An-Najah National University Faculty of Graduate Studies ANALYSISAND IMPROVEMENT OF NABLUS ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK BY ADDING A NEW CONNECTION POINT IN SARRA VILLAGE AND TWO TRANSFER SUB- STATIONS TO FEED THE NETWORK By Mohammad Tawfiq Nasouh Qassab Supervisor Dr. Maher Khammash This Thesis was Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master Degree in Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. 2022 ii ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF NABLUS ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK BY ADDING A NEW CONNECTION POINT IN SARRA VILLAGE AND TWO TRANSFER SUB- STATIONS TO FEED THE NETWORK By Mohammad Tawfiq Nasouh Qassab This Thesis was Defended Successfully on 18/01/2022 and approved by: Dr. Maher Khammash Supervisor Signature Prof. Samer Al Saadi External Examiner Signature Dr. Omar Maen Internal Examiner Signature iii Dedication .... صاحب الفضل األول واألخير إلى الهادي سواء السبيل هللا عز وجلى إل األمان مرفأ إلى البشرية قلوب وقاد بنوره األرض أضاء البشرية محمد صلى هللا ، إلى من معلم .... عليه وسلم .... إلى من هم أكرم منا جميعا شهداء وطني الحبيب والى المرابطين واألسرى والجرحى ت بها طريق حياتي واستمديت منها قوتي واعتزازي بذاتي إلى الكفاح الذي ال يتوقف إلى من أبصر والى الشامخة التي علمتني معنى اإلصرار وان ال شيء مستحيل في الحياة مع اإليمان والتخطيط بالعمل إلى من لم تنسني بدعائها لي إلى والدتي سناء )أم محمد( الغالية على قلبي ومنبع وجودي ..... تنطفئ أطال هللا في عمرها ورزقني حسن برها ال ي التيوضحكت إلى من كان معلمي األول وبذل ما عنده إلتمام دراستي وعلمي إلى من شرفني بحمل أسمه وكان )أبو توفيق والدي الحسنة والسمعة والدين األخالق من صاحب إلى بنفسي وثقتي قوتي مصدر .....محمد( أطال هللا في عمره وحفظه لي )أب أحمد أخي شيء وكل واألخ الصاحب فهو دربي رفيق كان من إلى والسند السد إلى ...حسن(حفظه هللا دامت قلبي على الغاليين أخواتي بها أرى التي عيوني إلى إلى صلى رحمي الحنون القلب إلى ....السعادة في بيوتكم الذي الجبل وكانت دعمتني من إلى حياتي وكل حبيبتي األمل إلى من زرعت إلى عليه استند ...وأعانتني على دراستي زوجتي عال دمتي لي في قلبي خالص لهم لإلمام دفعة زادتني كلمة لي قال شخص كل إلى وأقاربي وأصدقائي انسبائي إلى ... محبتي وشكري الى التعليمية إتمام رسالتي ومسيرتي إلى من كان له فضل وسند في القلب الطيب إلى صاحب ...مشرفي الدكتور ماهر خماش إلى الذين تعلمت منهم الهدف إلى من ساندني وتعلمت منهم إلى من كان لهم فضل في تأسيسي ... وعلمي إلى أساتذتي د.معين عمر و د.سامر السعدي راجيا من هللا أن تكون نافذة علم ،اهدي إليكم جميعا ثمرة جهدي في دراسة هذا البحث المتواضع ...وبطاقة معرفة وأن ينفعني وينفع بنا محمد توفيق قصاب :الباحث iv Declaration I, the undersigned, declare that I submitted the thesis entitled: ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF NABLUS ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK BY ADDING A NEW CONNECTION POINT IN SARRA VILLAGE AND TWO TRANSFER SUB-STATIONS TO FEED THE NETWORK I declare that the work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the researcher’s own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other degree or qualification. Mohammad T. N. Qassab Student's Name: Signature: 18/01/2022 Date: v List of Contents Dedication ........................................................................................................................ iii Declaration ....................................................................................................................... iv List of Contents ................................................................................................................. v List of Tables .................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ viii List of Appendices ........................................................................................................... ix Abstract ............................................................................................................................. x Chapter One: Summary of the Electric –Power condition in Palestine .......................... 1 1.1 Electric Power Source and Consumption inside Palestine ......................................... 1 1.2 Electricity Supply ....................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Electrical Supply in the West Bank ...................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Electricity Supply in Gaza Strip ........................................................................... 5 1.3 Electric Utilities in Palestine ....................................................................................... 6 1.4 Power Future ............................................................................................................... 7 1.4.1Future Power Plans in the West Bank ................................................................... 7 1.4.2 Future Power Plans in Gaza Strip ......................................................................... 8 1.5 Distribution Substations in The West Bank ................................................................ 8 1.6 Electrical Power Problems in Palestine ...................................................................... 9 1.7 Problem statement for Nablus Electrical network .................................................... 10 1.8 Methodology used in study to solve the problem ..................................................... 10 Chapter Two: Analysis of the Situation of the Electrical Power in Nablus ............ 11 2.1 Supply and Distribution Nablus Electrical System ................................................... 11 2.2 Power Consumption in Nablus ................................................................................. 12 2.3 Power Consumers in Nablus ..................................................................................... 12 2.4 Electrical Power Consumption by Sector ................................................................. 13 2.5 Load Profile Analysis for Nablus Network .............................................................. 13 2.6 Nablus’s Network Connection Pointsand Sub-Connections .................................... 15 2.6.1 Nablus’s Network Connection Points ................................................................ 15 Chapter Three: Substations Overview ....................................................................... 20 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Transmission Line for Substations ........................................................................... 21 3.3 Elements Of the Network ......................................................................................... 22 3.4 Voltage drop and voltage regulation for transmission line ....................................... 29 vi Chapter Four: Results .................................................................................................. 41 4.1 Analysis and Discussion of the Results of Nablus Substation Grid ......................... 41 4.2 Network After Adding New Connection Points ....................................................... 44 Chapter Five: Feasibility Study ................................................................................... 49 5.1 Transformers ............................................................................................................. 49 5.2 Transmission line and cable ...................................................................................... 49 5.3 Transmission Tower ................................................................................................. 50 5.4 Switchgear ................................................................................................................ 51 5.5 Economic feasibility for improving the Nablus electrical network .......................... 51 5.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 52 References ....................................................................................................................... 54 Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 56 ب ............................................................................................................................... الملخص vii List of Tables Table 1: Capacity of Connection Point for Nablus Electrical Network ........................ 11 Table 2: The List of Connection Points in Nablus.......................................................... 16 Table 3: The Number Of Distribution Transformer In Each connection Point In Nablus Grid ................................................................................................................................. 19 Table 4: The total distribution number of transformers ................................................. 26 Table 5: The Capacity of Nablus Al-Jadida Transformers ........................................... 31 Table 6: The Total Number of the Distribution Transformers ....................................... 31 Table 7: Distribution Nablus Al-Jadida Substation ........................................................ 38 Table 8: Transformers change feed from connection to a new connection point at An- Najah hospital poinT ....................................................................................................... 45 Table 9: The Change Feed Power From Old Substation To New Nablus Al-Jadida Substation ........................................................................................................................ 47 Table 10: Results for upgrade Nablus network .............................................................. 48 Table A.1: Imported Power Sources in 2019 [10] .......................................................... 56 Table A.2: Electrical energy sources in Palestine (2020) ............................................... 56 Table A.3: Demand and Deficit in Electrical Power in Gaza[17] .................................. 57 Table A.4: The Electrical Power Imports and the Invoiced Electrical Energy and Losses for the Years From 2012–2021 ....................................................................................... 57 Table A.5: Number of consumers in different consumers categories in the year 2020 .. 57 Table A.6: Electrical power consumption in Nablus network by sector during the year 2020 ................................................................................................................................ 57 Table A.7: The Specifications of the ACSR Transmission Line .................................... 58 Table A.8: The transformer types used in Nablus network ............................................ 58 Table A.9: Permissible voltage regulation (As per REC) ............................................... 58 Table A.10: Size and short circuit current for cable XLPE ............................................ 59 Table A.11: The value in Etap is calculated for grid components including busses, load and losses ........................................................................................................................ 59 Table A.12: The Requirements for improvement Nablus Grid ...................................... 59 Table A.13: Transmission tower specifications .............................................................. 60 Table A.14: Switchgear parameters ................................................................................ 60 viii List of Figures Figure 1: Variation of electrical Power supplied in Palestine .......................................... 2 Figure 2: Annual Load Curve for Nablus Network 2020 ............................................... 14 Figure 3: The Daily Load Curve in Nablus Network 2021 ............................................ 15 Figure 4: Distribution Transformers and Loads Connected on Askar Substation .......... 42 Figure 5: The loads and distribution transformers in Enap substation ........................... 43 Figure 6: The Loads and Distribution Transformers Connected in MujeerAldeen Substation ........................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 7: The new loads and distribution tranformers of An-Najah hospital after addingdistribution transformers ...................................................................................... 44 Figure 8: The New Loads Connected To Nablus Al-Jadida Substation ......................... 46 Figure 9: The Specifications of the overhead T.L ACSR 120 mm2 ............................... 50 Figure B.1: The Total Power Consumption in Palestine and Neighboring Countries .... 61 Figure B.2: Breakdown of total final energy consumption in 2020 by source of energy in Palestine[13] ............................................................................................................... 61 Figure B.3: Electrical Power Consumption/Capita in 2020 ........................................... 62 Figure B.4: One Line Diagram of The Main Parts of The Nablus Electrical Network .. 62 Figure B.5: The Electrical Requirements for Nablus Network ...................................... 63 Figure B.6: Variation in the power losses in Nablus electrical network during the years 2013-2021 ....................................................................................................................... 63 Figure B.7: Pie Diagram of Power Consumption of The Different Sectors During Year 2021 in Nablus Electrical Network ................................................................................. 64 Figure B.8: Demonstrates Enap Connection Point Loads .............................................. 64 Figure B.9: Demonstrates ASKAR Connection Point Loads ......................................... 65 Figure B.10: Demonstrates Sarra1 Connection Point Loads .......................................... 65 Figure B.11: Demonstrates Sarra2 Connection Point Loads .......................................... 66 Figure B.12: Specifications and types of transformers ................................................... 66 Figure B.13: Line feeder for load An-Najah University substation ............................... 67 Figure B.14: Line feeder for loads Nablus Aljadida substation ..................................... 67 Figure B.15: Types of Underground Cables ................................................................... 67 Figure B.16: Nablus Electrical Grid Before Adding The New Connection Point .......... 68 Figure B.17: Wadi Al-Tufah’s Load Flow Before Adding New Substations ................ 68 Figure B.18: The Distribution Transformer And Load On Central Substation .............. 69 Figure B.19: The loads and distribution transformers connected in Al-Junaid substation ........................................................................................................................................ 69 Figure B.20: The Distribution Transformer And Load Connected In Alkarakon substation ........................................................................................................................ 70 Figure B.21: Nablus network grid after adding new substations (An-Najah hospital and Nablus Al-Jadida) ........................................................................................................... 70 Figure B.22: The Specifications of the overhead T.L ACSR 120 mm2 ......................... 71 Figure B.23: The geographical for company electrical distribution ............................... 71 Figure B.24: Supply the city of Nablus and surrounding areas ...................................... 72 Figure B.25: Overhead Line Transmission to An-Najah University .............................. 73 Figure B.26: The Overhead Transmission Line To Nablus Al-Jadida ........................... 73 Figure B.27: Switchgear of substations .......................................................................... 74 Figure B.28: Geographical extend cable line for An-Najah hospital substation ............ 74 Figure B.29: Geographical extend cable line for An-Najah hospital substation ............ 75 ix List of Appendices Appendix A: Tables ........................................................................................................ 56 Appendices B: Figures .................................................................................................... 61 Appendices C: Charts ..................................................................................................... 76 x ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF NABLUS ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK BY ADDING A NEW CONNECTION POINT IN SARRA VILLAGE AND TWO TRANSFER SUB- STATIONS TO FEED THE NETWORK By Mohammad Tawfiq Nasouh Qassab Supervisor Dr. Maher Khammash Abstract Lack of electric power sources is one of main problems in Palestine since the population increased dramatically and the required electric power exceeded the permissible limit. In fact, since the Israeli-Electric Company is almost the primary source of electricity, therefore the electric power are limited. The Palestinians suffer from a shortage of electric power due to increasing of electrical power demand, but Israel Electric Corporation does not keeping up with the increasing demand. Nablus also suffers from a shortage of electric power due to the existence of new buildings and the sharp increase of population. In addition, the total electric power supplied to Nablus from connection points has the capacity of 65 MW, but electrical loads reached their peak especially in winter. Consequently, North Electrical Distribution company (NEDCO) cuts off some loads from certain areas in Nablus network for periods of time that exceed an hour per day in order to reduce the pressure on the other connection points in the same electrical network because loads exceed the permissible limit. This leads to failure in electrical transformers as well as in transmission lines and devices. At SARRA connection point, which is one of the connection points of Nablus, the capacity of the substation is 80 MW, and the used capacity is 40 MW. In this study, the researcher aims to examine the analysis and improvement of Nablus electrical distribution network by adding a new connection point in SARRA village and two distribution sub-stations to feed the network. There, a distribution substation was added in two areas with a capacity for 20 MW to each substation, named: Nablus Al-Jadida xi and An-Najah National Hospital. In fact, the electric power capacity has been raised to 105 MW for the city of Nablus. In this study, the problem was solved considerably by providing new areas with electric power and redistributing the loads from other connection points located in the Nablus city, especially in the eastern industrial area, and new overhead and underground electric transmission lines have been established. The value of the electric capacity supplied from the connection points to the city of Nablus has decreased, and there is a possibility of future expansion and supplying areas in the future due to the presence of electric energy capacity at the new connection points, according to the results found in this study. Also, economic feasibility of the project was prepared and the initial cost value has been calculated. Keywords: electric loads, the Israeli- Electric company, electricity distribution in Palestine. 1 Chapter One Summary of the Electric –Power condition in Palestine 1.1 Electric Power Source and Consumption inside Palestine In terms of energy resources, consider Palestine country is regarded as individual of the poorest country in the world. Solar sun energy seems to be the only accessible power source, and it is mostly used thermally to produce energy, biomass (agricultural waste and wood) for rural cooking and heating and power generation. Furthermore, The British Gas Company found natural gas in Gaza sea in December 2000. Indeed, all other major resources, such as fossil fuels, petrochemical products, and electricity, are supplied from Israel. as demonstrated in table (A.1) in appendix (A). Table (A.1) in appendix (A)indicates that Israel is the only supplier of electric power making it incapable to supply the load if Israel refuses supply the agreed-upon energy to them that the total of the consumption of electricity in 2019 was (6249104000 KWh). Power utilization in Palestine is an additional feature of the complicated economic and political situation that the overall power consumption of Palestine in 2020 was (6.8)tWh/year. This is insignificant when compared to neighboring nations' electricity used as shown in figure (B.1) in appendix (B)[11]. Figure (B.1) in appendix (B) represents power consumption of Palestine and other neighboring countries that the consumption of Jordan was (16.13 tWh/year) despite the fact that its population is (9.8 million)[12]. In other words, it was three times greater than Palestine. Still, the last value identified of the total final power consumption in 2020 is shown in figure(B.2) in appendix (B). It is clear from figure (B.2) in appendix (B) The influence of a large share of residential and other industries in total power consumption accounting for virtually all solar energy usage, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),and wood cake olive [14]. It covers all types of energy confronted in economic and institutional contexts in Palestine, including solar energy (primarily used in household water heating), utilities, petrochemical products (gasoline, fuel oil, and diesel), Liquid petroleum gas, and after 2 grinding cake olive (In rural places, it can be used for food preparation and heat), coal furthermore wood. Between 2017 and 2020, the average annual growth rate of total Power demand was about 9%, whereas the average annual increase of final energy consumption was roughly 4.1 percent (This discrepancy is accompanied by a rise in the estimation of losses as well as a statistics difference.) [15]. Besides, electric power supply in Palestine varies from place-to-place ranging from 2015 to 2021 measured by GWH that the average annual growth of electric power supply is nearly (11.7 %), between 2015 and 2021 as exposed in figure (1): Figure 1 Variation of electrical power supplied inside Palestine Source: shorturl.at/jtvM5. In addition, it is imperative to introduce another significant figure for electrical power production, electrical power consumption per capita as shown in figure (B.3) in appendix (B). Figure (B.3) in appendix (B) represents electricity consumption per capita (kWh per person per year) ; it is obvious that Syria is the smallest area whereas Lebanon and Israel are the highest that the Israeli consumption is (6650 kW/h) and Lebanon’s is (2993 kW/h)[16]. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Electrical Energy Supply in Palestine (GWH) Electrical Energy Supply in Palestine (GWH) 3 1.2 electrical power Supply outline The local identity power deliver is now beneath development with repair, and Palestine has minimal electrical power producing capability because the majority of the electricity is provided by the Israeli electricity company (IEC). In reality, (82.4%)[1] of such electrical power utilized in Palestine in 2020 was supplied commencing Israel power stations by 33 kV and 22 kV feeder. Table (A.2) in appendix (A) shows electrical power supply and the percentage of each source in 2020. 1.2.1 Electrical Power Supply in the West Bank The West Bank's electricity is supplied by Israel, Jordan, and municipal generators. Furthermore, the power supplies from Israel is routed via several 161/33 KV, substations distribution in different area in west bank one from the south, around Hebron, inside settlements, and the other in the north, around Nablus, there in Ariel communities (region C), and one here in Jerusalem's Atarot industrial zone (region C), through 22 kV furthermore 33 kV lines.. Jordan's supply comes through a 33 kV (could resist 132 kV) O.H line (20MW) that exclusively serves Jericho. Furthermore, the other electricity is generate by limited to a small area miniature diesel generator, by way of a highest capacity of about (650) MVA in the West Bank. In truth, 30% is supplied directly by a Israeli Electricity Company (IEC), while 70% is supplied administratively by the IEC via Jerusalem Distribution Electricity Company (JDECO). The IEC, which provides power in bulk to (272) municipalities., Also, (152) gets its electrical power from the Jerusalem Distributive Electricity Company (JDECO), whoever serve Eastern Jerusalem as well as town and village in the West Bank. However, 38 communities in Palestine are still not linked in the direction of a municipal power grid. The West Bank's electrical networks are all designated distribution systems 4 that work at 450 V , 33 kV, 22 kV, 10 kV, 6.6 kV, and are served with power by IEC 161/33 kV distribution substation. The existing loads inside the West Bank be is (700 to 900) MW and is provided from many sites on the IEC grid. Furthermore, several Palestinian consuming load, particularly into the north West Bank area, are served via distribution line commencing a 161 kV substations within Israel , through which is distribution lines crossing in the boundary headed for serve Palestine heavy load, since within the casing via 22 kV lines serving Qalqilya in addition to Tulkarm. In adding, 33 kV lines connecting Bisan (Israel) serve Jenin and Tubas city . In general, power delivered to Palestinian consumers at 33 kV or 22 kV via IEC owned medium voltage (MV) networks. Most of the time, the PEA and Palestinian companies have no control on the distribution via the distribution and transmission networks that stretch from of the 161 kV distribution systems. In most cases, Palestinian control ceases at the connecting point by way of all this lines, so which also be controlled designed for bill reasons through IEC for corporations and municipality. This connections are also a combination of LV and MV. If indeed the connecting point has been on the medium voltage area, the Palestinian utility could expand the medium voltage infrastructure and construct transformer with Low Voltage lines , If the connecting points has been going to the Low voltage side,and the Palestinian utility will be unable to develop the LV networks. In other words, incapability to expand both Medium voltage and Low Voltage lines have culminated in system tribulations such seeing that awfully low voltages as significant technical's loss, in early 2017, the power signed with the IEC was approximately (670) MVA again designed for Western Bank, (186) MVA in support of such northern, (106) MVA for such south, in addition to (385) MVA for such center part of JDECO. In the IEC, on the other hand, denies the majority of Palestinian applications in the north and south region toward enhance the capability of current connections point otherwise even in the direction of establish novel connected point. 5 They claimed that the existing (161) kv substations lacked capacity or that the distribution feeders were overloaded. On one hand, this has resulted in a supply bottleneck as a effect of the increased require. On the other hand, it is expected that peak demand in the northern region will exceed available contracted capacity with IEC this year, forcing the company to put into practice load shedding in some areas.. The fact that the distribution system inside the northern and southern regions is distorted, with major connection points mechanically disconnected by such an extensive network which will lets the transmission of some extra capability through single points towards an additional and use of one juncture while a replacement in the direction of some other points during the case of a sudden condition, makes the situation urgent.. In the situation of JDECO, the scenario does not exist because of the availability of an integrated network, while the Palestinian side is responsible for the absence of connection in their networks, Even though the Israeli network allows for this connection, the ability to offer recovery was never used. In Nablus, the northern area's primary load base, is the most severely affected by a shortage of capacity. 1.2.2 Electricity Supply in Gaza Strip The Gaza Strip receives electrical power from Israel, and Egypt, and the Gaza strip Power Plants (GPP), with their greatest loads in the Gaza Strip being roughly (265-275) MW. It also is joined to a Israel electric network at 11 locations alongside of the margin, beginning from south on the road to north, using 22-33 KV transmissions system among such as overall rate on 120MW. Only Rafah receives electricity from Egypt, which is delivered by a 33-kV Overhead (OH)line (19MW).The first phase of GPP was built with a generating capacity of (140) MW. These plant is presently generating (60) MW and is half operational. This suggests that there is unmet demand in the Gaza Strip ,The demand for and shortage in power generation in Gaza is shown in Table (A.3) in Appendix (A). 6 The major source of fuels for all this station was planned to be fossil fuels, but because to restrictions, the development to produce gas from Gaza's sea was halted, therefore the station now utilizes diesel to generate electricity. As a result, as compared to the cost of purchasing power from Israel, GPP produces electricity at a high cost. Gaza's power grid is in bad condition, and it will take a significant amount of money to restore and upgrade it. 1.3 Electrical Utilities in Palestine In Palestine, the power industry is kind of fractured. There is no significant producing capacity mostly in West Bank, and Gaza Power Plant (GPP) is the only source of electricity. Power supply used to be such a municipal duty in the northern West Bank, but still the Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO) was founded to provide the northern West Bank for the institutional structure and restructuring of the electrical power industry. As a result, five independent utilities are important for energy distribution throughout the Gaza strip and West Bank. The utility companies include: 1. Gaza strip Electrical Distributions Companies (GEDCO): It has been traditional in 1999 with Norway stepped in to help It is the only electrical supplier there in Gaza Strip. 2. Hebron Electrical Power Company. (HEPCO): It encompasses the Halhul and Hebron areas there in southern West Bank. 3. South Electrical Company (SELCO): It was founded in 2002 also with support of the World for the West Bank to cover the residual southern parts of the States Western Banks. 4. North Electricity Distributions Companies ( NEDCO ): It was founded before 14 years with both help by Norway state and Alswaid, and it cover the section of north either in West Bank. 5. Jerusalem Distributed Electricity Companies (JDECO): Eastern Jerusalem city and the middle Palestine are serviced. The geographical distribution of these utilities is shown in figure (B.23) in appendix(B). 7 1.4 Power Future 1.4.1Future Power Plans in the West Bank Four new 161/33/22 kV major power substations will also be installed and supplied inside the northern, middle, and southern parts of the West Bank as aspect of a $140.1 million[18] construction. In required to power Palestinian villages and cities, such substation determination replace every part of the other obtainable connection point through IEC companies that function on (33), and (22) kV, and 0.4 KV. As a result power will be provided to the West Bank at a cheaper high voltage tariff than the existing level pricing. This will result in a significant reduction in technical losses but also a temporary solution to the constraint of available supplies capacity. The restoration of any and each and every one distributions systems in the entire facilities in the West Bank served by these substations will proceed hand in hand with the installation of such substations. The Northern Electric Distribution Company, which was recently founded, will also benefit from this initiative (NEDCO). This initiative will also make it easier to integrate the Palestinian and Jordanian networks in the future. This is a viable option, especially considering that, since about October 2019, Palestine has become a full participant of the seven-country interconnectivity project, which includes Jordon, Egyptian, Syrian, Lebanese, Iraqi, Libyan, and Turkish. That's participation resolve enable Palestine to just be there linked to all this nations' grids on a massive scale, particularly between Gaza and Egypt and also the West Bank and Jordan. It will also help form Palestine Energy Transmission Limited Ltd. (PETL), a distribution company that would ultimately own, manage, and expand the transmission system. PETL also would participate into electricity agreements with independence and moderately generators as well as neighboring nations, and sell electricity to area distribution utilities 8 Two power plants is proposed to be built and established in the West Bank in classify to boost arrangement capacities and minimize supplies reliance lying on Israelian through local power production: 1- Qalqilya: near Jayyus power plant inside the north. 2- west of Hebron: Turqumia power plant inside the south. 1.4.2 Future Power Plans in Gaza Strip The Gaza Strip inside the north will be connected by a 161 kV high-voltage power line. Therefore, by delivering electricity at a cheaper rate and decreasing technical losses throughout the power network, the high voltage link is intended to bring down the price of power for Palestinians.. GEDCO is negotiating a long production arrangement through The IEC enroute for purchase power for Gaza Strip via that's anew connection. A preparation has indeed been discussed to interconnect Gaza's distribution system in the south (Rafah region) to Egypt's distribution network through a (220) kV interconnect. Extending the GPP's capacity (which may be increased to 560 MVA) in the future only with prospect of running that on oil and gas imported through Egypt or produced from Gaza's sea would be a very likely option that will enhance electrical producing capacity while lowering power costs. 1.5 Distribution Substations in West Bank In the West Bank, there are three distribution substations for IEC power sources that contribute to meet the power requirements of exist loads, mainly: Jenin substation (Jalameh), Turqumia substation and Nablus substation (Sarra). The detailed description of these distribution substations is as the following: 1. Jenin Substation (Jalameh): The substation transforms high voltage (161 kV) to medium voltage (33 kV) and has a capacity of 135 MW, which may be upgraded in the future to reach 200 MW (180 MW) ,This is done to offer power to Jenin, its environs, and the industrial zone. 9 2. Turqumia Substation: the substation transforms high voltage (161 kV) to medium voltage (33 kV) with a capacity of 90 MW, which may be raised to 180 MW in the future ,The plant provides nutrition for the local community. 3. Nablus Substation (Sarah): The substation is to convert electricity from high voltage (161kV) on the way to medium voltage (33) kV, with a capacity of 40 MW will increased to 80MW and the total capacity for SARRA substation is 150MW can upgrade in future, to supply the city of Nablus and surrounding areas as shown in figure(B.24) in appendix (B). 1.6 Electrical Power Problems in Palestine In Palestine, the electrical system consists of multiple independent electrical distribution systems that must be combined into a single power grid. This circumstance leads to a slew of additional issues, including excessive technical losses, a scarcity of supply capacity, electrical problems, voltage drops, and so on Throughout the West Bank, there is indeed a huge need for the growth of distribution enterprises, which is still underway. The primary electrical energy issues may be summed up as follows: 1. Electrical energy supply capacity is insufficient to fulfill current and future demands. This issue exists from both the Occupied West bank and Gaza Strip. However, it is a major issue inside this northern West Bank, particularly in the Nablus region. 2. Electrical networks are in desperate need of repair and growth. 3. The lack of producing capacity inside the West Bank, as well as the necessity to expand power capacity in Gaza. 4. Electricity costs are extremely high in comparison to regional and worldwide pricing. 5. High transmission in addition to distributed loss (mutually technical in addition to nontechnical), so which is seen as a significant and emerging issue. 6. Lack of a well-connected electrical power grid. As mentioned previously, Because Nablus already reached the maximum level supply capacity, there seems to be a pressing need to expand it. Improvement of Nablus 10 electrical distribution network by adding a new connection point in Sarra village and two distribution sub-stations to feed the Network can: 1. Reduce peak demand. 2. Reduce the consumption of electricity from the IEC Network. 3. postpone attaining a demand that exceeds the maximum supply. 1.7 Problem statement for Nablus Electrical network • Lack electrical power supplied to Nablus electrical network • Electrical networks need major rehabilitation and development power system • High transmission in addition to distribution losses (nontechnical and technical). • Uneven distribution loads for network substation in the grid. • Increasing electrical pressure in the eastern area of the city with the increased industrial and urban development. • Weak infrastructure of the electrical network and possibility of absorbing the population and industrial increased in the future. • Integrated and reliability for Nablus electrical network. 1.8 Methodology used in study to solve the problem • In SARRA connection point, which is one of the connection points belonging to Nablus, the capacity of the substation is 150 MW, and the used capacity is 40 MW. In this study, the researcher aims to examine the analysis and improvement of Nablus electrical distribution network by adding a new connection point in SARRA village and two transfer sub-stations to feed the network. • A transfer substation was added in two areas with a capacity of20 MW to each substation, namely: Nablus Al-Jadida and An-Najah National Hospital. In fact, the electric power capacity has been raised to 105 MW for the city of Nablus. • The problem was solved significantly by providing new areas with electric power and redistributing the loads from other connection points located in the city of Nablus, especially in the eastern industrial area. In fact, loads there reach the peak rate of the consumed electric power, and new overhead and underground electric transmission lines have been established. • Reconnect the all substation to be integrated grid (ring system). 11 Chapter Two Analysis of the Situation of the Electrical Power in Nablus 2.1 Distribution and Supply Nablus Electrical System Nablus electrical grid is supplied through electrical power as of five main IEC feeders: 1. Askar ( East of Nablus) 2. Odala, which lacks a substation with a voltage of (33) kV and distributes electricity straight to distribution transformers with a voltage of 33/0.4 kV. 3. Quseen (Quseen Village connection). 4. Enap. 5. Sarra. The capability of every one to connections points an in table (1) below: Table (1) Capacities for Each one Connections Points used for Nablus City Electrical Grid Connection Point Official Rated Capacity Askar camp 20 MVA Odala village 13 MVA SARRA 40 MVA up to 150MVA Quseen village 16 MVA Inab barrier 5 MVA North electrical distribution company (NEDCO) operate three 33/6.6 kV substations using transformers rated capacity at 10MVA and an automated tab-changing system less than load. four 33 kV and Nineteen 6.6 kV feeders distribute the power. The Nablus area city is served by 6.6and 0.4 kV distribution transformers, at the same time as distant loads are served by 33 KV and 400 V distributed transformer. That's key components or the network are represented in a one-line diagram of the system in the figure (B.4) in appendix (B). In addition, the Nablus system has (353) distribution transformers, all of which are 33kV or 11-6.6kV and have a secondary voltage of 400 volts. Switchgear poles for outdoor and interior transformers are installed on 57 poles. 12 In this area, the impedance of all these transformers exceeds 4%. The large percentage of transformers have just a +/- 5% tap capacity, with 2.5 percent tap increments, and are normally designed to provide maximum voltage surge to low voltage. Furthermore, in attendance are four distribution networks include: • The Low voltage feeders and networks (564 km ). • The Medium underground 11 kV (97 km ). • The Medium subversive 33 kV (7.4 km ). • The Medium overhead 33 kV (114 km ). 2.2 Power Consumption in Nablus Nablus imports losses tremendous power every year causing a huge shortage in electrical power load necessary for the requirement of the city. Table (A.4) in appendix (A) depicts electrical energy supplies, demand payments from electrical power, and losses from 2012 - 2021.. Annually, the electrical power consumption (necessities) intended for Nablus city network grew through an standard of (5.1) percent. Figure (B.5) in appendix (B) shows distinction of demand powers imported in Nablus city electrical networks. The electrical necessities for Nablus city network can be demonstrated in figure (B.5) in appendix (B). It is noted from figure (B.5) in appendix (B) that the highest power requirements were in 2020 exceeding (250) MWh while the lowest requirements were in 2014 reaching (150) MWh. This sharp increase is due to population increase as well as the increase of the number of buildings and commercial activities that need electrical power. distinction in the power loss in Nablus city electrical system is an show in figure (B.6) in appendix (B). 2.3 Power Consumers in Nablus The following A.(5) in appendices (A) displays the different types of energy customers and how many of each type there are in 2021. 13 2.4 Electrical Power Consumption by Sector Table (A.6) in appendix (A) presents the total electricity power consumption by industry in the Nablus network in 2020. Also, Figure (B.7) in appendix (B) presents a pie chart of power consumption by different industries in the Nablus electricity systems in the year 2021. 2.5 Load Profile Analysis for Nablus Network Nablus electrical network feeds the villages surrounding it and three refugee camps extending over area of 35 km West-East and 27 km South-North. Still, only 80% from the part of the system is supplied from IEC because Before 1984, a portion of the network's infrastructure was fueled by a locally producing station inside the city's core. However, this station supplies a little part of the loads when the power is shut down from the IEC side, especially the hospitals, water pumps, substation, and other sensitive loads. The load profile in Nablus network is an important variable that in the afternoon loads reach to peak demand especially in the industrial area (east city), however, in the evening it becomes the maximum load in the western area. The load curve of Nablus network supports to predict the changing in load demand during time, so it benefits through the data giving to avoid reach to maximum demand and make electricity available any time without need to shut down on customers. 14 Figure (2) shows the latest details for annual load curve Nablus network 2020. Figure 2 Annual Load Curve for Nablus Network 2020 This diagram shows the consumption of electricity from Nablus network in 2020, the changes in power consumed each month is noted, and the maximum peak power is in June in summer season and in December in winter season because the most load appliances is motor (air conditioning, Fan). However, the other value almost slightly increased through winter months. Power consumption from Nablus grid fluctuate through the day hours, and the maximum demand from customer from 11AM-1PM in east area in Nablus city and from 6PM – 7.5PM in west area in Nablus city. 15 Furthermore, figure (3) shows power consumption data for daily load curve. Figure 3 The Daily Load Curve in Nablus Network 2021 As shown in the curve, the maximum peak power is 65MVA from the grid, this data is taken as a random daily reading through this year, but sometimes through day the reading value in the curve reaches to 80MVA, and the demand on the electricity increases because of customers especially in peak hours. This leads the supplier company(north electricity distribution company) to shut down electricity from some area at least 2 hours through day. The curve shows the increase in consumption power electrical per year increased slowly, the increase in the demand for electric power due to the increasing population growth and urban and industrial development in the city. 2.6 Nablus’s Network Connection Points and Sub-Connections 2.6.1 Nablus’s Network Connection Points Connection points can be considered as junctions, the power transmitted through overhead line 161kv from IEC to the West Bank, so it is possible to arrange the connection point as substation. Consequently, the substation or connection point is a part of electrical distribution and transmission as part of the generating system. Substation's transformer executes many of more than a slight significant Electric power 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 6AM 8AM 10AM 12PM 2PM 4PM 6PM 8PM 10PM 12AM Daily Load Curve In Nablus Network /MVA daily load curve in nablus network 16 may travel via many substations at varying levels of voltage between the producing station and the customer. Transformers may be used at a substation to shift the level voltage from lower transmission voltages to high distribution voltage, either at the interface of two voltage transmission lines. Electric power is transmitted at many voltage levels using various substations, which include transformers to alter voltage levels across high transmission voltages as lower distribution voltages, or at the junction of two transmission voltages. They might well be owned by a major commercial and industrial user and operated by an electrical utility, or they may be unsupervised and rely on SCADA remote control and supervision. Because of the increasing population density in cities and the development of industrial load, Nablus city requires a lot of electricity. As a result, network improvements are required to prevent power demand leakage, and the best solution for the problem is to increase the IEC's power capacity to cover the city's large-area needs. In 2021, Nablus needs (95 MW) to cover all area and power consumption; some areas need special distribution transformers like east industrial area and Askar camp, Balata camp, An-Najah hospital. As for the new connection point, they will make the electrical network in Nablus more reliable. Table (2) view the connection point existing in Nablus with two new two connection point: Table 2 The List of Connection Points in Nablus Connection Point Name Rated Capacity Enap 5MW Askar 20MW Sarra 1(Quseen) 20MW Sarra 2 20MW Al-Najah Hospital (New) 20MW Nablus Al-Jadida (New) 20MW Total 105MW 17 The previously mentioned connection points serve all area inside Nablus city. Nablus grid includes also Hawara connection point but it is not effected in Nablus loads, the rated power of Hawara connection point is 20 MW, and just serve Hawara loads, so will be excluded from this studies. 2.6.1.1 Enap Connection Point Enap connection point is considered the most important point in the west of Nablus including Bait Eiba, Dair Sharaf. It is connected with (65) distribution transformers with different capacities (400KVA, 630 KVA,250 KVA), and the total power provided is (2MW) as demonstrated in figure (B.8) in appendix (B). The load consumption from Ennapconnection point is almostfull and sometimes in winter the power needs to increase. 2.6.1.2 Askar Connection Point Askar connection point covers theeastern area including the industrial area, two camps, named: Askar and Balata as itsrated power is (20MW) in the last year. Still, this rate is not enoughto feed all area in peak hour espicially in industrial area, so the soluation lies load shadding for some area about 2 hour through day. Furthermore, Askar connection point have (55) distribution transformersat rated (630KVA) because in Askar area the power consumption for loads is very high especially in Askar Camp the population density is high. In this study, the researcher will increase the power capacity to Easter area from Nablus Al-Jadida connection point, leading to the reduction of the loadding on Askar distribution transformer as shown in figure (B.9) in appendix (B). 2.6.1.3 Sarra 1 Connection Point In Sarra 1 connection point, the rated power is 20 MW, it feeds the central station in the Middle of Nablus covering Al-Balotat, Khalet Eleman, Faisel street, Ras Alain 2, Ras Alain 1, Al-Dahia. It also has 60 distribution transformers with different rating of KVA. This area also has a problem when the power consumption is increased, which requires to cut power in some areas through day by disconnect some load in the network. Adding 18 new Nablus Aljadida connection point will solve the problem and decrease the pressure on the distribution transformers by taking Ras Alain 1 and Ras Alain 2 loads, the loads consumption for SARRA 1 like view in figures (B.10) in apendix (B). 2.6.1.4 Sarra 2 Connection Point Its power supply covers An- Najah substation area and Al-Karakon substation area, with rated power supply (20MW), and (17) distribution transformers for Al-Karakon substation as well as (32) distribution transformers for Al-Najah substation, and the loads consumption on SARRA 2 connection point is as shown in figure (B.11) in appendix (B). 2.6.1.5 An-Najah Hospital Connection Point The new connection point is located near Sama Nablus in the north mountain, and the power is taken from Sarra substation with a rated capacity of 20MW, and the length of transmission line is 10.9KM ACSR, 33KV. Thus,the area covers power demand is Al- Najah hospital, Al-Quds open university as some loads will be transfered from Sarra 1 and Enab and Mujeer Aldeen connection points. There aretwo power transformers each one rated at10MW; the total load is expected to reach 15 MW and other will be reserved. 2.6.1.6 Nablus Al-Jadida Connection Point The new connection point will extend from Sarra substation with a distance of 6.9 Km by using over head transmission line ACSR, 33KV with rated capacityof 20MW. It will also use two power transformers each one rated at 10 MW, 5MW andwill serve the east industrial area as well asnew housing project in Tell road. Also, two distribution transformers will be served with rated 250KVA and will take some large loads from other connection points to reduce loading on network as Askar,central connection point and Al-Toor andFatayer area. I Distribution transformers, in addition to connection points, are installed in the electric power distribution system to provide receiving voltage transformation and scale down the voltage used throughout the distribution lines to the level utilized by the customer. 19 AC power distribution became possible with the creation of a practical, efficient transformer, and a system utilizing distribution transformers was shown. Pole-mount transformers are those that are installed on a utility pole. Distribution transformers are known as distribution tap pad-mount transformers because they are installed on concrete pads and secured in steel cases stipulation that allocation transformer be situated by earth stage or subversive. Distribution transformers typically have ratings of less than 1000 kVA, while certain national standards allow for distribution transformers with values of up to 5000 kVA. Because distribution transformers are powered 24 hours a day (even when they are not carrying any load), minimizing iron losses is critical in their design. They are intended to perform at optimal efficiency at lesser loads since they are rarely used at full load Voltage regulation within those transformers should be maintained to a minimum to improve efficiency. As a result, they're made to have a low leakage reactance. Loads of these transformers are shown in table (3). Table 3 The Number Of Distribution Transformer In Each connection Point In Nablus Grid Transformer capacity / KVA Transformer number / ENAP Transformer number / ASKAR Transformer number / SARRA 1 Transformer number / SARRA 2 100 2 1 0 2 160 4 2 3 2 250 3 1 1 20 400 24 11 52 42 500 2 4 1 3 630 30 33 45 34 2000 1 3 0 0 TOTAL 65 55 102 103 20 Chapter Three Substations Overview 3.1 Introduction Substations provide interconnection between transmission and distribution systems and various voltage levels as they are connected to the electrical network through an overhead line. Also, they are classified into two classes Gas Insulated Substation (GIS), and Air Insulated Substation (AIS). In the case of GIS, the gas Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is utilized to minimize phase to phase and phase to earth clearance; these types of substations are employed in cities with high land costs. In the case of AIS, an open terminal configuration makes use of main equipment with terminals in the air k. As a result, substantial clearances between these terminals and the ground, as well as between terminals of various phases, are necessary ,This type of substation needs a big amount of area ,The vast majority of substations are AIS-only. Components of substation generally comprise: • Switchgear. • Power transformers. • Bus bars. • Protection, control, and monitoring equipment. • Substation lighting protective system. • Substation earth System. • Lightning arrestors. Substations consist of three components: - Primary system: It includes all equipment in use at the ostensibly voltage level system. - Secondary System: It includes all of the equipment required for control, safety, measurement, including monitoring. 21 - Auxiliary Supply System: Supplemental supply systems include any equipment that allows protection, control, measure, and surveillance capabilities to function, such as air conditioning and DC supply. There are two types of substations: - Transmission Substation electricity is created at a producing station, and a substation is utilized to scale increase the voltage level during transmission between generating stations If the voltage level has to be raised even higher for lengthy transmission, a second substation is used to scale up the voltage. - Distribution Substation: When power is transferred at a much more high voltage, it is incompatible with the customer side (domestic or industrial), and that's where the distributing substation comes into the picture. It reduces the voltage to a distribution-safe level of 440 V, 3.3 kV, 6.6 kV, or 11 kV, depending on the kind of consumer. The consumer might be a household or a business, the single bus system is used by small substations when supply continuity to customers is neither vital or needed. It is simple and cost-effective, however in big substations, an extra bus bar (double bus bar) is employed in the system to prevent supply interruptions. 3.2 Transmission Line for Substations This section is a demonstration of the transmission lines for substations, they can be summarized as the following: An-Najah University Hospital Substation: In Figure (B.25) in appendix (B) the transmission line is marked by the yellow line that the high population density is obvious. Consequently, when choosing the best road to extend the transmission line and avoid the building and private property, the length of transmission line from SARRA substation to An-Najah substation is about 10.6 km. Underground cable is not an option in this case because it is more expensive than an overhead transmission line. Furthermore, digging the ground is difficult, especially in a straight line across Quseen village, so the project will take longer to complete. 22 Nablus Al-Jadida Substation: In Figure (B.26) in appendix (B) the marked yellow line represents the road of transmission line for a new substation in Nablus Al-Jadida area. Furthermore, the implemented project on the real land is easier than the substation of An-Najah university hospital substation because the length between Sarra substation and Nablus Al-Jadida substation is 6.9 km. Also, the nature of the topography in the area is easier in terms of work as the land is flat and there are not many obstacles such as building and private property. Consequently, this location is chosen in this area because there is an easy extension in the cable line from Sarra and the best road is from Sarra to the Eastern area. This is because it includes less obstacle to extend cable without across between building that will save money and time. 3.3 Elements Of the Network Transmission Line Cable: The transmission line cables from transformers to LT panel / Main feeder support is to be in use as follows (this data is taken by NEDCO): • 630kVA transformers: 2 nos x 1C x 630 Sqmm, Al. Conductor, Armored XLPE insulated. • 400kVA transformers: 1 C x 630 Sqmm, Al. Conductor, Armored XLPE insulated. • 250kVA transformers: 3½ C x 400 Sqmm, Al. Conductor, Armored XLPE insulated. • 160kVA transformers: 3½ C x 300 Sqmm, Al. Conductor, Armored XLPE insulated. • 100kVA transformers: 3½ C x 150 Sqmm, Al. Conductor, Armored XLPE insulated. The parameters for cable loading should be set at 70%, and the diversity of line cable as of the similar line cable channel should be there set at 80%. The LT cable feeder should have a maximum length of 250 meters and be linked in a ring major route. In addition, the most loads resting on the secondary feeder line support must be there limited on the path to 150 kW. The entire system must be built to survive a 2.0 percent voltage drop from the transformer's 11 kV end to the end user's metering equipment. 23 Prior to the execution of work on site, Noida Power Company Limited (NPCL) must approve the design of all equipment and cable, as well as the electrical design. The type of the overhead transmission line used in the network is ACSR which is an aluminum conductor with steel reinforcement) used in 33 kV lines. These cables comprise of inner strands of steel wire, surrounded by layers of aluminum conductors. The current is carried by the aluminum strands. The steel conductors supply to the tensile strength and prevent creep, so the best cable should be used is ACSR JIS C3110-78 (95mm2) to feed the both substation An-Najah university hospital and Nablus Al-Jadida, the specification for the feeder is as in table (A.7) in appendix (A). Calculations of the feeder cable are as the following: The length of cable needed to the project The distance for both substation 10.5km+ 6.9km=17500 m Total cable length = 17500 m * 3 wire = 52500 m Total cost = 1.8 $/m * 52500 m = 94500$ Calculation of voltage drop and technical losses for transmission and distribution lines: In transmission and distribution lines, here we are the type of loss: technical in addition to commercial loss. The technical is loss of a distribution line are primarily determined by the type of electrical load, the size of the conductor, and the length of the line; however, commercial losses of a distribution line are caused by prohibited electrical power consumption that is not calculated, billed, or collected correctly, resulting in commercial losses to services. Switchgear and The Protective Devices of the Network: Switchgear is a type of electrical switch that is used to regulate, isolate, and safeguard electrical circuits and equipment. It belongs to the substation. Substation switchgear can be found on both the high and low voltage sides of big transformer units. As a switch, it performs the duties of transporting, creating, and breaking the usual load current. It will 24 carry out the functions of clearing the fault current, which will need the use of sensing devices such as current transformers (CT), potential transformers (PT), and various types of relays, depending on the application. Additionally, in a power plant, switchgear is a location where various switching, measuring, as well as protective equipment are situated, and their job is to make or isolate different electrical auxiliaries, and electrical machines that feed electricity to various plant conscripts. A switchgear consists of the following parts: • Switches. • Fuses. • Isolators. • Circuit breakers. • Protective relays. • Current transformers. • Potential transformers. • Conductors. Circuit Breaker: ❖ How to choose CB: • I C.B ≥ Ksafty * I max load. • VC.B ≥ Vsystem. • I breaking capacity ≥ 1.2 * I S.C ❖ The Specifications of the Circuit Breaker that we have used are as follows: • Vr = 36 kV, Vp = 170 kV, Vd = 70kV • Ir = 1250 A,IK = 25 kA ,Tk = 1sec,Ip = 62.5 kA Where: IC.B: circuit breaker current, Vp: Peak Voltage C.B (RMS) VC.B: circuit breaker voltage, Vr: Rated Voltage C.B I S.C: Short circuit current, Vd: derating voltage C.B Ir: Rated current C.B, IK :safety constant current Tk: Time constant safety, Ip: Peak current C.B (RMS) 25 Figure (B.27) in appendix (B)shows the switchgear devices and components as built in the substation. Switchgears can be classified into three categories: • Low voltage switchgear • Medium voltage switchgear • High voltage switchgear Low voltage Switchgear: low voltage switchgear range from 1000 V to 1500 Volts. These include Air Circuit breakers, HRC fuses, earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB), residual current circuit breaker (RCCB), and Isolators. Medium Voltage Switchgear: Medium Voltage switchgear range from 3.3 Kilo Volts to 33 Kilo Volts. These include Oil Circuit breakers (minimum oil and bulk oil circuit breakers), and Vacuum Circuit breakers. High voltage Switchgear: High voltage circuit breakers range from 36 Kilo Volts and above. These include SF6 circuit breakers. Types of transformers used in Nablus network are as shown in table (A.7) in appendix (A), and specification for transformers is listed in figure (B.12) in appendix (B). Calculations of An-Najah University Hospital and Nablus Al-Jadida Substations: The decision for voltage level is to be taken as follows: • The region must be served by a 33 kV feeder if the loads be identical or up to 2.5 MVA .and the land space for 33/11 kV is sufficient for such loads. The builder/society/authority will be responsible for allocating the sub-station. • Used for loads stuck between 1.0 MVA to 2.50 MVA, enthusiastic 11kV feeder should be there ideal. • Accessible 11kV provide for possibly will be tap from end to end Vacuum circuit breaker (V.C.B) as Ring main unit for loads less than 1 MVA (RMU). As a standard capacity in the inventory, the highest capacity of a distribution transformer that is permissible is 400 kVA. It is only permissible to have two transformers at one site. If 26 the number of transformers required increases, HT will be required to use subterranean wires to locate additional transformers. Transformers must be controlled using either a VCB or a Ring Main Circuit. At 11 kV, the wires should include a metering arrangement. Numerical relays will be used to protect the incoming supply system. A LT main feeder pillar must be installed on the transformer's LT side. MCCB/SFU will safeguard the inbound traffic. The Ring Main Unit must be linked to the distribution pillar-box. The distribution pillar's incomer must feature a molded case circuit breaker (MCCB) or a switch fuse unit (SFU). The fuses on the outgoing must have a high rupturing capacity (HRC). An- Najah University Hospital Transformer: In An-Najah university hospital substation the length of the feeder is 10.6 KM from SARRA substation to An-Najah substation with a total new capacity of 20MVA that will use three distribution transformer one is rated at 33/11KV, 10MVA. This transformer will serve An-Najah hospital, and two distribution transformers are rated at 33/11KV 5MVA. The first one will serve the area around the hospital (Sama Nablus, Assera street, Alsekka street and Alain camp), the second transformer is also 5MVA and it will serve the Al-Quds Open University and the area around. Transformers Calculations: In table (4) view the specifications for transformers at a rated voltage of11KV, and a distance of 10.6Km. Table 4 The total number of distribution transformers Transformer capacity Total number transformer Iron losses Copper losses Average LT line losses 5MVA 2 240W 480W 132W 10MVA 1 350W 800W 600W Max current is 315 A. Unit sent out during to feeder (sending – end power) is 16204 KW. Unit sold out during from feeder (receiving – end power) is 13204 KW. Nominative load diversity factor for urban feeder is 1.5 and for rural feeder is 2. 27 Total connected load = number of connected transformers Total connected load =(1*10) + (2*5) = 20MVA Peak load = route square (3) * line to line voltage * max current ampere = 1.732* 33K* 315 =17.98 MVA Where: Max ampere for transmission line = P / 1.73 *VcosØ = 16204K / 1.73*33K*0.9 = 315A Diversity factor (DF) = connected load / peak load[5] = 20MVA / 17.39MVA = 1.150 load factor = (unit power sent out KWH/1.7320*line voltage*max ampere*PF*8760)*1000 [4] = (16204/(1.732 *33KV*315*0.8*8760)) *1000 = 0.12 loss load factor (LLF) = 0.8 (LF*LF) + (0.2 * LF) = 0.8*(0.12*0.12) + (0.2*0.12) = 0.035[2] Calculations for iron losses: Total yearly iron losses in KWH = iron loss in watt* number of the TC on feeder*8760 / 1000[4]. Total annual iron loss (10MVA TC) = 350*1 *8760 / 1000 = 3066 KWH Total annual iron loss (5MVA TC) = 240 *2 * 8760 / 1000 = 4204 KWH Total annual iron loss = 3066 + 4204 = 7270 KWH 28 Calculation annual copper losses: Total annual copper loss in KWH = copper loss in watt* number of TC on feeder*LF^2*8760 / 1000[4] Total annual copper loss(10MVA TC) = 800 *1 * 0.12 *0.12 *8760 / 1000 = 100 KWH Total annual copper loss(5MVA TC)=480 *2 *0.12 *0.12 * 8760 / 1000 = 121 KWH Total annual copper loss =100+121 = 221 KWH HT line losses KWH = 0.105*(connected load*2)length*resistance*LLF/(LDF*DF*DF*2)[3]. Where LDF is (loads distributed factors) LDF= 2.0 for regularly circulated load on top of feeder LDF >2.0 if load be twisted toward to the power transformers. LDF 1 to 2 if loads be bitter in the direction of tail end of feeders HT line losses = 0.105 (20*2)*10.6*0.22*0..035/(1.5*1.15*1.15*2) =212KWH Total LT line losses = 132*2 +600 *1 = 864W Peak power loss = 3 (Sum LT lines losses) /( DF*2*1000) = 3(864)/(1.15*1.15*1000) = 2 LT line losses KWH = (PPL * LLF *8760) LT line losses KWH = 2*0.1361 * 8760 = 2384KWH Totals technical's loss = (HT lines losses) + (LT lines losses) + (annuals copper losses ) + (annuals iron losses) Total technical's losses = (0.864 + 2384 + 221 + 7270 ) = 9875.8KWH 29 Total losses(in KW) = (9875.8 /8760 )*1000 =1127.3KW % technical losses = (total loss) / unit sent out annually) * 100 = (1127.3/ 16204) *100 = 6.9%[4] 3.4 Voltage drop and voltage regulation for transmission line Voltage regulation is to maintain fixed voltage under different load, Voltage regulation is a limiting factor to decide the size of either the conductor or type of insulation, the current value pass through Transmission line should be lower than rated current for transmission line to keep the voltage drop within permissible value, the high voltage circuit should be carried as far as possible so that secondary circuit have small voltage drop % voltage regulation = (1.06 *P * L* PF) / (LDF * RC * DF )[4]. Where: RC:-is called regulator constant by unit (KVA-KM) for each 1% slump DF: Diversity factor LDF: load distribution factor RC = (kV * KV * 10) / ( RCOSØ + XSINØ) [4] RC = (33*33* 10 ) / (0.27*0.8+0.33*0.6) = 26.3 %voltage regulation = (1.06 *20*10.6*0.8)/(1.5*26.3*1.15) = 6.19% The voltage regulation in power distribution network should be not exceeded the maximum at any point of distribution line, in table (A.9) in appendix (A) show the values permitted. The voltage disparity in 33KV and 11 KV feeder shouldn't go above the subsequent limit on the furthest end beneath peak loads state and standard system process regime: • when above 33000V (-)0.12 to (+)0.10 • up to 33000V (-)0.09 to (+) 0.06 • low voltage from (-)0.06 to (+)0.4 required capacitor range size: size capacitor upgrading of the control power factor is from COSØ1 to COSØ2 is: 30 capacitor An-Najah (KVAR) = KVA (sinØ1 – (cosØ1 / cosØ2)* sinØ2) = 20(0.6 – (0.8/0.9)*0.43)= 4355KVAR Optimum location of capacitor L = (1-(KVARc / 2KVARL) * (2n -1) [4] where: L: distance in per unit along the line from substation KVARc: size of capacitor bank KVARL: KVAR loading of line n: If the whole capacitance be is separated into extra than single bank the length of the lines , the value of n=1 is used. If all capacitance is to be put in one bank, the value of n=1 is used. L(Najah) = (1 –(4355/2*20)*(2*1-1) = 0.89 voltage increase owing to capacitors setting up installed: percent voltage rise = KVAR(capacitance) *L * X)/(10 * V *2) [4] %voltage rise (Najah) = (4355 * 10.6 *0.33)/(10 *33*2) = 0.14 = 23% The power consumption from An-Najah substation is 16204 KW max, and the max ampere is 315 A. The System has ACSR Conductor (3 * 95mm2), existing current through Capacity of ACSR line Conductor = 450Amp,also Resistance = 0.27920Ω and the Reactance = 0.330 Ω voltage drop = ((√3*(RCosØ+XsinØ)*I) / (number of conductor per phase *1000*length)[5] load current at load = P / 1.732*volt*PF = 16204 / 1.732 *33*0.9 = 314.9 A Required No of conductor / Phase = 314.9 / 450 = 0.7 Amp = 1 No Where the value 450 Ampere is ASCR rated Transmission line in table (9) 31 voltage drop = ((√3*(0.27 *0.9 + 0.33*0.43)*315) / (1*1000))*10.6) = 1240V receiving end voltage = sending end voltage – voltage drop = 33000-1240 = 31760V % Voltage Regulation= (Send ending Voltage - Receiving ending voltage) / Receiving ending Voltage) x100[5] Percent Voltage regulation = (33000-31759) / 31759 ) *100 = 3.9% Nablus Al-Jadida Transformer: In Nablus Al-Jadida substation, the length of feeder 6.9 KM from Sarra station to Nablus Al-Jadida substation with total new capacity of 20MVA, will use 2 distribution transformer and 2 power transformer as shown in table (5). Table 5 The Capacity of Nablus Al-Jadida Transformers Transformer rate Area 33/11KV, 10MVA Industrial east area 33/11KV, 5MVA Tell village road,alnoor district 33/11KV, 250KVA Ras alainupper,altaawn 33/11KV, 250KVA Altoor, fatayer For the 11kv distribution line with length is 6.9 km and the total number of distribution transformers on feeder are as shown in table below. Table 6 The Total Number of the Distribution Transformers Transformer capacity Total number transformer Iron losses Copper losses Average LT line losses 10MVA 1 350W 800W 600W 5MVA 1 240W 480W 132W 250KVA 2 160W 250W 64W Max current is 315 A. Unit power sent out to loads during to feeders (sending power) is 16204 KW Unit power sold out through from feeders (receiving power) is 15021KW Nominative loads for diversity factor used for urban feeder is 1.50 furthermore for rural line feeder is 2.0 32 Total connected loads = number of connecting transformers Total connected load = (1*10) + (1*5)+(2*250K) = 20MVA Peak of load = root square (3) * line voltage * max ampere = 1.732* 33K* 315 =17.98 MW Diversity factor (DF) = connected load / peak load = 20MVA / 17.39MVA = 1.15 Loads factor = (unit power sent out KWH/square root (3) * line to line voltage * maximum Ampere * PF * 8760)*1000 = 16204/ 1.732 *33KV*315*0.8*8760 = 0.120 loss load factor (LLF) = 0.8 (LF*LF)+(0.2*LF) = 0.8*(0.12*0.12)+(0.2*0.12)= 0.035 Calculation sum of total iron losses: Total sum annuals iron losses in KWH = iron losses in watt* number of TC lying on feeders *8760 / 1000 Total annual iron loss (10MVA TC) = 350*1 *8760 / 1000 = 3066 KWH Total annual iron loss (5MVA TC) = 240 *1 * 8760 / 1000 = 2102 KWH Total annual iron loss (250KVA TC) = 160 *2 * 8760 / 1000 = 2803 KWH Total annual iron loss = 3066 + 2012+2803 = 7881 KWH Calculation annual copper losses: Total annual copper loss in KWH = copper loss in watt* number of TC on feeder*LF^2*8760 / 1000 Total annual copper loss (10MVA TC) = 800 *1 * 0.12 *0.12 *8760 / 1000 = 100.9 KWH Total annual copper loss (5MVA TC) = 480 *1 *0.12 *0.12 * 8760 / 1000 = 60.5 KWH 33 Total annual copper loss (250KVA TC) = 250 *2 *0.12 *0.12 * 8760 / 1000 = 63 KWH Total annual copper loss =100.9 + 60.5 + 63 = 224.4 KWH HT line losses KWH = 0.105*(connected load*2)length*resistance*LLF/(LDF*DF*DF*2) where the LDF is ( loads of distributed factor) LDF equal 2 for regularly distributed loads on feeders LDF greater than two if loads is tilted in the direction of the power transformers LDF equal value from one to if loads is twisted on the way to tail ending of feeders HT line losses = 0.105(20*2)*6.9*0.22*0..035 / (1.5*1.15*1.15*2)=160KWHtotal LT line losses = (132*1)+(600 *1) +(64*2)= 860W peak of power losses = 3 * (total of LT line losses) /( DF*DF*1000) = 3(860)/(1.15*1.15*1000) = 2 LT line losses KWH = (PPL * LLF *8760) LT line losses KWH = 2*0.1361 * 8760 = 2384KWH Total technical losses = total HT line loss + total of LT line loss + annuals copper loss + annuals iron loss) Total of technical for losses = (0.860 + 7881 + 224.4 + 2384 ) =10490KWH Total losses(in KW) = (10490 /8760 )*1000 =1197KW % technical losses = (total loss)/unit sent out annually)*100 = (1197/16204) *100 = 7.3% % voltage regulation = (1.06 *P * L* PF) / (LDF * RC * DF ) RC:-regulation constant (KVA-KM) per 1% drop RC = (kV * KV * 10) / ( RCOSØ + XSINØ) 34 RC=(33*33* 10 ) / (0.27*0.8+0.33*0.6)=26.3 %voltage regulation = (1.06 *20*6.9*0.8)/(1.5*26.3*1.15) = 2.5% Required capacitor size: Size capacitor improvement of the power factor from COSØ1 to COSØ2 is capacitor an Najah (KVAR) = KVA (sinØ1 – (cosØ1 / cosØ2)* sinØ2) = 20(0.6 – (0.8/0.9)*0.43) = 4355KVAR Power consumption from An-Najah substation is 16204KW max, and the max ampereis 315 A. The structure has ACSR Conductor (3 * 95 mm2), Current Capacity of ACSR Conductor = 450Amper, Resistance/ ohm = 0.2790 Ω and Reactance = 0.330 Ω voltage drop = ((√3*(RCosØ+XsinØ)*I) / (number of conductor per phase *1000*length) load current at load = P / 1.732*volt*PF = 16204 / 1.732 *33*0.9 = 314.9 A Required No of conductor / Phase =314.9 / 450 =0.7 Amp = 1 No voltage drop = ((√3*(0.27 *0.9 + 0.33*0.43)*315) / (1*1000))*6.9) = 807.8V receiving end voltage = sending end voltage – voltage drop = 33000-808.8 = 32191V % Voltage Regulation = (Sending end Volt-Receiving end volt)/Receiving end Volt) x100 % Voltage regulation = (33000-32191) / 32191 ) *100 = 2.45% Underground Feeder: Electrical power can be transferred and distributed via underground cables in addition to above lines. Of path, this subterranean connections include their possess set of reimbursement in addition to drawbacks. lesser voltage dips along with a worse likelihood of liability development are in the middle of the reimbursement, in totaling to 35 improved generally look and less intrusion with extra facilities. They include greater manufacture and setting up costs, despite the fact that, and be thus in employment someplace overhead line aren't practicable owing to realistic constraints or hazard. since affect, we make use of them in confident situation, such since tightly occupied metropolitan regions in addition to over sea (as underwater cable). A typical subterranean cable will have a conductor or conductors that are coated by a variety of insulating and protective layers that are required for proper functioning. The building of underground wires is explained in figure (B.15) in appendix (B). Underground cables are usually classified according to their Voltage ratings. They’re grouped as follows: 1. Low tension cables which have a maximum voltage handling capacity of 1000V. 2. High tension cables which have a maximum voltage handling capacity of 11kV. 3. Super tension cables which have a maximum voltage handling capacity of 33kV. 4. Extra high-tension cables which have a maximum voltage handling capacity of 66kV. 5. Extra super voltage cables which are used for applications with voltage requirement above 132kV. There are three phase underground cables, including: 1. Belted cables: As the name suggests, it has an additional layer of oil-impregnated paper which is wound around the insulated conductors. Such an arrangement is useful for low and medium voltage levels up to 11 kV. 2. Screened cables: Used only in particular applications with specialized construction, these Underground cables can be further divided as H-type and S.L-type cables. 3. Pressure cables: These are used when the voltage requirement exceeds 66kV and solid cables can't be used. Either pressurized gas or pressurized oil is used in these cables. In this project, the researcher will use the overhead transmission line to feed substation in both areas, the built new transmission line inside Nablus city is difficult because of high population density and difficulty to build overhead network between building, so the best choice is to feed the area by using XLPE copper cable. 36 Type And Capacity of the Cable: The price of cable rises in tandem with the increase in cross section. To determine the cable size, two factors must be considered: short circuit current and normal condition current carrying capability. Based on short circuit current, determine the minimum cross section area(A) necessary for a cable. (A) =Ix (√ t / K )mm2So, I = (K*A)/√t[6] wherever I is the mistake of short circuit currents in kA, and (t) is time of error and K is stable (K=0.0940 intended for aluminum performer with XLPE lagging) & (K = 0.144 for copper instrumentalist XLPE lagging). base on top of the equations we can compute correlate stuck between the cable line size and the fault short circuits current. Table (A.10) in appendix (A) shows the specifications: area and size for XLPE feeder that be choose to feed the load in Nablus Electrical network. Calculation of ground cable: Voltage drop: mV/A/m = V / Z Where, mV/A/m = voltage drop in millivolts per ampere per meter length of cable route Z=impedanceperconductorperkilometerofcableatmaximumnormaloperating full load current (I) = S / √3 * V = 20M / 1.732 * 33K = 350 Ampere From catalog: Proposed Cross section of the Cable Size 1C x 400 mm2 Soil Thermal Resistivity Native = 3.0 K.m/W. Soil Ambient Temperature = 40°C Mode of Laying = Trefoil Formation 37 Depth of burial = 1 m Axial distance between cables = 0.4 m The selected 33 kV,1C, 400 mm2 cable can transfer 350 A (laid directly, ground temperature 20°C, q = 1.5 Km/W, depth of laying 0.8 m, laid in trefoil touching). This information is obtained from the cable manufacturer catalogue. Calculation of the cable current carrying capacity for the given site conditions is performed as follows: Variation in ground temperature coefficient = 0.86 Rating factor for depth of laying = 0.97 Rating factor for variation in thermal resistivity of soil and grouping (aspercable Manufacturer catalogue) = 0.55 Cable current carrying capacity (I) = 755*0.86*0.97*0.55 = 346 A Number of runs per phase = 2450/346 = 7.08 Required number of runs per phase = 7 The calculation above indicated that 7 runs per phase of 33 kV, 1C, 631 mm2 cable Will be needed to transfer 140 MVA on 33 kV voltage level. Rating factors for variation in ground temperature and variation of Installation depth. Are obtained from the cable manufacturer catalogues. Alternatively they can be found. In IEC 60502 standard. Voltage Drop Calculation: Voltage drop is calculated as follows: Voltage drop = I * L * mV Where, I(A ) = operating current, L(km) = cable length 38 mV (V/A/km) = nominal voltage drop = 0.06712 Nominal voltage drop is taken from the cable manufacturer catalogues. Distribution Substation of An-Najah University Hospital: The new cable from SARRA substation to An-Najah hospital substation as show in figure(4) below in yellow line, the transmission line used is an overhead 33KV with a distribution transformers rated at 10 MVA, and other two distribution transformers rated at 5MVA, the first one serves Al-Quds open university and surrounding area, the cable feeder used is an underground cable: XLPE 1C 400mm2 along the distance 550 meter as shown in red line in figure (4) below, and another distribution transformer rated at 5MVA serves (Sama Nablus, Assera street, Alsekka street, and upper part Alain Camp),The feeder is an underground cable: XLPE 1C 400mm2 used also with a distance of 890 meter and the route cable as show in picture green line as in Figure (B.28) in appendix (B). Cable Calculation: Voltage drop(Al Quds University) = I * L * mV = 350 *.550 * 0.06712 = 12.9V Voltage drop (Alseka street) = I * L * mV = 350 *.890 * 0.06712 = 20.9V Nablus Al-Jadida distribution Substation: In the case of Nablus Al-Jadida the overhead transmission line extends from SARRA substation to Nablus Al-Jadida substation with rated 33kV 20MVA, a length of 6.9 km and contain four distribution transformers distributed on 4 area as shown in table (7). Table 7 Distribution Nablus Al-Jadida Substation Distribution transformer rated Area served length feeder feeder line color in picture 10MVA Eastern industrial area 5.7Km Blue 5MVA Alnoor distinct, tell village street 400m Green 250KVA Upper altaawen area 600m Red 250KVA Altor, upper fatayer area 1.12Km Purple 39 All feeders used in the four areas are of type XLPE 1C 400mm2 copper. Note: the distribution transformer rated at 5MVA is chosen for Tell village street because there will be a residential project in the mountain upper tell village street planned in coming soon, so we need to serve this area. In Figure (B.29) in appendix (B) the locations for new substations in Nablus Aljadida marked in image by different color. Calculation Of feeder voltage drop: Voltage drop(east industrial area) = I * L * mV = 350 *5.7 * 0.06712 = 133.9V Voltage drop(upper Altaawen area) = I * L * mV = 350 *.6 * 0.06712 = 14V Voltage drop(Altoor, Fatayer area) = I * L * mV = 350 *1.12 * 0.06712 = 26.3V Voltage drop (tell street) = I * L * mV = 350 *.4 * 0.06712 = 9.3V Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP): ETAP is a power systems engineering software application that allows them to generate a "electrical digital twin" and evaluate electrical power system dynamics, transients, and protection. Power flow analysis of a system is calculated by modeling the system with help equation. ETAP can use four algorithm to calculate the parameter of load flow kW kVAR. These algorithms are: • Newton Rap son. • Newton Rap son technique. 40 • Fast method decoupled. • Accelerate gauss saidle. In order to base information in the Nablus network, power system model captures an electrical digital equivalent consisting of the a power system network model that comprises system connection, topology, electrical device characteristics, historical response of the system, and actual operations data. In the case of Nablus network the researcher will study load flow for the grid before enhancement, then he will add a new connection point and then the load flow study will be repeated to see the different in results as real value. The algorithm used in calculation is Newton Raphson method. On Etap Nablus grid will be divide, to seven electrical grids based on power transformers that are: (Enap, Askar, Aljuneed, Wadi Altufah, AlKarakon, Central station, Mujeer Aldeen and after adding anew connection points will become nine substations (An-Najah hospital, Nablus Al-Jadida),the researcher uses 720 distribution transformers to serve all loads with different capacities. Furthermore, in Nablus grid, all connection points are connected as a ring loop system that makes the grid better. The advantages of using the ring connection in Nablus network are as follows: • Very arranged network where every device has access to the token and the opportunity to transmit. • Performs better than a bus topology under heavy network load. • Does not require a central node to manage the connectivity between the substation. • It's simple to install and reconfigure since adding or deleting a device only needs shifting two connections, thanks to the point-to-point line design of devices with a device on either side (each device is linked to its immediate neighbor). • Point-to-point line configuration makes it easy to identify and isolate faults. • Because switching occurs at a high level, ring protection reconfiguration for line faults of bidirectional rings may be very quick, and traffic does not need to be rerouted individually. 41 Chapter Four Results 4.1 Analysis and Discussion of the Results of Nablus Substation Grid Nablus grid system contains seven substations with 350 distribution transformers that the amount for all substation in peak load is 65 MW. Furthermore, all substations are connected as ring system connection allowing to serve all area by electrical power. If faults happen, one of the substations will cut off the electrical power, so the ring connection will solve this fault by changing the power supply from another substation currently , the other new substation (an-Najah and Aljadida substation ) almost have half capacity not used so we can use it reserved to feed other substation if happen fault. as represented in figure (B.16) in appendix (B). Furthermore, Enap grid point value components including busses, load and losses are summarized in table (A.11) in appendix (A) . Wadi Altuffah Substation: Concerning Wadi Al-Tufah substation, the values of the capacity of consumed power is 6.14 MW and 2.94 Mvar. Also, the curent amper consumed is 105A, butthe electrical power in Wadi Al-Tufah substaion almost exceed the limmted power permit. Consequently, the other substation in Nablus grid takes some load to reduce the loading on the transformer semphasizing that Wadi Al-Tufah substaion’s main problem is thelack of power in Nablus grid. the loads connected in almost time in peak load and the Al-Ain camp area include high population density, so the new substation of An-Najah hospital and Nablus Al-Jadidawill cover some load from Wadi Al-Tufah substation. Figure (B.17) in appendix (B) shows Wadi Al-Tufah’s load flow before adding new substations. Central Substation: As for the central substaion, the total amount of supply capacity are 11.07 MW, and 4.168 Mvar and the cuurent load sometimes exceeds the load range capacity of consumed power, Consequently, the New Substation of An-Najah hospital will take four loads to reduce the power consumed from central substation as shown in figure (B.18) in appendix (B). 42 Al-Junaid substation: Also, Al-Junaid substation serves the western area and AN-najah university; the total capacity provided is 3.84 MW, and 1.747 Mvar and the amper consumed is 73.8 A. The substation works normally and the connected loads don’t exceed the capacity, so the new substation does not need to share loads as shown in figure (B.19) in appendix (B). Al-Karakon substation: The results of Al-Karakon substation showed that the rated power provided is 9.05 MW, and 3.97 Mvar and the consumed amper is 172.9 A. In this case, the new substation in Nablus Al-Jadida will take 8 loads from Al-Karkon substation to reduce the power consumption from it as shown in figure (B.20) in appendix (B). Central Askar substation: The results of central Askar substation show that the total amount value for electrical power provided is 12.4 MW, 4.24 Mvar and the current ampere is 229.4A. The consumed power is at its peak load and reaches to maximum especially last year that the industrial area and two camps (Askar and Balata) consume power from Askar substation. Consequently, the new connection point in Nablus Al-Jadida will serve the load from Askar substation especially in industrial area, 15 distribution transformers will be moved to new substation as shown in figure (4). Figure 4 Distribution Transformers and Loads Connected on Askar Substation 43 Enap substation: The results of Enap substation show that the total value of power provide is 12.4 MW, and 5.4 Mvar and total current is 234.8 A. In other words, the capacity value of consumed power exceeds the rated from Enap connection point, so it will move the load from Enap substation to An Najah substation to reduce the loading in peak hour as shown in figure (5). Figure 5 The loads and distribution transformers in Enap substation Mujeer Aldeen substation: As for Mujeer Aldeen substation, the rated electrical power provided is 12.8 MW, and 5.41Mvar and total ampere current is 243.9 A. In other words, Nablus Al-Jadida substation will take 10 loads from Mujeer Aldeen substation and that will decrease its consumed power as shown in figure (6) below. 44 Figure 6 The Loads and Distribution Transformers Connected in Mujeer Aldeen Substation 4.2 Network After Adding New Connection Points Figure (B.21) in appendix (B) shows Nablus network grid after adding the new substations (An-Najah hospital and Nablus Al-Jadida). The adding of new substations provided development to the Nablus grid it enhanced the quality of the performance of the points. For example, in An-Najah hospital substation, the totalelectrical power value is 5.68 MW, and 2.513 Mvar and the total current is 110 A. Furthermore, the load is taken tothe new substation of An-Najah hospital from other connection point in Nablus Network.That will make the grid better and reliable as shown in figure (7). Figure 7 The new loads and distribution tranformers of An-Najah hospital after addingdistribution transformers 45 Furthermore, the transformers' feed is switched from one connection point to another, as shown in table (8). Table 8 Transformers change feed from connection to a new connection point at An-Najah hospital point An-Najah Hospital Substation Transformer Rated KVA Rated load KVA From substation (Old substation before relocation) An-Najah Hospital1 1000 390 - An-Najah Hospital2 1000 620 - An-Najah Hospital3 1000 580 - An-Najah Hospital4 1000 498 - Alquran Schoole 400 206 - Asira Boy School 630 370 - Asira Girl School 400 205 - Kalbouneh Building 250 160 Mujeer Aldeen Substation Asira Street Almasre 650 225 Mujeer Aldeen Substation Asirra Square 630 201 Mujeer Aldeen Substation Alain Camp Pump1 630 201 Mujeer Aldeen Substation Alain Camp Pump2 630 220 Mujeer Aldeen Substation Alain Camp Upper 630 320 Mujeer Aldeen Substation Sama Nablus /Alkhazan 630 220 Mujeer Aldeen Substation Alzahraa Factory 630 310 Wadi Altuffah Substation Iskan Aljamaa 250 166 Wadi Altufah Substation Alqud University1 1000 515 Mujeer Aldeen Substation Alqud University2 630 310 Mujeer Aldeen Substation Alqud University3 630 278 Mujeer Aldeen Substation Alqud University4 400 115 Mujeer Aldeen Substation Regarding Nablus Al-Jadida substation,the load power supplied load are 5.855 MW, and 2.59 Mvar and current ampere is 125 A with 27 distribution transformersmoved now to a new substation and serve the area as shown in figure (8). 46 Figure 8 The New Loads Connected To Nablus Al-Jadida Substation Furthermore, the change feed power from old substation to new Nablus Al-Jadida substation is shown in table (9). 47 Table 9 The Change Feed Power From Old Substation To New Nablus Al-Jadida Substation Nablus Al-Jadida Transformer Transformer Rated KVA Rated load KVA From substation (Old substation before relocation) Alsafa factor 630 470 ASKAR SUBSTATION Industrail area1 400 145 ASKAR SUBSTATION Industrial area2 630 390 ASKAR SUBSTATION Hijawwi collage 1000 550 ASKAR SUBSTATION Hijjawi 400 135 ASKAR SUBSTATION Alaqqad 400 190 ASKAR SUBSTATION Almaslkh 630 288 ASKAR SUBSTATION Alherbawi 1000 620 ASKAR SUBSTATION Souq alkhudar 630 255 ASKAR SUBSTATION Lucky baby 630 315 ASKAR SUBSTATION Alzalmout 630 205 ASKAR SUBSTATION Hijjawi new 630 178 ASKAR SUBSTATION Almata7en 630 270 ASKAR SUBSTATION Aldehanat 400 110 ASKAR SUBSTATION Alkarton 630 370 ASKAR SUBSTATION Tell street 630 220 Karakon SUBSTATION Nablus aljadida new 630 201 Karakon SUBSTATION Tell west 400 113 Karakon SUBSTATION Tell east 400 160 Karakon SUBSTATION Tell town 400 101 Karakon SUBSTATION Tell pump 250 145 Karakon SUBSTATION Tell sarra road 400 125 Karakon SUBSTATION Al eza3a 250 105 Karakon SUBSTATION Altoor 250 170 CENTRAL SUBSTATION FATAYER CROSS 400 115 CENTRAL SUBSTATION ALTAWEN UPER 400 115 CENTRAL SUBSTATION ALTAWEN CROSS 400 166 CENTRAL SUBSTATION If the values are compared between the period before adding new substations and after it, there is a great and significant difference in Nablus grid that it is possible to save power reservation for 10 years forward as shown in table below. 48 Table 10 Results for upgrade Nablus network Substatin name Rated Power /Before Rated power /After Rated current /Before Rated current /After Rated factor /Before Rated factor /After MW MVAR MW MVAR Enap 12.2 5.4 10.54 4.55 234.8A 200.8A 91.4% 92% Al-Junaid 3.84 1.747 3.84 1.747 73.8A 73.8A 91.6% 91% Al- Karakon 9.09 3.97 7.763 3.393 172.9A 148.2A 91.6% 92.1% Askar 12.4 4.24 9.47 2.86 229.4A 173.1A 89% 92.7% Wadi- Altufah 6.14 2.94 2.8 1.85 105A 58.8A 91.2% 91.7% Central 11.07 4.16 10.57 3.9A 207A 194A 91.5% 91.8% Mujeer Al-deen 12.8 5.41 11.4 4.78 243.9A 217A 92.1% 93.3% 49 Chapter Five Feasibility Study The feasibility study for Nablus network enhancement need to adding two new connection points should consider the financial issues. This project will need a large budget to be implemented. However, this project will benefit Nablus grid as the project will refund in short time. The improvement system grid will increase the efficiency of the network components. Consequently, the component and equipment quantity need to use in building as new electrical grid system as shown in table (A.12) in appendix (A). 5.1 Transformers Nablus grid need by adding new transformers for two connection points, Table (A.12) in appendix (A) shows. The Requirements specification for type transformers used to improvement Nablus Grid . Total cost of transformers = (1*12000)+(1*7000)+(2*4800)+(1*12000)+(2*7000) = 54600$ 5.2 Transmission line and cable The length of the transmission line from Sarra substation to a new connection point is 6.9 KM to Nablus Al-Jadida, and 10.6 KM to An-Najah hospital, and the type of the cable line used is overhead ACSR 120 mm2 and the specification are shown in figure (9). 50 Figure 9 The Specifications of the overhead T.L ACSR 120 mm2 Total cost cable (ACSR)/$ = long cable (meter) * 2.5$/m = (10.6 + 6.9) * 2.5 = 43750 $ To feed the load we used underground cable XLPE 1C 400mm2 copper Cable Cost(XLPE An-Najah) /$ = length of cable (meter) * 4$ = (550 + 890) * 4 = 5760 $ Cable Cost(XLPE Aljadida) /$ = length of cable