Data Center’s Cooling Prepared by: Esraa Barahmeh Hala Kalbouneh Masa Shaheen Tala Saffarini Graduation Project 2 GOALS Compare different cooling methods in data centers 01. select the most efficient and cost-effective method for Jawwal Company 4 Evaluate the cooling loads of Jawwal Company's data center Compare various cooling system used in CRAC, then select the most suitable type for Jawwal Determine the Break-Even Point (BEP) 02. 03. 04. 05. 1.7.2013 As the demands of remote data services keep increasing, both the workload of the data center and its power consumption are rapidly rising. An indispensable part of a data center is the cooling system which provides a suitable operation environment, and accounts for around 50% of the power consumption of the data center. Therefore, optimized energy management of data center’s cooling system is a highly profitable research area. ‹#› Case study Jawwal company Cooling method Rack level cooling Problem Mixing hot and cold air 1.7.2013 As the demands of remote data services keep increasing, both the workload of the data center and its power consumption are rapidly rising. An indispensable part of a data center is the cooling system which provides a suitable operation environment, and accounts for around 50% of the power consumption of the data center. Therefore, optimized energy management of data center’s cooling system is a highly profitable research area. ‹#› Types of Cooling Technologies in Data center Air Cooling 01. Liquid Cooling 02. Free Cooling 03. Aisle Containment Cooling 04. Cold Aisle Containment Figure 18.1: Layout of CAC Figure 18.2: CAC Hot Aisle Containment Figure 19.1: Layout of HAC Figure 19.2: CAC Ability to set work environment temperature to 24°C,Acceptable temperature for non-racked equipment 01 Rack power density 02 Effictiveness 03 Cost 04 Ease of deployment with room cooling 05 Comparison between hot and cold aisle containment The recommended conditions for data Center The Uptime Institute is a leading global organization in the design, construction and operation of data centers. The Institute provides standards, research and certifications to ensure the highest level of data center performance. The Uptime Institute classifies data centers into four tiers (Tier I to Tier IV) based on infrastructure, reliability, and availability. Uptime Institute’s Tier standards Uptime Institute’s Tier standards Uptime is the annual amount of time that a data center is guaranteed to be available and running. 01 Downtime is the annual amount of time that a data center and its availability will be interrupted. 02 Redundancy is a data center component designed to duplicate primary resources and power in the case of failure 03 Fault Tolerant – The ability of a system to continue functioning, even if one or more components fail. 04 Tier IV Tier I Tier III Tier II DATA CENTER TIERS 99.671% Uptime No Redundancy Small Businesses 29 Hours Downtime /Year Partial Redundancy 22 Hours Downtime /Year 99.749% Uptime Medium-Size Businesses 99.995% Uptime 26.3 Minutes Downtime Per Year Enterprise Corporations 2N+1 Fully Redundant 96 Hour Power Outage Protection 99.982% Uptime 1.6 Hours Downtime /Year Large Businesses N+1 Fully Redundant 72 Hour Power Outage Protection Air Handel Unit(AHU) Direct Expantion (DX) Central chilled water system DX-Split A/C system -AIR COOLED DX-Split A/C system -Water COOLED Chilled water system glycol cooled Air cooled chiller Glycol cooled chiller Water cooled chiller Cooling Systems used in CRAC Direct Expantion -Air Cooled Advantages of Direct Expantion -Air Cooled Self-contained, Standalone Modules Maintenance and Reliability Scalability and low overall cost Disadvantages of Direct Expantion -Air Cooled Refrigerant Piping Requirements: Traps: The installation of traps is necessary to prevent liquid refrigerant from returning to the compressor, which can cause damage Complex Installation: Refrigerant piping must be meticulously designed and installed in the field to ensure proper functioning. This includes careful consideration of the distance and height differences between the IT environment and the outdoor condenser units. Limited Connectivity Pressure Losses Direct Expantion -Water Cooled Advantages of Direct Expantion -Water Cooled Contained Refrigeration Cycle Components Easily Run Piping Loops Superior Heat Transfer Properties typically servicing multiple CRAC units and other devices from a single cooling tower Disadvantages of Direct Expantion -Water Cooled High Maintenance Costs Water Treatment Requirements High Initial Cost Chillers . Both do the same job. This means, it lowers the temperature of the water coming from the AHU and then sends it back to the AHU Air cooled chiller Air Cooled Chiller Air Cooled Chiller Air Cooled Chiller Air Cooled Chiller Advantages Of Air Cooled Chiller No cooling towers. Low maintenance expenses. Better environmental stability—no water waste Chemical costs avoided. water cooled chiller water cooled chiller AHU&chilled water pupm water cooled chiller Advantages Of Water Cooled Chiller The crac unit houses every component of the refrigeration cycle as a factory-tested, sealed system for greatest reliability. • Long-distance condenser water piping loops can be easily raised, and they are nearly always used to supply several computer room air conditioners and other devices from one cooling tower. 01 02 Dis advantages Of Water Cooled Chiller High initial cost for cooling tower, pump, and piping systems. Very high maintenance costs due to frequent cleaning and water treatment requirements. 01 02 space 01 02 Energy Cost 03 Compressor failure 04 05 Comparison between Direct expantion &chiller capital cost Labor Skills Direct expantion or chiller? The recommendation based in capacity as following: 1. Capacities: < 80 tons use CRAC, DX System. 2. Capacities: > 80 tons and < 200 tons use chilled water systems, screw chillers. 3. Capacities: >200 tons use chilled water systems, centrifugal chillers. Why We need humidification on data center? CONDENSATION LOW Humidity Humidification Dehumidification ESD HIGH Sensors How much water Vapor needed Ideal cooling process at constant humidity ratio. Cooling process to apparatus dew point. Total cooling process between return air and supply air. Calculation: 1. Calculation of sensible cooling load Heat gain Old System New System Equipment Heat Gains Design for power rack density= 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠 × 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 30 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 × 4 𝑘𝑤 𝐷𝐶 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 + 27 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 × 5 𝑘𝑤 𝐴𝐶/ 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 255 kW = 38 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 × 3.5 𝑘𝑊/ 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 133 kW. Occupancy The heat output is approximately 100 watts per person. 300 W=0.3 kW The heat output is approximately 100 watts per person. 300 W=0.3 kW Building envelope heat from the roof, walls and windows - neglected heat from the roof, walls and windows - neglected Auxiliary Power located in a separate room. located in a separate room. Lighting Lighting loads are considered 3 watts per sq-ft. 2466 sq. ft = 229.1 𝑚^2 P-lighting=7.398 kW Neglected Total 262.7 kW 133.3 kW 2. Calculation of latent load Determine the Dew Point Check for Condensation Determine the Mass Flow Rate of Air Contacting the Coil (ṁ contact) Calculate the Dehumidification Determine the amount of water Calculate the Latent Heat 3.𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 load= 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎 4.CRAC Selection CRAC Selection Criteria: Performance at RAT 30°C / RH 35% - Condensing temperature 45°C - Downflow up air configuration. CE units - Power supply 400V/3ph/50Hz - High Power EC Fans - Refrigerant R410A. 5.Calculate Break Even Point HEAVY POWER load ELECTRICAL FIRE RISK INFRASTRUCTURE VENTILATION Heavy power loads or a defective piece of equipment can very quickly lead to a short circuit or overheating Constant ignition source electricity and combustible materials, such as plastics, in printed circuit boards Extensive cabling, particularly below raised floors Comprehensive air cooling, resulting in higher air exchange, increases the risk of spreading the fire The main causes for a high risk of fire in a data center: Good data center fire protection consists of Mitigation 01. Detection 02. Suppression 03. Recovery 04. How an air-sampling smoke detector works Fire suppression with water Fire suppression with gas 01. Fire suppression systems 1 2 Water Sprinkler Water Mist 1 2 Clean Agents Inert Gases Fire suppression with water Remove One To Stop Fire Gas Suppression System CONCENTRATION FOR FLOODING unlimited possible Max. 10 sec unlimited possible Max. 10 sec temporary possible 60 to 120 sec not possible 60 sec STAYING IN THE FLOODED ROOM TIME FOR EFFUSION NOVEC 1230 FM-200 CO2 Comparison of fire-extinguishing gases INERT GASES (ARGON, ARAGONITE, INERGEN, AZOTES) 5.8% 8.4% 45…50.5% 47…57% RESIDUAL OXYGEN 19.6% 19.1% 10.3 ... 11.4% CO2 is toxic at >8 vol.-% FORMATION OF CONDENSATION ON THE PIPES No No Yes Yes MULTI AREA SYSTEM limited possible limited possible possible possible NOVEC 1230 FM-200 CO2 Comparison of fire-extinguishing gases INERT GASES (ARGON, ARAGONITE, INERGEN, AZOTES) MAXIMUM PIPE LENGTH around 60m around 60m >> 150m up to 150m DANGER FOR HUMAN No No Yes Yes REQUIRED SPACE FOR SUPPLY low low high middle ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT very good bad good very good EVALUATION 1 2 3 4 Fast reaction time, can extinguish a fire before it even starts Safe to use in occupied areas Works on Class A, B and C fires Environmentally friendly Does not damage sensitive equipment or valuable assets No clean-up required Minimal downtime after a fire Not electrically conducive Some advantages of using Novec 1230™ How to make the data center more energy efficient? Active IT load Electrical powertrain Cooling systems AI in the Data Center Automation and monitoring ACTIVE IT LOAD IT load management Rack management load balancing virtualization COOLING SYSTEM Aisle containment Heat recovery choosing cooling technology AUTOMATION & MONITORING Regular maintinance DCIM Active monitoring ELECTRICAL POWER TRAIN Energy storage solution valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) (Li-ion) batteries Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) PUE values range from 1.0 to infinity. Current research suggests that many data centers have a PUE of 3.0 or higher, but a well-designed center should aim for a PUE of 1.6 or lower. Constraints Humidity Control: Relative humidity levels must be maintained between 30-60% to prevent damage to sensitive IT equipment. Temperature Control: The dry bulb temperature must be maintained between 18-27°C to ensure optimal operatingconditions for the equipment. Tier 3 Standards: The system must meet Tier 3 data center standards, including N+1 redundancy for critical components to ensure high availability and reliability. Recommendations Changing the refrigerant from R410A to R32 will improve environmental sustainability. R32, and energy-saving measures can help the data center lower its carbon footprint. • Implement tandem compressors in the DX air-cooled system for increased efficiency and reliability. Tandem compressors increase load matching, save energy usage, and extend compressor life. • Stay up-to-date on new cooling technologies and innovations to enhance data center performance and efficiency Conclusion Thank You image1.jpeg image2.png image3.png image4.jpeg image5.png image6.svg image7.png image8.svg image17.svg image18.png image19.svg image9.png image10.svg image11.png image12.png image13.svg image14.png image15.svg image16.png image20.png image21.png image22.png image23.png image24.png image25.jpeg image26.png image27.svg image28.png image29.svg image30.png image31.png image32.svg image33.png image34.png image35.svg image36.png image37.png image38.svg image39.png image40.png image41.svg image42.png image43.png media1.mp4 image44.jpeg media2.mp4 image45.jpeg image46.png media3.mp4 image47.jpeg image48.png image49.png media4.mp4 image50.jpeg image51.png image52.svg image53.png image54.svg image55.png image56.png image57.png image58.png image59.png image60.png image61.png image62.png image63.png image64.png image65.png image66.png image67.svg image68.png image69.png image70.png image71.png image72.png image73.png image74.png image75.png image76.png image77.png image78.png image79.svg image80.png image81.jpeg image82.png image83.svg image84.png image85.jpeg image86.png image87.png image88.png image89.png image90.svg image91.png image92.png image93.svg image94.png image95.svg /docProps/thumbnail.jpeg