman, R.L.; Raun, W.R. and Jojola, M.E. Time of nitrogen application effects on winter wheat and residual soil nitrate. Soil. Sc. Soc. Amer. J, 59, (5), (1995),1364 -1369. [5] Geleto, T.; Tanner, D.G.; Mano, T.; and Gebeye, Hu. G., Response of rainfed bread and durum wheat to source, level and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on two Ethiopian vertisoils. 1: Yield and yield components. Comm. in Soil Sci and plant analysis, 26, (11-12), (1995), 1773 - 1794. [6] Gandorah, M.O., Response of wheat cultivars to seeding rates and mixed fertilizer levels using municipal waste water. JColl. Agric., King Saud. Univ., 8, (2), (1986), 347 - 366. [7] Hamid, A. and Ahmad, M., Interaction of N - 15 - labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulfate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) under field conditions. Boilogy and Fertility of Soils. 20, (3), (1995),: 185-189 (Abst.) [8] Kelley, K. W., 1995, Rate and time of nitrogen application for wheat following different crops. J. Prod. Agri., 8 (3): 339 - 345 (Abst.) [9] Khadr, F.H.and Kassem, A.A.1970. Response of wheat yield and yield components to nitrogen fertilization. Field crops Abst., 26, (1970), 1522. [10] Palta,. J.A and Fillery, IRP., N-Application enhances remobilization and reduces losses of pre-anthesis in wheat grown on a duplex soil. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 46, (3), ( 1 995), 519-531 (Abst.) An-A'ajah Univ. J. Res., Vol. 12, (1998). Hassan lbu-Qaoud 69 [1 1 ] Sowers, K.E.; Miller, B.C. and Pan, W.L., Optimizing yield and grain protein in soft white wheat with split nitrogen application. Agronomy J., 86, (6), (1995), 1020-1025. [12] Webb, J. and Sylvesterbradley, R., A comparison of the responses of two cultivars of late autumn-sown wheat to applied nitrogen. J Agri. Sci., 125, (1), (1995), 11-24. An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Vol. 12, (1998). Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16