1 

 



















 







 

2 

Acknowledgment: 

 

 We have made a great effort to bring this project into light. However, it would not have been 

possible without the real support and help of many individuals. We would like to send our 

sincere thanks to all of them. 

 

 Thanks to all members committee and special thanks for our supervisor Dr. Monther Dwaikat 

For his guidance and support by providing us with important references and spend many hours in 

reading, editing, and giving us the freedom to investigate things to help us in accomplishing this  

project   

Thanks are extended to the head of building engineering department Dr. Moutasim Baba’ and to 

the examination committee.  

last but not least we would to thank all persons who provided us with the necessary information 

to complete the project and singled out Dr.Ali Abed elhameed , Eng Jehad Gazal and Khaled 

Salem from Ministry Of Tourism. 

 

 

Finally, we would like to thank our parents, brothers for encouraging us to pursue our dreams, 

and for raising us in a stable and nurturing home also thanks for our  friends for their endless 

love, trust, encouragement, and support throughout our life. 

 

 

 

 



 

3 

Table of content: 

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...………………………13 

Chapter one ................................................................................................................................... 14 

Introduction................................................................................................................................... 14 

1. Introduction. .............................................................................................................................. 15 

1.1 General: .......................................................................................................................... 15 

1.2 Significance of the Work: .............................................................................................. 16 

1.3 Objectives: ...................................................................................................................... 16 

1.4 Scope: ............................................................................................................................. 17 

Chapter two ................................................................................................................................... 18 

Hotels review ................................................................................................................................ 18 

2 Hotel review .......................................................................................................................... 19 

2.1 General: .......................................................................................................................... 19 

2.2 Tourism and accommodation: ........................................................................................ 19 

2.3 Hotel Classification Systems:......................................................................................... 20 

 Minimum Requirements for hotels: ............................................................................... 21 

2.4 Architectural design ....................................................................................................... 22 

2.4.1 Premises: ................................................................................................................. 22 

2.4.2 Entrances and exits: ................................................................................................ 25 

2.4.3 Dining area: ............................................................................................................. 25 

2.4.4 Kitchens and service areas: ..................................................................................... 26 

2.4.5 Lobby/lounges: ....................................................................................................... 27 

2.4.6 Toilets: .................................................................................................................... 28 

2.4.7 Guest bedrooms: ..................................................................................................... 29 

file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/m4rro3%20t5rooj%20nha2ee/mSroo5%20t5rooj%20nha2ee%20hotel%20design%202013.docx%23_Toc373918880
file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/m4rro3%20t5rooj%20nha2ee/mSroo5%20t5rooj%20nha2ee%20hotel%20design%202013.docx%23_Toc373918881


 

4 

2.4.8 Bathrooms and toilets: ............................................................................................ 31 

2.4.9 Main restaurant: ...................................................................................................... 32 

2.4.10 Meeting rooms/halls: .............................................................................................. 33 

2.4.11 Health club: ............................................................................................................. 33 

2.4.12 Other services and personal areas: .......................................................................... 34 

2.5 Environmental design:.................................................................................................... 39 

2.6 Lighting design:.............................................................................................................. 48 

2.6.1 Acoustics design: .................................................................................................... 57 

2.6.2 Thermal design: ...................................................................................................... 62 

2.7 Structural design:............................................................................................................ 67 

2.7.1 Structural Elements: ................................................................................................ 70 

2.7.2 Loads: ...................................................................................................................... 81 

2.7.3 Load combination: .................................................................................................. 82 

2.6.8   Common Recommendation for the Structural Design of Hotels:............................... 85 

2.8 Mechanical design: ......................................................................................................... 85 

2.8.1 Heating systems: ..................................................................................................... 86 

2.8.2 Cooling systems: ..................................................................................................... 89 

2.8.3 Ventilation Systems ................................................................................................ 90 

2.8.4 Water Services: ..................................................................................................... 100 

2.8.5 Water Sources: ...................................................................................................... 101 

2.8.6 Wastewater Sanitation: ......................................................................................... 102 

2.9 Electrical design: .......................................................................................................... 103 

2.9.1 Introduction: .......................................................................................................... 103 

2.9.2 Electrical sockets: ................................................................................................. 105 

2.9.3 Lighting: ................................................................................................................ 105 



 

5 

2.9.4 Requirement of Lighting Provision for Swimming Pool License: ....................... 108 

2.10 Public Safety. ............................................................................................................... 114 

2.10.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 114 

2.10.2 Safety systems:...................................................................................................... 115 

2.10.3 Emergency egress system: .................................................................................... 119 

Chapter three .............................................................................................................................. 122 

Case study ................................................................................................................................... 122 

3 Case Studies ......................................................................................................................... 123 

3.1 Introduction: ................................................................................................................. 123 

3.2 Description and Location: ............................................................................................ 123 

3.3 Analysis: ....................................................................................................................... 123 

3.4 Armani hotel in Jakarta: ............................................................................................... 126 

3.5 Description and Location: ............................................................................................ 126 

3.6 Analysis: ....................................................................................................................... 127 

Chapter Four ............................................................................................................................. 133 

Site analysis .............................................................................................................................. 133 

4 Site analysis. ........................................................................................................................ 134 

4.1 Location advantages ..................................................................................................... 134 

4.2 Site description: ............................................................................................................ 134 

4.3 Climate: ........................................................................................................................ 139 

4.4 Environmental analysis: ............................................................................................... 142 

4.4.1 Analysis of the Sun movement ............................................................................. 142 

4.4.2 Analysis of the noise level .................................................................................... 146 

4.4.3 Analysis of parking : ............................................................................................. 148 

4.5 Structural analysis: ....................................................................................................... 149 



 

6 

Chapter Five .............................................................................................................................. 150 

Future work ............................................................................................................................... 150 

5 Future work: ........................................................................................................................ 151 

5.1 Architectural design: .................................................................................................... 151 

5.2 Structural: ..................................................................................................................... 151 

5.3 Environmental: ............................................................................................................. 151 

5.4 Mechanical: .................................................................................................................. 151 

5.5 Electrical: ..................................................................................................................... 152 

5.6 Safety design: ............................................................................................................... 152 

5.7 Cost estimation: ............................................................................................................ 152 

References……………………………………………………………………………………...153 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

7 

Table of figure: 

Figure ‎2.1: premises in a 4-stars hotel in Angkor Cambodia ....................................................... 23 

Figure ‎2.2: premises in a 4-stars hotel: ......................................................................................... 24 

Figure ‎2.3:  an entrances and exits in a 4- stars hotel ................................................................... 25 

Figure ‎2.4: dining area .................................................................................................................. 26 

Figure ‎2.5: kitchens in 4-stars ....................................................................................................... 27 

Figure ‎2.6: a lobby in a 4-stars hotel............................................................................................. 28 

Figure ‎2.7: guest capacity of the premises .................................................................................... 28 

Figure ‎2.8: toilets in a 4-stars hotel ............................................................................................... 29 

Figure ‎2.9: a bedroom in a 4-stars hotel ....................................................................................... 30 

Figure ‎2.10: private bathrooms ..................................................................................................... 32 

Figure ‎2.11: a restaurant in a 4-stars hotel .................................................................................... 32 

Figure ‎2.12: meeting room in a 4-stars hotel ................................................................................ 33 

Figure ‎2.13: business centre in a 4-stars hotel .............................................................................. 34 

Figure ‎2.14: a laundry in a 4-stars hotel ....................................................................................... 35 

Figure ‎2.15: a medical centre in a 4-stars hotel ............................................................................ 35 

Figure ‎2.16: shops in a 4-stars hotel ............................................................................................. 36 

Figure ‎2.17: office in a 4-stars hotel ............................................................................................. 37 

Figure ‎2.18: swimming pool in a 4-stars hotel. ............................................................................ 38 

Figure ‎2.19: Sun movement in Summer and Winter. ................................................................... 39 

Figure ‎2.20: elements of passive solar design .............................................................................. 41 

Figure ‎2.21:  Solar window ........................................................................................................... 42 

Figure ‎2.22 : Solar wall ................................................................................................................. 42 

Figure ‎2.23_a:  Solar room                                 Figure 23_b: Solar room design ....................... 43 

Figure ‎2.24: solar chimney strategy .............................................................................................. 44 

Figure ‎2.25: solar roof................................................................................................................... 44 

Figure ‎2.26: example of shading ................................................................................................... 45 

Figure ‎2.27: flat plate collector ..................................................................................................... 46 

Figure ‎2.28: evacuated tube collector ........................................................................................... 47 

Figure ‎2.29: thermal mass ............................................................................................................. 47 



 

8 

Figure ‎2.30: natural lighting ......................................................................................................... 49 

Figure ‎2.31: ambient lighting ........................................................................................................ 50 

Figure ‎2.32: accent lighting .......................................................................................................... 51 

Figure ‎2.33: focal lighting............................................................................................................. 51 

Figure ‎2.34: natural lighting in restaurant..................................................................................... 54 

Figure ‎2.35: natural lighting in guest room .................................................................................. 55 

Figure ‎2.36: Approximate color temperature of common illuminants ......................................... 56 

Figure ‎2.37: example of glare ....................................................................................................... 56 

Figure ‎2.38: noise criteria in conference room ............................................................................. 58 

Figure ‎2.39: noise criteria in cafeteria .......................................................................................... 59 

Figure ‎2.40: noise criteria in lobby ............................................................................................... 59 

Figure ‎2.41: stone wall .................................................................................................................. 60 

Figure ‎2.42: cavity wall construction ............................................................................................ 61 

Figure ‎2.43: thermal comfort zone................................................................................................ 63 

Figure ‎2.44: swimming pool ventilation ....................................................................................... 65 

Figure ‎2.45: Polyurethanes                            Figure ‎2.46: foam................................................... 67 

Figure ‎2.47: The Borgata Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City ....................................................... 68 

Figure ‎2.48: Isolated footing ......................................................................................................... 71 

Figure ‎2.49: Combined footing ..................................................................................................... 71 

Figure ‎2.50: Strap footing ............................................................................................................. 72 

Figure ‎2.51: Continues footing ..................................................................................................... 72 

Figure ‎2.52: wall footing............................................................................................................... 73 

Figure ‎2.53: common types of mat foundation ............................................................................. 73 

Figure ‎2.54: Pile ............................................................................................................................ 74 

Figure ‎2.55: Pile wall .................................................................................................................... 75 

Figure ‎2.56: One way solid slab ................................................................................................... 76 

Figure ‎2.57: Tow way solid slab ................................................................................................... 76 

Figure ‎2.58: one way ribbed slab .................................................................................................. 77 

Figure ‎2.59: Tow way ribbed slab ................................................................................................ 77 

Figure ‎2.60: Waffle slab ............................................................................................................... 78 

Figure ‎2.61: Sections in columns .................................................................................................. 78 



 

9 

Figure ‎2.62: Type of reinforced concrete columns ....................................................................... 79 

Figure ‎2.63: Sections in beams ..................................................................................................... 80 

Figure ‎2.64: Water tank ................................................................................................................ 81 

Figure ‎2.65: Terminal building, Dulles airport, Washington, D.C ............................................... 84 

Figure ‎2.66: heat pump configuration ........................................................................................... 87 

Figure ‎2.67: Radiant Baseboard Heat ........................................................................................... 88 

Figure ‎2.68: radiant floor heating ................................................................................................. 88 

Figure ‎2.69: components of evaporative coolers .......................................................................... 89 

Figure ‎2.70: air conditioning system and it is components .......................................................... 90 

Figure ‎2.71: ventilation system ..................................................................................................... 91 

Figure ‎2.72: components of absorption cooling ........................................................................... 91 

Figure ‎2.73 under ground: radiant cooling system ....................................................................... 92 

Figure ‎2.74: earth cold and hot tubes ............................................................................................ 93 

Figure ‎2.75: example of fireplace ................................................................................................. 93 

Figure ‎2.76:  components of furnace ............................................................................................ 94 

Figure ‎2.77: component of boiler.................................................................................................. 94 

Figure ‎2.78: a portable heater ....................................................................................................... 95 

Figure ‎2.79: thermal collector ....................................................................................................... 96 

Figure ‎2.80: heat pump ................................................................................................................. 96 

Figure ‎2.81: chiseler and boiler system ........................................................................................ 97 

Figure ‎2.82: shape of diffuser ....................................................................................................... 98 

Figure ‎2.83: diffuser and register .................................................................................................. 98 

Figure ‎2.84: example of grill ........................................................................................................ 99 

Figure ‎2.85: the shape of convectors ............................................................................................ 99 

Figure ‎2.86: example of heaters .................................................................................................. 100 

Figure ‎2.87: a well Water Sources .............................................................................................. 102 

Figure ‎2.88: bedroom- lighting (one bed) ................................................................................... 105 

Figure ‎2.89: bedroom- lighting (two bed)................................................................................... 106 

Figure ‎2.90: lighting (more than two bed) .................................................................................. 106 

Figure ‎2.91: bathroom lighting ................................................................................................... 107 

Figure ‎2.92: corridor lighting ...................................................................................................... 107 



 

10 

Figure ‎2.93: Restaurant lighting ................................................................................................. 108 

Figure‎2.94: swimming pool lighting........................................................................................... 108 

Figure ‎2.95: incandescent lamp .................................................................................................. 109 

Figure ‎2.96: -tungsten halogen ................................................................................................... 110 

Figure ‎2.97: Fluorescent lamp .................................................................................................... 110 

Figure ‎2.98: Compact fluorescent ............................................................................................... 111 

Figure ‎2.99: Low and High Pressure Sodium Lamps ................................................................. 112 

Figure ‎2.100: Metal Halide Lamps ............................................................................................. 113 

Figure ‎2.101: led lamp ................................................................................................................ 114 

Figure ‎2.102: smoke detector:..................................................................................................... 115 

Figure ‎2.103: self-closing door ................................................................................................... 115 

Figure ‎2.104: fire proof door ...................................................................................................... 116 

Figure ‎2.105: fire alarm .............................................................................................................. 117 

Figure ‎2.106: Sprinkler system ................................................................................................... 118 

Figure ‎2.107: fire extinguisher .................................................................................................... 119 

Figure ‎2.108: emergency light .................................................................................................... 119 

Figure ‎2.109: fire escape located external to a building ............................................................. 120 

Figure ‎2.110: safe area ................................................................................................................ 120 

Figure ‎2.111: first aid .................................................................................................................. 121 

Figure ‎2.112: Assembly Points ................................................................................................... 121 

Figure ‎3.1: ground floor plan ...................................................................................................... 123 

‎3.2: first floor plan ...................................................................................................................... 124 

‎3.3:2th ,3thand 4thplan ............................................................................................................... 124 

Figure ‎3.4: the function of the area and its percentage ............................................................... 125 

Figure ‎3.5: first floor plan ........................................................................................................... 128 

Figure ‎3.6: mezzanine floor plan ................................................................................................ 128 

Figure ‎3.7: podium floor plan ..................................................................................................... 129 

Figure ‎3.8: 2
th

-8
th 

floor plan ........................................................................................................ 130 

Figure ‎3.9: vip suit floor plan ..................................................................................................... 131 

Figure ‎3.10: the function of the area and its percentages ........................................................... 132 

Figure ‎4.1: proposed site plan (Google earth,2013) ................................................................... 135 



 

11 

Figure ‎4.2: proposed site plan (Google earth,2013) ................................................................... 136 

Figure ‎4.3: site and archaeological area ...................................................................................... 136 

Figure ‎4.4: proposed site plan ..................................................................................................... 137 

Figure ‎4.5: general view for the site ........................................................................................... 137 

Figure ‎4.6: view from east elevation ........................................................................................... 138 

Figure ‎4.7: view from south elevation ........................................................................................ 138 

Figure ‎4.8: view from the south elevation .................................................................................. 138 

Figure ‎4.9: view from the north elevation .................................................................................. 139 

Figure ‎4.10: air temperature for each month .............................................................................. 140 

Figure ‎4.11: rainfall quantity for each month ............................................................................. 141 

Figure ‎4.12: relative humidity for each month ........................................................................... 141 

Figure ‎4.13: main wind speed for each month ............................................................................ 142 

Figure ‎4.14: Shadow due to the surrounding at 7:00am- June ................................................... 143 

Figure ‎4.15: Shadow due to the surrounding at 12:00pm- June ................................................. 143 

Figure ‎4.16: Shadow due to the surrounding at 4:00pm- June ................................................... 144 

Figure ‎4.17: Shadow due to the surrounding at 7:00am- January .............................................. 144 

Figure ‎4.18: Shadow due to the surrounding at 12:00pm- January ............................................ 145 

Figure ‎4.19: Shadow due to the surrounding at 4.00pm- January .............................................. 145 

Figure ‎4.20: Noise level at 8.00am. ............................................................................................ 146 

Figure ‎4.21: Noise level at 12.00pm. .......................................................................................... 147 

Figure ‎4.22: Noise level at 4.00pm. ............................................................................................ 147 

Figure ‎4.23: Average value of noise level. ................................................................................. 148 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

12 

Table of table: 

Table ‎2.1: standard for tourists building in Palestine ................................................................... 38 

Table ‎2.2: thermal storage in some materials ............................................................................... 48 

Table ‎2.3 : standard illumination level ......................................................................................... 52 

Table ‎2.4: common background noise in hotel spaces ................................................................. 58 

Table ‎3.1: function area and its percentages ............................................................................... 125 

Table ‎3.2: New fort standard for the percentages between the needed areas for each person .... 125 

Table ‎3.3: basement and ground floor plan ................................................................................ 127 

Table ‎3.4: the function area and its percentage........................................................................... 132 

Table ‎4.1: climate characteristic of Nablus city (Palestinian Statistics, 2010) ........................... 140 

Table ‎5.1: future work schedule.................................................................................................. 152 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

13 

Abstract: 

The basic idea of the project is to design a 4-star hotel in Sabastiya. It is well known that many 

Arab and foreign tourists travel to Sabastiya many reason including recreational, therapeutic and 

religious reasons. Therefore, we selected the design of a hotel in this region to be our project. 

 

The project will include an integrated design of all aspects that we have learned over 5 years in 

the Faculty of Engineering. This means that the project will involve a study of the nature of the 

site, architectural, structural, electrical, environmental and mechanical design, and safety aspects. 

Architectural and environmental design will takes into consideration the orientation, form, 

spaces; fenestration will be designed based on environmental requirements. The structure will be 

designed using computer software where the analysis will include a 3-D model, soil structure 

interaction and dynamic analysis for seismic design. In addition, the project will be designed for 

fire safety using fire alarms, elevators, exits and other systems that may be important to provide 

public safety. The electrical design involves lighting systems, electrical wiring, and sockets, 

especially for high-power devices. The design will comprise mechanical and HVAC installations 

and plumbing. 

 

At the end of the project, a report which includes all design and analysis details will be 

submitted. The report contains table of quantities, cost estimate and shop drawings that can be 

implemented in practice. 

 

 

 

 

 



 

14 

 

 

 

Chapter one 

Introduction 
 



 

15 

1. Introduction.  

1.1 General: 

The tourism industry is one of the most important aspects of the economy. Through tourism, 

hotels are built; roads are repaired in order to attract visitors. This has created positive effects to 

any country. Tourism is an excellent way to develop a country.  

Palestine is one of the important tourist areas in the east due to the large number of tourist 

attractions and diversity of ancient monuments and shrines also Palestine geographical location 

is featured as a point of contact between the continents of Africa and Asia.  

One of the fastest growing sectors of the economy of our time is hotel industry. Thus, creation of 

hotels is one of the most important factors that will help the development of internal and foreign 

tourism; hence the basic idea of the project is to design a 4-star hotel which offers for tourists the 

best services. After many studies the location was selected for the project in Sabastiya, in Nablus 

city. [1] 

Therefore, many considerations are integrated when choosing a site for hotels because it affects 

the whole design process. These considerations are related to the nature of the region and its 

natural and historical features which are attractive factors for tourists. In addition; we will 

highlight the important considerations and recommendations related to the design of such spaces, 

main entrances, corridors, and vertical transportation. Also some special structural design like 

Hall wedding because of long span, business center and conference facility must be isolated 

against the hassle and safety design such as exits and fire.  

 

The proposed project will illustrate and discuss in details how to provide  an integrative design of  

4- star hotel, The hotel will be designed in an integrated manner  which includes, architectural, 

structural, environmental, mechanical and, electrical aspects and the overlap of these design 

elements together in order to achieve human comfort commensurate with the specifications and 

requirements. 



 

16 

1.2 Significance of the Work:    

The number of hotels in Nablus as 6 hotels in 2010, a rate of 6.9% of the total hotels in the West 

Bank, and the average number of rooms 108 rooms, as the number of guests spent the 9656 guest 

17540 overnight stays in city hotels [2] 

Hence the idea of the project came, and hotel will revive the tourism in the region based on the 

ministry of tourism sabstiya is the best selection on Nablus city this is because of the unique 

location of the area and the presence of relics and historical monuments which have become a 

tourist attraction point.  

Finally, It worth mentioning that the number of tourists suitable for the establishment of such a 

project and currently similar idea is implementing in the region, which means that project 

executable. 

 

1.3 Objectives:   

The main objective of this project is to provide an integrative design of a 4-star hotel in 

Sabastiya. The specific objectives are: 

 Architectural design:  in the architectural design the structure will be design based on 

functionality and the environmental requirements. 

 Structural design: In the structural design, the structures in the project will be analyzed 

and designed using computer software. The analysis will include dynamic analysis, 3-D 

model of the structure, and soil structure interaction. 

 Mechanical and environmental design, HVAC, water, and sanitary systems in the project 

will be analyzed and designed. 

 Electrical design will include designing power and lightening systems in the project. 

 Public safety design includes designing the emergency exits, alarm system and fire 

protection system. 

 



 

17 

1.4 Scope: 

This report is divided into five chapters. Chapter One introduces the idea of the project and main 

objectives. In Chapter Two, we present the development in tourism and hotel, in addition to the 

requirements of hotel design and hotel classification also  principles of hospital design will be 

clarified   In Chapter Three two case studies related to the project are discussed. In Chapter Four,  

the site of the project is selected and analyzed. Finally, in Chapter Five future work for the 

second semester is discussed. 



 

18 

 

 

 

Chapter two 

Hotels review 

 

 

 

 



 

19 

2 Hotel review  

2.1       General: 

Tourism defined as an activity of traveling to place for pleasure, recreation and it’s the business 

of providing restaurant and hotels for the people who are traveling, to activate the movement of 

tourists must take care to achieve the highest level of service in hotels. [3] 

A hotel is a type of commercial establishment that accommodates visitors for a short stay at a 

stated fee. Services offered while at the hotel include meal, bathroom, restaurants, conference 

rooms, stores, facilities and other sporting or leisure activities. A hotel can also be defined as the 

place where it provides lodging to the travelers and offers food to the guests and making revenue 

on the owner’s point of view.[4] [5] 

In this Chapter, tourism type and accommodation and hotel classification and all hotel design 

requirement such as architectural, structural, environmental, electrical, mechanical and finally 

public safety are discussed in this chapter.  

2.2 Tourism and accommodation: 

 Tourism: is travel for one purpose or more. The world tourism organization defines tourists as 

people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one 

year for any of the following purpose: 

a. Religious tourism.  

b. Medical tourism   

c.  Social tourism 

d. Eco-tourism 

e. Scientific Tourism 

f. Sports tourism. 

g. Leisure tourism 

h. Cultural tourism (tourism, archaeological and historical) 

i. Beach tourism. [6]  

 

 



 

20 

But in sabastyia mostly there are two types of tourism which is: religious tourism and cultural 

tourism (tourism, archaeological and historical) ,Due to the presence  Many of  the Roman 

Theater effects and the Temple of August and the Church of head and Albzeljka and pitch and 

the tower and street pole . And other historical and religious monuments. 

In our project the most common patterns of Tourism is religious and cultural tourism due to the 

presence of many historical and cultural monuments such as roman theater, church of head, street 

pole. And other historical and religious monuments  

The hotel, which will be designed to meet the many services for tourists, in addition to the 

fantastic characteristic of the site. 

 

2.3 Hotel Classification Systems:  

In the past, hotels were just a place to sleep and food only the emergence of tourism in the latter 

half of the 19th century brought with it an improvement of the standards of the early hotels. 

Some pressure was placed on these facilities to offer some minimum standards where the 

consumer was able to identify a property with specific amenities. 

After World War II National Tourist Boards began to consider some form of hotel 

registration/classification system. There was some difficulty in doing so. By 1970 only five 

European countries had national classification systems, by 1980 this number increased to 22 

European countries and 60 countries worldwide. 

Hotels are classified depending on different criteria and therefore its difficult to make a precise 

classification for hotel. 

The criteria applied by the classification systems were, and still are not uniformed. There were 

various meanings attached to registration, classification and grading. 

 

Registration: Form of licensing which may or may not demand a minimum standard. Signifies 

some conformation with health fire safety. That means minimum criteria. 



 

21 

Classification: separation of different types and ranges of accommodation into several categories 

based on a range of criteria. Hotel accommodations can allow for five to seven categories to be 

applied. – Other forms of accommodation e.g. motels, guest-houses and self catering apartments 

seldom justify more than two or three classes. 

Grading: Often combine with classification; this is a quality assessment awarding a symbol to 

denote an above average service to an accommodation facility. E.g. Green globe classification 

systems for environment. 

 Minimum Requirements for hotels: 

One Star Hotels: 

Hotels in this classification are likely to be small and independently owned, with a family 

atmosphere. Services may be provided by the owner and family on an informal basis. There may 

be a limited range of facilities and meals may be fairly simple. Lunch, for example, may not be 

served. Some bedrooms may not have en suite bath/shower rooms. Maintenance, cleanliness and 

comfort should, however, always be of an acceptable standard.  

Two Star Hotels:  

In this classification hotels will typically be small to medium sized and offer more extensive 

facilities than at the one star level. Some business hotels come into the two star classification and 

guests can expect comfortable, well equipped, overnight accommodation, usually with an en-

suite bath/shower room. Reception and other staff will aim for a more professional presentation 

than at the one star level, and offer a wider range of straightforward services, including food and 

drink.  

 

Three Star Hotels: 

At this level, hotels are usually of a size to support higher staffing levels, and a significantly 

greater quality and range of facilities than at the lower star classifications. Reception and the 

other public rooms will be more spacious and the restaurant will normally also cater for non-

residents. All bedrooms will have fully en suite bath and shower rooms and offer a good standard 



 

22 

of comfort and equipment, such as a hair dryer, direct dial telephone, toiletries in the bathroom. 

Some room service can be expected, and some provision for business travelers.  

Four Star Hotels:  

Expectations at this level include a degree of luxury as well as quality in the furnishings, decor 

and equipment, in every area of the hotel. Bedrooms will also usually offer more space than at 

the lower star levels, and well designed, coordinated furnishings and decor. The en-suite 

bathrooms will have both bath and fixed shower. There will be a high enough ratio of staff to 

guests to provide services like porter age, 24-hour room service, laundry and dry-cleaning. The 

restaurant will demonstrate a serious approach to its cuisine.  

Five Star Hotels:  

Here you should find spacious and luxurious accommodation throughout the hotel, matching the 

best international standards. Interior design should impress with its quality and attention to 

detail, comfort and elegance. Furnishings should be immaculate. Services should be formal, well 

supervised and flawless in attention to guests' needs, without being intrusive. The restaurant will 

demonstrate a high level of technical skill, producing dishes to the highest international 

standards. Staff will be knowledgeable, helpful, well versed in all aspects of customer care, 

combining efficiency with courtesy. [7] 

2.4 Architectural design   

Architecture is defined as the art and science of designing buildings and structures. The 

following subjects talk about the most important elements in architectural design. 

2.4.1  Premises: 

 

The Premises shall include one building or buildings which are on one site and which are 

physically linked by well-lit, covered or insulated corridors which mean buildings shall share 

common access and exit and the premises shall contain such amounts as determined of main and 

secondary entrances, exits, reception ,areas, dining areas, kitchen and service areas, lounge areas, 

cloakroom facilities, bathrooms and toilets, guest bedrooms, staff accommodation, storage areas, 

together with sufficient corridors and stairways to ensure proper circulation of air, proper 



 

23 

movement of people and proper access to the various units. The premises shall be of substantial 

and durable construction, structurally safe and in good repair throughout. 

Floors, walls and ceilings throughout the premises shall be of suitable type and design to 

maintain the highest standards of hygiene. The premises shall contain effective means of natural 

lighting and ventilation. The premises shall have in the public rooms and bedrooms  means of 

space heating capable of maintaining at all times a minimum room temperature of 20º. 

The following picture shows an example of a 4-stars hotel in Angkor Cambodia (Tara Angkor) : 

 

Figure ‎2.1: premises in a 4-stars hotel in Angkor Cambodia 

 

1. The premises, including the exterior and interior, outdoor areas, grounds and car parking areas 

shall be kept clean and well maintained throughout. Car parks, where provided, should be well 

lighted and have proper directional signage. 

2. The premises shall be used primarily for the lodging or sleeping of travelers and shall provide 

a service to such travelers, of meals and refreshments which shall include breakfast and dinner. 

The provision of dinner shall, at minimum, mean the availability of a choice of hot cooked 

8meals together with desserts. 

3. Sufficient general internal and external lighting shall be provided in all areas and in addition a 

suitable intensity of local lighting for eating, reading, writing and toilet purposes. 

4. The premises shall have a telephone installation connected with an external      telephone 

system in bedrooms and public areas for use by guests. 



 

24 

5. Facilities shall be provided for the storage of cleaning materials for each of the various units of 

the premises and for the storage and airing of necessary stocks including bed linen and blankets. 

Where a banqueting area is constructed on the premises after the commencement date, the dining 

area in the said banqueting facility shall have:  

a. A floor to ceiling height of not less than 2.5 meters . 

b. At least one window to provide natural light and ventilation.  

c. Furniture, fittings and equipment of good quality . 

d. Adequate toilet facilities for the patron capacity of the banqueting area which shall be 

well ventilated by natural or mechanical means be properly supervised and kept in a clean 

and hygienic condition. 

6. Where a wedding hall is constructed in the premises, it shall have: 

a. Its own entrance and exits. 

b. Adequate insulation to ensure that the noise transmitted there does not interfere with the 

comfort of other guests within the hotel. 

c. Furniture, fittings and equipment of good quality and condition. 

d. Adequate toilet facilities for the patron capacity of the hall wedding which shall be well 

ventilated by natural or mechanical means be properly supervised and kept in a clean and 

hygienic condition. 

The following picture shows an example of premises in a 4-stars hotel: 

 

Figure ‎2.2: premises in a 4-stars hotel: 



 

25 

2.4.2 Entrances and exits: 

The main requirements that should be available in the entrances are as the following: 

1. Entrances and exits shall be of sufficient size to cater adequately for the overall        guest 

capacity of the premises. The main entrance should consist of a double door 2.5 meters height 

and pivotal conventional doors with a minimum width of 90 cm. 

2. The premises shall contain a service entrance, separate from the guest entrance, and 

suitably located for the reception of goods necessary for the operation of the premises. 

3.  The entrance hall shall be: 

a. Sufficient size to cater adequately for the volume of traffic normally using the premises. 

b. Suitably located, laid out and contain furnishings, fittings and equipment of good quality 

and in good condition. 

4. In the case of premises which apply for initial registration the following must be provided: 

5. Access for persons with mobility difficulties, including wheelchair users, to the entrance hall, 

reception, bedrooms and public areas, including bathroom and toilet. 

The following picture shows an example of an entrances and exits in a  4- stars hotel : 

 

Figure ‎2.3:  an entrances and exits in a 4- stars hotel 

 

2.4.3 Dining area: 

The main requirements that should be available in the dining area are as the following: 

1. The dining area shall have: 



 

26 

a. A floor to ceiling height of not less than 2.4 meters.  

b.  At least one window to provide natural light and ventilation.  

2. The dining area shall contain seating, furniture, fittings and equipment of good        quality 

and condition. High chairs (or suitably adapted chairs) shall be available for children. 

3. Tables and seating shall be of adequate size to enable the diners to dine in comfort and be 

capable of easy and flexible arrangement and permit diners and staff to circulate easily in 

the dining area. 

4. Crockery shall be adequate to serve the maximum number of diners capable of being seated 

in the dining area, be in good conditions, of good quality and of uniform design. 

The following picture shows an example of a dining area in a 4-stars hotel: 

 

Figure ‎2.4: dining area 

 

2.4.4 Kitchens and service areas: 

The main requirements that should be available in the kitchens are as the following: 

1. The kitchen shall have direct access to the dining area, with double service doors between the 

dining room and kitchen. Service access to the dining area shall not be through a public area that 

is normally used by guests as a lounge area and/or a passageway or corridor. 

 

2. There shall be easy access by means of internal or enclosed corridors and stairways from the 

kitchen and service areas of the hotel to the public rooms and the bedroom units. 



 

27 

 

3. for kitchens:  

a. Doors should be 1.2 m. wide, opened by pushing and closed automatically. 

b. Walls tiled from floor to roof. 

c. Water-proof, non-slip floor. Slopes down to drainage outlets. 

d. White ceiling. 

e.  Rounded off corners. 

The following picture shows an example of a kitchens in a 4-stars hotel : 

 

Figure ‎2.5: kitchens in 4-stars 

2.4.5 Lobby/lounges: 

The main requirements that should be available in the lobby are as the following: 

1. Lobby and lounge space shall be provided in common areas. 

2. Lounge space of not less than 20 square meters in a communal area shall be provided. 

3. Each lobby/lounge shall have: 

a. a floor to ceiling height of not less than 2.4 metres . 

b. at least one window to provide natural light and ventilation. Alternatively, climatic 

controlled air circulation or mechanical system of ventilation. The following picture shows an 

example of a lobby in a 4-stars hotel: 



 

28 

 

Figure ‎2.6: a lobby in a 4-stars hotel 

2.4.6 Toilets: 

The main requirements that should be available in the toilets are as the following: 

1. Toilets for residents and casual patrons shall be provided separately for men and women 

and shall be located adjacent to or easily accessible from both the entrance hall and the 

public rooms. 

2. Toilets shall contain WC units (in separate compartments) and fixed wash-hand basins 

equipped with plumbing for the continuous supply of hot and cold water and the disposal 

of waste. 

3. The number and type of sanitary fittings installed shall be calculated in relation to the 

resident guest capacity of the premises as follows: 

 

Figure ‎2.7: guest capacity of the premises 

 

4. The toilets shall be well ventilated (by natural or mechanical means). 



 

29 

The following picture shows an example of toilets in a 4-stars hotel: 

 

Figure ‎2.8: toilets in a 4-stars hotel 

2.4.7 Guest bedrooms: 

The main requirements that should be available in the guest bedrooms are as the following: 

1. All guest bedrooms for this category of accommodation must have private bathroom. There 

shall be a minimum of ten guest bedrooms with private bathrooms ensuite, all of which shall 

have separate access from the bedroom corridor. 

2. Bedrooms, the toilets and bathrooms servicing them and the corridors off which they shall 

open shall be “out of view” from the public areas and separated from each other by properly 

constructed and suitably sound resistant walls or partitions, floors and ceilings and having an 

acoustic attenuation of 50dB. 

3. Each bedroom shall have: 

a. A floor area for single bedrooms of not less than 9 square meters exclusive of private 

bathroom and lobby area.  

b. A floor area for double/twin bedrooms of not less than 15.00 square meters exclusive of 

private bathroom and lobby area.  

c. A floor area for triple bedrooms of not less than 20 square meters exclusive of private 

bathroom and lobby area. 

d. a floor to ceiling height of not less than 2.4 meters. 

e. at least one external window with clear glass to provide natural light and ventilation. The 

position of the window should be such that at least one third of the glass area is below a 

level of 1.6m from the floor. 



 

30 

f. Terrace has a surface area of 8 m² and the surface area of the bathroom is usually 6 m². 

g. at least two electrical outlets suitable for the attachment of electrical equipment including 

heaters and cleaning equipment to be provided. 

 

4. Access to bedrooms is not acceptable through public sitting rooms, dining rooms or kitchen 

save where any of the latter forms part of the same individual let table suite in which the 

bedroom(s) is/are located. 

5. Each private bathroom attached to a bedroom shall have a minimum floor area of 3.8 sq. 

meters, and 3.5 sq. meters where the facility includes a shower unit only rather than a bath. 

The following picture shows an example of a bedroom in a 4-stars hotel: 

 

Figure ‎2.9: a bedroom in a 4-stars hotel 

 

6. For Beds the minimum size should be: 

a. Standard Double room (KS): 2.00 x 2.00 

b. Standard Single room (SGL): 1.20 x 2.00 

c. Standard Twin room (DD): 2 beds 1.00 x 2.00 

d. Junior Suite with double bed (KS): 2.00 x 2.00 

e. Junior Suite with Twin beds (DD): 2 beds 1.20 x 2.00 

f. Suite with double bed (KS) : 2.00 x 2.00 

g. Suite with Twin beds (DD): 2 beds 1.20 x 2.00. 



 

31 

 

 Required dimensions and specifications for doors and windows in interior rooms: 

1. Doors: 

a. 85 cm wide (minimum). Except in rooms for the handicapped, this will be 90 cm and 

height of 2.15 m. 

b. Door knob with a handle (mandatory in rooms for the handicapped) with safety lock. 

c. Must have door stop to prevent door banging against the wall. 

d. Made of wood and Fire resistant, RF=32. 

e. Should be appropriately soundproofed and give a sensation of security. 

 

2.  Glass windows: 

a. A minimum glass surface of 1,5 m² is recommended. 

b. Windows will have a blocking mechanism at 1.5 m., out of the reach of children (except 

handicapped rooms). 

c. The frame will be made of aluminum or wood, reinforced with double glazing 10/6/8 

mm. 

d. Inflammable curtain materials are required for all sliding windows in rooms. 

2.4.8 Bathrooms and toilets: 

The main requirements that should be available in the bathrooms are as the following: 

1. To serve bedrooms which do not have private bathrooms attached, each premises shall 

contain in separate compartments: 

a. one bathroom for the first fifteen persons or portion thereof . 

b. two toilets for the first 20 persons or portion thereof . 

c. thereafter one bathroom for every additional fifteen persons or portion there of and one 

toilet for every additional ten persons or portion there of . 

d. up to 50% of the additional toilets may be provided in the bathroom compartments . 

e. each floor of bedrooms shall have on, or adjacent to it without access through the public 

areas . 

2. Bathroom/toilets shall have a vanity light, and an electrical shaving point. [8] 



 

32 

The following picture shows an example of private bathrooms in a 4-stars hotel: 

 

Figure ‎2.10: private bathrooms 

2.4.9 Main restaurant: 

The main requirements that should be available in the restaurant are as the following: 

1. Approximately. Room capacity 0.75 m² x seat available plus 100 m² for buffet and scullery. 

2. The main restaurant should have the largest capacity, as it is where the main meals will be 

served with a buffet. 

3. Furniture should be positioned depending on the layout of the premises. 

4. The restaurant should provide air-conditioning. If it is an open restaurant it should have fans. 

The following picture shows an example of a restaurant in a 4-stars hotel: 

 

Figure ‎2.11: a restaurant in a 4-stars hotel 



 

33 

2.4.10 Meeting rooms/halls: 

The main requirements that should be available in the meeting rooms are as the following: 

1. A main meeting room that can be divided into smaller ones is recommended. 

2. The hotel will provide breakout rooms. The total capacity of all these rooms must be equal to 

that of the large  

3. Room Ideally, these rooms should have a capacity for 20 to 50 guests. 

The following picture shows an example of a meeting room in a 4-stars hotel: 

 

Figure ‎2.12: meeting room in a 4-stars hotel 

2.4.11 Health club: 

The hotel will provide a Spa-Health Club with the following facilities: 

a. Gymnasium 

b. Aerobic room 

c. Squash 

d. Sauna 

e. Turkish bath 

f. Massage parlour 

g. Swimming pool, Jacuzzi 

h. Men's & Ladies baths and showers 

i. Beauty parlour. 



 

34 

2.4.12 Other services and personal areas: 

 Business centre:  

Depending on the hotel's needs and possibilities, the business centre will be a department with its 

own equipment and facilities or will share resources and functions with other departments. 

 The following picture shows an example of a business centre in a 4-stars hotel: 

 

Figure ‎2.13: business centre in a 4-stars hotel 

 Laundry:  

The main requirements that should be available in the laundry are as the following: 

a. Laundry staff should move around guest areas using service corridors.  

b. The building should be designed to allow an efficient circulation of laundry items, both 

internally and externally, the storage of linen and cleaning materials. 

c. When the laundry service is not contracted through an external company, the hotel will 

have machinery to provide the following services:  

- Washing, drying and ironing of bed linen and bathroom towels of the guests 

- Washing, drying and ironing of hotel's drapery (table cloths, napkins, etc.)  

- Washing, drying and ironing of guest's personal clothing  

- Washing, drying and ironing of uniforms  

- Dry cleaning 

- Sewing material for guest & staff clothing and hotel drapery and linen. 

The following picture shows an example of a laundry in a 4-stars hotel: 



 

35 

 

Figure ‎2.14: a laundry in a 4-stars hotel  

 Medical centre: 

Hotels located far away from towns/cities will provide a room for a doctor for receiving guests 

and members of staff. 

The following picture shows an example of a medical centre in a 4-stars hotel: 

 

Figure ‎2.15: a medical centre in a 4-stars hotel 

 Shops: 

Depending on guests' needs, the hotel can provide the following shops: 

1. Newsstand 

2. Crafts shop 



 

36 

3. Perfumery 

4. Boutique 

5. Jewelers 

6. Small supermarket. 

The following picture shows an example of shops in a 4-stars hotel: 

 

Figure ‎2.16: shops in a 4-stars hotel 

 Offices: 

Depending on capacity and architecture the hotel will have offices for: 

1. General Manager 

2. Assistant or Resident Manager 

3. Administration Director 

4. Rooms Division Manager 

5. Front Desk Manager 

6. Revenue Manager 

7. Human Resources Manager 

8. Banquets Director 

9. Maintenance Manager 

10. Security Manager. 

The following picture shows an example of an office in a 4-stars hotel: 



 

37 

 

Figure ‎2.17: office in a 4-stars hotel 

 Swimming pools: 

The main requirements that should be available in swimming pools are as the following: 

a. The design and maintenance of the swimming pool comply with existing local 

regulations. 

b. They comprise of a bathing basin and encircling path can be surrounded by gardens . 

c. Must have a width of 2 m around the bathing area with a minimum slope of 2% towards 

the basin. 

d. Decorative or other types of elements can be installed, although they should never exceed 

20% of the perimeter of the swimming pool. 

e. Each element should not measure more than 8 m. 

f. Swimming pools in hotels should have toilets less than 60 metres away from the 

swimming pool basin. 

g. Depths under 160 cm will have a minimum slope of 2% and maximum of 10%.  

h. Greater depths will have a maximum slope of 35%. 

i. Swimming pools with a depth over 7 m will provide a ladder/ stairs every 20 m. [9] 

 

The following picture shows an example of a swimming pool in a 4-stars hotel. 



 

38 

 

Figure ‎2.18: swimming pool in a 4-stars hotel. 

In the end, there are several requirements on the tourist buildings in Palestine as the following 

table 

 

Ground area 30% 

Floor area 180% 

Number of floor 6 floors 

Building height 22m 

Front rebound 10m 

Side rebound 5m 

 

 

Table ‎2.1: standard for tourists building in Palestine  

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

39 

2.5 Environmental design: 

 Introduction: 

Environmental design principle recognizes the existence of the interaction between nature and 

people, therefore achieving  comfort is an important factor in all buildings, especially in hotels 

where it is designated areas for rest and relaxation must be designed to protect human  from the 

surrounding environment like  heat ,noise, moisture, light and other. 

Environmental design is process of addressing surrounding environmental parameters such as 

adjacent buildings and nature of the site. 

 Solar design  

 Orientation: 

Orientation of the building is generally used to refer to solar orientation which is the orientation 

of building with respect to solar access, the building orientation can have an impact on heating, 

lighting and cooling costs 

With rising energy costs, it is becoming increasingly important to orient buildings to capitalize 

the Sun’s free energy. 

Figure 19 shows the Sun movements in Summer and Winter. This movement strongly affects the 

orientation of the building.    

 

Figure ‎2.19: Sun movement in Summer and Winter.  

 



 

40 

 The main technical aspects for success of solar design are: 

1. Maximizing south façade exposure for daylight harvesting to reduce lighting electrical loads. 

2. Using southern exposure for solar heat gain to reduce heating loads in the heating season. 

3. Using shading strategies to reduce cooling loads caused by solar gain on south façades. 

4. Turning long façades in the direction parallel to slopes to take advantage of cool updrafts to 

enhance natural ventilation. 

5. For most regions, optimum façade orientation is typically south. South-facing glass is 

relatively easy to shade with an overhang during the summer to minimize solar heat gain. 

6. North-facing glass receives good daylight but relatively little direct isolation, so heat gain is 

less of a concern. 

7. Another environmental factor that should be considered in the equation of building 

orientation and positioning is prevailing winds, which are the winds that blow predominantly 

from a single, general direction over a particular point. [10] 

 

   A-Passive solar Design: 

Solar passive design is a very important design factor. Passive solar design include features in 

your design and its natural surroundings that takes optimal exploitation of the Sun’s  low rays in 

Winter and deflect the Sun’s high rays in summer to naturally warm and cool the spaces. 

The orientation, elevation, room layout, materials, and surrounding outdoor landscaping all 

contribute to it passive solar design 

 Unlike active solar heating systems; passive solar design does not involve the use of mechanical 

and electrical devices, such as pumps, fans, or electrical controls, [11]  

The following figure shows the elements of passive solar design: 



 

41 

 

Figure ‎2.20: elements of passive solar design 

 

 Passive solar design concept: 

Solar concepts described into two categories first those that use the energy from the Sun to 

directly or indirectly impact the thermal needs (heating and cooling, energy use) of the building, 

and the second those that use the energy from the sun to directly impact the lighting needs of the 

building. 

Solar systems that heat or cool the building will be called solar thermal systems; ones that light 

the building will be called day lighting systems. 

It is not expected that a passive solar designed properly in commercial-type building leads to 

eliminate the need for the auxiliary energy systems used to heat, cool, or light the building. 

Because of the size of the buildings, large internal loads, and their diverse use patterns, it is 

anticipated that passive solar systems will supplement the energy systems of the building. [12]  

 Passive solar design strategy:  

A. Solar window: 

a sealed large double-glazed window oriented to the south and characterized by simplicity ,low 

cost and high gain ( transparency 85%) however it has many disadvantages  such as extra 

lighting and glare also huge losses mainly at night Figure 3 illustrates a passive solar strategy 

used by the solar window  



 

42 

 

 

Figure ‎2.21:  Solar window 

B. Solar wall (Trombe wall): 

Using a Trombe wall is the most common indirect-gain approach. The wall consists of an 8 to 16 

inch-thick masonry wall on the south side of a house a single or double layer of glass is mounted 

about 1 inch or less in front of the wall’s surface. Solar heat is absorbed by the walls dark-

colored outside surface and stored in the wall’s mass The Trombe wall distributes or releases 

heat into the home over a period of several hours with efficiency less than 65% the following 

figure shows. [13] 

 

Figure ‎2.22 : Solar wall 

C. Solar room: 

Solar room known as a sunspace is a room built largely of glass to afford exposure to the 

Sun. Solariums has glass roofs (and often curved glass corners)A sun space or solarium is 

the combination of direct and indirect gain systems. 



 

43 

The solar radiation heats up the Sun space directly, which in turn heats up the living space by 

convection and conduction through the mass wall also solarium may experience high heat gain, 

high heat loss and extra glare The temperature variations caused by the heat losses and gains can 

be moderated  

by thermal mass and low-emissivity windows. Figure (23_a)shows an attached Sunspace passive 

solar heating system Sunspaces  In hotel solar room maybe used as winter gardens or restaurant 

the figure    (23_b)illustrate solar room and solar room design . [14] [15]       

 

 

     Figure ‎2.23_a:  Solar room                                 Figure 23_b: Solar room design  

D. Solar chimney: 

Solar chimney is a very simple way to avoid many of the problems arising from the direct gains 

systems, such as glare and heat loss. Also, they are easy to attach to provide home, suitable for 

Summer and Winter, and all elevations East, West, South and North and does not need to shade 

but the heat loss are very high which lead to fluctuation this problem of fluctuation in 

temperature can be solved by a thermal mass and the following figure represent solar chimney 

strategy    



 

44 

 

Figure ‎2.24: solar chimney strategy  

 

E. Solar roof : 

Solar roofs are similar to solar walls, they are often called "thermal storage roofs." Most solar 

roofs use water in large black plastic bags to absorb heat during the day, the water ponds store 

the heat and Insulating panels cover the ponds at night it will reduce heat loss also solar roofs 

can, in certain climates used to cool your house during the summer. 

 This system can be effective in some climates, it is provides all heating and cooling needs but 

solar ponds require careful design because their efficiency and cost effectiveness are not nearly 

as good in cold climates as they are in dry, sunny, Southern ones. Figure 25  shows the solar roof 

in the building. [16] 

 

Figure ‎2.25: solar roof  



 

45 

 Shading strategies: 

All elements in the building envelope, windows and other glazed areas are most vulnerable to 

heat gain or losses. Proper location, sizing, and detailing of windows anshading form an 

important part of solar design as they help to keep the Sun and wind out of a building or allow 

them when needed. [17]  

To control the heat gain and losses some shading strategies will be used, shading may be 

exterior, interior, fixed motorized Figure 26 shows some examples of shading systems. A good 

shading system permits lower levels of artificial illumination. 

 

Figure ‎2.26: example of shading  

Shading devices are of various types: 

1. Moveable opaque (roller blind, curtains, etc): These can be highly effective in reducing 

solar gains but eliminate view and impede air movement. 

2. Louvers:  can be adjustable or fixed. These affect view and air movement to some degree. 

3. Fixed overhangs: its efficient for low Sun angle. 

4. Light shelf: it allows daylight to penetrate deep into a building and this surface is then 

used to reflect daylight onto the ceiling and deeper into space. [2] 

 Active solar design 

Active solar design system converts solar energy into another more useful form of energy; this 

would normally be a conversion to heat or electrical energy. Inside a building this energy would 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight


 

46 

be used for heating, cooling, unlike passive solar technologies active solar uses electrical or 

mechanical equipment for this conversion. [18] 

 Active solar design strategies: 

Solar Water Collectors are located outside the house and have to be designed to last for many 

years, it is important that the materials used in their construction are durable and The following 

types of collectors are most common: 

a. Flat plate collector: (as shown in the figure 27 )they are inexpensive, simple systems that 

can provide all the heating needs for residential outdoor swimming pools, also they are simple to 

install land  their use is limited to non-heating seasons and if damaged the entire flat plate must 

be replaced. 

 

Figure ‎2.27: flat plate collector  

b. Evacuated tube collector: this type more expensive than the previous type generally, 

evacuated tubes perform better in colder and cloudier conditions also it is sealed with a vacuum 

without this vacuum an evacuated tube collector performs very poorly. If a tube were to lose it is 

vacuum, it is generally very easy to correct, and can be done easily by simply replacing the tube, 

it is typically less sensitive to sun angle and orientation because of their circular design which 

allows sunlight to pass at an optimal angle throughout the day from morning to night figure 28 

illustrate the design of evacuated tub collector. [19] 



 

47 

 

Figure ‎2.28: evacuated tube collector  

 Thermal mass: 

Thermal mass offers the architect the opportunity to manage thermal energy flows of a building 

to the advantage of its occupants without the use of large amounts of high-grade fuels. The 

following picture represents thermal mass  

 

Figure ‎2.29: thermal mass 

 In order to be effective as a thermal mass, a material must have a high heat capacity, a moderate 

conductance, a moderate density, and a high emissivity. It is also important that the material 

serve a functional (structural or decorative) purpose in the building. 

 

The distribution of the thermal mass inside the building is also important. The mass must be 

proximate to the primary thermal stimulation in the space and unhindered by thermal 

obstructions such as Carpeting, wall coverings, and suspended ceilings. When solar gain is being 

exploited, the mass should be exposed to the sun for extended Periods for maximum 

effectiveness.  

 



 

48 

Night insulation enhances the efficacy of thermal mass during the heating season. This 

improvement comes not from added effectiveness of the mass, but from reduction of the thermal 

liability of the glazing—its low R-value in comparison to other building components. Switchable 

insulation may also be used effectively as day insulation to improve mass cooling strategies, 

such as roof ponds. [20] 

The following table shows different thermal storage in some materials  

 

Table ‎2.2: thermal storage in some materials 

2.6 Lighting design: 

 Introduction: 

lighting is an very important element in architectural and environmental design, from an 

architectural point of  view, lighting can be used externally to display the character and features 

of the building and internal design may also serve to emphasis feature of the decor moreover 

illumination is used to draw attention to sign, direction and hazards, another positive factor in the 

realization of lighting design it is the work on illumination systems and levels which affect on 

the human comfort and performance. [21]  

 Natural lighting: 

Day lighting is the practice of placing windows or other openings and reflective surfaces so that 

during the day natural light provides effective internal lighting. Particular attention is given to 

day lighting while designing a building when the aim is to maximize visual comfort and to 

reduce energy use. Energy savings can be achieved either from the reduced use of artificial 



 

49 

lighting or from passive solar heating or cooling. Artificial lighting energy use can be reduced by 

simply installing fewer electric lights because daylight is present, or by dimming electric lights 

automatically in response to the presence of daylight. The following figure shows an example of 

natural day lighting.  [22]  

                

Figure ‎2.30: natural lighting  

 Lighting system: 

General lighting provides a uniform level of illumination over a large area. In some rooms, for 

example closets, storage rooms, utility rooms and garages. 

Architectural lighting aims to highlight on features and specific elements of the space itself, like 

walls, ceilings, floors, etc, instead of the objects present. [23]  

 Artificial lighting: 

Artificial light is a more specific light source, meaning that different types of lighting fixtures 

and methods can be used for the specific function of the space. For example restaurant lighting 

needs to set a comfortable mood the  function of the space also plays an important role in the 

selection of the lighting fixtures for restaurants; the light level does not need to be to excessive, 

due to the reasons that the customers are there to relax and dine. As for an office space, the level 

of light needs to be more illuminating, due to the fact that the tasks preformed in an office needs 

more concentration and clarity of light. [24] 



 

50 

Artificial lighting is more accurately examined in conjunction to the function it performs. The 

typical explanations of these functions are: ambient lighting, accent lighting, focal lighting, and 

task lighting. 

 Ambient lighting is generally used as an all propose light within a space, the light source for 

ambient lighting comes from different light fixtures within a space can be individually 

controlled to set the light level in the space. The following figure shows example of ambient 

lighting  

 

Figure ‎2.31: ambient lighting  

 Accent light is best described as spotlights, spotlights are used to illuminate significant 

pieces within a space such as artwork, design details, furniture etc. Accent lights are a low-

voltage fixture and the figure below illustrates the accent lighting. 



 

51 

 

Figure ‎2.32: accent lighting  

Focal lighting takes forms of certain lighting fixtures such as chandeliers. Wall scones and 

lamps. These are stationary expressive light sources unlike ambient lighting and accent lighting; 

focal lighting is glowing objects that initially serve as a focal point in the space. [24]the 

following figure represent focal lighting  

 

Figure ‎2.33: focal lighting  

Task lighting is a light source used to light up a certain activity. for example office spaces 

generally use ambient light in the form of fluorescent grids, although every desktop is provided 



 

52 

with a task light. The level of light used with task lighting can differ from each activity that is 

performed in the space. Task can require different light levels, therefore allowing it to be 

executed with ease. Light levels are examined and measured in foot candela as shown in the 

table below [25] [21] 

 

Table ‎2.3 : standard illumination level  

 

Area Lux Lumens/ft² 

Entrance lobby 200 20 

Reception area 400 40 

Public room 100 100 

Lounges 200 20 

Guest room 100 10 

Bed head 200 20 

Bath room 100 10 

Kitchen   

General 200 20 

Food preparation 400 40 

Stores 200 20 

Laundry 200 20 

Offices 400 40 

Accounting machines 600 60 

Swimming pool   

Top pool 500 50 

Spectator areas 150 15 

Club recreational 300 30 

Gymnasium  500 50 

Circulation area   

Corridors 100 10 

Lift 150 15 

Stair 150 15 



 

53 

 Lighting Design in Hotels and creation of Spatial Character: 

Lighting is very important element in the creation of the environment therefore it should be 

studied with care. 

The quantity of light should be sufficient but the quality is overriding important so it is desirable 

to provide the designed hotel with natural light needed in bedrooms, circulation spaces, and 

lavatories, because of that in this part the main usage areas of a four star hotel will be 

investigated, the main types of lighting that is needed for these spaces will be explained. [24] 

Lobby 

The lobby is by far one of the most important spaces within a hotel environment there the 

lighting needs to be considered and designed as carefully as possible to create the desired first 

impressions of guests that arrive at the hotel. 

Conference rooms 

A modern lighting control system gives enormous flexibility in professional conference rooms so 

the lighting can be adjusted for specific tasks. Various light colors, different types of luminaries 

and direct and indirect light in different combinations mean the lighting system can cover a wide 

range of situations, and basic lighting in conference rooms is complemented by indirect wall 

luminaries. 

Restaurant  

The most important aspects within a restaurant of a four star hotel is that it must have a 

distinctive concept and design, for dining and entertainment areas, it must be fresh and    

emphasized through lighting within the dining area, accordingly with the catering traditional 

concepts, These concepts could only be achieved through the right type of lighting fixtures and 

effects. 

The two essential ingredients for perfect restaurant lighting are atmosphere and zoning.  The 

overall lighting should be subtle but walkways, service zones and such areas should be more 

brightly lit. Tables and other seating areas call for a relaxing atmosphere. The light should be 

bright enough for food and drink to be seen in their best light. 



 

54 

 

Figure ‎2.34: natural lighting in restaurant  

Bar 

Within modern hotels bars can include different array of activities depending on the hotel, these 

activities can range from, band, concerts, or nightclub style entertainment, or otherwise contain 

all within the same area. 

Lighting obviously plays an important role within bars creating the necessary mood/scene to 

cater to its audience; entertainment venues most commonly use lighting controls such as time 

clock based scene changes, LED lights, RGB color. 

Guest room  

The guestrooms should radiate atmosphere and comfort. Good hotel room lighting should be 

glare-free and cast little shadow. Ideally, guests should be able to adjust the lighting to suit their 

needs. [24] [26]  

Guests expect at least as many features as they have in their home by providing control of 

lighting, integrated with shades, audio visual components, and temperature  also Each guest 

desires different lighting levels for reading, writing, and watching TV . [23] 

Lighting in lavatories or bathrooms not associated with bedrooms, can be combined with police 

lighting for the circulation areas leading to them, for instance by providing double-sided fittings 

to illuminate both lavatory and corridor outside.  



 

55 

 

Figure ‎2.35: natural lighting in guest room  

 The following general points should be considered with regard to lighting; 

1. Sudden changes in luminance should be avoided to prevent adaptation difficulties. 

2. Ensure that stairs, ramps and slopes are lit so that they can easily be identified when 

approaching in either direction.  

3. Localized lighting for specific tasks may normally be better than increasing the overall 

luminance necessary for all tasks in a multi-use area.  

4. Minimum requisite luminance should be provided and it should be uniform. Care should 

be taken to minimize glare. 

5. Just as important as the lighting itself, is the choice of décor and ensuring that there is 

color and luminance 

6. Contrast between different areas, To assist color discrimination, the color rendering index 

of the light source should be at least Ra80, the recommendation for most interiors, and 

where feasible, lamps of Ra90 should be used. 

7. Most users, including those with visual impairments, prefer natural lighting providing it 

does not create problems of glare. [27] 

 

 Color temperature: 

 Lighting can affect an interiors color in many different ways. The actual color 

temperature of a lamp(as shown in figure ) creates physical and psychological effects 

within interior environments; it adds the essence a Lighting overall is mostly used to 

enhance a designed interior space It could be used to enhance the colors. [21] 



 

56 

 

Figure ‎2.36: Approximate color temperature of common illuminants   

 

 Glare: 

Glare is a visual sensation caused by excessive and uncontrolled brightness and there are many 

factors produces discomfort such as the luminance size and position of each light source in the 

space so reducing glare is an effective way to improve the lighting and we can get rid of glare by 

controlling the light source or by filtering it before it reaches your eyes. [28] 

 

Figure ‎2.37: example of glare  



 

57 

2.6.1 Acoustics design: 

 Introduction 

The acoustical behavior of spaces is an important aspect of comfort analysis. There are several 

different considerations in acoustic isolation normally, this is the amount of interface within the 

space and the transmission of noise from area to another within a hotel and the high levels of 

noise which can be generated and reverberated within large lobbies and public rooms and in 

work areas such as kitchens are acoustical problems should be solved in an efficient way. also 

external noise is a potential source of annoyance, not only in hotel and motel rooms facing the 

high speed or concentrated traffic noises of high ways and streets, but also from adjacent car 

parking areas. [21]  

Sound control is an important aspect of hotel design which include two aim  

1. In general noise attenuation within a room for clarity of speech and reduction of noise level 

,specific attenuation must be paid to some areas in hotel such as  

a. Kitchens and restaurant (irritation). 

b. Services area and banquet room (speeches). 

c. Work area, public toilets, and corridors. (transmission). 

d. Public room and guest room(music, crowds) 

e.  Noise disturbance can come from neighboring rooms (adjacent, above or below) in the 

form of airborne sound from TV and voices, impacts from footsteps along corridors and 

stairs, or services like showers and toilets 

f. Noise from impacts travels horizontally along floors as well as up and down; impact 

through walls can be a concern where there are no buffers from wardrobes or bathrooms 

g.  Noise from lobbies, entertainment and conference rooms can require special attention 

h.  Protection from external noise is important near main road and parking  

2. Noise insulation will reduce the noise transmission through the building; the maximum 

acceptable level of noise for any room will depend in the use of the room the following 

table represent background noise level in hotel space. [21] [30] 



 

58 

 

 

Table ‎2.4: common background noise in hotel spaces  

 Noise criteria in hotel spaces: 

1. Corridor To prevent noise from traveling throughout the corridors and/or hallways If 

surfaces are left untreated, a corridor can act as a megaphone, transmitting conversations 

into nearby spaces be cautious with curved surfaces, as they can compound this megaphone 

effect the noise criteria for background noise should not exceed NC 35-40. 

2. Conference Room and offices:  the recommended reverberation time is between 0.6 and 1 

second, absorptive materials will most likely be necessary for the ceiling also potential 

noise will impact the space from exterior sources and excessive HVAC noise; the NC level 

should not exceed 25 to 35. If an electronic masking system is being used throughout the 

facility, it is best to avoid installing speakers in the conference room. If this cannot be 

avoided, consider at least turning down the speakers in this space. 

 

Figure ‎2.38: noise criteria in conference room  

Space Ambient noise (db) 

Guest room 25 

Concert hall 20 

Convention room (over50 seats) 25 

Meeting room(20 seats) 30 

Management offices 40 

Restaurant  45 

Gymnasium 50 

General offices(typewriter and machine) 55 

Workshop 65 



 

59 

3. Cafeteria and restaurant : because of the size and the materials typically used in this type 

of space, a cafeteria and restaurant can become very reverberant, causing a tremendous build up 

of noise, absorptive materials are needed to help control this reverberation. Although acoustical 

wall treatments can help, or might be necessary for some restaurants, the majority of the noise is 

often controlled through the ceiling treatment. 

 

 

Figure ‎2.39: noise criteria in cafeteria  

4. Lobby: due to their high ceilings and reflective surfaces, lobbies can become reverberant, 

causing a buildup of noise and it is often not considered acoustically critical spaces, however, if 

there will be people within the space (receptionist, security guard, waiting room, etc…), this 

build up of noise can become problematic. The installation of acoustically absorptive materials 

can mitigate this concern. 

 

 Figure ‎2.40: noise criteria in lobby   



 

60 

 Acoustical insulation: 

There are several issues that must be addressed concerning acoustics in a hotel project, these 

issues stem from the two types of sound that must be controlled: airborne sound and impact 

sound such as sound of music or talking. A typical impact sound is the footfall sound of an 

upstairs guest [31]. 

There are two types of sound insulation in buildings 

a. Airborne sound insulation method: 

a. In case of lightweight structures consisting of multiple layers, such as a gypsum wall, the 

spring-mass law is applicable. If highly absorbent material such as stone wool is used as the 

spring in a double wall, the sound insulation improves. The wider the cavity, the greater the 

benefit from stone wool will be achieved. [32]  

 

Figure ‎2.41: stone wall 

 

Another method for air borne insulation is cavity wall, cavity wall Installed from outside or 

inside no blockages during installation process not abrasive for the blowing wool machine, 

meaning longer life time  reduced environmental impact and improves overall sustainability of 

buildings in which they are incorporated also it is has excellent thermal, acoustic and fire 

performance  

 



 

61 

 

Figure ‎2.42: cavity wall construction 

b. Structure airborne insulation method:  

Impact sound insulation relates to the reduction of footstep sound from people walking on a floor 

structure. It is determined by the impact sound level in the room below. A floating floor system 

can be used to improve the impact sound insulation and therefore reduce the impact sound level. 

[32] 

 Noise from engineering services: 

Reduction of noise disturbance in hotels is a achieved by: 

a. Location of plant rooms and roof mounted equipment away from noise sensitive area  

b. Isolation of noise generated by machinery and confinement ,separation and insulation  

c. Correct size analysis, design, support, and positioning of pipe work, ducting outlet. 

d. Sealing of voids and silencing of air passages 

e. Reduction of impact from vibration or movement.  

The level of noise generated is often closely related to speed of movement of flow. As rule fans, 

motors or diffusers should be below their maximum rating transfer of vibration and noise may be 

reduced by the use of the resilient mountings and connections, and by the absorption of noise 



 

62 

within the ducts also it is important to reduce sound travelling from one room to another through 

air ducting .[21]   

 

2.6.2 Thermal design: 

The thermal design of the building envelope, which includes all the structural elements is the 

most important ways to save energy the ideal thermal design reduce heating and cooling  loads 

also the thermal insulation material and site selection and space exterior windows is an important 

factor to achieve thermal comfort in economical and effective way 

In addition, there are other methods of design as a means of passive design should not be 

neglected to raise the level of satisfaction in the building thermal. 

 

 Introduction  

One of the earliest reasons for building was to create shelter from the climate and to enhance 

thermal comfort in this section all the factors that affect on the human comfort will be discussed 

such as the climate, relative humidity and the thermal insulation material and method of 

ventilation. [33] 

 

 Thermal comfort  

Thermal comfort is the condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with thermal environment 

and the thermal comfort zone is a combination of air temperature and relative humidity as shown 

in the figure 43 the comfort zone ranges from 22
 o
C to 24 

o
C and the relative humidity shouldn’t  

exceed 50% when air temperature is higher than  22
 o
C 



 

63 

 

Figure ‎2.43: thermal comfort zone  

 Heating strategies: 

It is needed to minimize the heat gain in the Winter and maximize it in Summer and  also to 

minimize heat loss in Winter and maximize heat loss in Summer order to achieve the thermal 

comfort and there are many heating sources which affect comfort in building  

Heating systems based on energy source  

a. Oil firing  

b. Gas firing  

c. Solids fuel  

d. Electrical heating  

e. Night storage heating  

f. Convectors  

Source of heating gain in the building: 

a. Solar gain  

b. Human bodies 

c. Lighting system  

d. Appliances and equipments  



 

64 

e. ` Source of heating gain in the building: 

f. Envelope  

g. Infiltration.  

 

 Ventilation: 

 Air quality is an important part of a guest's stay in any type of hotel. Guests can immediately 

recognize a poor ventilation system by the stagnant, polluted smell of the air in their rooms and 

common hotel areas. Because of that a hotel's ventilation system should maximizes air flow and 

circulates oxygen. 

In order to achieve the required air quality, two methods of ventilation are used in different 

spaces of hotels. 

a. Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without the use of a fan 

or other mechanical system. It can be achieved with windows or vents and it is has many 

advantages  

- No noise is produced in the operation of the 

- System is completely passive so no energy is required 

- Minimal maintenance required 

- Decreased capital costs 

 

b. "Mechanical" or "forced" ventilation is used to control indoor air quality. Excess 

humidity, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement 

with outside air. However, in humid climates much energy is required to remove excess 

moisture from ventilation air. The advantages of this system are : 

- Fresh air can be supplied with ease deeper within the building. 

- Not dependant on outdoor weather conditions 

- Air flow rate is easily controllable 

- Air can be directed to allow the output to be passed through a passive heat exchanger. 

 



 

65 

 Spaces need special attention for ventilation 

a. Hotel Kitchen Ventilation 

Kitchen Ventilation is important to remove heat, smoke, grease, steam, and combustion products. 

It helps to keep fresh air in the kitchen.  

b. Hotel bathrooms 

Hotel bathrooms are one of the important rooms in hotel that need proper ventilation to ensure 

that the bathroom ventilation system is operational while the bathroom is in use and that it 

remains on only for a few minutes after the light has been switched off 

c. Hotel indoor pool ventilation 

 Water evaporates no matter what temperature or what condition it is in,  the amount of 

evaporation can be reduced by covering the pool If the pool is left exposed the evaporation 

would produce high humidity in the pool hall and promote mould and corrosion of the hotel 

building structure.[34] 

In general, it may be said that a mechanical ventilation rate of 1 ACH (one air change per hour) 

of the pool enclosure will be sufficient to maintain reasonable relative humidity levels when a 

pool cover is  used regularly. However, the ventilation system should be capable of supplying 2 

(two) ACH for maintenance of good air quality in all operating conditions.  

 

Figure ‎2.44: swimming pool ventilation 



 

66 

 Material used for insulation: 

For every hotel, a well design and efficient hotel will incorporate a many thermal insulation 

features .Thus the selection of insulation material is very important and we can use different 

insulation material such as:  

• Fibrous Insulation  

Composed of air finely divided into interstices by small diameter fibers usually chemically or 

mechanically bonded and formed into boards, blankets, and hollow cylinders.  

a. Fiber glass or mineral fiber  

b. Mineral wool or mineral fiber. 

c. Refractory ceramic fiber  

• Cellular Insulation  

Composed of air or some other gas contained within foam of stable small bubbles and formed 

into boards, blankets, or hollow cylinders.  

a. Cellular glass  

b. Elastomeric foam  

c. Phenol foam  

d. Polystyrene  

e. Polyurethanes.[35]   

The fowling picture shows different insulation material: 

  



 

67 

Figure ‎2.45: Polyurethanes                            Figure ‎2.46: foam 

 Method of insulation: 

There are three methods of wall insulating: 

1. Outside insulating: 

 In this system the insulation materials are installed between the stone layer and 

concrete layer. 

2. Insulation in the middle   

In this system the insulation materials are installed between the concrete layers and 

block layer. 

3. Inside insulation: 

In this system the insulation materials are installed between the block layers and 

plaster layer. 

 

2.7 Structural design: 

2.6.1 Introduction 

Structural design also known as structural engineering is a field of engineering with the analysis 

and design of structures that support or resist loads. Its theory is based upon physical laws and 

empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different landscapes and materials. The 

structural design of a building must ensure that it satisfies the given criteria, predicted based on 

safety (e.g. structures must not collapse without due warning). The objectives of structural design 

are to design the structure for stability, strength and serviceability. It must also be economical 

and aesthetic. [36] 



 

68 

 

Figure ‎2.47: The Borgata Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City 

 

2.6.2 Objecti