Student Theses & Dissertations

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3-AMINOIMIDAZO[1,2-a] PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES: SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES
(An-Najah National University, 2024-12-18) Dragmeh, Osama
Background: Worldwide, antimicrobial resistance continues to be a major public health issue. Novel antibacterials with improved activity characteristics are therefore in high demand. Antibacterial is one of the many pharmacological actions of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. These bioactive substances are the main ingredients of several widely marketed therapeutic medications, such as Alpidem and Zolpidem. Objectives: Creation of novel 3-amino-6-floroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives and evaluation of their effectiveness against five bacterial strains. Methodology: The one-pot Groebke-Blackburn-Bienayme-Three Component Reaction (GBB-3CR) was used in the compound synthesis. Several spectroscopic methods, including infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), were used to confirm the structure. The assessment of purity also makes use of the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technology. To evaluate the compounds' effectiveness against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli, biological experiments were conducted on the produced compounds. Results: The seven synthetic compounds (85-91) were produced with a purity of 88-100%. These compounds (85-91) have been verified for their structural formula using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy. These techniques indicate the GBB-3CR normal product. Biologically, compound 91 exhibited the best inhibitory behavior among the others; the lowest MIC value (15.625 µg/ml) was recorded for compound 91 against E. coli. Moreover, compound 91 works better than Gentamicin against K. pneumoniae. The same observation was reported for compounds 85 and 89 against S. epidermis. It is worth pointing out that compound 89 in this study kills E. coli and S. epidermis at lower concentrations (62.5 µg/mL) than Gentamicin antibiotics 125 µg/mL and 250 µg/mL, respectively. The same observation was noticed for compound 85 against S. epidermis with an MBC value of 62.5 µg/mL. Compounds 91, 89, and 85 have good antibacterial effects due to the substitution on C-2 of 3-amino-6-floroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffolds, which are 1-methylimidazole, p-trifluoromethylphenyl, and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl, respectively. Conclusions: A straightforward, cost-effective, one-step process was used to create new, promising bioactive chemicals. Additional research on these derivatives might provide more potent compounds that show promise as innovative antibacterial treatment options.
A COMPARISON OF NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS FOR ONE FREDHOLM INTEGRAL EQUATIONS SYSTEM OF THE SECOND KIND
(An-Najah National University, 2025-02-06) Badrien, Mohammed
The main goal of this work is to propose various numerical techniques for approximating the solution of a system of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. The methods proposed involve the Chebyshev collocation method, the Haar wavelet method and the reconstruction of the variational iteration method. After reviewing the basic concepts of Fredholm integral equations and addressing the mathematical framework of these numerical methods, we provide some illustrative numerical examples with known exact solution to illustrate the effectiveness and the efficiency of these methods. Numerical results show clearly that Chebyshev collocation method is one of the most efficient method for solving system of Fredholm integral equations in comparison with its counterparts.
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF SELF-REPORTED SIDE EFFECTS OF BREAST CANCER TREATMENT AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PALESTINE
(An-Najah National University, 2025-01-16) Breek, Karin
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in terms of incidence. This study aimed to determine the side effects of breast cancer treatment reported by Palestinians with breast cancer and their quality of life. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey. The study was undertaken in Nablus. The data collection instrument was divided into two distinctive sections. Part (A) collected data covering sex, age at diagnosis, clinical symptoms, complications, treatment measures, and side effects of the treatments. While part (B) of the questionnaire involved the quality-of-life assessment tool, the current study employed the WHOQOL-BREF (Arabic version) as an assessment tool. Results: A total of 258 patients with breast cancer participated in this study. In addition to breast cancer, 207 (80.2%) patients had one or more comorbid conditions. Of the patients, 153 (59.3%) were diagnosed less than 3 years ago. With respect to disease stage, 147 (57%) patients were in Stage I, 51 (19.8%) patients were in Stage II, 54 (20.9%) patients were in Stage III, and 6 (2.3%) patients were in Stage IV. Among the patients, 207 (80.2%) received chemotherapy, 159 (61.6%) underwent lumpectomy, 156 (60.5%) received radiotherapy, and 102 (39.5%) underwent mastectomy. When screened for the adverse effects of breast cancer treatments, the patients reported adverse effects and health issues that were categorized as follows: pain, gastrointestinal, skin and hair, health issues; pain, sleep and mental health, and respiratory/mouth and throat, hematologic, genitourinary, sensory, and general health issues. Multiple linear regression showed that the overall scores were negatively associated with having comorbidities, having advanced-stage breast cancer, receiving mastectomy, and experiencing headaches, vomiting, depression, anxiety, mood swings, mouth and throat sores (mucositis), fever, and insomnia. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlighted the heavy burden of disease and therapy-related adverse effects on the quality of life of patients with breast cancer who received treatment in Palestine. A multidisciplinary holistic care plan for breast cancer patients who integrates physical and mental health support is urgently needed to improve the quality of life of these patients.
A DYNAMIC ONTOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR BUKHARI AHADITH
(An - Najah National University, 2023-02-23) Areej Sawwan
The honorable Sunnah is the second source of Islamic legislation after the Holy Qur’an. Muslim scholars have been interested in preserving and codifying the hadith because of its role in the statement of the Holy Qur’an by allocating the general, restricting the absolute, and clarifying the total. The Prophet’s Sunnah was transmitted orally with isnad(Isnad, from Arabic “sanad” (support), in Islam, a list of authorities who have transmitted a report(hadith) of Prophet Mohammad(PBUH) or his companions. Its reliability determines the validity of a hadith), which are the most dominant, and in writing for those who mastered writing in the time of the Prophet and the Companions, then it was written down and the hadiths were compiled with their chains of narrators until today they became Resources books of hadith(hadith, everything that was narrated from the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in terms of saying, acting, or reporting), Mustadrakat and other books that specialize in collecting and classifying hadiths. Enriching Islamic electronic content is a great challenge for researchers. Although Arabic is a global language and ranks as the sixth most used language around the world and is spoken by more than 400 million people, it does not have a sufficient presence on the internet, compared to other languages. Ontology is defined as a knowledge representation way, and it is data model that reflects a set of concepts inside a domain and the relationships between those concepts. This study aimed to build a dynamic ontological framework through which specialists in hadith science will be able to provide sufficient information about hadith, so that the ontology is able to save hadith, taking into account linking it with the relevant hadiths and narrators present in the framework, which makes the process of retrieval of information easy and fruitful. The study was conducted on the “Ablution Book” from Sahih Al-Bukhari. The researcher evaluated the system by executing several queries about narrators, hadiths, and the chain of isnad, and when comparing the results of the system with the traditional results and other ways of knowledge representation, the outcome was much better in search, retrieval, or in drawing hadith isnad trees, or in execution time in searching for information.
A FRAMEWORK STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABILITY CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT: CASE OF WEST BANK, PALESTINE
(An-Najah National University, 2024-04-06) Hareez, Firas
This study aims to develop a strategic framework for sustainable construction and demolition (C&D) waste management in the West Bank of Palestine. Currently, no regulatory system governs C&D waste, resulting in unsustainable practices like dumping and burning that degrade the environment and public health. Previous research provided initial estimates of waste quantities, but gaps remain regarding generation patterns, stakeholder roles, and barriers. The research uses a mixed-methods approach, including questionnaires with 100 professionals and interviews with 10 interviewees. Secondary data from literature and reports supplements the Analysis. Findings show a lack of on-site segregation and essential management, 35% of the debris was dumped and more than 5% of the debris was burned illegally. Joint Service Councils manage collection and disposal but have limited capacity and funding. Political fragmentation also complicates coordination. Significant barriers include inadequate policies, infrastructure, lack of private sector compliance, and socioeconomic pressures. Study proposes a strategic framework to address these challenges to establish a coordinated C&D waste governance system by 2027. Objectives focus on strengthening regulations, improving on-site practices, developing infrastructure networks, boosting reuse/recycling markets, and creating sustainable financing mechanisms. A phased implementation plan outlines priority actions, responsibilities, and timelines for stakeholders to transition the sector toward sustainability. The framework provides a roadmap to guide reforms and capacity building needed to manage C&D waste responsibly in the West Bank.
A HYBRID DEEP LEARNING MODEL FOR FORECASTING PM2.5 AIR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
(An-Najah National University, 2024-12-18) Massad, Asma
Air quality forecasting is a crucial research field that aids scientists and policymakers in making informed decisions to combat air pollution. Among various pollutants, PM2.5 -particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometers- poses significant health risks, as it can reach the lower respiratory tract and enter the bloodstream. Accurately forecasting PM2.5 levels is thus essential. Although machine learning-based spatiotemporal forecasting models have advanced, the pursuit for more accurate forecasts continues. The use of hybrid deep learning models for PM2.5 forecasting represents a promising and active area of research, as these models aim to capture complex spatiotemporal dependencies more effectively. We developed a Dynamic Graph Attention Network (DyGAT) to model spatial dependencies effectively. DyGAT leverages engineered edge features, including distance, wind speed, and wind direction, while using attention mechanisms to capture the dynamic nature of these dependencies. DyGAT was then combined with Informer, a Transformer for efficient time-series forecasting, to capture spatial and temporal patterns comprehensively, improving prediction accuracy. Our model was evaluated on a benchmark dataset from Beijing, with 420,768 records over four years. DyGAT-Informer outperformed a version without the DyGAT component and other baseline models. It achieved 50.43 for MAE, 79.9 for RMSE and 28.88% for SMAPE, compared to 51.44 for MAE, 80.83 for RMSE and 30.25% for SMAPE in the next best model. Additionally, we conducted a case study using a dataset from Nablus, Palestine, consisting of 2692 records per station over a two months period. We incorporated geospatial features about nearby pollution sources into the dataset. Due to the insufficient number of records in the Nablus dataset for training the Informer, it was replaced with a sequence-to-sequence Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. DyGAT-LSTM, trained with additional geospatial features about nearby pollution sources, achieved a 2.08% reduction in MAE, 1.17% in RMSE, and 1.96% in SMAPE. This confirms the benefit of incorporating such data. Finally, despite the short distances between stations, DyGAT successfully captured spatial dependencies, where DyGAT-LSTM achieved a reduction of 3.13% in MAE, 1.48% in RMSE, and 3.67% in SMAPE when compared to the LSTM-only model.
A HYBRID FIREFLY-GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR THE OPTIMAL COORDINATION OF DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAYS
(2023-02-19) Tareq Husam Foqh
Theoretical background: Directional overcurrent relays are applied for power system protection to ensure safe, reliable, and efficient operation. The coordination of directional overcurrent relays is non-linear and highly constrained optimization problem. The main goal of the optimization is to minimize the summation of operating times of primary relays, by setting optimal values for decision variables as time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS). Aims: The main objective of this research is to develop a hybrid optimization algorithm which consists of modified firefly algorithm and genetic algorithm to find better solutions. Methodology: First, this study modified the original firefly to obtain a global solution by updating the firefly's brightness and to avoid the distance between individual fireflies from being too far. Additionally, the randomized movements were controlled to produce a high convergence rate. Second, the optimization problem is solved using standard genetic algorithm. Finally, the solution obtained from the modified firefly algorithm is used as the initial population for the standard genetic algorithm. The modified firefly algorithm, genetic algorithm and hybrid firefly-genetic algorithm have been tested on IEEE 3-bus, 8-bus, 9-bus and 15-bus networks. Main Results: The results indicate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithms in minimizing the overall operating time of primary relays compared to other algorithms mentioned in the literature for directional overcurrent relays coordination. Conclusion: Compared to modified firefly algorithm and standard genetic algorithm, the proposed hybrid algorithm has minimized coordination interval time between primary and backup relay pairs. Keywords: Directional overcurrent relays optimization, Hybrid algorithms, Firefly algorithm, Genetic Algorithm.
A NEW METHOD FOR OPTIMALLY DESIGNING THE POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT
(An-Najah National University, 2024-02-11) Assi, Hiba Bashar
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are attractive renewable energy source for rural electrification and distributed power generation. However, the capital cost of these systems as compared to non-renewable energy sources is still a challenging issue. Thus, many researchers have focused on enhancing the efficiency and the feasibility of photovoltaic systems. This research proposes an optimum methodology for designing the AC power distribution network for grid connected photovoltaic systems considering solar inverter size and location, as well as cable’s size and configuration. The main aim of the proposed method is to offer the shortest cables length and path; achieving a higher efficiency and feasibility in the overall assessment. The suggested approach follows a heuristic method, starting by generating numerous inverter combinations for analysis. For each combination, the total length of cables is calculated considering all feasible inverter locations, aided by Python code to ensure precision. Ultimately, the method identifies the optimal inverter location that results in the shortest cable lengths. A 900 kWp grid connected photovoltaic system is chosen as a case study in this research. Results show that a 23% reduction in total cable length as compared to the conventional approach is achieved by the proposed method. Meanwhile the proposed method offered a better configuration of required solar inverters (size and location). Such a method is very useful for designing photovoltaic system AC and DC distribution networks and exceed and the conventional and intuitive methods.
A PROPOSED METHOD FOR MITIGATION THE UNBALANCED CURRENTS IN POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK WITH PV SYSTEMS
(An-Najah National University, 2025-04-23) Raed Aref Kmail, Ahmad
This study aims to solve the problem of uneven electricity use in homes that share a three-phase power supply. This unevenness happens when too many houses rely heavily on just one or two of the three power lines, leading to wasted power, overloaded lines, voltage drops and even blackouts. The growing use of solar panels on homes makes this problem even worse since the amount of electricity they produce can fluctuate . To fix this, the project created a smart system that uses a microcontroller and WiFi technology to constantly monitor and adjust how electricity is distributed among the three power lines. It keeps track of how much power each house uses and how much solar energy is being produced, then automatically shifts houses between the lines to keep things balanced. Tests of this system show losses reduced from 138 kW to 9 kW—resulting in cost savings of $193.2, or $3.75 per house. The system achieved a simple payback period of less than one month. Furthermore, the lowest network voltage improved from 206 V under unbalanced conditions to 221 V after implementing the balancing solution. This study is important because it shows how to better manage modern power grids that include a lot of solar energy. By using this system, power companies can ensure a more stable and dependable electricity supply to homes while also supporting the use of renewable energy sources like solar power.
Ab-U`baidah Ibn El-Muthana "D.209 A.H" and his Role in the Historian Writing
(2005) Eihab Fawzi Tawfiq Fawzi Al-Haji; Dr. Adnan Milhim
Abu U`baidah is Mu`mar Ibn El-Muthana, the sponsor of Tayim Ibn Murrah who was from Quraish mainly the branch of Abu Baker El-sideeq who was also of Jew origin from Bajorwan. He was born in 110 A.H at the time of Abd-Allah Al-Mamun "D.218 A.H." Abu-Ubaidah was grown up in Al-Basra, then from there he travelleal to Persia then to Baghdad. He was with good relation with the Men of the Abasi state whom they had a role in arriving him to Baghdad. He went to their places read at them his books. His classifications were 158 books. Eight books remained: "El-Naqa`d", "Majaz El-Qura`n", "El-Khail", "Al-A`qaqah and Al-Bararah", "Tasmeyah Azwaj Al-Nabi", "El-Muhadarat and Al-Muhawarat", "Al-Ma`alim "and a peom for Abu- Ubaida ending with "L" Letter. He was treated from El-khawarij scholars. He took care of collecting their news, he maintioned their characteristics and titles, and he justified their protrusion on the state and he gave it a religious protrusion. I paid attention in this study for collecting their historical narrations which was narrated by Abu-U`baidah and which are kept in heritage books. He narrated about seventy six scholars who were distinct by their varied sciences. He took care also in predication; he used both the collective and the singular predication. Some of his marrtions were unpredicated. Fifty six pupils, who were distinct in their varied sciences, narrated about Abu-U`baidah, and he used to have a special seminar at Al-Basra Mosque in which he read on his pupils and answered their questions. Abu-U`baidah wrote the history from linguists points of view. He used to collect the narrations connected with a special event in one book, and he mentioned more than a narration about one subject. Not only was he a pure collector of narrations but he was also a critic of the text or the teller in which he interfered to reject or substitute or illaburate ice text. His way of writing was literate and narrative, his language was easy and clear, he used dialogue and illusion and so that gave his narrations attractive literate aspect. He took care throughout his narrations time, sites, Quran verses. Prophet's says, saying, reconcilement treaties, he tops, speeches and poetry elements. He studied widely he nor them Arab filed of narration comprehensively which left an effect on the choice school in that era and so most of the historians like Al-Tabari "D.310 A.H" and Ibn Al-A`thir depended upon him a lot "D.630 A.H.
The Abbreviated Letters (Al-Muqatta't)
(2004) Fadil Abbas Saleh Abed-Elatief Abu Isa; Dr. Mohsen S. Al-khaldy; Dr.Mhoamad Al-Saied
This research aims to define the abbreviated letters (Al-muqqtta) which come at the beginning of Suras of the Holy Quran Twenty nine Suras of the Holy Quran start with the abbreviated letters and nothing be mentioned that prophet Muhammad peace be upon him talk about their meaning, all of these Suras are revealed in Mecca excepting two revealed in Al-Madinah. This method was known before Islam by the people of the book, Christians and Jews, or by Arabs before Islam, but it was completely different than the method of the Holy Quran. These abbreviated letters have connection with numerical coordination, but no connection with the number of letters, which was known by Jews. The Religions people have more than twenty sayings about these letters, out of them are more acceptable to clear up the miraculous nature of the Holy Quran, the affirmation of Prophecy and the truth fullness of the Prophet peace be upon him. Some of these abbreviated letters are considered Sura and some not, also, there is a connection between the Suras which start with the abbreviated letters.
Abdul – Lateef Aqel As Apoet
(2003) Muaath Abullah Ishtaey; Prof. Adel Mustafa Al-Osta
In this study, I tried to recognize the poetic character of Abdu-Latif Aqel through his works. I investigated the most prominent issues related to his poetic production. However, this does not mean that I have given the final word about the poet’s character and his creativity since the investigation of the poetic character of Aqel needs research of literary production related to three decades of the history of the Palestinian cause. Findings Among the most prominent findings that I have reached through my study of the poetic experience of the poet are the following: -The suffering that Abdul-Latif Aqel experienced at the personal level had an impact upon forming his poetic character and crystallizing his creativity. He led a life that lacked balance after losing his father and sister and the fact that his mother got married. -Deprivation of the woman seemed to be a major cause of her possession of the poet’s feelings during the early productions of his poetic experience. The image of the woman in his early poems seemed to comprise a part of his poetic readings. -The poet experienced the sufferings of his nation that included banishment, Judaization, expulsion, eviction, torturing, land confiscation, colonization, discrimination, and ignorance policies. All of those measures had a great impact on fostering his resistance attitude. -The poet took the commitment path in most of his poetic production as he realized the role of the word in the struggle movement. He implemented his talents and artistic abilities to defend the cause of his people. In his poetry, he discussed the political worries, the issues, and all the events of his homeland, expressing his love for his land, and calling for steadfastness in it. -The poet took great care in representing the Palestinian in various types as a refugee, a prisoner, and a martyr. These types seemed to reflect one side or another of the homeland embodying its hopes and pains. -The poet unveiled the misleading deceptive image of the occupation. Not only was he able to express the Palestinian refusal of the occupation, but he also urged the Palestinians to resist it. He seemed to believe that the revolution is the way of salvation. He expressed his enthusiasm towards the revolution and declared his yearning for the coming revolutionist.In his poetry, he portrayed a negative image of the Arab reality as a result of the defeatist political stands that some of the formal Arab regimes adopted regarding the Palestinian cause. -The poet depended on various poetic forms in constructing his artistic structure which included the following forms: the traditional poem, the metric poem, the long poem, and then back to the traditional poem. -The poet seemed to realize the important role of the language in the artistic work. Therefore, his linguistic lexicon reflected not only the resistance spirit in himself, but it was also in harmony with the reality that he expressed and the nationalistic soul that interacted inside himself. He implemented some linguistic phenomena such as repetition and symbolism in constructing his poems. -The poet exploited various linguistic styles in constructing his poems. He was influenced by the dramatic construction and employed some of them such as quotation, sarcasm, interrogation, and vocative. -The poet was especially interested in the image which he formed from vocabulary that had Palestinian characteristic. In his poetry, he employed various styles in constructing his individual and compound images including personification, abstraction, and embodiment in building a lot of his individual images. He employed the dramatic and syllabic construction in forming his compound images. -The external music in his poetry was in harmony with the music of modern poetry. Al-Ramal metre occupied the first rank in his poetry. -The poet depended on various linguistic phenomena in forming his internal music including repetition of letters, words, and phrases.
Abdul-Aziz Bin Marwan (27 AH \ 649 AD - 85 AH \ 707 AD) - Historical, Analytical Study
(2010) Dalal Mohammad Anes Mesleh; Prof. Jamal Juda
The study examined an important Umayyad personality that belongs to the Marwani house who is Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan and this person appeared when the Narwani's took over the Islamic Caliphate, he had a role to consolidate power in the western past of the Islamic state whereas he was appointed ruler of Egypt, and continued ruling for twenty years. Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan belongs to Abed Shams Ben Abd Manaf Ben Qusay Ben Kalab, one of the sons of Quraish Masters who are Banu Abd Elmanaf (Banu Hashim, Banu Abd Shams,Banu Elmutaleb and Banu Noufal), they had all worked to raise the status of Quraish commercially and religiously which helped them to obtain the leadership of Quraish by uniting and Pilgrimage. Banu Abd Shams who Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan Belongs to played an important role in leading Quraish for the Arab through their doings, so they became powerful masters and leaders, and appeared on the scene of sovereignty and honor Umya Ebn Abd Shams Aby Ala'as and Alhakam, who ruled until the advent of Islam, he had the qualifications of leadership, and in Islam Marwan Ben Al-hakam the son of Abdul Aziz who played a role in highlighting the role of Bany Ummaya after Mecca's conquest, he was close to Uthman Ben Afan until he became shaikh Bany Umayyah and one of it's leaders in the late Rasheedah period and during the Sufyanyah period in this historic momentum and the role played by Marwan in policy his son Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan grew and was raised in the house of the royal family in Medina, And he was known for his interest in naorating Hadeth of Prophet Muhammad Peace Be Upon Him tell he was considered from the third layer of personnel as he was also known for his love for science, literature and poets sitting and when his father took over the Caliphate he involved his son Abdul Aziz to eliminate Ebn Al Zubayer and appointed him covenant after his brother and entrusted him with the task of supervision on the western flank of the State of the Caliphate (Egypt and Africa) by ruling Egypt. And he also played an important role in establishing the roots of islam in Egypt and to rise with it in Economic, social and political fields and he was also known for his tolerance with the people of Egypt from the Copts, adding to this the conquest movement in North Africa through supervising over them and appointing the leaders with experience. Abdul Aziz took over the mandate of Egypt for twenty years, and the most important things that were accompanied through his term (65AH- 85AH), the appearance of the crises of treasury because of the conversion of Ahel AlThema into Islam and the expansion of Arab monarchies at the expense of the land of the abscess not to mention the immigration of farmers away from their lands because of the attraction of the cities and large taxes. So Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan under the guidance of his brother the Caliphate to solve these problems and reforming taxes and administrative issues in Egypt. And Abdul Aziz also worked on recovering the economical life in Egypt by caring for encouraging internal and external trade, and he also participated in building lots of Qusaryat in AL fustat and Helwan and that had positive effects on Egypt's treasury what was obtained from the taxis of trade that was sent to the house of treasury. Big economical potential was shown for Abdul Aziz Ebn Marwan and there is no harm in that being one of the members of the royal family, he had the land in Hijaz and Al Sham before being a ruler of Egypt, He had increased his financial potential in Egypt by purchasing new land by buying or the revival of the disused or building trading markets.
Abdul-Rahman Ibn Awf (580Ad-32Hijri/652Ad) A study in his Religions, Economic and Political Role in the State of Islam During its Emergence and Formation
(2014) Rahmah Abd Alrauf Awad Awad; Prof. Jamal Jodeh
This thesis is about the religious, economic and political role of Abdul Rahman bin Auf (580-655 AD) during the establishment and formation period of Islam state. The thesis spots lights on his religious character. Abdul Rahman bin Aufis close sahabi (companion) of prophet Mohamad – peace be upon him -, prophet’s Hadith narrator and the premier economy man in Islam state, the owner of gigantic money and properties that reflects his political role on caliphate (Islamic governmental regim). The thesis has been limited periodically to pre-Islam era until the death of Abdul Rahman bin Auf in (32 Hijri/655AD). Abdul Rahman bin Auf belongs to Bani Zuhra tribe which was one of Quraysh tribes reside Bitah (a place in Meca). It abode around Kaba (the hiliest place in Islam) after coming an setting of Qusay bin Kilab. Bani Zuhra tribe made Alliances with some Mecan tribes until the appearance of Islam especially with Abdu-Manaf tribe. His tribe, to which the mother of messenger of Allah, Aminah bint Wahb, Belongs, has gained spiritual position. Narrators and Historians have study the character of Abdul Rhman bin Auf from religious, social, economic and political Aspects. They interested in showing his kin and his social relationships which were most often strengthened with affinity. This reflects his trade and his economic setting. They also interested in showing how peoples love and commiserate him. Abdul Rahman bin Auf was characterized with economy intelligence which he gets from Mecan environment where he grew up and worked in trade with his father, Auf, before Islam. It was apparent when he emigrated to Almadina Almonawara, where he directly went to business in the biggest muslem merchants who have had the greatest impact in supporting Islam state economy in formation stage by supporting muslims in their general life and their wars and conquests that he was given the name of minister of economy. This reflected positively after islame on Bani Zuhra – his tribe – which was neglected by the historian references dealing with pre-island Arab history. It is obvious that Abdul Rahman bin Auf is close to messenger of Allah-peace be upon him-because he (Abdul Rahman) is from prophet’s mother tribe on one hand and he is among early people who belive in his invitation asking people to turn away from worshipping idols to worshipping Allah the only God) and narrate Hadith (accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of prophet Mohammad) which deals whith muslims everyday life on the other hand. Abdul Rahman bin Auf played a political role during Rashidun caliphate because of his economical position. Omar Ibn Al-Khatab put his name among the six candidates to success caliphate after him. But abdul Rahman didn’t want that, yet he preferred Othman bin Affan (35H/658AD) to take it. He also worked hard to collect mass agreement to Othman bin Affan Inspite of the tension between them before the death of Abdul Rahman bin Auf. The tension was because of Othman biased policy to his relatives which was objected by Abdul Rahman bin Auf.
The Ability of Arts and Crafts Curriculum on the Development of Creative Abilities of Ninth Basic Grade Students from Students Point of View in Qalqilia District
(2014) Diya Husseen Mohamed Nassar; Dr. Alia Assali; Dr. Belal Abu- Eideh
This study aims at identifying the ability of arts and crafts curriculum on the development of creative abilities of ninth basic grade students from students point of view in Qalqilia District. Also, it aims at identifying some study variables like (gender, academic achievement, place of residence and family income). For achieving the study purpose, a questionnaire consists of 50 items has been developed, distributed among 400 students out of 1952 of ninth basic grade which are the study community . Only 352 students (88.0% ) from the study sample which consists 20.0% out of the study community responds on the study tool which was gathered, codified, entered the computer and statically processed by using the Statistical Package of the Social Science (SPSS). The study results showed a medium response on the ability of arts and crafts curriculum on the development of creative abilities of ninth basic grade students from students point of view in Qalqilia District. Also, the study results showed that there are significant differences at ( α=0.05) level among the responses means about the ability of arts and crafts curriculum on the development of creative abilities of ninth basic grade students from students point of view in Qalqilia District due to the variables of gender and academic achievement for the females and for ( 85-100). On the other hand, there are no significant differences at ( α=0.05) level among the responses means about the ability of arts and crafts curriculum on the development of creative abilities of ninth basic grade students from students point of view in Qalqilia District due to the variables of place of residence and family income. According to the study results, several recommendations have been suggested, included the necessity for developing the teachers' abilities throughout the workshops and sessions and developing the ability of curriculum for enhancing the ninth grade students' creative abilities, involving new strategies of teaching and improvement of the logistical environment accompanied to implement the lesson. Key words: Arts and crafts curriculum, Creative abilities, Ninth grade students, Art curriculum abilities.
Abstraction Processes of Grade 9 students in modelling activities(A qualitative research)
(2014) Hisham Ahmed Hashem Bani Matar; Dr. Wajeeh Daher
This study integrates activities that begin from real life situations related to the angles topic for grade 9 students. Students engaged in these activities are expected to elicit mathematical models out of the real life situations, here with the help of technology, namely GeoGebra. Using the Abstraction in Context (AiC) theoretical model, students’ learning processes of the circle topic were analyzed. More specifically, the current research attempted to answer the question: what are the characteristics of the abstraction processes that grade 9 students perform when they are engaged in carrying out modelling activities in the circle topic with the help of technology? The researcher built a learning unit that included modelling activities related to the circle topic and fit grade 9 students. Three groups of grade 9 students carried out the activities with the help of GeoGebra. The students’ work was videoed, coded and then analyzed using the Abstraction in Context model. The results of the research indicate that the participating students succeeded to abstract the circle concepts (for example the inscribed and the central angles) and relations (the central angle is twice the inscribed angle) by carrying out modelling activities with GeoGebra. Doing so, the students went through the four stages of AiC model (need, recognizing, building with, constructing and consolidating). The research results indicate that modelling activities carried out with the help of technology help students arrive at the abstraction of mathematical concepts, so it is recommended to integrate such activities in the mathematics classroom, especially in geometry lessons. Carrying out these activities in groups, student collaborate to overcome the difficulties of such activities, so group work is recommended when carrying out modelling activities. The technology also helped the participating student to carry out the modelling activities and arrive at the geometric concepts and relations, so it is recommended that technology be integrated in modelling activities to facilitate students’ work. Furthermore, it is recommended that future qualitative researches be conducted, using AiC model to verify students’ abstraction processes with technology in other mathematical topics.
Abu- Dib 's Translation of Orientalism: A Critical Study
(2006) Nadia Ali Khalil Hamad; Dr. Nabil A'lawi; Dr. Abdelkarim Daragmah
Despite the flourishing movement of translation in the Arab world throughout the 20th century, few studies, if any, were produced, as hoc, on criticism and evaluation of such translations. Among these translations, the translation of Edward W. Said's Orientalism deserves special attention: it was translated into 36 languages including Arabic. The Arabic translation by the famous poet, critic and translator, Kamal Abu-Dib, was reprinted many times after its first edition in 1981. yet, concern was shown regarding some problems in the translation of this excellent work by some readers and translators. Drawing on the progress, achieved in the last few decades, in linguistics studies, especially in text-linguistics and related studies in translation, this study aims to ascertain salient problems in the Arabic translation of Orientalism, on the graphical, lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels, and to suggest solutions where possible. The study will also investigate the consistency of the methodology adopted by the translator, evaluated the translation, and give recommendations that may benefit new Arabic editions of the book and Arabic translation, in general.
Academic Competancies Amongst Graduated Physical Education Majors in the West Bank from the point of Viens Educational Supervisors
(2013) Norayda Hussne Saleh; Prof. Imad Saleh Abdel Haq
The study aimed to get acquainted with Academic sufficiencies for physical education graduates in Wetern Bank by view point of supervisors. It also aimed to be introduced to the effect of the differences between Sex and Universities. This study consisted of (88) supervisors in physical education who are chosen randomly. To achieve these aims, they used the descriptive method, so they distributed forms (papers) and after they collected these forms, they used aprogram that is called (SPSS). The result showed that the necessary educational sufficiencies for the teacher of physical education should be used as astandard for aqualified teacher. These sufficiences were limited in six fields, in addition to the importance for every one of them.The study also showed that there are no differences between these sufficiencies that refer to the reason of the diffences between Sex, but these differences refer to the differences between Universities. The researcher recommended that the most important one is to benefit from the list of sufficiences that the study found through the assessment of the Academic sufficiences for the physical education graduates.
Acceptance and rejection in the Holy Quran
(2013) Naser Fiad Mohemad Jalooly; Dr. Khader Sawandak
This study clarifies the subject of the response and ignorance in the Holy Quran by analyzing the verses of the Holy Quran. The study consist of three chapters, introduction and conclusion . The introduction discusses the importance of the study during the emergence of its value when taking about the response and its influence on the life in addition to the high position in the life after . On the other hand, it included the disadvantages of the ignorance and its punishment in the recent life and in the life after. Chapter one which is an introductory one includes the connotative and denotative definition of the response and ignorance , the juridical use of the two terms, foresight of the response and its rules. Chapter two which is about the response in the presentation of the Holy Quran contains the ignorance in the presentation of the Holy Quran . The references of the study were limited to the Holy Quran, interpretation , tradition books and moral books. Several results have been concluded at the end of the study included the following : - The response is must. - Innocuous behaviors resulted from response are for God ( Glorify be to Him). - The various kinds of responses . - The resource of ignorance is the deprived sector. - The reasons for ignorance are arrogance and life preference . - The results of the ignorance in the recent life and the life after.
ACCEPTANCE AND SATISFACTION WITH ELECTRONIC HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM BY HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS IN PALESTINIAN HOSPITALS
(An-Najah National University, 2024-08-22) Sabri Dweikat, Ahmad
Background: This study investigated the factors influencing employees’ acceptance and satisfaction of Electronic Health Information Systems (EHIS) in An-Najah National University Hospital and Rafidia Surgical Hospital. Methods: The study included healthcare workers, including physicians, nurses, medical secretaries, pharmacists, laboratory technicians, and radiologists. The study investigated fifteen hypotheses related to relative advantage, system quality, top management support, information technology (IT) department support, and competitive pressure. Results: A total of (n = 220) The research study, found no significant gender differences in EHIS acceptance (55% males, 45% females). Educational backgrounds varied, with 71% holding bachelor's degrees, 22% master degrees, and 7% diplomas. Participants with younger ages and less experience exhibited different perspectives on EHIS. Postgraduate participants showed greater awareness of relative advantage. The study also revealed that external factors such as relative advantage, system quality, top management support, and competitive pressure significantly affected perceived usefulness (PU) and ease of use (PEOU). Conclusion: The study looked at factors affected the acceptance of EHIS by Palestinian hospital staff and found that perceived usefulness (PU) was highly impacted by system quality, relative advantage, competitive pressure, top management support, and IT department support, while organizational support, compatibility, and system complexity had little effect on perceived ease of use (PEOU).

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